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† Pachycephalosaurus

Sandy Cast, Royal Ontario Museum

Kukonzanso mawonekedwe

Gulu la asayansi

Ufumu:

Eumetazoi

Chinsinsi:

Archosauromorphs

Malo:

† Pachycephalosaurus

Jenda:

† Pachycephalosaurus

Dzina lasayansi yapadziko lonse

Pachycephalosaurus
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943

Dracorex Bakker et al. , 2006
Stenotholus Giffin et al. 1988
Stygimoloch Galton & Sues, 1983
Tylsteus Leidy, 1872

Dracorex hogwartsi
Bakker et al. , 2006
Dracorex hogwartsia
Bakker et al. , 2006
Pachycephalosaurus gradors
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943
Pachycephalosaurus reinheimeri
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943
Stenotholus kohleri
Giffin et al. 1988
Stenotholus kohlerorum
Giffin et al. 1988
Troodon wyomingensis
Gilmore, 1931
Stygimoloch spinifer
Galton & Sues, 1983

zaka miliyoni	Nthawi	Era	Aeon
2,588	Ngakhale
2,588	Ka	F ndi n e R za s za th
23,03			Neogene
66,0			Paleogen
145,5	chidutswa		M e s za s za th
199,6	Yura
251	Triassic
299	Chilolezo		P ndi l e za s za th
359,2	Carbon
416	Chiheboni
443,7	Silur
488,3	Ordovician
542	Cambrian
4570	Precambrian

Pachycephalosaurus (lat.Pachycephalosaurus) - mtundu wa dinosaurs pachycephalosaurids, kuphatikizapo mtundu umodzi - Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis. Wokhala mu Upper Cretaceous era (m'badwo wa Maastrichtian) mdera la North America yamakono. Zotsalira zakale za pachycephalosaurus zapezeka ku United States (Montana, South Dakota ndi Wyoming) komanso ku Canada (Alberta).

Pachikhalidwe, pachycephalosaurus inkadziwika kuti ndi yopatsa thanzi, koma kupezedwa kwa chigaza chake chokhala ndi mano osungika okhala ngati mano a ambiri a Mesozoic theropods kunawonetsa kuti inali yodabwitsa, ndipo kadyedwe kake kanasintha nyengo ndi nyengo, potero amakumbukira kudya kwa zimbalangondo. Titha kunenanso kuti mano ena akutali omwe amapangidwa ndi theropods ndi omwe amapezeka m'mapangidwe omwe pachycephalosaurus okhalamo amathanso kukhala ake. Pachycephalosaurus anali m'modzi mwa akatswiri omalizira omwe sanali avian asanafike ku Cretaceous-Paleogene.

Monga pachycephalosaurids ina, pachycephalosaurus chinali nyama yopumira (yopumira) yokhala ndi denga lokwera kwambiri. Anali ndi kumbuyo kwanthawi yayitali ndi mphete zazing'ono. Pachycephalosaurus anali woimira wamkulu kwambiri wa gulu lomwelo la pachycephalosaurus. Kupezeka kwakanthawi kokhala pachycephalosaurus kunapangitsa kuti anthu ena aziganiza kuti zomwe pachycephalosaurs adazigwiritsa ntchito pomenya nkhondo.

M'mbuyomu, zomwe anthu achikulire okha ndi omwe amadziwika kuti ndi za pachycephalosaurus, chifukwa chomwe mapangidwe ake agenegenis (maphunziro a kukula) sanaphunziridwe bwino, koma kenako zinapezeka kuti zotsalazo zimadziwika kuti ndi mtundu Dracorex ndi Stygimoloch, kwenikweni, ndi a achichepere a pachycephalosaurus, komanso kusankha kwa majini pamtundu wosiyana wa mafupa ndipo mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa ma spikes sizolondola, popeza zinthu izi zidasintha kwambiri panthawi ya kukula.

Momwe zimayendera

Kuyesa Pachy sikudzakhala kovuta - kuti mumupangitse mufunika miyala zana ndi hafu, kapena mivi ya 1-5 yokhala ndi tranquilizer. Zakudya zokondedwa - zipatso za Mezhuberry, masamba ndi zipatso (amakonda mbatata, mandimu, kaloti) kapena chakudya chouma chozikidwa pa Dilo Egg.

Mutayeseza, simudzatha kugwiritsa ntchito Groin kunyamula katundu wambiri, koma mudzapeza phiri labwino kwambiri lomwe lingakutengereni kutali ndi malo oopsa ndipo mutha kuyimilira mwini wakeyo, ndikupweteketsa mitu yamphamvu yamphamvu kwa yemwe angakuchitireni nkhanza.

Pachycephalosaurus

† Pachycephalosaurus

Sandy Cast, Royal Ontario Museum

Kukonzanso mawonekedwe

Gulu la asayansi

Ufumu:

Eumetazoi

Chinsinsi:

Archosauromorphs

Malo:

† Pachycephalosaurus

Jenda:

† Pachycephalosaurus

Dzina lasayansi yapadziko lonse

Pachycephalosaurus
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943

Dracorex Bakker et al. , 2006
Stenotholus Giffin et al. 1988
Stygimoloch Galton & Sues, 1983
Tylsteus Leidy, 1872

Dracorex hogwartsi
Bakker et al. , 2006
Dracorex hogwartsia
Bakker et al. , 2006
Pachycephalosaurus gradors
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943
Pachycephalosaurus reinheimeri
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943
Stenotholus kohleri
Giffin et al. 1988
Stenotholus kohlerorum
Giffin et al. 1988
Troodon wyomingensis
Gilmore, 1931
Stygimoloch spinifer
Galton & Sues, 1983

zaka miliyoni	Nthawi	Era	Aeon
2,588	Ngakhale
2,588	Ka	F ndi n e R za s za th
23,03			Neogene
66,0			Paleogen
145,5	chidutswa		M e s za s za th
199,6	Yura
251	Triassic
299	Chilolezo		P ndi l e za s za th
359,2	Carbon
416	Chiheboni
443,7	Silur
488,3	Ordovician
542	Cambrian
4570	Precambrian

Nkhani yopezeka

Pachycephalosaurus amadziwika kuti ali ndi fupa lalikulu mpaka 25 cm sentimita pa chigaza chake, chomwe chimakhazikitsa pansi mosavuta. Kumbuyo kwa phokosolo kunali m'mphepete mwa mafupa komanso mafupa ofupikirana akuwonekeranso kumtunda. Mphepoyi inali yowoneka bwino osati yakuthwa.

Chigoba chake chinali chachifupi ndipo chinali ndimaso akulu oyang'ana kutsogolo omwe anali kuyang'ana kutsogolo, kuwonetsa kuti nyamayo anali ndi mawonekedwe okongola amaso ndipo amatha kuwona ma boni. Chikwamacho chinali ndi chizolowezi chaching'ono, chomwe chimamaliza ndi mulomo wowongoka. Mano ake anali ocheperako okhala ndi nduwira zooneka ngati masamba. Mutu unkathandizidwa ndi khosi lomwe limapangidwa ngati "S" kapena "U". Mwa achichepere, pachycephalosaurs anali ndi zigamba zapamwamba komanso nyanga zazikulu zotuluka kumbuyo kwa chigaza. Nyama ikakula, nyanga zake sizinasunthe, ndipo mawonekedwe ake anali kukula.

Pachycephalosaurus inali yopanga (yopumira) ndipo inali wamkulu kwambiri pachycephalosaurus (dinosaur wamkulu wamutu). Akuti pachycephalosaurus amafika kutalika kwa 4.5 metres ndipo akulemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 450. Anali ndi beru lalifupi, lalifupi, mikono yakutsogolo, thupi lalikulupo, miyendo yayitali yam'mbuyo ndi mchira wolemera, womwe mwina unali wovuta m'matayala.

Nkhani yopezeka

Zinthu zakale za pachycephalosaurus mwina zapezeka kale mu 1850s. Malinga ndi tanthauzo la a Donald Baird, mu 1859 kapena 1860, Ferdinand Vandiver Hayden, yemwe anali wokhazikitsa zala zakale kuchokera kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa America, anasonkhanitsa kachidutswa kamafupa pafupi ndi komwe kunachokera Mtsinje wa Missouri, komwe tsopano kumatchedwa Lance Fform kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Montana. Chifaniziro ichi, chomwe tsopano chimadziwika kuti ANSP 8568, chidafotokozedwa ndi a Joseph Lady mu 1872 ngati cha zida zankhondo zapinyama zokhala ngati zanyama kapena mkono. Chitsanzochi chinapatsidwa mtundu watsopano. Tylsteus. Mtundu wake weniweni sunadziwike mpaka Baird ataukonzanso patadutsa zaka zana ndikuzindikiritsa kuti fupa lowonda (fupa kumbuyo kwa chigaza) la pachycephalosaurus, kuphatikiza zigawo za ma bony omwe amagwirizana ndi omwe amapezeka pam zitsanzo zina za pachycephalosaurus. Popeza dzinalo Tylsteus patsogolo pa dzina Pachycephalosaurus, malinga ndi International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, dzina loyamba liyenera kusankhidwa. Mu 1985, Baird adapempha kuti m'malo mwake Tylsteus dzina logwiritsidwa ntchito Pachycephalosaurus, popeza dzina lomaliza silinagwiritsidwe ntchito zaka zopitilira makumi asanu, likuchokera pazinthu zodziwonetsa ngati linali loyipa ndipo linali ndi malo olakwika m'deralo komanso moyenera. Uwu sudzakhala kumaliza kwawo, Robert Sullivan adati mu 2006 kuti ANSP 8568 ili ngati fupa lofananira Dracorexkuposa fupa la pachycephalosaurus. Komabe, funso ili ndilosadziwika bwino, monga kafukufuku wina wawonetsa kuti zotsalazo zidatsimikiziridwa kuti Dracorex, ali m'gulu la achinyamata a pachycephalosaurus.

Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis, mtundu wokhazikika komanso wapano wa pachycephalosaurus, adatchedwa Charles Gilmore mu 1931. Adagwiritsa dzinali ngati chigaza cha USNM 12031 kuchokera ku Lance Fform ku Nyobrara County, Wyoming. Gilmore akuti mtundu wake watsopano uja ndi troodon, kufotokoza kuti Troodon wyomingensis . Panthawiyo, akatswiri a ma paleont amakhulupirira kuti troodon, yomwe imadziwika ndi mano ake okha, imafanana Stegocameraamene anali ndi mano ofanana. Chifukwa chake, a genera omwe tsopano adatchulidwa kuti pachycephalosaurids ndi a banja la troodontid, lomwe linali lingaliro lolakwika, lomwe lidakonzedwa mu 1945 ndi Charles Sternberg.

Mu 1943, a Barnum Brown ndi Erich Maren Schleikier adafotokoza za mtunduwu pogwiritsa ntchito zatsopano, zomaliza. Pachycephalosaurus. Adatcha mitundu iwiri: Pachycephalosaurus gradors, mitundu yamtundu wa genus pachycephalosaurus ndi Pachycephalosaurus reinheimeri. P. angelo idakhazikitsidwa pa chitsanzo cha AMNH 1696, chigaza pafupifupi chilichonse kuchokera ku Hell Creek Fform ku Ekalaka, Carter County, Montana. P. Refheimeri idakhazikitsidwa pa DMNH 469 yachitsanzo, yoyimiriridwa ndi gulu la zinthu komanso zina zambiri zogwirizana ndi Lance Fform ku Corson County, South Dakota. Komanso anali ndi malingaliro akale a Troodon. wyomingensis ku banja lake latsopano. Mitundu yawo iwiri yatsopanoyi imadziwika kuti ndi yofanana majini. P. wyomingensis kuyambira 1983

Chifundo Stygimolochkomwe mitundu yokhayo idapatsidwa - Stygimoloch spinifer, adafotokozeredwa ndi katswiri wazamaphunziro wa ku Britain wotchedwa Peter Galton ndi katswiri wazaka zaku Germany wa Hans-Dieter Sue kuchokera ku National Museum of Natural History mu 1983. Zimakhulupirira kuti Stygimoloch yokhala ndi minga kumbuyo kwa chigaza, komwe nyanga yayitali yayitali imazunguliridwa ndi nyanga zazing'ono 2-3, komanso kakhoma kakang'ono kwambiri. Zinazindikiranso kuti zitsanzo zonse zomwe zimapatsidwa Stygimolocha pachycephalosaurs pafupifupi okhwima, ndipo Stygimoloch, motero, ndilo lofanana laling'ono la pachycephalosaurus.

Dzina generic Stygimoloch wopangidwa kuchokera ku dzina la Mtsinje wa Styx, womwe, mu nthano yakale yachi Greek, umayenda pamtunda, ndikuwonetsa mapangidwe a Hell Creek, ndipo m'malo mwa Moloch, mulungu wachikanani wokhudzana ndi kupereka ana, osankhidwa pokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe anyama. Onani dzina sipinachi amatanthauzira ngati "prickly". Dzinalo lonse la nyamazo, limatanthawuza "mdierekezi wamphamvu wochokera ku Mtsinje wa Styx."

Achinyamata ochepa a pachycephalosaurus amadziwika kuchokera ku chigaza chimodzi (TCMI 2004.17.1) ndi anayi a pachiberekero (Atlanta, chachitatu, chachisanu ndi chitatu ndi chachisanu ndi chinayi). Anapezeka ku Hell Creek Plateau ku South Dakota ndi akatswiri atatu amateur paleontologists ochokera ku Sioux City, Iowa. Pambuyo pake, mu 2004, mutuwu adasamutsidwa ku Indianapolis Children's Museum kuti akafufuze. Poyamba, zolembedwazo zinali zing'onozing'ono, zazidutswa. Obwezeretsa anagwira ntchito yolimbitsa khungu kwa zaka ziwiri. Pa Meyi 22, 2006, malo osungirako zinthu zakalewo adalengeza kale kuvomereza kwawo (mwambowu unakonzedwa kuti ugwirizane ndikutsegulidwa kwa Msonkhano wa Federal on Fossils). Kupezako kenako kudafotokozeredwa mwanjira ndi Robert Bob Backer ndi Robert Sullivan mu 2006 ngati mtundu watsopano. Dracorex . Komanso Stygimoloch, Dracorex adadziwika kuti ndiro laling'ono kwambiri pa pachycephalosaurus.

Kufotokozera

Chigoba chake chinali chachifupi ndipo chinali ndimaso akulu akulu oyang'ana kutsogolo, zomwe zinkawonetsa kuti nyamayo anali ndi masomphenya abwino komanso amatha kuona. Chikwamacho chinali ndi chizolowezi chaching'ono, chomwe chimamaliza ndi mulomo wowongoka. Mano ake anali ocheperako okhala ndi nduwira zooneka ngati masamba. Mutu unkathandizidwa ndi khosi lomwe limapangidwa ngati "S" kapena "U". Mwa achichepere, pachycephalosaurs anali ndi zigamba zapamwamba komanso nyanga zazikulu zotuluka kumbuyo kwa chigaza. Nyama ikakula, nyanga zake sizinasunthe, ndipo mawonekedwe ake anali kukula.

Zakudya

Ndi mano ochepa kwambiri okhala ndi nthiti, pachycephalosaurs sakanatha kutafuna zitsamba zolimba bwino monga ma dinosaurs ena a nthawi yomweyo. Mano akuthwa mano amatha kukhala othandiza kwambiri pogaya mbewu, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti pachycephalosaurs amadya masamba, mbewu ndi zipatso. Komanso, mwachidziwikire, dinosaur adaphatikizanso nyama muzakudya zake. Nsagwada yathunthu yopanda tanthauzo imasonyeza kuti anali atalumikiza mano akunja, ofanana ndi masamba, ofanana ndi mano a nonropicoror theropods. Zikuwoneka kuti, kuwonjezera pa chomera chakudya, pachycephalosaurs amadyanso nyama zazing'ono, zopanda nkhono, masikelo, ndipo mwina ngakhale ma dinosaurs ang'onoang'ono. Amaganiziridwa kuti, monga zakudya za zimbalangondo zamakono, zakudya zawo zidasintha nyengo ndi nyengo. Mwinanso mano ena akutali omwe amapatsidwa maroprops akhoza kukhala a pachycephalosaurus.

Gulu

Pachycephalosaurus adatipatsa dzina la pachycephalosaurs (lat. Pachycephalosauria), gulu la azinyama a nkhuku zodyetsa maluwa omwe amakhala kumapeto kwa Cretaceous ku North America ndi Asia. Ngakhale anali wapamwamba kwambiri, anali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi ma ceratops kuposa ma ornithopods.

Pansipa pali a Evans cladogram et al., 2013 .

Ontogenesis

Zitsanzo molakwika zimapatsidwa mtundu wawo Dracorex ndi Stygimolochmonga kafukufuku wina wawonetsa, ali a pachycephalosaurs ang'ono, omwe, chifukwa cha msinkhu wawo, miyala ndi nyanga sizinapangidwe bwino. Izi zidathandizidwa pamsonkhano wapachaka wa 2007 wa Vertebrate Paleontology Society. Jack Horner waku University of Montana adawonetsa, kutengera kusanthula kwa chigaza, fanizo lokhalo lomwe lidalipo Dracorexumboni kuti dinosaur uyu akhoza kukhala wachinyamata mawonekedwe Stygimoloch. Kuphatikiza apo, adafotokozera zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti ndipo Stygimoloch, ndi Dracorex akhoza kukhala mitundu yaying'ono ya pachycephalosaurus, yomwe idatsimikizidwanso.

Horner ndi M.B. Goodwin adafalitsa zotsatira zawo mu 2009, kuwonetsa kuti mafupa am'mimba ndi zotupa za chigaza cha "mitundu" yonseyo ali ndi magonedwe ochulukirapo, ndikuti zonse ziwiri Dracorexndi Stygimoloch amadziwika okha ndi achinyamata, pomwe pachycephalosaurus amadziwika kokha ndi zitsanzo za anthu akuluakulu. Zowunikirazi, kuwonjezera pa kuti mitundu yonse itatu imakhala nthawi imodzi komanso malo amodzi, zidapangitsa kuti anthu awone kuti Dracorex ndi Stygimoloch anali achichepephalosaurs ang'onoang'ono, omwe adataya mizere yawo ndiukalamba, ndipo kukula kwa mapangidwe awo kudakula. Pankhaniyi, zitsanzo zomwe zikutchulidwa Dracorexanali wocheperako kuposa zitsanzo Stygimoloch, pomwe yachiwiri inali itayamba kale kukhwima.

Kupezeka kwa zigaza za cub zomwe zimapangidwa ndi pachycephalosaurus, zomwe zidafotokozedwa mu 2016 kuchokera pamagawo awiri osiyana a mapangidwe a Hell Creek, zidaperekedwa monga umboni wowonjezereka wa izi. Zinthu zakale zomwe tafotokozazi, monga tafotokozera a David Evans, a Mark Goodwin ndi Colegmie, ndi ofanana kwa mitundu yonse itatu yoyenera yopanga malekezero ongozimitsa pama turge awo, ndipo mwapadera. Stygimoloch ndi Dracorex M'malo mwake, ali ndi mawonekedwe osinthika a kakhalidwe kakulidwe ka pachycephalosaurus. Kafukufukuyu komanso zowonjezereka za zigaza zosiyanasiyana za anthu achikulire zidawonetsa kuti mawonekedwe opezeka mu chigaza adawonekera kumayambiriro kwa moyo wa dinosaur, pomwe mutu wachipembedzo wokhala ndi utoto unayamba pambuyo pake.

Kafukufuku yemwe a Nick Longreach ndi anzanga mu 2010 adatsimikiziranso kuti izi zonse zokhala ngati zapamwamba za pachycephalosaurs zinali zazing'ono, zikusonyeza kuti mitundu yosanja ngati Goyocephale ndi ma Homalocephalus, ndi achinyamata, ndi anthu achikulire a genera awa omwe amakhala ndimatumba a cranial.

Pa chikhalidwe

Pachycephalosaurus wakhala munthu wotchuka m'mabuku, nthano zopeka za sayansi ndi kanema. Maonekedwe apadera a pachycephalosaurus anali filimu "Jurassic Park: The Lost World" ndi makatuni olemba "Earth Lisanachitike Nthawi." Mu filimuyo "Jurassic World 2" imawonekera ndi stygimoloch Stiggy. Mu chilolezo, pachycephalosaurus ndi stigimoloch ndi nyama ziwiri zosiyana, ndipo ngakhale mlangizi wa sayansi wam'mbuyomu, a Jack Horner, adawonetsa kukhalapo kwa stigimoloch mu script monga cholakwika ndikupempha kuti asinthe ndi pachycephalosaurus, izi sizinachitike.

Mu 2009, pachycephalosaurus wachinyamata, wotchulidwa mu filimuyi Dracorex, adawonekera mndandanda wachisanu ndi chiwiri wa nyengo yachitatu mndandanda "Jurassic Portal". Nthawi yomweyo, adapatsidwa mawonekedwe a chinjoka - nyanga zake zidakulitsidwa, kapangidwe ka zida za nsagwada zidasinthidwa, ndipo kutuluka kwachiwiri kudawonjezeredwa kumbuyo. Zonsezi zikufotokozedwa ndikuti, munkhaniyi, pachycephalosaurus amakumana ndi katswiri wakale yemwe amamutenga ngati chinjoka ndipo amagwera nthawi yamakono, yomwe idakhala chithunzi cha nthano ya knight kuthamangitsa chinjoka ndikupita kugahena.

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