Zaka mazana mamiliyoni zapitazo, anthu sanakhale ndi moyo Padziko Lapansi, koma anali okhalamo nyama zodabwitsa zomwe zotsalira zimapezeka padziko lonse lapansi.

Ku Siberia, komwe kumadera a Kemerovo, amodzi mwa malo 10 padziko lapansi adapezeka pomwe zidutswa za nyama za nthawi ya Jurassic (zidatha zaka miliyoni 110 zapitazo). Zotsalira za ma psittacosaurs pafupifupi 50 adapezeka m'mudzi wa Shestakovo. Amatchedwanso "abuluzi wa parrot" ndipo ndi kukula kwa ng'ombe. Ponseponse, mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya ma dinosaurs adapezeka ku Shestakovo. Imodzi mwa mitundu ya ma sauropod sanapezeke kwina kulikonse padziko lapansi, chifukwa chake idapatsidwa dzina latsopano la Sibirotitan astrosacralis - Sibirotitan star-sacral. Idapezeka mu 2008 ndipo ma vertebrae asanu osasinthika, nthiti zopangidwa ndi nyenyezi zidadziwika kuzinthu zotsalira. Uwu ndi mtundu waukulu kwambiri wamankhwala otchedwa herbivorous dinosaurs of the sauropod order. Dinowa wotere amatha kulemera matani 50 nthawi ya moyo wake komanso kukhala ndi kutalika kwamamita 20.

Palibenso nyama zakale zosangalatsa zomwe zidapezeka m'malo ena a dziko lathu. M'dera la Volga, mafupa a Mosasaurus adapezeka. Adakumbidwa pafupifupi mwezi wathunthu. Ndipo posachedwa, mafupa a nyama yotereyi adapezeka m'dera la Chelyabinsk, yomwe idakulitsa malo ake. Nyama yam'madziyi inkafika pafupifupi mita 17 kutalika. Ankakhala padziko lapansi zaka 65 miliyoni zapitazo.

Mu Perm Territory, zidutswa zingapo za zikwanje zakale zotchedwa estemmenozuhs ndi biarmosuh zidapezeka. Zaka zawo ndi zaka pafupifupi 267 miliyoni. Estemmenozuhids ndi nyama zamtchire ndipo zimatsogozedwa, monga mvuu, moyo wamadzi wamadzi. Eotitanosuh ndi nyama yolusa yomwe imatalika kuposa mamilimita 2.5. Nyamazo zinafa chifukwa cha kusefukira kwamadzi ndipo matupi awo anali atakhazikika pansi pa mtsinje wosefukira. Zofufuzazo zinachitika kwa zaka zingapo, koma sizinali zonse zomwe zakumbidwa. Pali mafupa ambiri a ma dinosaurs akale m'malo amenewo.

Dziko lakale liri lodzaza ndi zinsinsi komanso zomwe mungathe kulemba ndi kulemba.

Ngati mumakonda, thandizirani achinyamata!

Monga, siyani ndemanga ndikulembetsa, kuti musaphonye kena kosangalatsa.

Mbalame yakale kwambiri padziko lapansi

Komabe, asayansi amapeza izi ku Europe. Mwachitsanzo, izi zidachitidwa ndi Ksepka ndi anzawo, ndikuphunzira zitsanzo za miyala yamtengo wapatali kuchokera ku miyala ya Romontbos, yomwe ili pafupi ndi mzinda wa Belgian ku Liège. Miyala iyi idapangidwa kumapeto kwa Cretaceous - atatsala pang'ono kugwa kwa asteroid yomwe idawononga ma dinosaurs.

M'matanthwe awa, asayansi adapeza mwangozi zidutswa za mafupa amiyendo, kenako zotsalira zina za mbalame yaying'ono, yomwe kukula kwake kunali kofanana ndi mbalame zamakono zam'madzi zaku Europe. Chifukwa choti zotsalira za mbalame zakale sizimapezeka kawirikawiri kunja kwa China ndi Monoglia, zopezazo zimakopa chidwi cha asayansi nthawi yomweyo.

Atasanthula miyala yomwe mafupa anali momwemo, akatswiri a ma paleont anapeza mu umodzi mwa iwo chigaza cha mbalame. Adadza m'masiku athu monga momwe zidakhalire, osadonthezedwa ndi miyala yoyandikana nayo. Chigoba chidachokera ku cholengedwa chamakedzana, chomwe ndi wachibale wa makolo a nkhuku, abakha ndi zinziri (Galloanserae). Asayansi amatcha mbalame Asteriornis maastrichtensis.

Cholengedwa chimatha kuonedwa ngati mbalame yakale kwambiri yamtundu wamakono, yomwe inali ndizofunikira zonse pazinthu zamakono zamtundu wamakono. Kafukufuku wake, monga asayansi akuyembekeza, athandizira kumvetsetsa komwe ndi pomwe kholo lakale la mbalame zamakono zidawonekera, zomwe adadya ndi momwe mbadwa zake zidapulumukira kugwa kwa asteroid, yomwe sinawononge ma dinosaurs okha, komanso mbalame zina zonse zakale zomwe zidakula bwino chisanachitike.

Makamaka, zoona zenizeni za kupezeka kwa mbalame yakale kwambiri komanso ubale wake wapamtima ndi mbalame zamakono zonse zikuwonetsa kuti kholo lawo wamba lidawonekera Padziko Lapansi nthawi yamadyerero isanathe, osati pakati pa nthawi ya Cretaceous, monga kafukufuku wamitundu. Kafukufuku waposachedwa wazinthu zakale zoterezi, monga momwe paleontologists akuyembekeza, adzathetsa izi.

Ndi ma dinosaurs omwe amakhala ku Scotland?

Zaka za mayendedwe zimawerengeredwa zaka miliyoni miliyoni, ndiye kuti, adasiyidwa ndi zolengedwa zakale kwinakwake pakati pa nthawi ya Jurassic. Malinga ndi ofufuza Steve Brusatte ndi Tsamba de Polo, mndandanda womwe wapezeka ndi mitundu itatu ya ma dinosaurs. Mwachitsanzo, ma fayilo opindika atatu okhala ndi zikhadabo zazitali adasiyidwa ndi dinosaur kuchokera ku mtundu Theropods. Monga lamulo, iwo anali olusa ndipo amayenda mwamphamvu miyendo iwiri. Woimira wamkulu wa gulu la ma dinosaurs anali sipinosaurus pafupifupi 15 metres, koma zotsalazo zikusonyeza kuti munthu wakale wokhala ku Scotland anali kukula kwa “jeep” pafupifupi mikono iwiri.

Theropods anaphatikizidwa alirakuti zaka mamiliyoni angapo adakhala m'dziko lomwe tsopano limatchedwa Antarctica

Zotsalira za dinosaur yokhala ndi mikono itatu yokhala ndi zala zowoneka bwino zinapezekanso ku Brath Point Rock. Kutengera ndi kapangidwe ka zala zomwe zimakhala zopanda lakuthwa, komanso mawonekedwe ena amthupi, asayansi amati apeza dinosaur kuchokera pagululi alonda mbalame. Zinali zolengedwa zam'madzi ndipo, kuti zithetse masamba a mitengo yayitali, zimatha kuyimirira ndi miyendo yakumbuyo ndikuyamba kutalika kwa mita 14. Ndizomveka kuganiza kuti miyendo yawo yakumbuyo inali yolimba komanso yopanga kutsogolo, choncho nthawi zambiri amayenda ndi miyendo iwiri.

Ornithopods anali iguanodonsomwe amatha kuyimirira ndikufika pamtunda wa 10 metres

Komabe, asayansi ambiri adadabwa kuti mabwinja a stegosaurus adapezeka ku Scotland. Amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa ma dinosaurs odziwika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa amadziwika mosavuta ndi mafupa kumbuyo kwawo ndi mchira wofiyira. Poona zotsalira, munthu amene anafera pathanthwe la Brath Point anali wamkulu ngati ng'ombe. Komabe, nthawi zambiri, ma dinosaurs otchedwa herbivorous ankakhala kumadzulo kwa North America komweko, ndipo kukula kwake kunafika pa 9 metres.

Ma Stegosaurs amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa akatswiri odziwika kwambiri. Ngakhale ma tyrannosaurs mwina amadziwika bwino

Dinosaurs ku Russia

Koma kodi ndizotheka kupeza mafupa a dinosaur ku Russia? Kwa nthawi yayitali ankakhulupirira kuti mdziko lathuli ndizosatheka kupeza zotsalira za ma dinosaurs. Pazinthu izi, zaka pafupifupi 2000 zapitazo, wasayansi wina waku America Otniel Charles Marsh adati. Atafika m'chigawo chathu, adadabwa kudziwa kuti ku Russia mafupa a zimphona zakale sanapezeke. Ndipo izi zinali zomveka, chifukwa mamiliyoni a zaka zapitazo gawo la Russia lidakutidwa ndi nyanja zosaya. Pali lingaliro kuti ma dinosaurs akale amapezekabe pansi, koma zotsala zawo zinali zopanda nthaka ndi mchenga ndi dongo.

Mu chithunzi cha 1872 ichi, katswiri wa ma paleontologist Otniel Charles Marsh (pakati pamzere wakumbuyo) akuimirira ndi omuthandizira

Komabe, mfundo yoti kupeza mafupa a dinosaur ku Russia ndizovuta kwambiri sizitanthauza kuti zolengedwa zakale zidateteza madera athu. Nthawi zina ma dinosaurs amafa nthawi yomwe mafupa awo amatha kusungidwa bwino. Chifukwa chake, mu 2015, Anatoly Ryabinin wa ku Russia wa kwathu ku dera la Chita adapeza zidutswa za mafupa a dinosaur Allosaurus sibiricus. Kungowonetsa kuti zotsalira za dinosaur iyi ndizovuta kwambiri chifukwa chosowa mafupa ena.

Izi ndi zomwe Allosaurus sibiricus amawoneka

Komanso kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XX, m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Amur, zotsalira za dinosaur zamtunduwu zidapezeka. Mandschurosaurus amurensis, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti "Amur manchurosaurus". Pakadali pano, mafupa ochepa kwambiri adapezeka nthawi iyi, ndiye kuti chigaza ndi mbali zina zambiri za thupi lomwe lidapangidwa kale zidapangidwa ndi gypsum, ndichifukwa chake zomwe zidapezeka zidatchedwa "gypsosaurus". Ngakhale zili choncho, ma dinosaurs mwachidziwikire ankakhala gawo la dziko lathu ndipo anali zolengedwa zam'mapulasitiki zomwe zimadya pazomera ndikufika mpaka 3 mita.

Kodi ma dinosaur kwambiri omwe atsalira ndi ati?

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti ma dinosaurs ambiri amapezeka ku North America. Amakhulupirira kuti achifwamba otchuka amakhala kumeneko, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwaopanda magazi kwambiri m'mbiri ya dziko lathuli. Chotupa chachikulu kwambiri cha wankhanza chimakhala ndi kutalika kwamamitala 12.3 komanso kutalika kwa pafupifupi 4 metres. Kulemera kwa thupi kwa oimira oopsa awa olimbana ndi Jurassic akuti kuli pafupifupi matani 9.5.

Amakhulupirira kuti ankhanza ndi omwe amadyera kwambiri oopsa, koma m'mbiri yawo panali ma dinosaurs okonda magazi

Mwambiri, zotsalira za ma dinosaurs akale zimatha kupezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana ku America. Mwachitsanzo, posachedwa m'chigawo cha Canada ku Alberta, mabwinja a dinosaur adapezeka, omwe adapatsidwa dzina Thanatotheristes degrootorum. Kwenikweni, dzinali limamasulira kuti "wokolola imfa" ndipo akatswiri a ma paleontologists amatcha choncho chifukwa. Chowonadi ndi chakuti chimphona ichi chinali chimodzi mwazosokoneza kwambiri za nthawi yomaliza ya ma dinosaurs ndikuwopa nyama zonse. Tinalemba zambiri za mphamvu zake ndi moyo wake pazinthu zathu zapadera.

Kodi mafupa a dinosaur akuya pati?

Monga momwe masewera amasonyezera, nthawi zambiri anthu amapunthwa pazotsalira za zolengedwa zakale m'malo omwe miyala yambiri imatha kuwoneka pamwamba. Mwa ichi, ndichizolowezi kumvetsetsa zinthu zachilengedwe monga granite, basalt ndi miyala ya miyala yamtengo wapatali, zomwe zimapanga dziko lathuli. Nthawi zambiri amawonekera m'miyala, m'matanthwe ndi malo omanga misewu yayikulu. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti poyamba anthu amangopeza gawo laling'ono la madinala ndipo kenako amangokumba mafupa ena onse pogwiritsa ntchito zokumba ndi zida zina. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1982, bambo wina anapeza Claw ya Baryonyx, yomwe kwa nthawi yayitali sinadziwike kwa asayansi. Ndipokhapokha, pakupita nthawi, ochita kafukufukuwo adatha kuzindikira mbali zotsalazo za thupi lakale kwambiri.

Zotsalira za baryonyx zidapezeka mu 1982 zokha

Anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti mafupa a dinosaur ali pakuya mamita mazana angapo. Nthawi zina, izi ndizowona, koma pakukula pansi, zotsalira zimatha kudzipangira zokha, choncho sipamakhala mavuto kukumba mbali zina za thupi. Chofunikira mu izi ndikusamala kuti musawononge mwangozi mafupa omwe atayika pansi zaka mamiliyoni ambiri pansi. Nthawi zina, wokumba pansi amatha kuchitapo kanthu, chifukwa zimatenga mphamvu zambiri kupulumutsa zotsalira kuchokera ku ukapolo wapadziko lapansi.

Posachedwa, pomanga msewu waukulu, chinthu chakale kwambiri chamatabwa chomangidwa ndi munthu chapezeka

Ndichite chiyani ndikapeza mafupa a dinosaur?

Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kuti mutapeza mafupa a dinosaur kapena mtundu wina uliwonse, simungangodzinyamula nokha ndikuyamba kugulitsa. Chowonadi ndi chakuti, malinga ndi lamuloli, zinthu zonse zakale zomwe zapezeka ndizaboma, ndipo akapezeka, muyenera kulumikizana ndi oyang'anira zachikhalidwe cha mzinda wanu. Ku Moscow, mutha kuchita izi poyimba foni +7 (916) 146-53-27omwe amapezeka kuzungulira koloko.

Ngati mupeza mafupa amtundu wa anthu, onetsetsani kuti mwadziwitsa apolisi za izi.

Pambuyo pake, akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja ayenera kubwera kumalo opezeka mafupa kapena zinthu zina zakale. Ngati zopezeka ndizofunika, munthu amene wazipeza alibe ufulu wozitenga. Koma ngati akatswiri aganiza kuti ichi si chinthu chosowa kwambiri, ndiye kuti chinthucho chimadutsa m'manja mwa amene wapeza.

Kugula kapena kugulitsa mafupa a dinosaur?

Magawo osiyanasiyana a mafupa a dinosaur amatha kugulidwa pa intaneti, koma izi zisanachitike ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti ndi zenizeni ndikugulitsidwa movomerezeka. Zolengeza zamafupa a dinosaur nthawi zambiri zimatha kupezeka pa eBay. Mwachitsanzo, dzino laling'ono la spinosaurus m'misika yapaintaneti ndizotheka kupeza ma ruble 10,000. Koma buku la chigaza kuchokera ku chigoba chimodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri mwa olamulira ankhanza amatha $ 100,000, ndipo pamenepa, ndizopitilira rubles 7,000,000.

Mutha kupeza zidutswa zingapo za dinosaur pa eBay.

Ngati mulibe ndalama zambiri, komabe mukufuna kupeza chidutswa cha cholengedwa chakale, ndikofunika kulabadira mano a Mosasaur. Zamoyo zam'madzi izi zidakhala ndi moyo nthawi yama dinosaurs koma, mwatsoka, sizikugwirizana nawo. Koma zotsalira za a Mosasaurs nthawi zambiri zimakhala ku Morocco ndikupititsidwa ku Russia. Nthawi zina amatha kupezeka pa chiwonetsero cha ku Moscow "Gemstone Collfall" pafupifupi rubles 1000.

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Pa ulendowu, Andrey Skvortsov adafotokoza momwe maofesitiyala amtunduwu amachitikira, yemwe amakonzanso mawonekedwe a ma dinosaurs omwe ali m'mafupa ndikuwapatsa mayina, komwe kuli ma dinosaurs a Regian omwe apezeka ndi momwe zinthu zimasaka - mukungoyenera kupita m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikuwonera miyala.

Mamembala opita ku ulendowo adayendera malo odziwika a Opoki (dera la Veliky Ustyug) okhala ndi magombe omwe, chaka chilichonse, kuwonongeka, amapeza zatsopano. Pafupi ndi Opok, adapeza njira zamafupa owuma. Kenako gululo linapitilira pakamwa pa Strelna, pomwe nthawi ina iwo anapeza zidutswa za imodzi mwazinthu zina zapamwamba. Ogwira ntchito ku Totem Museum Association ndi Andrei Skvortsov adayendanso ndi Ustye-Gorodishchenskoye (Chigawo cha Nyuksensky) - kuno, mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Sukhona, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, anapeza magawo a mafupa a Nyuksenitiya.

Wotsogolera wa Totem Museum Association Alexei Novosyolov:

- Zopezeka zozikika za nyama zomwe zidakhala zaka 300 miliyoni zapitazo, nthawi ya Permian ya nthawi ya Paleozoic (asanabadwe ma dinosaurs), zimapezeka pafupipafupi ndi Mtsinje wa Sukhona. Zotsatira izi zidagwera m'magulu a mabungwe ofufuza ndi mayunivesite osiyanasiyana, ndipo ife - osungirako zinthu zakale - sitinali ndi izi.

Mu 2016, tinaphunzira kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito ku Vyatka Paleontological Museum kuti ku Sukhon m'madera a Totem ndi Nyuksensky, zotsala zosangalatsa za nyama zoterezi zidapezeka, zonse ndizofanana ndi zomwe zidapezeka kale, komanso ma track awo oponderezedwa. Asayansi adatcha nyamazo nyama monga malo omwe zidutsazo zidapezeka: nthaka youma, nthaka youma (Sukhona), obirkovia (Obirkovo), serudica (Mica), ndi nyuksenitiya (Nyuksenitsa).

Zachidziwikire, tidaganiza kuti zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ziyenera kufotokozedwa kumalo osungirako zinthu zakale zakunyumba ndikulamulidwa kuti ziwonetsetse kuti ziwonetsere kuchuluka kwa ma dinosaurs 20. Tidathandizidwa ndi thandizo la Purezidenti lomwe lidalandira mchaka cha 2018 pakugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ya Sukhon Lizards. Tsopano tikumaliza holoyo. Chilombo chachikulu kwambiri, leorgon, ndi chautali mikono inayi. Zina ndizochepa kwambiri (komabe si ma dinosaurs).

Ziwerengerozi zimapangidwa ndi katswiri wojambulajambula, palei Andrei Skvortsov, amabwezeretsa maonekedwe a nyama kuchokera kumafupa ndi kuthina. Chokhacho chomwe sichingasinthike: mtundu wawo, kotero, pamakhala zokopa zake zamalo am'malo ndi mawonekedwe a zosefera.

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Wolemba paleontologist adazindikira kuti mpaka posachedwapa, m'malo osungirako zinthu zakale a pachilumbachi, maulendo aulendo wautali komanso mbiri ya zomwe apeza sizinaperekedwe mwanjira iliyonse. Tsopano chipinda cha paleontology chakhala ndi Totma Museum of Local History, ndipo mbiri ya zaka mamiliyoni imawonekera pamaso pa alendo mumawonekedwe a abuluzi opangidwa ndi Andrey Skvortsov.

Nthawiyi, wasayansi adabweretsa ndikukhazikika mu holo yokhudzana ndi paleontology chinyama chachikulu kwambiri chooneka ngati nyama cha nthawi yayitali ya Permian - leorgon.

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Ku Totma, wolemba zolaula sanalankhule ndi anzawo okha, komanso ndi nzika za mzindawu. Pamwambo wina wa metro, paleonandelus adakumana ndi anyamata ochokera kumsasa wa Patriot. Adauza achinyamata zaukadaulo wake, zam'mayendedwe azithunzi, za maluwa ndi nyama za nthawi ya Permian ndipo adayankha mafunso ambiri.

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Zinaida Selebinko, Director of the Public Salt Initiative Development Fund, Zinaida Selebinko:

- Ndife okondwa kuwona, pamaso pathu, mtundu watsopano wa Totma wobadwira mwatsopano - kwawo kwa makolo a "Sukhon dinosaurs". Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti iyi ndi tsamba latsopano m'mbiri ya mzindawo, mwamwambo loyimiridwa makamaka ndikupanga mchere komanso kuyenda panyanja. Totmichi ali ndi chidwi chachikulu ndi chitukuko cha polojekiti ya paleontological, ndipo tikukhulupirira kuti mgwirizano wopambana ndi katswiri wapamwamba ngati Andrei Skvortsov apitiliza!