Apistogramma (sp. Apistogramma) - gulu lalikulu la ma cichlids aku South America, omwe akuimiridwa mu aquarium angapo oimira ake otchuka. Chowoneka mu mawonekedwe akujambula kwa nsomba izi ndi mzere wakuda wozungulira wochokera kumutu kupita kum mchira. Komabe, kutengera mtundu wamtunduwu, zitha kuzindikirika pang'ono, kusokonezedwa ndi mzere wa kadontho kapena kusinthidwa mwanjira. Zofananazi zidawonekera mu dzina la ma cichlids, omwe amakhala ndi mawu awiri achi Greek: "apisto", kutanthauza "chosatha", "kusakwanira" ndi "gramme" - "chikhomo", "mzere". Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti mzere wa thupi ndi mtundu wowala makamaka ndiwowongolera amuna. Achinyamata ndi akazi sakhala okongola kwambiri.

Mwachilengedwe, nsomba zimakhala m'miyala ndi m'mitsinje yomwe imayenda mosadukiza pakati pama snagi ambiri ndi masamba ogwa mitengo. Madzi, monga lamulo, ali ndi utoto wachikuda ndi unyinji wamafuta osungunuka, chifukwa cha kuwola kwa mbewu zomera. Momwemonso, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti apange komanso aquarium. Izi zimangolola kuti nsomba ikhale m'malo oyenera, komanso zimathandizira kuti mtundu ukhale wowala. M'mikhalidwe ina, ma Amilogram amatha kutaya mitundu yawo.

Amawerengedwa kuti ndi amtendere poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina, zomwe sizosadabwitsa chifukwa cha kukula kocheperako - anthu akuluakulu amatha kutalika pafupifupi 8 cm.Mkati mwa zolengedwa, zonse sizili zogwirizana. Ngati akazi ndi ochezeka, ndiye kuti amuna siabwino kwambiri kwa wina ndi mnzake, ndipo munthawi yowonongera amatha kuchita nawo gawo limodzi pamalopo. Pakadali pano, akazi nawonso amawukiridwa, chifukwa chake, kuti awateteze, ndikofunikira kupereka malo odalirika, omwe amathanso kukhala "nazale" pomwe mwachangu amakula m'masiku oyamba amoyo wawo. M'magulu ang'onoang'ono am'madzi, tikulimbikitsidwa kupitiliza kukula kwa gulu la amuna amodzi ndi amuna atatu kapena kupitilira apo.

Zofunikira zofunikira pamadzi ochita kukhala ndi ma apistogram

Mitundu yonse ya ma apistiloti kuti mukhale ndi moyo wabwino amafunika malo okhala okwanira mu aquarium, monga driftwood ndi grottoes. Amafunanso masamba owonda. Popeza nsombazo sizikufuna kukumba dothi ndi kuwononga algae, ndizosavuta kupereka msipu woyenera mu aquarium.

Ma apistogram onse amafunika kuunikira kwathunthu, komwe kuyenera kukhala kwachilengedwe. Ngati izi sizingatheke, ndiye kuti muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kuyatsa kwapamwamba kwambiri.

Madzi mu aquarium amayenera kukhala pafupipafupi, nthawi imodzi m'masiku 4, m'malo mwa 1/5. Pakusintha kwamadzi, pansi ayenera kutsukidwa ndi zotsalira za chakudya ndi zinyalala kuchokera kwa anthu okhala m'madzimo.

Malamulo oyambira kudyetsa apistograms

Monga nsomba zonse zochokera ku banja la a Tsikhlovye, ma apistiloti amafunika chakudya chamoyo chambiri. Nsomba zimatha kupatsidwa nthomba zamagazi, coronetra, utitiri wamadzi, komanso mphutsi zakuda za udzudzu (m'madzi a aquarium, mphutsi zimayamba kukhala ma udzudzu, motero zimayenera kuperekedwa pang'ono.

Chakudya chamoyo chitha kusinthidwa ndi ayisikilimu, chomwe chimagulanso mosavuta m'masitolo azinyama. Chakudya chamoyo chimaphatikizidwa bwino ndi masamba a masamba. Pakakhala kuti palibe zakudya zofunika, nsomba zimatha kuyendetsa chakudya chouma chovuta kwambiri kwa nthawi yayitali.

Apistogram Ramirez

Izi nsomba ndizoyenera kutengedwa kukhala zokongola kwambiri pakati pa apistograms. Sipezeka kawirikawiri komwe amapezeka m'masitolo azinyama ndi mayina ena:

gulugufe cichlid, ramirezi apistogram, gulugufe wa chromis, gulugufe wa ramirezi, gulugufe wa venisuelan, ramirezi microgeophagus.

Utoto wa ma apistogram a ku Ramistrezi ndiwovuta chifukwa cha mitundu yambiri. M'mphepete mwake muli imvi ndi utoto wowonekera wa buluu kapena wowoneka bwino. Mutu ndi chifuwa ndimtundu wagolide wamtambo wabuluu. Mzere wakuda umadutsa pamutu kudzera m'maso.

Apisitamini a Ramirezi pamimba amakhala ndi banga lakuthwa lalanje. Pali malo amdima pamunsi pa dorsal fin. Mphepete mwa dorsal fin imakonzedwa ndi chingwe chofiira. Zitsamba zonse zimakhala ndi zowoneka bwino zamtambo komanso zobiriwira. Masiku ano, ntchito za obereketsa sizinachititse mitundu ina ya masoka.

Apistogram Agassitsa

Nsomba zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 9. Zimatha kukhala zonse m'tizilombo komanso m'madzi ambiri, oyandikana ndi nsomba zazing'ono, zamtendere komanso zodekha. Mtundu wakuthupi ndi bronze wa siliva wokhala ndi tint yoyera. Chingwe chakuda chikuyenda m'mbali, kumaso kumadutsa mchira. Pansi pa dorsal fin palinso mtambo wakuda, ndipo m'mphepete mwake mumakhala mbali yofiyira. Chifukwa cha mtundu wake, apistogram iyi imatchedwanso torchlight.

Cockatoo apistogram

Kutalika kwa nsombazi kumafika mpaka masentimita 8. Mtundu wawo ndi wamtendere, wokhalamo. Ndizabwino kwa mitundu yonse komanso nsomba zam'madzi zambiri. Mtundu waukulu wa nsombayo ndi imvi yachikasu ndi kuwala kwa buluu kumbali yake. Pamimba chikasu-lalanje. Pafupi ndi thupi pali chingwe chakuda chomwe chimathera pamalo pomwe pali mchira. Mphesa zam'mbuyo ndi mchira zimakhala lalanje, ziphuphu za anal ndi ma pectoral ndi lalanje ndi utoto wamtambo.

Kufotokozera

Apistogram - nsomba za aquarium kuchokera ku banja la cichlid. Matalikidwe ake sapitilira kutalika kwa masentimita 7, ndipo nthawi zambiri amapanga masentimita 5 okha. Kapangidwe kakang'ono kameneka kamakupatsani mwayi kuti mudzere mu 30-lita imodzi, ngakhale gulu laling'ono. Apistogram akuwonetsa kukonzeka kwathunthu pokhudzana ndi mndende ndi chikhalidwe chabwino kwa ena onse okhala m'madzimo. Zowona, cholengedwa chotere sichikhala nthawi yayitali - pafupifupi, zaka 4. Kutengera mtundu wa thupi, imakhala ndi chowongoka kapena chozungulira. Ziyenera kufotokozedwa nthawi yomweyo kuti dzina la apistogram limaphatikiza mitundu yambiri ya mitundu, iliyonse yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe ake.

Mwachilengedwe, nsomba zimakonda matupi amadzi pang'onopang'ono komanso masamba ambiri okugwa, algae ndi snags.

Madzi pamenepa, chifukwa cha tannins, amatembenuka kukhala bulauni, motero amalangizidwa kuti azikhala momwemo m'madzimo. Izi sizimangopanga malo abwino apistilikiki, komanso zimathandizira kuti mtundu ukhale wowala, womwe nthawi zina umatha kukhala wosalala. Ndisanayiwale Ngakhale zolengedwa ndizabwino, mkati mwa gululo anyani amphongo amatha kulumikizana kwambiri, komanso kukhumudwitsa zazikazi panthawi yopanga. Izi zikufotokoza kufunikira kwa malo okhala ndi malo okhala okwanira. Ngati aquarium yasankhidwa yaying'ono, ndibwino kupangira gulu limodzi wamwamuna wamwamuna mmodzi ndi akazi atatu.

Jekete apistogram amakhala ndi zaka pafupifupi zisanu. Miyeso ya amuna imakwana masentimita 9 m'litali, koma zazikazi sizidutsa malire a 4-5 sentimita. Nsomba zimakwanira mwangwiro m'madzi aliwonse okhala ndi masamba ndi malo ambiri okhala, komanso madzi oyera. Ndikofunikira kuti voliyumu ya thanki iyambire 50 malita.

Apistogram Ramirezi ndi mtundu wotchuka kwambiri, wotchedwanso gulugufe. Mtundu wake wowala ndi mawonekedwe ake ochezeka amafotokozera kutchuka kwapadera pakati pa asodzi am'madzi. Kutalika kwa nsomba sikupitirira masentimita 5. Zosiyanasiyana zake ndi apistogram ya putuni ya Ramirezi, yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira thupi. Zosiyanazi ndizofooka kuposa "zoyambirira", chifukwa chake, zimafunikira zolondola kwambiri, kusowa kwa kusinthasintha kwa kutentha ndi kayendedwe kamadzi.

Kuphatikiza pa thankiyo, pali mwala wophimba, womwe umadziwika ndi zipsepse zazitali.

Borelli apistogram ndi woimira wokongola wazungulira, yemwe kukula kwake sikupitirira masentimita 8. Apistogram agassitsa si nsomba yayikulu kwambiri komanso yopanda kupsa mtima. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti mugule kokha akatswiri am'madzi odziwa ntchito zamadzi, chifukwa chisamaliro cha cholengedwa chimakhala ndi zake. Oberetsa atulutsa mitundu ingapo yamtunduwu: agassitsa moto wofiira, agassitsa pawiri ed ndi ena.

Macmaster apistogram imakula mpaka masentimita 9 kutalika ndipo imakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Iyenera kusungidwa mu thanki yayikulu yopanda mafunde komanso madzi oyera, chifukwa chake akatswiri okhazikika pamadzi asankha maonekedwe ovuta. Widget apistogram ali ndi mitundu yambiri, yotchuka kwambiri yomwe ndi ma widget a Gold ndi Red. Kutalika kwa nsomba sikupitirira masentimita 8.

Apistogram ya altispinosis, yemwenso ndi gulugufe wa ku Bolivia, imawonetsa mtundu wake wowala pokhapokha malo abata.

Ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa nthawi yokhayo kapena ndi anansi amtendere.

Panduro apistogram imakonda kwambiri acidic yamadzi, mosiyana ndi abale ake. Kuphatikiza apo, pamafunika thanki yayikulu kwambiri - anthu angapo adzafunika malo okhala ndi 100 malita. Kutalika kwa amuna samapitirira masentimita 8, ndipo akazi amakula mpaka kutalika masentimita 5. Kunja, panduro, mwa njira, sikuwoneka wokongola kwambiri, chifukwa mthunzi wake waukulu ndi imvi. Amuna, komabe, amakhala ndi mzere wa lalanje, koma mchira wokha.

Kugwirizana ndi nsomba zina

Ma apistogram okonda mtendere amakhala mosatekeseka ndi nsomba iliyonse yomwe sisonyeza zizindikiro zaukali kapena kuchulukirachulukira. Chifukwa chake, kusankha kumatha kupangidwa kutengera mtundu wokongola, kapena mitundu yadyedwe.

Ikadzakhala ndi nyama zodyera, ziwetozo zimakhala chakudya cha zolengedwa zazikulu.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma apistiloti, anthu oyandikana nawo ena atero. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa ma balloon ndi ma altispinoses amasankhidwa ngati ma cohabitants a guppies ndi amuna, ndipo ramirezi imakhala mu aquarium imodzi ndi catfish kapena zebrafish. Nthawi zonse munthu wabwino wokhala naye mumaganiziridwa kuti ndi msuzi.

Zinthu zikukula

Nthaka itha kukhala mchenga wamba kapena wowoneka bwino. Kuwala sikofunika kwambiri, koma kupezeka kwa masamba kumakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pamkhalidwe wa okhala m'madzimo.

Kukalamba ndi kusintha kwamadzi nthawi zonse ndikofunikira. Akatswiri amalimbikitsa kusintha magawo 10% a bukunthu tsiku lililonse, kapena kusintha kuchokera pa 25 mpaka 30% yamadzi sabata iliyonse. Popeza apistograms amakonda kwambiri chlorine yomwe ilipo m'madzi, asanatsanulire gawo latsopano mu aquarium, ndikofunikira kuti muteteze.

Kukhala ndi malo okhala komanso grottoes mu aquarium, muyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti chiwerengero chawo chimachepera pang'ono kuposa chiwerengero cha akazi. Mu aquarium imodzi sikuletsedwa kukhala ndi mitundu ingapo ya ma apistogram.

Kudyetsa malamulo

Apistogram amakonda kudya ndipo amadya mosangalatsa zakudya zonse zapafupi. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuwongolera kukula kwa ma seva, chifukwa kudya kwambiri kumabweretsa mavuto ndi m'mimba thirakiti, lomwe limakhala matenda oopsa. Dyetsani nsomba kawiri pa tsiku m'magawo ochepa. Apistilamu amaonedwa ngati wopatsa chidwi, chifukwa chake yankho labwino kwambiri ndi kukhala kuti amupatse kuphatikiza kwama feed osiyanasiyana. Zosakaniza zomera ziyenera kupezeka pazakudya za chiweto, mwachitsanzo, algae wathanzi, nyama yowotchera yopangidwa kuchokera ku nsomba zam'madzi, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, komanso tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi magazi.

Zidutswa zazikulu ziyenera kuyamba kuphwanyidwa, ndipo chakudya chamoyo chizikonzedwa ndi yankho la potaziyamu permanganate.

Nthawi ndi nthawi, sizoletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yopangidwa yokonzedwa m'njira yoti iphatikizitse mavitamini ndi michere yonse yofunikira. Zina mwazopangidwira kuti ziunikire bwino ndikuwonjezera ntchito ya cholengedwa. Ngati muphatikiza zakudya za apistilini moyenera, ndikosavuta kuti zikule ndikukula - m'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kukula kwake kudzachulukanso kangapo.

Kusiyana kwa kugonana ndi kubereka

Kubala apistograms kunyumba zikuwoneka ngati njira yosangalatsa. Mitundu ina, magulu ophatikizika kwathunthu amapangidwa, omwe samangokhala kubereka, komanso osamalira ana. Amawona kuti ndi yolondola matingachitike popanda eni ake, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti poyamba ndikofunika kupeza gulu la nsomba. Nthawi yofalikira imachitika kuyambira mwezi wa March mpaka Okutobala. Yaikazi imayikira mazira pafupifupi 150, pomwe amafunikira malo athyathyathya.

Kutentha mu aquarium panthawiyi ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti kuwonjezeke mpaka kuzungulira madigiri 25-28 Celsius, komanso kuwonetsetsa kuti mulingo wa acidity uli pamtunda kuchokera 6.5 mpaka 6.8.

Kukula kwa mwachangu sikuti kwotalikirapo - kuti mazira asinthe kukhala nsomba zodzaza, zimatenga masabata angapo. Choyamba, mwachangu amadya zomwe zili mu ma yolk, kenako adzafunika mphutsi zazing'ono, artemia yophwanyika, kapena chakudya chosankhidwa mwapadera. Wamphongo panthawiyi amasamalira mtsogolo mabanja. Pamene nsomba zikukula, malo oyenera mu aquarium ayenera kusamalidwa ndipo zochitika zilizonse zopsinjika ziyenera kupewedwa.

Mavuto omwe angakhalepo

Ma apystogram enieni amakhala ndi thanzi labwino, kotero mavuto onse ndi iwo amachokera chifukwa chosasamalidwa bwino kapena osagwirizana ndi zomwe amamangidwa. Izi, ndizokhudza mitundu yazachilengedwe, popeza iwo omwe amakhala mwa chilengedwe amakhala ofooka kwambiri ndipo amakhudzidwa ndikusintha kwa chizindikiro chilichonse chamadzi: kutentha, kuuma, kuphatikizika kapena acid-base equity.

Mavuto am'mimba am'mimba amachitika chifukwa cha kususuka kwa ma apistogram, kapena chifukwa cha chakudya chosasakanizidwa.

Nthawi zambiri, apistograms amadwala ndi hexamitosis yoyambitsidwa ndi tiziromboti. Ndikosavuta kudziwa matendawa pokana kudya chiweto, mtundu wakuda komanso kusintha kwa mawonekedwe pamimba. Nsomba zodwala ziyenera kukhala payokha. Kutentha kwamadzi m'madzimo kuyenera kukula mpaka madigiri 34-35, ndipo madziwo ayenera kuthiriridwa ndi furazolidone.