Biocenosis ndiye kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamoyo zomwe zimakhala mdera linalake, zomwe zimasiyana ndi zina zingapo. Zamoyo zonse zimakhala ndi zofunikira zachilengedwe. Moyo wa biocenosis ndi ubale wokhudzana ndi momwe aliyense wa omwe akutenga nawo mbali amatenga mbali.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya biocenosis

Umodzi wachilengedwe umapangidwa munthawi yopezekanso kwachilengedwe kwa nthawi yayitali. Mitundu ya biocenosis iliyonse imakhala yapadera. Zosiyanasiyana zake zimatengera zaka; Mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana imawonedwa mu biocenoses okhwima komanso okhwima.

Kapangidwe ka biocenosis

Mapangidwe amtunduwu amadziwika ndi kusiyanasiyana komanso kuchuluka kwa nthumwi zamagulu osiyanasiyana mogwirizana. Siyanitsani pakati pa olemera ndi osauka biocenoses. Mwa chilichonse mwa izo pali maulamuliro omwe amapanga mawonekedwe ake. Mitundu yopanda nyama, yomwe popanda iyo kupezeka kwa zamoyo zina ndizosatheka, imatchedwa edificator. Ndi kuchepa kwawo, biocenosis iwowokha ikusintha.

Kapangidwe ka Spatial

Kapangidwe ka malo kamafotokozedwa ndi kufalitsa mbewu. Matayala ndi mawonekedwe ofukula mdera; chilichonse chimakhala chosiyana. Zosanjikiza za mtengo zimayimiriridwa ndi mitengo yayitali. Masamba awo amapitilira bwino kunyezimira kwa dzuwa, komwe kumagwidwa ndi yachiwiri ya mitengo, yomwe ili yaying'ono. Pansi pamithunzi, dothi lamtunda limapangidwa, omwe amayimira omwe ndi zitsamba ndi mitengo yopanda zipatso. Nthambi ya m'nthaka imayimiriridwa ndi mitengo yaying'ono, yomwe m'tsogolomu imatha kukula mpaka gawo loyamba. Zitsamba zamtchire ndi zipatso zosatha ndizopanga udzu. Dothi limakutidwa ndi dambo la moss-lichen. Zomera zomwe zimapangidwa zimakhudza mitundu ya nyama.

Mapangidwe a biocenosis

Umodzi wachilengedwe umapangidwa pamaziko a kuyanjana kwa phytocenosis, zoocenosis ndi micobiocenosis. Phytocenosis ndiye maziko a biocenosis; njira zopangira ndi kukonza zinthu zanyumba zimapitiriramo. Maonekedwe, kapangidwe, nyengo, ndi mitundu ya mgwirizano wina zimadalira phytocenosis. Mchigwirizano chotere, pamakhala zochitika zabwino komanso zoyipa zosagwirizana. Mtundu waukulu wa phytocenosis ndi kukhazikika kwake pakapita nthawi: umatha kukhalanso ndi moyo popanda kusokonezedwa ndi kunja.

Mtundu wa zolengedwa zamitundu mitundu zomwe zimakhala m'gulu lodziwika bwino zimatchedwa zoocenosis. Alinso ndi udindo wofunikira poteteza chilengedwe. Zoocenosis imathandizira kuthamanga kusintha kwa mphamvu, imasunga kapangidwe ka phytocenosis. Mtundu uliwonse wa nyama umakhala ndi ntchito inayake.

Microbiocenosis imatanthawuza zonse zachilengedwe zomwe zimapezeka m'gulu limodzi. Izi zimaphatikizapo zolengedwa zonse zomera ndi nyama.

Zamoyo zomwe zili gawo la biocenosis

Phytocenosis nthawi zambiri imayimiridwa ndi zonse zazikulu komanso zotsika zotsalira. Kulemera kwanyama kumatsimikiziridwa ndi nyengo. Chiwerengero chonse cha zolengedwa zimatengera zakunja ndi zaka za biocenosis yomwe. Onse omwe akuchita nawo phytocenosis amathandizana wina ndi mnzake, motero kukhalira limodzi kumasiya chizindikiro chake paziwonekere zakunja.

Nyama mu kapangidwe ka zoocenosis nthawi zonse zimayimiriridwa ndi mibadwo ingapo. Mwa zochita zake, munthu amatha kusokoneza kapena kuwononga gawo lazopangidwazo la biocenosis. Microbiocenosis imaphatikiza mabakiteriya, bowa, ndi algae otsika.

Momwe biocenosis imasiyanirana ndi agrocenosis ndi zachilengedwe

Agrocenosis ndi kachitidwe kamene munthu adapangira zosowa zake. Zomwe zimapangidwira komanso ubale pakati pa zolengedwa zomwe zimakhala mu biocenosis zimapangidwa pakapita nthawi. Mu agrocenosis, kusankha kwaumbuli kumachitika nthawi zonse. Anthu amapanga umodzi wochita kupanga pofuna kulima mbewu kapena nyama. Biocenoses amalandira kokha dzuwa kuchokera kunja, zokolola za agrocenosis nthawi zonse zimatha kupitilizidwa kudzera pamakonzedwe a nthaka, kuthira feteleza.

Mabuku asayansi amafotokozanso chimodzimodzi za mawu akuti "biocenosis" ndi "ecosystem", chifukwa chake amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana. Ntchito yofunikira yachilengedwe muchikhalidwe chilichonse ndizotheka ndikupanga mphamvu nthawi zonse. Siyanitsani pakati pazosavuta komanso zovuta, zopangidwa mwaluso ndi zachilengedwe.

Zitsanzo za biocenosis

Dambo lomwe linabadwa mwachilengedwe limakhala ndi mpumulo wofananira. Zamoyo zazikuluzikuluzake ndi zitsamba. Chingwe choyamba chimayimiriridwa ndi osatha odabwitsa, kuphatikizapo clover, budra, nandolo. Mbewu za tirigu zimamera pachaka chachiwiri: buluu, udzu wamtchire, yarrow, rump yopanda mafuta.

Zomera zambiri ndi mbewu za uchi, kotero mu meadows m'chilimwe pali njuchi zambiri, agulugufe ndi ma bumblebe. Tizilombo, kuphatikizapo mbozi, ziwala ndi nsikidzi, zimadyera zobiriwira. Amphibians ndi nyama zapamtunda zimagwiritsa ntchito gwero la chakudya cha mbalame zodya nyama komanso zoweta zazikulu.

Udindo wa biocenosis

Madera achilengedwe chifukwa cha kutembenuka kwamphamvu kwamphamvu amapereka kuzungulira kwa zinthu m'chilengedwe. Ma biocenoses akulu ndi gwero la mpweya, amatulutsa mpweya woipa komanso fumbi. Biocenoses ya matupi amadzi ndi gwero lamadzi akumwa. Ntchito za anthropogenic zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa mgwirizano wachilengedwe wachilengedwe. Zimatenga zaka mazana ambiri kuti zibwezeretsenso. Munthu amavutika ndi mavuto ngati amenewa.

Chiphunzitso:

Izi zimapanga malinga ndi malamulo awo. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zachilengedwe ndikuzindikira malamulowa, kudziwa momwe moyo wokhazikika ndi chitukuko cha magulu amathandizira, komanso zomwe zimachitika pakusintha kwina kwazinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Zowona kuti madera sakhala mapangidwe wamba zimatsimikiziridwa chifukwa chakuti magulu ofanana amachokera m'malo omwewa ndi malo achilengedwe.

Chiyambi cha mawuwo

Lingaliroli lidagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ndi katswiri wodziwika bwino wazomera komanso wolemba zinyama ku Germany a Karl Moebius mu 1877. Adagwiritsa ntchito kufotokozera za kuchuluka ndi ubale wa zinthu zomwe zimakhala mdera linalake, lomwe limatchedwa biotope. Biocenosis ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zophunzirira zamakono.

Chinsinsi cha ubale

Biocenosis ndi ubale womwe wabwera pamaziko a biogenic mzunguko. Ndiamene amaperekanso munthawi yake. Kodi biocenosis ndi chiyani? Dongosolo lamphamvu ndi lokha kudzilamulira lili ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• Opanga (aftotrophs), omwe amapanga zinthu zachilengedwe kuchokera kwachilengedwe. Mabakiteriya ena ndi mbewu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi photosynthesis amasintha mphamvu ya dzuwa ndikupanga zinthu zomwe zimadyedwa ndi zinthu zamoyo zotchedwa heterotrophs (ogula, oletsa). Opanga amatulutsa mpweya woipa wa mlengalenga, womwe zinthu zina zimatulutsa, ndikupanga mpweya wabwino.
• Zogwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe ndizogwiritsa ntchito makamaka pazinthu zachilengedwe. Herbivores amadya chakudya chomera, pomwepo chimadzakhala chakudya chamadyera osadyera. Chifukwa cha chimbudzi, ogula amagwiritsa ntchito kupera kwenikweni kwa zinthu zina. Ili ndiye gawo loyamba lakugwa kwake.
• Omwe amachepetsa, pamapeto pake amawola zinthu zamagulu. Amabwezeranso zinyalala ndi matupi a opanga ndi ogula. Amatsitsimutsa mabakiteriya ndi bowa. Zotsatira za ntchito yawo yofunika ndizinthu zopanda mchere, zomwe zimadyedwanso ndi opanga.

Chifukwa chake, maulalo onse a biocenosis amatha kutsatiridwa.

Mfundo zoyambira

Anthu onse ammudzi wamoyo amatchedwa mawu ena ochokera ku mawu achi Greek:

• kuchuluka kwa mbeu mdera lina, - phytocenosis,
• mitundu yonse ya nyama zomwe zikukhala m'dera limodzi - zoocenosis,
• tizilombo tonse tokhala mu biocenosis ndi microbocenosis,
• gulu la bowa - mycocenosis.

Biotope ndi biocenosis

M'mabuku asayansi, mawu monga "biotope", "biocenosis" amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Kodi amatanthauza chiyani ndipo akusiyana bwanji? M'malo mwake, magulu onse azinthu zachilengedwe omwe amapanga dongosolo linalake lachilengedwe amatchedwa gulu la zinthu zachilengedwe. Biocenosis imatanthauzanso chimodzimodzi. Uku ndi kutolera kwazamoyo zambiri zomwe zimakhala mdera linalake. Amasiyana ndi ena pazizindikiro zingapo zamankhwala (nthaka, madzi) ndi zozungulira (kutalika kwa dzuwa, kutalika, kukula kwa dera). Malo omwe amakhala ndi biocenosis amatchedwa biotopu. Chifukwa chake malingaliro onsewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera magulu am'zamoyo. Mwanjira ina, akuti biotope ndi biocenosis pafupifupi chinthu chomwecho.

Kapangidwe

Pali mitundu ingapo yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya biocenosis. Zonsezi zimadziwikitsa monga mitundu. Izi zikuphatikiza:

• Kamangidwe kazipangidwe ka biocenosis, kamene kamagawika m'mitundu iwiri: yopingasa (mosaic) ndi ofukula (tiered). Zimadziwikitsa nyengo yazamoyo zomwe zimakhala munthawi yachilengedwe.
• Mitundu ya biocenosis, yomwe imayang'anira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya biotopu. Zimayimira kuchuluka kwa anthu onse omwe amapanga.
• Trophic kapangidwe ka biocenosis.

Mose komanso otupa

Kapangidwe ka zinthu zam'tsogolo kumayesedwa ndi malo okhala zamoyo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zomwe zimayenderana mzere wowongoka komanso wowongoka. Kukhazikitsa kumapereka kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwathunthu kwachilengedwe komanso kugawa mitundu ya zinthu molumikizana. Chifukwa cha izi, phindu lawo lalikulu limakwaniritsidwa. Chifukwa chake, m'nkhalango zilizonse mitengo yotsatirayi imasiyanitsidwa:

• nthaka (mosses, lichens),
• mozungulira
• shrubby
• mitengo, kuphatikiza mitengo yayikulu ndi yachiwiri.

Nyama zoyenera kupatsidwapo gawo zimayatsidwa. Chifukwa cha kupindika kwa biocenosis, mbewu zimagwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwathunthu kwathunthu. Chifukwa chake, mitengo yokongola mopepuka imamera mumtambo wapamwamba, ndipo yolekerera pamthunzi m'munsi. Makona osiyanasiyana amadziwikanso panthaka, kutengera kutalika kwake ndi mizu.

Mothandizidwa ndi masamba, nkhalango biocenosis imapanga zake zokha zazikulu. Amaonedwa osati kuwonjezera kutentha, komanso kusintha kwa mpweya m'mlengalenga. Kusintha kotereku kumathandizira kupangidwe ndi zigawo za nyama, kuphatikizapo tizilombo, nyama, ndi mbalame.

Kapangidwe kazinthu kamene kamakhala ndi biocenosis kumakhalanso ndi mawonekedwe okongola. Mawuwa amatanthauza kusinthasintha kwamaluwa ndi masamba oyendayenda komanso zomera. Mose m'derali zimatengera mitundu mitundu ndi kuchuluka kwake. Amakhudzidwanso ndi dothi komanso malo. Nthawi zambiri anthu amapanga njira zokongola podula nkhalango, kukokolola zinyalala, ndi zina zambiri chifukwa cha izi, magulu atsopano amapezeka m'maderali.

Mose ndiwachilengedwe pafupifupi ma phytocenoses onse. Magawo otsatirawa amadziwika bwino mkati mwake:

• Consortia, omwe ali amtundu wamitundu yolumikizidwa ndi kulumikizana kwakukulu ndi matrophic komanso kutengera maziko a gululi (membala wapakati). Nthawi zambiri, maziko ake ndi mbewu, ndipo magawo ake ndi tizilombo, tizilombo, nyama.
• Sinusia, omwe ndi gulu la mitundu ya phytocenosis, omwe ali amitundu yapafupi kwambiri.
• Maphukusi oyimira gawo loyang'ana mozungulira la biocenosis, lomwe limasiyana ndi zina zake pakapangidwe kake ndi katundu wake.

Kapangidwe ka Gulu

Citsanzo cabwino pa kumvetsetsa kwamphamvu kwa zinthu zamoyo ndi tizilombo. Pakati pawo pali oimira awa:

• okhala m'nthaka ndi geobias,
• okhala padziko lapansi - herpatobia,
• wokhala ku moss bryobia,
• yomwe ili pachimake pa phyllobia,
• mitengo ya aerobic ndi zitsamba.

Kapangidwe koyenda kumachitika chifukwa cha zifukwa zingapo:

• abiogenic mosaicity, yomwe imaphatikizapo zinthu zopanda moyo, monga organic ndi zinthu zina, nyengo,
• phytogenic, wogwirizana ndi kukula kwa zinthu zachilengedwe,
• aeolian-phytogenic, yomwe ndi zithunzi za abiotic ndi phytogenic,
• biogenic, yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa makamaka ndi nyama zomwe zimatha kukumba.

Mitundu ya biocenosis

Chiwerengero cha mitundu ya biotopu mwachindunji zimatengera kukhudzana ndi nyengo, nthawi yayitali komanso kubereka kwa biocenosis. Mwachitsanzo, mwachitsanzo, m'nkhalango yotentha, mawonekedwe oterowo adzakhala ochulukirapo kuposa m'chipululu. Ma biotopu onse amasiyana wina ndi mnzake mu kuchuluka kwa mitundu yomwe imakhalamo. Ma biogeocenoses ambiri kwambiri amatchedwa opambana. Mwa zina mwa izo, kudziwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamoyo ndizosatheka. Monga lamulo, asayansi amawona kuchuluka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe ili m'gawo linalake. Chizindikirochi chimadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa mitundu yachilengedwe.

Kapangidwe kameneka kamathandizira kudziwa kuyenera kwa biocenosis. Poyerekeza zigawo za malo omwewo, kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya biotope kumatsimikizika. Mu sayansi, pali zomwe zimatchedwa Gusing mfundo (kupatula kupikisana). Potengera ndi ichi, akukhulupirira kuti ngati m'malo opezeka palimodzi mitundu iwiri ya zinthu zofanana, ndiye kuti imodzi mwa izo pang'onopang'ono imasinthana ina. Nthawi yomweyo, amakhala ndi ubale wampikisano.

Zamoyo za biocenosis zimaphatikizapo malingaliro awiri: "chuma" ndi "kusiyanasiyana". Amasiyana pang'ono wina ndi mnzake. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa mitundu ndi mitundu yodziwika ya mitundu yomwe imakhala m'deralo. Zimawonetsedwa ndi mndandanda wa onse oimira magulu osiyanasiyana azamoyo. Kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu ndi chizindikiro chosonyeza kupangika kwa biocenosis, komanso ubale wocheperako pakati pa oimira ake.

Asayansi amasiyanitsa pakati pa mabotolo osauka ndi olemera. Mitundu iyi ya biocenosis imasiyana pakati pawo mwa kuchuluka kwa oyimira m'magulu. Mwanjira imeneyi, m'badwo wa biotope umagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, magulu achichepere, omwe adayamba kupangidwa kwawo posachedwa, akuphatikizapo mitundu yaying'ono ya mitundu. Chaka chilichonse kuchuluka kwa zolengedwa momwemo kumatha kuchuluka. Osauka kwambiri ndi biotopes omwe adapangidwa ndi anthu (minda, minda, minda).

Trophic dongosolo

Kulumikizana kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhala ndi malo ena ake mozungulira momwe zinthu zachilengedwe zimatchulidwira kuti trophic dongosolo la biocenosis. Muli zigawo izi:

• Opanga ndi zinthu zomwe zimapanga zinthu zachilengedwe. Izi zimaphatikizapo mbewu zobiriwira zomwe zimapanga kupanga koyambilira komanso mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana. Pafupifupi 99% yazamoyo zonse padziko lapansi pano ndizomwe zimapangidwa ndi opanga. Amakhala cholumikizira choyamba pamphepete mwa chakudya. Opanga ndiye maziko a piramidi iliyonse yazachilengedwe.
• Ogwiritsa ntchito ndi heterotrophic zolengedwa zomwe zimadya zinthu zachilengedwe. Gululi limaphatikizapo nyama ndi anthu osiyanasiyana. Mulinso mbewu za parasitic zomwe zilibe chlorophyll.
• Omwe amathandizanso - zinthu zomwe zimawononga zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogula ndi omwe amapanga.

Mawonekedwe a biocenoses

Kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi ma biocenoses ndiwo mitu yophunzirira mosamala.Chifukwa chake, asayansi akhazikitsa kuti mitundu yambiri yam'madzi komanso zapadziko lonse lapansi zimakhala ndi ma tizilombo, zomera ndi nyama. Adakhazikitsa izi: kusiyana kwakukulu kwa ma biocenoses awiri oyandikana, omwe amawonjezeranso zovuta pamalire awo. Zinakhazikitsidwanso kuti kukula kwa gulu la zinthu zomwe zili mu biotopu makamaka kutengera kukula kwawo. Mwanjira ina, ocheperako munthu, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi. Zakhazikitsidwanso kuti magulu amoyo okhala ndi misinkhu yosiyanasiyana amakhala mu biotope m'malo osiyanasiyana nthawi ndi malo. Chifukwa chake, kusintha kwa moyo kwa ma unicellular kumachitika mkati mwa ola limodzi, ndipo nyama yayikulu patatha zaka makumi angapo.

Chiwerengero cha mitundu

Pa biotopu iliyonse, gulu la mitundu yayikulu imasiyanitsidwa, ndiyochuluka kwambiri mu gulu lililonse. Ndi kulumikizana pakati pawo komwe ndikofunikira pakubwera kwachilengedwe kwa biocenosis. Mitundu yomwe imakonda kuchuluka komanso kuchulukitsa imadziwika kuti ndi gawo lalikulu ladziko lino. Amawongolera ndipo ndiwo chimake cha biotopu iyi. Mwachitsanzo ndi udzu wa buluu, womwe umakhala pamalo okwanira kubusa. Iye ndiye wopanga wamkulu mdera lino. Mu biocenoses wolemera kwambiri, pafupifupi mitundu yonse yazamoyo ndi zochepa. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale m'malo otentha, pamalo ochepa, mitengo yofananira imapezeka. Popeza ma biotopes oterewa amadziwika ndi kukhazikika kwawo kwapamwamba, kutulutsa kwamphamvu kwa oimira ena a maluwa kapena nyama sizikupezeka mwa iwo.

Mitundu yonse yamadera imakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Biotopu ili ndi mfundo zina. Monga lamulo, imakhala ndi mitundu yayikulu ikuluikulu, yodziwika ndi kuchuluka kwambiri, ndi mitundu yambiri yosowa, yodziwika ndi ochepa oimira. Zamoyo zamtunduwu ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti dziko lilingane ndi chilengedwe komanso kusungika kwake. Tili othokoza kuti mu biotopu mzere wotseka wa ma biojeni (michere) umachitika.

Ma biocenoses opanga

Biotope amapangidwa osati mwachilengedwe. M'moyo wawo, anthu adaphunzira kale kupanga magulu okhala ndi zinthu zomwe ndizothandiza kwa ife. Zitsanzo za biocenosis zopangidwa ndi munthu:

• ngalande zopangidwa ndi anthu, zitsime, mayiwe,
• msipu ndi minda ya mbewu,
• madambo otsetsereka,
• minda yosinthika, mapaki ndi minda,
• kuchulukidwa kwamunda.

Lingaliro la biocenosis

Zamoyo payokha ndi zolengedwa zamitundu mitundu sizingakhale zachilengedwe mokha. Onsewa amalumikizidwa ndi kachitidwe konse ka mgwirizano wosiyana kwambiri. Chifukwa cha izi, kuli magulu am'midzi - awa ndi magulu ena a zolengedwa zamitundu mitundu zomwe ndizogwirizana kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, mapangidwe amtunduwu pakati pa mitundu yomwe imakhala m'dera linalake lokhala ndi mitundu yambiri yachilengedwe, biocenoses imapangidwa.

Biocenosis - Ichi ndi gulu la zinthu zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi maubwenzi osiyanasiyana ndikukhala mbali yachilengedwe yokhala ndi moyo wofanana.

Mawuwa adatsimikizidwa mu $ 1877 $ ndi katswiri wama hydrobiologist waku Germany K. Mebius. Maziko, maziko a biocenoses amapangidwa ndi zinthu zowoneka bwino. Izi makamaka ndi zobiriwira zobiriwira. Amapanga phytocenosis ndikuwona malire a biocenoses. Chifukwa chake, titha kulankhula za biocenosis, mwachitsanzo, za m'nkhalango ya pine kapena steppe. Ma biocenoses am'madzi amapezeka m'malo opangika amadzi.

Makhalidwe a Biocenosis

Biocenosis iliyonse imakhala ndi machitidwe ena. Izi ndi zinthu zofunikira komanso zochulukirapo zomwe zingapangitse kuti mumve zambiri za biocenosis. Izi ndi monga: mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuchuluka, kuchuluka kwa anthu, malo okhala ndi kuchuluka kwake.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana - Ichi ndi gulu la mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu mitundu yomwe imapanga biocenosis.

Pali mitundu ya biocenoses yokhala ndi mitundu yocheperako ya mitundu. Awa ndi magawo okhala ndi zovuta zachilengedwe. Izi zikuphatikizapo zipululu za tundra, malo otentha komanso otentha, komanso malo okwezeka. Ndipo pali mitundu ya biocenoses yokhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya mitundu. Izi zimaphatikizapo nkhalango zonyowa kapena miyala yamiyala yam'madzi otentha. Mitundu yamitunduyi imakhudzidwanso ndi nthawi ya biocenosis yomwe. Pa siteji ya mapangidwe ndi kukula kwa biocenosis, chizindikiro ichi, monga lamulo, chikukula.

Funsani funso kwa akatswiri ndikutenga
yankhani mphindi 15!

Biomass biocenosis- Uwu ndi unyinji wa anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana malinga ndi gawo la mayunitsi kapena voliyumu.

Aliyense biocenosis amatha kupanga mitundu ingapo ya zotsalira zazomera. Zimatengera zinthu zambiri.

Kuchuluka kwa biomass komwe kumapangidwa ndi biocenosis pa gawo lililonse la nthawi kumatchedwa kuchuluka kwa biocenosis.

Ndi yoyamba komanso yachiwiri. Kupanga koyamba ndi biomass kumapangidwa nthawi iliyonse ndi ma autotrophs, ndipo yachiwiri ndi heterotrophs.

Lingaliro la biocenosis

Zachilengedwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zamoyo. Nyama kapena maluwa sizingakhale palokha. Chamoyo chilichonse chimalumikizana ndi mtundu wosiyana ndi womwewo. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumayesedwa ndi sayansi ngati chilengedwe cha chilengedwe.

Malo okhala biocenotic ndiye kuchuluka kwa zinthu zonse zakazungulira thupi. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, oimira osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi pano amapanga madera ndipo amangokhala ndi zolengedwa zomwe zimafunikira malo omwewo kuti zikhalepo.

Mwanjira ina, biocenosis imamangidwa mwanjira yoti mbewu, nyama, bowa ndi tizilombo tosavuta tikhala m'gawo lomwelo, lomwe limafunikira malo omwewo. Zamoyo zomwe nazonso ndi gawo limodzi la chilengedwe.

Dera lina lopanda tanthauzo limatchedwa biotope. Ndiko kuti, gawo la malo aliwonse (posungira, kumtunda, kunyanja) komwe kumawonekera pokhazikika pazochitika zachilengedwe ndi malo akunja.

Biocenosis imagawidwa m'magulu angapo: zoocenosis (gulu la nyama), phytocenosis (chomera) ndi micobiocenosis (gulu la tizilombo).

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya lingaliro ili. Mwachidule zomwe akutanthauza zikuwonetsedwa patebulo:

Lingaliro la "biocenosis" linapangidwa koyamba mu 1877 ndi K. Mebius (Germany hydrobiologist). Wasayansiyo adachita kafukufuku ngati mbali yowonera momwe oyster amakhalira ku North Sea. Kafukufuku watsimikizira kuti oyster amatha kusinthidwa ndi zochitika zapadera zakunja zokha. Ndipo koposa zonse, limodzi nawo mutha kuzindikira mitundu ina ya okhalamo - anyani kapena crustaceans.

Chilichonse cha biocenosis chimakhudza mwachindunji moyo wa mnzake. Kuphatikiza pamodzi komanso zopindulitsa za chamoyo pa gawo limodzi zimatenga zaka zambiri.

Biocenosis nkhalango (mitengo yazithunzithunzi)

Dubrava yakhalapo kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ndi khola komanso imakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazamoyo. Nkhalangoyi imakhala ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri lokhala ndi zochitika zokhazikika.

Pakati pa mitundu pali ubale wokhazikika, kayendedwe kokhazikitsidwa kokhazikika kodziimira. Kuphatikizidwa kwa mitengo yazithunzithunzi kumaphatikiza magulu onse atatu azofunikira zachilengedwe.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zamagulu ndi mphamvu kwakhazikitsidwa, ndipo kudziwongolera kwokhazikika. Njira yodziyimira pawokha, yomwe ndi gawo lalikulu mu biocenosis, imatanthawuza kuphatikizana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zolengedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana kudya.

Kuchulukana kwa mtundu uliwonse wamtunduwo kumasungidwa, chiwonongeko chonse sichimachitika. Zamoyo zimasinthidwa kuzinthu zonse zachilengedwe.

Kuyamba

Mutu wa phunziroli ndi "Biocenosis". Cholinga cha phunziroli ndikupereka tanthauzo la biocenosis, kuganizira momwe zimagwirira ntchito mkati mwake, komanso mitundu ina ya biocenoses.

Biocenosis ndi gulu lodziwika bwino lazamoyo lomwe limakhala m'malo ochepa moyo. Malo okhala osawerengeka kwambiri ndi malo kapena malo osungirako. Ndiye kuti, biocenosis sikuti ndi mbewu zokha, komanso nyama, bowa, protozoa, lichens ndi mabakiteriya omwe amakhala m'malo ena.

Chith. 1. Njira ya ubale wa ecotope ndi biocenosis

Zimbudzi biocenosis

Udzu wamtchire ndi udzu wam'mphepete mwa nyanjayo zimafalitsa dzuwa kupita kuzinthu zina.

Nsomba, nkhono, tizilombo timatengera ogula. Ndipo mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana, nsikidzi zimagwira ngati zochepetsa komanso zimatenga zinthu zakufa.

Mitundu ya biocenoses

Biocenoses ndi achilengedwe kapena owoneka.

Chith. 2. Zochitika chiwembu cha biocenosis

Ma biocenoses achilengedwe ndi omwe amadzipanga okha, popanda munthu kulowerera. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo mtsinje, nyanja, dambo, steppe, nkhalango kapena tundra. Zomwe anthu okhala m'chilengedwe chilichonse cha chilengedwe zimachitika mwangozi. Zonsezi zimasintha pamoyo pamoyo uno. Zochitika zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwira mu biocenosis inayake zonse.

Biocenoses amasiyana mu okhala. Mwachitsanzo, mu tundra, masamba amayimiriridwa makamaka ndi mbewa ndi ma lichens.

Mu steppes - mitundu yambiri ya herbaceous.

Ndipo m'nkhalango yamvula yopikika mosiyanasiyana kuphatikiza mitengo yayikulu.

Chith. 5. Woneneratu mvula

Kulemera kwa maluwa ndi zinyama zosiyanasiyana za biocenoses ndizosiyana. Mu tundra, mitunduyi imakhala yosauka, ndipo m'nthawi yamvula imakhala yolemera kwambiri.

Chipululu Biocenosis

Zomera zam'chipululu zimadziwika ndi mitengo ya xerophilous ndi zitsamba zazing'ono, nthawi zina masamba owonda, komanso mizu yotukuka kwambiri (saxaul, mthethe).

Zomera zowoneka bwino ndizofala kwambiri, zomwe zomwe zimapezeka ndikusungidwa kwa madzi osungirako (cactus).

Kuyenda usiku - izi ndizoyenereradi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, motero timatetezedwa kuti tisatenthe kwambiri. Njira ina ndikukhala m'nthaka, momwe mumakhala chakudya cham'munda mobisa.

Mitundu yaying'ono imakhala ndikudya mu kununkhira kwa makoswe. Pali tizilombo tambiri m'chipululu - kafadala, kafadala, ndewu, nyerere, nsikidzi.

Moyo wa nyama zouluka ndi wokulirapo. Kutentha kwakukulu kumachita mbali yaying'ono pano. Kupatula apo, kufalikira kwa abuluzi ndi njoka, komwe nthawi zambiri simalola kutentha kupitilira madigiri 40 kwa nthawi yayitali, sikunathetsedwe.

Kupanga Biocenosis

izo kuchuluka kwazamoyo, zopangidwa ndi kuthandizidwa mwachindunji ndi munthu. Pakati pawo pali agrocenoses - magulu omwe amapangidwa ndi munthu kuti apeze zogulitsa zilizonse.

Izi zikuphatikiza: malo osungira, msipu, minda yama m'nkhalango yochita kupanga, ndi zina zambiri.

Madera oterewa ndi osakhazikika pazachilengedwe, amafunikira kuwunika nthawi zonse, amadziwika ndi mitundu yotsika ya mitundu, komanso kusadziletsa kwa zinthu zina. Kuchita kwa anthu pafupipafupi kumafunikira (tizilombo, udzu, feteleza).

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa biocenosis ndi biogeocenosis

Anthu ambiri amasokoneza kufunika kwa biocenosis ndi biogeocenosis. Malingaliro awiri awa ndi ofanana kwambiri m'njira zambiri. Komabe, lingaliro la "biogeocenosis" linapangidwa ndi Sukachev mu 1942.

Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mawuwo ndi biocenosis ndi gawo la chilengedwe lomwe limafotokoza zonse zamoyo ndipo ubalewo umakhala pakati pazamoyo zokha. Ngakhale biogeocenosis imaphatikizapo zinthu zopanda chibadwa.

Ndiye kuti pali mu biogeocenosis pali ubale osati pakati pazamoyo, komanso kukhala ndi zopanda moyo (ma organic omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana amakhala ndi cholumikizira ndi zochita kupanga).

Komabe, ndikofunikira kulingalira kuti kufanana kwakukulu pakati pa biocenosis ndi biogeocenosis ndi ubale wokhazikika pakati pa zolengedwa ndi chilengedwe chonse. Iyenera kukumbukiridwa ndikuyamikiridwa ndi chilengedwe, chitetezeni ndikusamalira chilengedwe.