Kupambana kwa ana pamlingo waukulu kumatengera kukwanira kwa makolo, chomwe ndichofunikira pakusankhidwa kwachilengedwe. Kusamalira ana kum nyama zambiri kumayambira pakukonzekera kubadwa kwake. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zosamukira kumayiko ena zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusamukira kumalo osungirako, nthawi zina makilomita masauzande ambiri kuchokera kumalo okhala. Nyama zomwe sizimayenda maulendo ataliatali zimasankhanso malo awo okhala nthawi isanakwane, ndipo ambiri a iwo amazisamalira mosamala ndikukonzekera malo okhala - zisa, mabanga, ma dens, zosinthidwa kwa ana amtsogolo.
Mitundu ya Kusamalira Kubzala
1. Kusamalira kwathunthu kwa ana. Ma invertebrates ambiri ndi nsomba sizisamala za ana. Kupambana kwa kukhalapo kwa zolengedwa zotere kumapangitsa kuti mitunduyi ikhale yambiri. M'matawuni akulu am'nyanja, mitundu yambiri ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba ndi nsomba, zomwe zimasonkhana m'magulu akuluakulu, zimayikira mazira mamiliyoni ambiri, omwe nthawi zambiri amadyedwa ndi mitundu yambiri yosiyanasiyana yosangalatsa. Chipulumutsidwe chokha cha mitundu yotereyi ndi kuphatikizika kwakukulu, komwe kumatipatsa mwayi kuti tidzakhale ndi moyo wokhwima, chiwerengero chochepa komanso chofunikira cha ana kuti anthu akhalepo. Mazana ndi mamiliyoni amawerengera mazira am'mitundu yambiri ya nsomba yomwe imayikira mazira m'mphepete mwa madzi. Chifukwa chake, pike yayikazi yayikulu - pike - wokhala kumpoto kwa nyanja - imameza miliyoni 60 pa nyengo imodzi, ndipo mwezi wam'madzi waukulu wam'madzi, utafika kulemera kwa tani imodzi ndi theka, umaponyera mazira 300 miliyoni mu makulidwe amadzi am'nyanja. Mazira ophatikizidwa omwe amapezeka mwangozi, osakanikirana ndi plankton kapena kumira pansi, amafa mosawerengeka. Zomwezi zimachitikiranso mphutsi zomwe zidatuluka mazira.
2. Kuyika mazira pa thupi la mmodzi wa makolo. Zinyama zazikazi zambiri zam'madzi zimayikira mazira omwe adayikidwa mwachindunji ndi matupi awo ndikuwanyamula, komanso ndimaseche ana, mpaka atakhala odziimira pawokha. Khalidwe lofananalo limawonedwa mu nyama zambiri zam'madzi: Starfish, shrimp ndi crustaceans zina. Khalidwe lotereli ndi gawo lotsatira kuwonjezera chisamaliro cha ana, koma chonsecho sichinthu zongopanga zokha.
Chiwerengero cha mazira omwe adayikidwa ndichofanana ndendende ndi kuchuluka kwa chisamaliro cha kholo. Njirayi imatsimikiziridwa bwino ndi starfish, mwa yomwe mumakhala mitundu yomwe imasesa mazira mwachindunji m'madzi, pomwe imakumana ndi umuna wa abambo angapo, komanso mitundu yomwe imakhala ndi mazira m'thupi lawo. Mu mitundu ya gulu loyamba, kuchuluka kwa mazira omwe amakula m'thupi la dzira la akazi ukufika mamiliyoni 200, pomwe kuli nsomba yosamalira ana, kuchuluka kwa mazira osaposa mazana angapo.
3. Dzira litagona pamalo omwe adapezekapo kapena okonzedwa mwapadera. Gawo lotsatira pophwanya zochita za makolo ndikuyika mazira pamalo oyenera. Chifukwa chake, asanaikire mazira, ntchentche imafunikira kupeza mtembo wa nyama kapena chidutswa cha nyama yovunda, yomwe imasaka mphutsi. Gulugufe wamng'oma, maso a pikoko kapena wovomera, kuti apatse mbozi wawo chakudya chofunikira, ayenera kupeza nkhuthula, ndi kachilomboka. Kusamalira ana kofananako kumawonetsedwa ndi zochuluka zamitundu yambiri. Ntchito yawo yayikulu ndikupeza malo oti mazira awo azitha ndi chinyezi komanso kutentha. Nthawi zambiri, chifukwa ichi amayenera kukumba dzenje kapena dzenje. Kwa onse oimira gululi, chisamaliro cha ana chimathera pomwepo, ndipo tsogolo lina la mazira omwe adayikidwa silikuwavutitsanso. Zosamveka zokwanira poyambirira, gululi limaphatikizaponso mavu ndi njuchi, komanso okwera omwe amawonetsa zovuta zovuta zogwirizana ndi kupereka zofunikira pakukula kwa mazira. Akazi a tizilombo, asanaikire mazira, amapeza tizilombo kapena akangaude a mitundu ina, amawumitsa, ndikulimbira mu mzere wofunikira wamitsempha. Tizilombo toyamwa, motero, ndimtundu wa chakudya cham'chitini chomwe chimadya zipatso za tiziromboti mpaka tiziromboti. Mavu ena amakokera nyama yolumala yomwe idakumbidwa kale, khomo lomwe, dzira litayikidwa, limatsekedwa mosamala.
4. Kupanga zisa ndi kuteteza mpaka kubala kwa ana. Mtundu wabwino koposa wa chisamaliro cha ana ungaganizidwe ngati kumanga chisa, kuyikira mazira kapena mazira pamenepo ndi kutetezedwa kufikira nthawi yomwe achinyamata omwe akukulayo achoka. Khalidwe ili limadziwika ndi mitundu ingapo ya nsomba, akangaude, ma octopus, mamilili ena, etc. Mulingo wofanana wa chisamaliro umatha kudziwitsidwa ndi mazira ndi mwachangu mkamwa ndi amuna ena a nsomba, komanso mazira ndi ma tadpoles pamiyendo yakumanzere ya chamba cha mzamba kapena kumbuyo kwa wamwamuna wa Pippa Surinamese. Mwanjira iyi, pamkamwa kapena kumbuyo ntchito ngati chisa. Mlingo uwu umadziwika ndi kusapezeka kwa chidwi kwa makolo mwaachichepere, kupeza ufulu wodziyimira pawokha.
5. Kusamalira ana mpaka atapeza ufulu. Kusamalira ana kwanthawi yayitali kumadziwika mu mitundu ina ya invertebrates ndi nsomba. Ungwiro wabwino umatheka chifukwa chosamalira ana a tizilombo.
Zitsanzo zambiri zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamakhalidwe a makolo zimawonetsa amphibians. M'magulu apamwamba kwambiri, pali njira zosiyanasiyana zosamalira ana, zomwe, choyamba, zimadalira kukhwima kwa wakhanda.
Mwanthawi yayitali, magulu otsatirawa a makolo amatha kusiyanitsidwa pakati pawo:
Kulera ana ndi akazi amodzi kapena wamwamuna mmodzi,
kulera ana ndi makolo onse awiri,
ana amakula m'mabanja ovuta.
Maonekedwe a mphutsi ndi zomwe ali
Gulugufe wa hypodermic ndi ntchentche yayitali kutalika pafupifupi 1.3-1.8 cm. Ili ndi mutu wachikaso wokhala ndi maso akulu akuda, pamimba lamtambo, miyendo lalanje, ndi mapiko owonekera. Thupi lonse limakutidwa ndi tsitsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kachiromboka kamawoneka ngati kabumbu. Wachikulire samadya, pogwiritsa ntchito michere yomwe imapangidwa ndi chiphuphucho.
Mayendedwe amoyo
Gulugufe ndi tizilombo tomwe timakhala ndi totseka tomwe timasinthika. Kuzungulira kwazinthu zonse kumakhudzana ndi njira kuchoka pa mphutsi kupita pagawo la achikulire. Tizilombo timakhala masiku atatu mpaka 20. Pakutha kwa moyo, limataya pafupifupi 1/3 ya thupi lake. M'mikhalidwe yovuta, imawoneka ngati yozizira, yokhala pazomera. Zoyenda zilizonse mkati mwa thupi la tizilombo zidzachepetsedwa.
Kukula magawo a mphutsi
Mphutsi za gadafi zidzadutsa thupi la munthu magawo atatu a mapangidwe. Nthawi zonse, imasiyanasiyana mawonekedwe ake:
- Pa siteji yoyamba, akuwoneka ngati kachilombo kakang'ono kopanda mutu komanso kopanda miyendo. Kumapeto kwa thupi kumakhala khunyu ndi mikwingulo itatu yakuda. Gawo ili la mapangidwe limatha masiku 7, mutatha kukhetsa ndikupita kwina.
- Pa siteji yachiwiri, mphutsi zimakhala ndi kukula kwakukulu komanso mawonekedwe a botolo. Pakatha masiku 18, tizilombo timeneti timasungunuka ndikupita gawo lina.
- Pa siteji yachitatu, agulugufe amakula kukula. Pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, adzakhala wamkulu ndipo amakhalabe m'thupi la wolondolera kwa milungu 10, kenako ndikwawira pansi pakhungu ndikusiya munthuyo, ndikugwera pansi.
Gawo lililonse limakhala ndi madontho ang'onoang'ono ndi mikanda yakuda yozungulira chifuwa.
Zofunika! Mphutsi zimadyanso minyewa ndi madzi a chamoyo, kusungunula zigawo zikuluzikuluzo ndi ma dermatolytic enzyme zapadera.
Cutaneous myiasis ndi khungu.
Ndi epermermal myiasis, mazira a ntchentche amalowa m'magawo apamwamba a khungu. Nthawi zambiri, izi zimadziwika chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana ndi mphutsi. Momwe imawonekera, yang'anani chithunzicho.
Ngati mphutsi zimalowa pakatikati kakhungu ndikukhala m'malo minofu yolumikizika
kuthana ndi lolingana
myiasis subcutaneous
. Matenda amtunduwu a myiasis mwa anthu amayamba chifukwa cholowerera mphutsi za ntchentche ndi ma gadget a khungu pansi pa khungu. Mbali yokhala ndi matendawa ndi chotupa chaching'ono chomwe chitha kusintha komwe kusunthidwa. Ziphuphu zimakonda kufanana ndi zithupsa pakhungu.
Cavity miases. Amapangidwa ndikulowerera kwa mphutsi za tizirombo tomwe timakhala ngati minyewa yofewa komanso mizere ya thupi ndikuwonongeka kwina.
Ndipo pamapeto pake, matenda apadera - ocular myiasis
. Mu chithunzi mungathe kuziwona mwatsatanetsatane. Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri kwa munthu ngati mphutsi za agalu kapena ntchentche zimayambitsa gawo lamaso (gawo la chapamwamba). Mlandu wowopsa kwambiri ndi pamene mazira agalu amapezeka ndimaso.
Kodi mphutsi ingalowe bwanji mthupi la munthu?
Nthawi zambiri, chiwonetserochi chimayala mphutsi m'thupi la munthu, zomwe zili pachiwopsezo. Zodziwika bwino:
- ana kapena ukalamba
- kusatsatira malamulo aukhondo,
- mavuto amisala
- uchidakwa komanso uchidakwa.
- shuga,
- matenda amtima komanso matenda a m'magazi,
- Pitani kumayiko otentha.
M'malo mwake, mphutsi zomwe zimakhala m'thupi la munthu, nthawi zambiri ng'ombe zimatha kugwidwa ndi matenda ake. Ma parasites poyambira mapangidwe amatha kukhala pansi pa khungu, mucosa kapena m'mimba. Malowa amatengera mtundu wa tizilombo. Amalowa mu thupi la munthu m'njira inanso:
- wamkazi nthawi zambiri amagwira udzudzu ndi tizilombo tina ta magazi. Atatenga thukuta lake, amayikira mazira pamimba ndi kumbuyo kwawo,
- kenako kachilombo kamawasiya. Zotsatira zake, amakhala othandizira polimbana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi mphutsi. Zimawuluka kupitilira, kukakhala pamunthu, kumaluma, ndipo kudzera mabala kapena ming'alu, mphutsi zimalowa khungu. Pamenepo, mazira amamva kutentha ndi kudzutsidwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, mphutsi zimatha kulowa m'njira zowoneka bwino kuchokera kwa ziweto zazikulu. Nthawi zambiri izi zimatha kumidzi, pafamu komanso msipu. Nthawi zina zimachitika kuti ziwalo zamunthu zimakhala malo okhala majeremusi. Chokwanira kudya nyama yoyambitsidwa ndi tizilombo.
Zofunika! Wachikulire samadya chilichonse pamoyo. Ili ndi zigawo zokwanira zomwe zinali ndi mphutsi.
Kuli kuti ndi liti kuyembekezera msonkhano ndi gulugufe?
Kutalika kwa nthawi ya ntchito ya ma gadafi kutengera ndi nyengo yomwe ili kapena kuti malowa. Kutalika kwambiri chilimwe, nthawi yotalikirapo. Ku Russia, zimatenga pafupifupi miyezi itatu - kuyambira Juni mpaka Ogasiti. Gulugufe wachilombo akadzazimiririka - ndi nthawi yokonzekera kuzizira.
Gulugufe amagwira ntchito kwambiri nyengo yotentha komanso yotentha. Padzuwa lotseguka, amasintha kukhala chilombo chenicheni, koma sakonda chinyontho.
Malo okhala gada ndi gombe la nkhokwe zachilengedwe, komanso nkhalango ndi malo opondera. Nthawi zambiri, tizilombo timeneti timakondana ndi madera ena pomwe akazi ambiri amadzisonkhanitsa. Mwachilengedwe, amuna amabwera nawonso. Nthawi zambiri malo amenewa amakhala malo osungirako ziweto kapena ma marsand. Munthu ayenera kukhala kutali ndi iwo.
Zizindikiro Zowonekera M'thupi
Makamaka, mwa "kulinganiza" kuukira ndikuyandikira wakuzunzidwa, chiwonetserochi chimangofuula kwambiri komanso mosasangalatsa. Kulumidwa kukachitika, zizindikiro zotsatirazi zimasaina:
- malo ofiira pakhungu pakhungu m'milimita 1 kapena pang'ono kukula,
- kuyaka kwambiri, kuyabwa,
- magazi omwe sanayime kwa nthawi yayitali,
- chotupa chachikulu, chomwe chimakhala pakapita nthawi kuchokera kuluma (nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi maso),
- kudwalika kwaumoyo, zizindikiro za poyizoni ndimaluma ambiri.
Nthawi zambiri pambuyo kuluma tiziromboti, munthu amakhala sayanjana kapena dermatitis. Kufewa nthawi zambiri kumachulukana mpaka kukula kwakukulu ndipo kumatsalira kwa masiku angapo. Pofuna kupewa zotulukapo zotere, ndikofunikira kuchitapo kanthu mukamaliza ndi tizilombo.
Zizindikiro za Dermatobiasis
Dermatobiasis ndimatenda omwe amayambitsa mphutsi za chida cha munthu pansi pa khungu.
Amadziwika ndi zizindikiro zina:
- malo a mphutsiwo akhoza kukhala paliponse pa thupi la munthu, ngakhale maso, poyamba amakhala ngati kulumidwa ndi udzudzu.
- pakapita masiku ochepa, khungu limayamba kupsa, kutupa ndi kuphulika kumawonedwa pamalo pomwe pali mphutsi.
- Pakatha masiku angapo, mafinya amadzimadzi amadzimadzi pakhungu, omwe amatseguka mwapang'onopang'ono kuti apatse mpweya wabwino wopangira mphutsi.
- wodwala amakhala ndi zizindikiro za kuledzera: mseru, kusanza, chizungulire,
- kupweteka kwa minofu ndi molumikizana, malungo.
- ena ali ndi vuto lanyumba mwanjira za m'mimba,
- ngati munthu ali ndi vuto lililonse lodana ndi kuyamwa, kuyabwa ndi chotupa chachikulu mu malo oyambitsa makoswe,
- pa nthawi ya kuphukira kwa mphutsi, kumatha kumva kuyenda pansi pakhungu.
- Ngati maso akukhudzidwa, pali vuto la mucous nembanemba, kupweteka, kuchuluka kwa magazi, magazi, ngati masitepe sanatenge nthawi, mutha kusiyiratu kapena kuwona kwathunthu,
- ngati mphutsi zalowa pamphuno, izi zimadziwika ndi mutu, kutupa m'machimo, kupweteka m'mphuno, nthawi zina mphutsi zimamsiyira munthu kudzera pamphuno.
Ziphuphu zimatha kuchotsedwa mothandizidwa ndi makiliniki.
Kodi kuchitira matenda ndi mphutsi?
Maonekedwe a zinthu zakunja zilizonse mkati mwa thupi zimayenera kuchotsedwa nthawi yomweyo, makamaka zikakhala ndi zolengedwa zamasamba. Kuphatikiza apo kuti mphutsizo zimayenda momasuka mthupi lonse, ndikuwononga minofu, zimadyerera chifukwa cha wolandirayo.
Koma kuchita chilichonse ndi thupi lanu palokha sikulimbikitsidwa. Mulimonsemo, muyenera kufunsa dokotala, chifukwa kuchotsa mphutsi kuchokera pakhungu sikokwanira kuti muthe kuchira.
Nthawi zambiri, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso odana ndi kutupa. Njira zoterezi ndi zomwe zingapangitse kuti musatenge zovuta zoyipa zomwe majeremusi amakhala m'thupi.
Zizindikiro
Pazifukwa zodziwitsa matendawa, kuyezetsa magazi kumachitika, kuchuluka kwa ma antibodies kutsimikiza. Wodwalayo apeza ngati anali pamalo omwe amafalikira matendawa. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyesedwa kwakunja kumachitika, momwe mumapezeka chofufumimba chamkati chotseguka pakhungu. Katswiriyo amayang'anitsitsa chidwi ndi zolemekezeka.
Zofunika! Ngati mukukayikira kupezeka kwa mphutsi za gadfly mthupi, ndikulimbikitsidwa kukaonana ndi katswiri wa matenda opatsirana kapena parasitologist.
Mankhwala
Chithandizo cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi njira yapadera yamankhwala omwe amathandizira kuthamangitsa tizirombo. Chifukwa cha izi, zovuta pamthupi zimaperekedwa. Simuyenera kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo musanapemphedwe ndi katswiri, popeza ena mwa mankhwalawa siabwino kwa thupi.
Asanachotse mphutsi kuchokera pakhungu, Ivermectin amafunika kuti aledzeretse. Amawerengedwa kuti antiparasitic. Pokhapokha ndipamene amatha kuyambitsa.
Kuchotsera kwa mava
Musanachotse tiziromboti, chotupa chimayenera kupakidwa mankhwala. Izi zimachitika makamaka mothandizidwa ndi furatsilina. Pofuna kuti tizilombo tisapume, mafuta pang'ono ayenera kudonthedwa m'dzenjemo momwe mpweya umalowa. Kenako mphutsi zimayenera kutuluka, chifukwa kuchepa kwa mpweya kumayamba. Gulugufe akamawoneka kuchokera kubowo lomwe limakhala pansi pakhungu, limatulutsidwa mothandizidwa ndi zida zapadera.
Opaleshoni yovuta imagwira ntchito kokha ndi dokotala.Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili m'munsi mwa khungu. Wodwala akamayesayesa kuchita payekha, ndiye kuti pali chiopsezo chakuti gawo lina la gadalo lidzatsalira pansi pakhungu. Ndi zochitika izi, mafinya adzawonekera, ndipo njira yotupa iyamba.
Opaleshoniyo ikamaliza, chovala cha antiseptic chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo a chotupa.
Matenda a myiasis: mitundu, zizindikiro, chithandizo
Mtundu wa khungu la myiasis nthawi zambiri umapezeka mwa anthu omwe amakhala m'malo oyera. Matendawa amayamba chifukwa cha mphutsi za mitundu khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu za ntchentche, komanso ntchentche yamchenga. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timadziphatika pakhungu, timapanga makatani mkati mwake ndikuyika mphutsi pamenepo. Kuphatikiza apo, matendawa amatha kuchitika chifukwa cha mabala otseguka ndi zofooka za m'mimba.
Pa gawo loyamba la chitukuko, ndizovuta kwambiri kuzindikira matendawa. Komabe, pali zizindikiro zazikulu, mawonekedwe ake omwe amafunikira chisamaliro chamankhwala mwachangu:
Ndikosatheka kutenga kachilombo ka mtundu wa myiasis kuchokera kwa munthu wodwala. Matenda amatenga ukakumana ndi tizilombo tokhala ndi mphutsi ndi dothi, mchenga, zopangidwa, posamalira nyama zam'minda zomwe zikudwala zomwe zimakhala ndi ubweya wawo.
Cochliomiasis imadziwika ndi kuyesedwa kwakunja, ultrasound, michere ya resonance kapena compact tomography. Zitsanzo za biopsy zimatengedwa kuchokera kumalo omwe akukhudzidwa, kuyezetsa magazi kumachitidwanso.
Njira yokhayo yotulutsira mphutsi ndi mawonekedwe a myiasis opaleshoni. Pambuyo pa opaleshoni, wodwalayo amavala zovala za antiseptic, ndipo maantibayotiki amapatsidwa mankhwala.
Kupewa matenda
Popewa matenda ndi mphutsi, munthu ayenera kusamala poyenda, makamaka, kumayiko otentha. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kutsatira malamulo awa:
- Valani zovala zomwe zimaphimba thupi kwambiri,
- gwiritsani ntchito malonda
- Ngati kuluma kwachitika kale, ayenera kuthandizidwa ndi antiseptic,
- ngati mukumva bwino, muyenera kufunsa dokotala.
Mphutsi zambiri zimatha kubweretsa mavuto osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo:
- chifuwa
- matenda opatsirana,
- meningitis, chibayo, zilonda,
- kukokoloka kwa mphuno kapena maso.
Zofunika! Kuwona khungu loti liziwonekanso ngati kuluma, ndikofunikira kudziwa ngati lakhudzidwa ndi gulugufe, makamaka, kukhala kumayiko otentha. Njira imodzi yothandiza polemba dermatobiasis ndikuwononga ntchentche, udzudzu ndi tizilombo tina m'nyumba.
Mapangidwe a nsikidzi
Zomwe nsikidzi ndi mphutsi zake zimawoneka, zitamangidwa mu koloni zitha kuwoneka patsamba lotsatira. Tizilombo timakhala makamaka m'misasa, yomwe imateteza kwa adani, kuopseza chiwonongeko, imachepetsa mphamvu ya microclimate ndipo imapereka mwayi wabwino posankha bwenzi. Ma pheromones amathandizira nsikidzi kuti zigwirizane m'magulu, zimatha kulumikizana osati kokha mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zosasunthika zomwe zimasungidwa ndi gland, komanso mothandizidwa ndi mechanoreceptors omwe ali pa tinyanga ya tizilombo.
Zachikazi nthawi zambiri zimachoka m'malo osiyanasiyana kuti zikapeze malo atsopano kukaikira mazira ndi zakudya zatsopano. Tili ku koloni, anyaniwa amabisa zinthu zonunkhira, kukopa akazi osabereka komanso kuthamangitsa amuna ena.
Mpaka pano, mtundu wodziwika kwambiri wamagazi ndi nsikidzi za pabedi kapena, monga amatchucha, nsikidzi. Mukutanthauzira ndikutukuka kwa aliyense wa bug, palibe kusintha kwa nthawi yayitali - kusinthika ngati ma arachnids ena, tizilombo tokhala ndi mapiko. Zaka za nsikidzi zachikulire zimasiyana ndi mphutsi kukula kwake, m'mawu ena, mphutsi ndi munthu amachepetsedwa kangapo, kufikira kukula kwake kwakukulu.
MABWINO A BOTTOM AMAYENDA BWANJI -
ZITHUNZI
Mphutsi za Gadfly mu thupi la nyama
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timavulazanso nyama, ziweto sizitetezedwa ku kuukiridwa. Wolumwa amakhala ndi mantha, amachepetsa thupi chifukwa cha kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi. Mphutsi za Gadfly m'thupi la nyama zimatha kutenga zinthu zopindulitsa. Tizilombo tambiri timafooketsa ziweto, zomwe zimayamba kupweteketsa ndikuwonongeka.
Kusamukira kumamaliza zowonongeka pambuyo pa matenda. Mitsempha imawonongeka, kutulutsa magazi mkati kumayamba. Kulowerera ndi tizilombo tomwe kumayambitsa zotsatirazi nyama:
- Ng'ombe, mkaka umachepetsedwa ndi pafupifupi 6%,
- mwa achinyamata kukula kwachedwa,
- Khungu la nyama yomwe yakhala ikuchitika mu hypodermatosis ili ndi mabowo omwe amawononga zinthu zosafunikira,
- makapisozi komwe mphutsi zimayambika zimayenera kuchotsedwa, chifukwa nyama yambiri imatayika. Nthawi zina, ndimatenda opatsirana, pafupifupi 10% ya zinthuzi amazidula.
Zofunika! Ndi chiwonetsero chochepa kwambiri cha matenda, muyenera kupita kuchipatala.
Pafupifupi mitundu 150 ya agulugufe amadziwika padziko lapansi. Imodzi yokha ndiyo imabweretsa ngozi kwa anthu. Tizilombo timakhala ku maiko omwe amatentha kwambiri, koma ndizothekanso kutenga kachilomboka. Chifukwa chake, kusamala ndikofunikira ndipo ngati zizindikiro zoyambirira zikuchitika, pitani kuchipatala msanga.
Momwe mungapewere kukumana ndi gadagala ndi momwe mungamugonjetsere
M'dziko lino, palibe chomwe sichingatheke, ndipo mutha kukumana ndi kachilomboka ngakhale mu "nkhalango" yamatawuni. Koma chiwopsezocho chimachulukitsa ka khumi kwa iwo omwe amapita kunja. Alendo odziwa bwino ntchito yawo amadziwa zomwe zimapezeka mu gulugufe mwachinyengo. Momwe mungamuthandizire komanso osadziteteza yekha, iwonso akudziwa. Izi ndi zomwe alendo onse ayenera kusamalira:
- mahema okhala ndi maukonde a udzudzu,
- za zovala zautoto wopanda pake - zida zamagetsi zimakonda mitundu yowala,
- za chowawa, tansy, yarrow, chomwe ukhoza kunyamula ndikuyala pachihema,
- za camomile, nthambi zake zomwe zitha kuponyedwa pamoto woyaka - utsi wokongolazi udzawopseza galamuli.
Ndipo ndikofunikira kukumbukira: gulugufe ndi tizilombo (chithunzi chake chomwe tingaone m'nkhaniyi) ndizowopsa! Sikoyenera kunyalanyaza njira zodzitetezera. Ndipo ngati mukuzunzidwa, ndiye kuti muyenera kuluma mosamala kwambiri. Kodi zimachitika?! Pankhaniyi, mwambi wakale waku Russia: "Mulungu amapulumutsa munthu amene amasamala".
Kugonjetsedwa kwaumunthu kumachitika chifukwa cha kulowa kwa mphutsi ndi ma arthropod amagonana okhazikika mu zimakhala ndi zingwe zamkati mwathupi. Nthawi zambiri, oyambitsa matendawa ndi:
- ntchentche, yolowera pansi pa khungu ndikupanga ngalande zapadera pamenepo,
- chingwe chamchenga, ntchentche ya gourmet ndi motley, imatha kulowa mkati mwa khungu ndikuyika mazira,
- ntchentche, tchizi ndi ntchentche yoluka yopatsira khungu lowonongeka ndi mucous nembanemba,
- nthenga zazing'ono zapakhomo, zobiriwira, za imvi komanso ntchentche ya Drosophila, zimatha kukhudza matumbo, makutu ndi dongosolo la genitourinary system,
- galasi la golide wamkati, kukhudza ziwalo zamasomphenya,
- ntchentche yomwe imakhazikika mu kupuma.
Njira yofala kwambiri yamatenda kudzera m'malo owonongeka a pakhungu ndi mucous nembanemba. Tizilombo titha kuyikira mazira m'maso, makutu, mphuno, mabala kapena zilonda. Mitundu ina ya ntchentche imatha kulowa mbadwa zawo mtsogolo.
Kumwa kwa zakudya zopatsirana zomwe sizinakonzedwe moyenera kumayambitsanso myiasis.
mosiyana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi vuto logonana, mphutsi siziyankha chifukwa cha mankhwala ambiri. Izi zikufotokozera kuthekera kwawo kokhala matumbo, duodenum ndi chikhodzodzo kwa nthawi yayitali.
Choyamba, ma Masi amawerengedwa kutengera mtundu wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda:
Kuphatikiza apo, matendawa omwe amayambitsidwa ndi mphutsi amakonzedwa mwadongosolo malingana ndi komwe kuli. Pali minofu, m'mimba, ocular ndi matumbo myiasis.
Tizilombo tothandiza
Nthawi zambiri, wamaluwa amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osiyanasiyana kuti awononge pafupifupi tizilombo tonse pamalopo kuteteza nkhokwe zawo kuzomera. Koma ambiri aiwo sikuti amangowononga mbewuzo, komanso ndi adani achilengedwe a mitundu yoyipa.
Akatswiri azomera amati zilombo zomwe zimadya zitha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizirombo tina tating'onoting'ono ndi theka. Ndipo kupezeka kwawo pamasamba kumateteza kwambiri kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Nthawi zambiri, zinthu zofunikira zotsatirazi zimapezeka m'minda:
- Akangaude. Oimira ena amtunduwu amaluka masamba, ena amakhala m'makumba pansi. Mitundu ina imakhala kumbuyo kwa masamba azomera. Amadyetsa mbozi za agulugufe, njenjete, nsabwe za nkhuni ndi utitiri.
- Lacewing. Choopsa chachikulu cha nsabwe za m'masamba, nkhupakupa ndi tizirombo tina ndi mphutsi za tizilombo tomwe timayambitsa matenda.
- Ladybug. Wachikulire amadya miyendo yambiri, nsabwe za m'masamba, nkhupakupa ndi mphutsi nthawi yonse ya moyo wake.
- Mantis. Tizilomboti tili pafupifupi owopya. Kupemphera mantis kumatha kusaka nsabwe za m'masamba, mbozi, mphutsi, kupindika komanso tizirombo tina tosiyanasiyana.
- Tizilomboti topera. Mdani wamkulu wachilengedwe wamitundu mitundu ya utitiri, mbozi, kafadala ndi scoop.
- Mavu ena. Oimira achikulire a mitunduyi ndi adani oopsa, ndipo mphutsi zawo zimawononga tizirombo.
Miyeso
Hymenoptera ndi ena mwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi. Awa ndi amuna okwera parasitic Dophomorpha echmepterygis: matupi awo amakhala pafupifupi 0.139 mm. Osewera osewera mini amawoneka ngati amtundu Megaphragma caribea kutalika kwa ma virus 700 ndi Megaphragma mymaripenne (200 μm). Malo akuluakulu kwambiri a hymenoptera (4-6 cm) ndi ena mwa mavu omwe amatulutsa zotayira, mavu am'misewu, ma chippings, ndi okwera ena (mpaka 135 mm), poganizira kutalika kwa ovipositor. Thupi lalitali kwambiri (lopanda ovipositor) lili ndi okwera Pelecinus - mpaka 9 cm. Chimodzi mwa mavu akulu kwambiri Wogulitsa Megascolia (Scoliidae) waku Southeast Asia, amene akazi ake amatalika masentimita 5 ndi mapiko ofika mpaka 10 cm. Oyimira akuluakulu a mavu (mpaka 4.5 ndi 5 cm kutalika) amaphatikizanso osaka a tarantula a mtundu Pepsis (Pompilidae), "wakupha acicadas" Sphecius grandismavu amchenga Editha magnifica (Bembicinae) komanso malovu Hemippsis heros (imafikira masentimita 5.5 ndi 9,5 cm mu mapiko). Njuchi yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi Megachile pluto (Megachilidae) wochokera ku Indonesia. Kutalika kwa akazi ndi 39 mm, ndipo mapiko ndi 63 mm. Mmodzi mwa oimira amakono pa banja lantchito ndi mitundu Camponotus gigas kukula kwa omwe akugwira ntchito omwe ali pafupifupi 20 mm, amuna - 18,3 mm, msirikali - 28.1 mm, chiberekero - mpaka 31.3 mm. Komanso nyerere zazikulu kwambiri ndi dinoponeros chimphona ( Dinoponera gigantea ) ndi Paraponera clavata kutalika kwa 25-30 mm. Amuna achimuna Dorylus imatha kutalika masentimita atatu, ndipo chiberekero (mfumukazi) mu gawo lokhazikika nthawi yosinthira mazira imakhala ndi mimba yokulirapo komanso kutalika kokwanira mpaka 5 cm. Komabe, zazikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ndi nyerere zakufa zamtunduwu Foricium . Akazi awo amafikira 7cm kutalika, ndipo mapiko awo anali ndi mapiko ofika mpaka 15 cm.
Mutu
Mutu, chifuwa ndi m'mimba ndizokhazika pambali (kupatulapo peritoneum, pomwe pamimba "imakhala yolimba" pachifuwa). Mutu ndi waulere, womwe umakulitsidwa panjira yodutsa, kukoka (pakamwa ndikuwonetsa pansi) kapena kuthamangitsidwa (... kutsogolo). Maso ovuta pafupifupi amakhala opangidwa bwino nthawi zonse, pakati pawo nthawi zambiri pamakhala maso osavuta atatu omwe amapezeka mwanjira ya makona atatu, ndipo palinso mitundu yomwe ilibe maso kapena yakhungu kwathunthu (mwachitsanzo, nyerere zogwira ntchito zamtundu wina). Pamutu, pamphumi (mafelemu), clypeus (clypeus), korona (vertex), occiput (occiput), masaya (genae), akachisi (tempora) amasiyanitsidwa. Pansanja ya mutu, nyerere zina kukumba (Sphecidae) ndi mavu amchenga (Crabronidae) ali ndi psammophore, kapangidwe ka bristles ndi tsitsi.
Antennae (antennas, or striae) amakulitsidwa mosiyanasiyana kwambiri ndipo ali ndi magawo atatu mpaka 60, amakhala owongoka kapena ofotokozedwa, ndipo amasiyanitsa pakati pa phesi (scapus) ndi flagellum yolumikizidwa kwa iyo pakona. Pakati pawo, gawo lozungulira, nthawi zina limasiyanitsidwa.
Ziwalo zamkamwa mwina zamtundu wowongoka, kapena mlomo wapansi (labium) ndi nsagwada zotsika (maxilla) zimasinthidwa kukhala ziwalo zamadzimadzi zomwe zimadya chakudya (kunyambita, ziwalo zolumikizira mafupa), ndikupanga mtundu umodzi wa labio-maxillary. Nsagwada zapamwamba kwambiri (ma mandibles, kapena ma mandibles) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogaya chakudya, ndipo zochuluka - zida zomangira nyumba, kutchetchera mitengo mumtengo (zimapetananso maheti achitsulo), kuphika chakudya cha mphutsi, kupha nyama, kukoka nyumba ndi zinthu zopatsa thanzi etc. Ma mandibular (maxillary) palps (a magawo 6 kapena ochepera) ndi apansi a labial (labial) palps (m'magawo 4 kapena ochepera) amapezeka pa nsagwada zapansi ndi milomo yotsika.
Ubongo wa njuchi zogwira ntchito Apis ili ndi pafupifupi 850,000 neurons ndipo imalowa mu 0.35% - 1.02% ya voliyumu yonse ya thupi. Mu nyerere zautundu Fyulika ubongo umakhala ndi 0,57% ya voliyumu ya thupi. Mmodzi wa okwera kwambiri Megaphragma mymaripenne (kutalika kwake ndi ma maikolofoni mazana awiri) mu ubongo mumakhala ma neuroni 4600 okha, pomwe 5% yokha imakhala ndi ma chromosomes.
Pesi
Magawo a chifuwa amalumikizidwa zolimba, prothorax (protorax) ndiyochepa kwambiri, mesothorax (mesothorax) imapangidwa kwambiri, thorax (metatorax) imapangidwa bwino, ndipo gawo laling'ono loyambirira la m'mimba limatsutsana nawo, ndikupanga propodeum. Gawo lachifuwa la chifuwa limapangidwa ndi expressionotum (expressionotum), mesotum (mesonotum) ndi metanotum (metanotum). Ma mesothorax ndi ovuta kwambiri (mapiko akutsogolo amaphatikizika pamenepo), amakhala ndi mesonotum (momwe chishango, kapena scutum, ndi scutellum, kapena scutellum zimasungidwira), mesopostnum, axillum (sclerites awiri kumbali ya scutellum), mesopleuron (mesepimers ndi mesepisterns). Pa mesonotum pakhoza kukhala mitengo iwiri yopangira posteriorly (notauli), ndipo pa scutum pali parapsidal grooves.
Mimba
Mimba imakhala yosiyana kwambiri, imakhala ndi zigawo za 6-8, osawerengera gawo lomwe limalumikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi chaposachedira thorax, ndipo magawo osinthidwa amakokedwa kumapeto kwa kumapeto kwa m'mimba ndikunyamula kapena kuluma kapena kubowola mwa akazi, ndi ziwalo zokomera amuna. Mimba imakhala yolumikizidwa pachifuwa ndi lonse, kapena kupendekera pang'ono kapena kupendekera. Zomangira zam'mbuyo chakumapeto kwa m'mimba (kuluma ndi kubowola kapena ovipositor) ndizokhala ndi mabatani, kapena mawonekedwe, ndi gawo lokonzedwa, lomwe lili ndi zigawo ziwiri zophatikizika kapena kuposerapo. Pansi pa mbola, yomwe imakokedwa nthawi zonse m'mimba mumkhalidwe wofatsa, pamakhala chiwopsezo chokhala ndi poyizoni ndi chosungirako komwe chiphe chimadziunjikira. Nthawi zina (kungoti nyerere zambiri) kulibe mbola, kumangokhala poizoni wapoizoni, mwanjira imeneyi kachilomboka kamapanga chilonda ndi nsagwada, ndikukhomera m'mimba kutsogolo, kumalowetsa poyizoni. Ma Ovipositors, kapena ma drive, amatha kukhala osiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Cholinga chawo ndikuyambitsa dzira mu chomera kapena chinyama momwe mphutsi zimayenera kukhalira, kutengera malo omwe dzira limayikidwapo, ndipo ma oviposite amatha kufupikitsika kapena nthawi yayitali, ndipo oviposite amafupikitsidwanso kupumula, yayitali ndi yaulere.
Chimbudzi chomangira chimapangidwa bwino ndipo chimakhala chachitali muntundu wotere womwe umakhala nthawi yayitali mu gawo la tizilombo (njuchi, nyerere, mavu), komanso zazifupi m'mitundu yomwe simukhala nthawi yayitali mukamakula. Dongosolo la tracheal nthawi zambiri limaperekedwa ndi matuza. Mu kapangidwe kazinthu zamanjenje, pamakhala chitukuko champhamvu kwambiri cha zomwe zimatchedwa kuti matupi olimbirana kapena maubongo a ubongo wa pharyngeal node mu ma hymenopterans omwe amakhala ndi moyo wazolimba kwambiri (nyerere, njuchi, mavu), pomwe amuna amtundu womwewo amawona kusiyana komweko, mwachitsanzo, mwa amuna. njuchi (drones) ziwalo izi sizimapangidwa pang'ono kuposa ogwira ntchito. Cannibalism ndichachilendo.
Miyendo
Ma miyendo a Hymenoptera akuyenda (pali kukumba ndi kuzindikira kusintha ma mavu ena), kukhala ndi zosavuta (mkati Apocrita) kapena pawiri (y Symphyta, ndi Apocrita, Kupatula Aculeata) trochanters, zigawo 5 za tarsi (at Chalcidoidea nthawi zina 4 mpaka 4 komanso magawo atatu. Pamwamba pa tibia pali mmodzi kapena awiri chimathandiza makina (chimathandiza chilinganizo 2-2-2 Symphytakoma ambiri Apocrita - 1-2-2, ndi nyerere zina 1-0-0). Ma spurs a tibia yakutsogolo amasinthidwa ndikupanga zida zoyeretsera za tinyanga tating'ono tokhala ndi ubweya wonenepa. Magulu ena ndi mbali structural (a mtanga wa tsitsi la miyendo yakumbuyo njuchi) kusinthidwa kwa kusonkhanitsa maluwa mungu (onani Njuchi).
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Anthu kwakukulukulu sakondwela tizilombo amazisamalira kunyansidwa odzikuza. Zachidziwikire, poyerekeza nafe, okhala m'chilengedwechi, otukuka kwambiri, poyamba amawoneka ngati akale, osasangalatsa, okhumudwitsa, nthawi zina ngakhale onyansa. Komabe, dziko la tizilombo ndi chilengedwe chonse chodabwitsa cha zolengedwa zopeka za sayansi.
Ndipotu aliyense wa zolengedwa zimenezi kuli luso yake yapadera. Mwachitsanzo, ngwazi ya nkhani wathu - wadyera Amakhala ndi chilengedwe ndi katundu wosangalatsa kuti atembenuzire mitundu yawo, ndiye kuti, oimira gulu la tizilombo komanso ma arthropod ena kukhala Zombies zenizeni. Za momwe izi zimachitika ndipo n'chifukwa okwera tikuzifuna, tiyenera tifufuze.
zolengedwa angakhale ochepa, sadzachitanso noticeable, ndi kukula kwa zosakwana 1 mm. Palinso mitundu ikuluikulu poyerekeza ndi makanda, yotalika mpaka masentimita 5. Okwera ndiwosiyana kwambiri. Ndikungoyang'ana pang'ono pa oimira mitundu payokha, mutha kupita ndi kafadala wamba.
Ndipotu, m'posavuta mavu, ndipo ngakhale amafanana iwo maonekedwe, koma m'malomwake la mbola pa nsana ali ndi noticeable kwambiri, mfuti Mavu yotsiriza, nthawi zambiri zokhala ndi kukula ndi zina ngakhale aakulu (milandu wapadera nthawi 7.5 ) wa tizilombo okha, koma mwa zina kakang'ono kwambiri.
Mothandizidwa ndi chiwalo ichi, zolengedwa izi zimayika mazira m'matupi a omwe amazunzidwa, ndipo mwanjira iyi amatha kukhalapo, kukulira ndikupitiliza mtundu wawo. Pomaliza, zochitika za okwera munthu zimakhala zofunikira nthawi zambiri.
Ngakhale mfundo kwa arthropods ali ndi majeremusi oopsa kwambiri, iwo nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mavu parasitic. Malinga ndi systematization zinthu zamoyo, iwo ali phesi-bellied. Mavu omwewo, komanso bumblebees, njuchi, nyerere, zimapatsidwa ntchito iyi. Ndipo chifukwa chake awa ndi abale apafupi kwambiri a okwerawo.
Thupi la zolengedwa anafotokoza ndi elongated mu mawonekedwe ndi apuma pa miyendo isanu woonda. tizilombo izi yaing'ono mutu kukula, zida ndi yaitali, elongated tinyanga ngati tinyanga.
Zipangizozi zimawathandiza kuzindikira malo owazungulira. Okwera – hymenoptera, Choncho oimira mitundu yambiri ndi eni Ngati a Bakha, elongated, chilungamo ndi zofiirira kapena grayish mapiko kulocha, streaked ndi mitsempha. Koma pali mitundu yopanda mapiko, amenewo ndimakumbukiratu nyerere.
Okwera ena, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana mwa iwo, nthawi zambiri amasokonezedwa ndi njuchi zokhudzana, komanso tizilombo tina tambiri. Okwera chowala ofiira, lalanje, mabanga, wovulidwa. Koma ambiri thupi mtundu ndi wakuda osakhala, lowonjezera ndi yowala, mithunzi zosiyanasiyana za kusintha.
Kutenga ma wasage, maopa anthu nthawi zambiri amaopa ovipositor awo akuluakulu, akukhulupirira kuti izi ndi sumu kwa anthu, ndikuluma kowopsa. Koma malingaliro awa ndi olakwika. Mwa njira, akazi okha ndi chiwalo oopsa, ndi theka wamwamuna mwachibadwa mosatsata, monga kumene luso kuikira mazira.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya majeremusi ngati alidi odzitukumula. Pali mabanja opitilira muyeso opitilira muyeso omwe amalumikizana. Chiwerengero chawo mitundu ya okwera mu masauzande. Ndikosatheka kuzifotokoza zonse, chifukwa chake ndibwino kufotokozera mwachidule ena mwa magulu omwe ali ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana kapena tosiyanasiyana.
Oimira chafcid wapamwamba kwambiri ndi ochepa kwambiri, nthawi zina ngakhale kukula kwake kwakukulu. Ena mitundu ndi kakang'ono moti sangathe kuona apoyera. Ndipo n'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa kutalika makamaka ang'onoang'ono si upambana 0.2 mm.
Mtundu wawo ndi wosiyana. Koma mitundu yonse (imaganiziridwa kuti alipo pafupifupi theka la miliyoni mwa iwo mwachilengedwe, ngakhale alipo 22,000 okha omwe amafotokozedwa moona ndi akatswiri asayansi) amagawana chinthu chimodzi chodziwika: kapangidwe ka mapiko, omwe ali ndi mitsempha iwiri yokha. zolengedwa ndi sayansi chidwi chakuti parasitize osati pa nthumwi ka zomera, komanso zomera.
The chalcid superfamily ndi nayenso ogaŵikana mabanja ena zomwe zili pansipa. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti iwo eni amaphatikiza mitundu yambiri.
- Levkospidy pamtundu, wakuda ndi mikwaso yachikasu ndi mawanga, ndi mawonekedwe a thupi wokhala ndi mkondo, mawonekedwe a m'mimba amakhala ofanana ndi mavu, omwe panjira ndi kufalikira. tinyanga awo aafupi, koma anaika pa mutu waukulu. zolengedwa ndi kuziona kwa diso, pa avareji za 7 mm. Poyerekezeranso njuchi, okwerawo amavulaza njuchi.
- Ma aphelinids, m'malo mwake, ndi othandiza kwambiri chifukwa amawononga nsabwe za m'masamba ndi tizilombo tambiri. Iwo kawirikawiri upambana 5 mm kukula. Zilombo izi nsagwada yamphamvu, mutu mwapang'ono pansi, mapiko ang'ono ndi mphonje.
- Agonides amafanana kukula ndi gulu lakale. Mwa amuna amtundu winawake, kufalikira kwam'mapiko ndi imodzi mwazithunzithunzi zitatu za miyendo ndikuwoneka. Awa ndi mbewu majeremusi malowo mazira nkhuyu.
- Trichogrammatids ndi millimeter kutalika ana. Gululi ndilothandiza kwambiri chifukwa limawononga tizirombo taulimi, makamaka njenjete ndi kabichi, kuwonjezera - nsikidzi, agulugufe, agulugufe, kafadala.
- Aphelins. Ili ndi dzina la mtundu wa oimira mwachilungamo yaikulu ya banja aphelinid. Zilombozi ndi wakuda zina ndi chitsanzo chikasu. Kukula kwa okwera motere ndi pafupifupi sentimita. Chifukwa cha phindu lawo pazomera zamalilime, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tidabweretsa ku Europe kuchokera ku America. Kuwononga nsabwe za magazi ndi tizirombo tina. Dzira yekha iwo kugona nyamazo, monga ilo limakula kumabweza kukhala Malemu zouma.
- Mbewu za Plum zimadya pafupifupi 3 mm kukula kwake. Thupi lake ndilobiriwira, tinyanga ndi miyendo yake ndi utoto wachikasu. Dzina lokha zikusonyeza kuti zolengedwa ndi tizirombo munda. Kuwonjezera nthuza zikukhudzira mbewu za mitengo apulo ndi mapeyala.
- Munga wa plum ndi kachilombo wakuda wokhala ndi miyendo yachikaso, pafupifupi 5 mm kukula kwake. Amayikira mazira mu plums, ma apricots, yamatcheri, yamatcheri, nthawi zambiri mu cherry plums ndi ma amondi, omwe amawawononga. Mapiko a zilombo izi ngakhale awiri, koma mtsempha wina.
Tsopano timathandiza anthu ena a superfamilies ena. Mosakayikira, ndi ambiri komanso osiyanasiyana, monga dziko lonse lapansi la tizilombo. Ambiri mwa okwera awa ndi othandiza. Iwo ambalimbisana mtima zomera zambiri ndi kutimasula malo kwa tizirombo.
- Riesa ndi wakuda wokwera, koma ndi mikwingwirima chikasu pa pamimba, ali Mavu yaikulu. Uwu ndi nkhalango mwadongosolo, yomwe imakhudza tizirombo ta nkhuni: zikatikati, kafadala, barbel ndi ena. Imazindikira omwe ali ndi vuto lake ndi fungo, ndipo mphutsi zake zimadya ziwalo zawo zamkati.
- The panisk maonekedwe akufanana yaikulu wakuda udzudzu ndi miyendo ofiira. Amateteza mbewu parasitizing pa tizirombo awo. Kuphatikiza apo, imalowetsa mbozi ndi mazira ake.
- Mfumu ya ethereal ndi fanizo lalikulu la wokwera, ndithudi, poyerekeza ndi abale ang'ono. thupi lake kufika kukula kwa 3 cm, koma kukula kwa Mavu ndi zikuluzikulu. Iye yekha ali elongated mdima yofiira pamimba, thupi wakuda ndi miyendo ofiira. Kuwononga tizirombo ta nkhuni.
Okwera akhoza kusanjidwa osati ndi mitundu ndi mabanja. Monga majeremusi, iwo yagawidwa monga mwa njira ya matenda a tsokali. Tikumbukenso kuti si akulu omwe choipitsitsa kwa tsokali.
Pobwera satenga nawo mbali pakuwonongeka, koma mazira okha, omwe amapanga mkati ndi kunja kwa otchedwa makamu ndikuwadyetsa. Chifukwa chake, titha kusiyanitsa magulu otsatirawa okwera, popanda kusiyanasiyana, mitundu yonse yamtunduwu yomwe ndi tiziromboti:
- ectoparasites angagwirizanitse ankazunzidwa kunja kwa thupi wovulalayo kapena kungoti kuwasiya pafupi mazira ake, ndi tizirombo makamaka kupatsira kubisala mkati mwakuya mitengo ndi zipatso,
- endoparasites kupanga ankazunzidwa mu ziwalo za woberedwa, mphutsi yawo kukhala yaitali kuposa mu gulu m'mbuyomu, koma pamene iwo akukula, iwo nthawi zambiri ndichoka kunja, wachabechabe ozungulira, chipolopolo, ndi zamkati onse kudyedwa.
Mapiko
Mapiko nthawi zonse amakhala odana, owoneka bwino kapena achikuda, okhala ndi mitsempha yachilendo, nthawi zina popanda iwo, mapiko oyambawo amakhala nthawi yayitali kuposa kumbuyo, akawuluka, m'mphepete kumbuyo kwa phiko lakumbuyo kumalumikizidwa kumbali yakumbuyo kwa mapiko akutsogolo ndi ziboko zapadera, ndikupanga mawonekedwe amodzi akuwuluka. Pa zina, mapiko pindani horizontally pa nsana, koma mavu weniweni (Vespidae banja), mapiko kutsogolo pindani nthawi yomweyo kawiri m'litali ndi bodza pa mbali ya thupi. Monga zipani zina tizilombo, mwa hymenoptera ndi palinso njira wingless: amenewa nyerere zonse ntchito ku Germany wamkazi, amuna ena nyerere (mwachitsanzo Anergates), akazi alimi ena nati, okwera (Chalcidoidea, Icheumonoidea) Ndi os (Betylidae, Dryinidae, Embolemidae, Tiphiidae zina). Chomwe chimakhala chofanana kwambiri ndi ichi, pomwe chachikazi chimakhala ndi mapiko mwachitsanzo, kwa okwera kubanja Agaonidae .
Moyo & Habitat
Cholengedwa anafotokoza sanali mwangozi dzina "wokwera". Kuwayika mazira awo, nyerere zimenezi anakwera akuvutika awo, monga ngati kutenga aima pa iwo. Moyo wonse wa munthu wamkulu ali subordinated kuti kufuna kupitiriza mtundu wake, choncho ndi kufufuza ankhaninkhani onyamula abwino (makamu) amene kukula ndiponso kudyetsa ana awo, ngakhale mwa kufuna kwawo.
Kuchita zolimba kwa akuluakulu kumachitika usiku. M'miyezi yotentha, amakonda kukhala m'malo opanda anthu pafupi ndi madzi, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo otulutsa zitsamba, pamakhala tizirombo toyenerera - anthu omwe angathe kuwazunza. Komabe, malo a okwera kwakukulukulu zimadalira malo kufalitsa onyamula limene mitundu parasitizes.
Ngati akuluakulu a mitundu iliyonse ndi chidwi kukula kapena mawonekedwe kwambiri kaso komanso Mavu, ndiye izi ndi kutali mwangozi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chipangizochi ndichofunikira, mwachitsanzo, kuboola khungubwi lamatanda, komwe mphutsi imayikidwa m'manda kuchokera kumaso. Pakadali pano, thupi la wokwera limasandulika kukhala chowongolera chochita ndi kubowola lakuthwa. Izi kuluma opyoza kenako mu wovulalayo anasankha.
Okwera kupirira ndi zamoyo amangokhala opanda movutikira kwambiri iwo sangathe kuchikana mwakhama. Koma ndi zina zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, chifukwa nthawi zina ngakhale akangaude akulu ndi zinkhanira zimakhala zinthu zoti ziziwombera. Wokwera pa zochitika zotere amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito kulimba mtima kwawo, ulesi komanso nthawi zina.
Komabe, kwa Zikatero, chikhalidwe anapatsa majeremusi awa ndi luso lapadera. Nthawi zina, chotheka pofuna kusangalatsa chandamale cha kumuukira, ndi chiwerengero yofunika kwambiri poizoni zanzi limangolembedwa jekeseni. Nthawi zina, okwera pamahatchi amangozunza anzawo, motero amawongolera ndi kuwongolera zochita zawo.
Kupatsira mbozi zamtunduwu, mitundu ina ya okwera imayika mazira awo mkati mwake. Komanso, mphutsi kukhala kumeneko, kudya madzimadzi michere, ndipo pamene kukula, kutuluka ndi kutenga za chikopa.
Ndi zodabwitsa kuti pamene majeremusi, kuyesera pupate, kusiya thupi phwandolo ndi kukachipinda chikhungwa awo, kuika ku nthambi kapena masamba, ndi Zombie mbozi sikuti amalowa kutali mokondwera, koma mafupa ndi oyang'anira ndende zake kuti angawateteze ku matenda adani.
Amakhala woteteza mwachangu, pachiwopsezo cha moyo wake, amathamangira ku nsikidzi ndi tizilombo tina tosaopsa. Chifukwa chiyani mbozi zimachita izi, komanso momwe okwera amagonjera zofuna zawo, sizimamveka.
Koma m'njira zambiri, chifukwa ovutikawo Zombie, okwera pa kusamalira moyo ndi kufala bwinobwino. Kodi si okwera amakhala, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timakhalapo bwino padziko lonse lapansi, timazika mizu m'malo ambiri ndipo kulikonse timapezako zonyamula, chifukwa chambiri.
Zakudya
The njira lowopsya la kudyetsa mphutsi zolengedwa kale bwino. Pofika nthawi yomwe amaswa mazira ndikuyamba kubala, makolo awo amawonetsetsa kuti ali ndi chakudya chokwanira. Kupatula apo, zamoyo zomwe zimayambitsa matenda sizimavutika nthawi yomweyo. Iwo amakhala yekha, koma kukula, kukhala ndi kudya, poyamba kuzindikira kokwanira kuti tiziromboti ndi kucha mkati iwo. Koma pa nthawi, ndi tsoka chowopsa.
Mwachitsanzo, mphutsi zochokera kubanja la braconids omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mbozi, kumapeto kwa mapangidwe ake, ingosiyani khungu ndi ilo, kudya zonse zamkati mwaonyamula. Poyamba, majeremusi opanga zakudya amangodya mafuta okha, zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka pang'ono kwa wolandirawo, koma kenako ziwalo zofunika pamoyo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
mwanjira imodzi kapena ina, mwamtheradi zonse mitundu ya okwera parasitize. Koma n'zochititsa chidwi kuti nthawi zina akulu musadye chilichonse. Komabe, ena amafunikabe kudyetsedwa. Pamenepa wokwera amadya kapena secretions a tizilombo tina, kapena timadzi tokoma kapena mungu zomera.
Kubereka ndi moyo wautali
Popeza afika pa kukhala achikulire, okwera samakhala nthawi yayitali, nthawi zambiri sapitilira miyezi itatu. Ndipo pokhapokha ngati, nthawi yakumaliza mapangidwe, agwidwa ndi chimfine, amachoka kukazizira, ndipo kumapeto kwake amatsiriza moyo wawo ndikufa. Pankhaniyi, kutalika kwa moyo wawo kungakhale kwa miyezi khumi. Aliyense mtundu wakudza kubalana payekha.
Pambuyo pa mating, wamkazi Ethereal equestrian amayenera kuyang'ana mphutsi yayitali ya zipatso. Kuti achite izi, amathamangira pamtengo ndikugunda kulikonse ndi ndevu zake. Ndi mkokomo umenewu, iye ndikupeza malo wa chinthu.
Ndiye iye akufa pochita nkhuni ndi Mavu ndi akuimirira miyendo yake yakumbuyo, twirling iwo ngati pamwamba. Ntchito ngati imeneyi imatenga pafupifupi maola awiri. Ikakafika ndi mphutsi yobisika mu thunthu, tiziromboti timayikira dzira limodzi.
chiwerengero cha mazira a mitundu yaing'ono ku banja la braconids ukufika zidutswa 20. Mbozi, amene onyamula yaikulu, iwo kutilepheretsa ndi poizoni. Palibe ngakhale tsiku litatha kuukira, mphutsi zayamba kale.
Amamaliza magawo onse a mapangidwe m'masiku asanu, ndipo anawo amatha masiku ena anayi. Koma mofulumira osauka, zolengedwa moyo kakang'ono kwambiri: amuna - zosaposa masiku 10, ndi mkazi theka - yekha mwezi.
braconids Large akhoza kupatsira ladybugs mwa kuika mkati dzira. Potere, kukula kwa nkhope kumachepa, nthawi zina kupitilira milungu itatu. Amadyetsa minyewa yolumikizana ndi ya adipose ya ng'ombe.
Ndipo pa nthawi inayake m'manungo, koma osati wovulalayo. Mu nkhani iyi, larva gnaws mauthenga galimoto ndi zimandiwumitsa ng'ombe. Kupitilira apo, cocoon imapinda pansi pake. Chifukwa chake, pafupifupi sabata imadutsa mwana, kenako wozunza nthawi zonse amakhala munthu wamkulu.
Pindulani ndi mavuto
Photo wokwera Zikuwoneka zachilendo komanso zachidwi, nthawi yomweyo pamakhala chikhumbo chowayang'anitsitsa. Ngakhale zovuta zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zolengedwa izi ku ma arthropods othandizira komanso mbewu zina zolimidwa, thandizo lawo labwino ku zachilengedwe ndiwodziwikiratu. M'pofunikanso ndikungonena kuti squads ambiri a zilombo kuwononga 80% ya tizirombo.
Ndipo chifukwa zina zamitunduyi zimatengedwa ngakhale ndizotetezedwa ndi anthu, kuphatikiza apo, zimagawidwa mwadala. Izi ndizabwino chifukwa oyendetsa bizinesi sayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi poizoni kuzunza tizilombo zovulaza --onyamula. Nthawi yomweyo, zonse zachilengedwe ndi mbewu zimasungidwa. Ndipo mwayi wotere umadzetsedwa ndi kachilombo, komwe poyamba sikungathe kudzutsa malingaliro.
Okwera nthawi zambiri amayikidwa m'makola a mbewu, akuwononga nkhokwe. Nthawi zina, amatha kupatsira chakudya mazira awo, omwe amachititsa kuti awonongeke, koma kwenikweni ndi ochepa.
Zosangalatsa
Ngati wokwerayo apatsira tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, ndiye kuti wovulalayo nthawi imodzi pa anayi, ngakhale akuwonongeka kwambiri, amakhalabe ndi moyo. Nthawi zina majeremusi amasankha majeremusi omwewo ngati onyamula. Uku ndikukhazikika kwachiwiri.
Palinso wachitatu ndi wachinayi. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tosiyanasiyana timatchedwa superparasites. China chake chopatsa chidwi ndi tizilombo ngati ichi, kuwonjezera pamwambapa, chikuyenera kuwonjezeredwanso.
Okwera mopitilira muyeso, akukwera mosazama m'nthaka kapena makungwa a mitengo. Ambiri a iwo mu kugwa ndi milu ya masamba agwa. Anthu amawawotcha, monga khungwa lakale la mitengo, kukumba dothi, osaganizira kuti ndi gulu lankhondo liti labwino lomwe akuwononga. Ndipo pofika kutentha kwa chilimwe, amadabwa kuti tizirombo tambiri tambiri m'minda ndi minda yolima zachuluka.
Akazi a plastigaster ndi akatswiri pakati pa okwera mazira ambiri omwe amapanga mazira. Chiwerengero cha iwo, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimayikidwa mu mphutsi ndi mazira a Hessian a ntchentche, chimatha kufikira 3,000. Ichi ndi chowonetsera bwino kuti okwera nthawi zambiri amakhala ambiri.
Mbewu ya ageniaspis sikuti imangokhala yambiri, komanso amakula mwanzeru kwambiri. Dzira la zolengedwa izi, limaphatikizika ndi njenjete ya apulo, imagwera mchimba chaching'ono, likuwuma pakukhazikika, kuyembekezera nthawi yomwe chonyamuliracho chikukula mokwanira. Koma nthawi yabwino yokha ikubwera, dzira, zikuwoneka, ndilo lokha, lomwe limaphulika, limatulutsa majeremusi mazana awiri.
Okwera ma nyerere (ndiye kuti, ofanana ndi nyerere pakuwoneka) amagwera pa karakurt ndi tarantulas, zomwe zimapereka gawo lalikulu pochepetsa chiwerengero cha ma arthropods oyipa kwambiri. Ndipo zimachitika monga chonchi. Akangaude amazungulira mazira awo mu coco ndikudikirira ana.
Pakadali pano, wokwera ena wolimba mtima amabisala m'nyumba ya chinyama chakufa cha octopus'chi, kulasa coco ndi kumadzaza ndi mazira ake, omwe posachedwa amawononga zonse zamkati mwake. Chipolopolo chokhacho chomwe chili chokhacho, pomwepo kangaudeyo, akungoyang'ana osayikayikira kuti ataya, ndiye kuti akudikirabe.
Chithunzi choopsa! Koma wokwerayo ndi wowopsa kapena ayi kwa ife anthu? Timalankhula mosasamala - ayi. Munthu wazomera zoterezi sikuimira chiwongola dzanja chilichonse. Samagwiritsa ntchito zomwe amaganiza kuti ndi "mbola" podziteteza komanso kuzunza mwankhanza, koma amapangira nkhonya zomwe sizimakhala zilombo zomwe zimayamwa. Chifukwa chake, mukawona tizilombo tachilendo, makamaka ngatiokulira kukula ndi ovipositor wamkulu, simuyenera kuchita mantha konse.