Octopus (mwanjira ina wotchedwa chinyama cha octopus) m'mbiri ya zaluso zapakhomo adalandira gawo loopsa la zilombo zam'nyanja. Ndipo m'mabuku a wolemba, chimphona chachikulu cha cephalopod chokhala ndi ma tententi ataliatali chinakhala chofunikira kwambiri cha mfundo zoyipazo (kufotokozera kumeneku kumapezeka mu buku la a Marie Hugo "Workers of the Sea"). M'malo mwake, cholengedwa chopanda vuto chilichonse chimavutika kwambiri ndi anthu kuposa momwe chingawavulitsire.

Mawonekedwe

Chithunzi cha octopus ndichosadabwitsa: mutu umagawidwa ndi chovalacho, ndipo mahema aatali (omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala asanu ndi atatu malinga ndi dzinalo, koma pali mitundu yokhala ndi zochepa) amakhala ndi oyamwa kuchokera pansi, amasewera gawo la zipatso za octopus. Monga buluzi wokutira mchira wake, ngati pakuwoneka chowopseza, octopus imatha kuchotsa miyendo yake kuti itembenuke chidwi cha mdani: nthambi yotayidwa imasambira ndikugunda kwakanthawi. Chida china cha octopus ndi inki, mtambo womwe mamemba amatulutsa m'thumba lawo, akumasowetsa mtendere wowukirawo. Zida zoterezi zomwe zimakhala ndi zida zoteteza sizowopsa; mwachilengedwe, ma octopus amakhala ndi adani okwanira. Amadyedwa mosangalatsa ndi nyama zolusa zam'nyanja: agulugufe, amisala am'miyendo, ebel, ma dolphin, zisindikizo, zisindikizo, mikango yam'nyanja.

Ma Octopus, kutengera mitundu, amatha kusiyanasiyana: kuchokera 20 cm mpaka 3 metres. Kutalika kwa mahema nthawi zambiri kumachulukitsa kukula kwa thupi. Oyimira ambiri am'banjamo safika pamtunda umodzi ndi theka, koma pakati pawo pali zolengedwa zazikulu zolemera mpaka 50 kg. Mu 1945, panajambulidwa: octopus wamkulu wolemera makilogalamu 180 ndipo kutalika kwa 8 m adatengedwa kuchokera pagombe la United States. Ndipo octopus yaying'ono kwambiri sofika sentimita imodzi (amatchedwa Octopus Wolfi).

Pali mitundu ingapo ya ma octopus wanyanja, odziwika kwambiri mwa awa:

• Nyanja yakuya (apo ayi amatchedwa fin)
• wokhala ndi mikondo yamtambo (owopsa kwambiri ndi poyizoni),
• Ma argonauts (akazi awo amawoneka oyang'ana ma cephalopods chifukwa ali ndi chipolopolo),
• Doflein's octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini, octopus wamkulu yemwe amakhala kumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean ndi nyanja yoyandikana nayo).

Kapangidwe ka mahema ndi mlomo

Mahema amachokera pamutu wamatumba, akuchepera pomwe amachoka. Iliyonse ya izo pamakhala mizere iwiri kapena itatu ya makapu oyamwa, ndipo yonseyo imawerengedwa mpaka zikwi ziwiri mwa munthu wamkulu. Mwa amuna, amodzi mwa mahema - the hectocotyl - amatenga gawo lamalungo. Gawo la octopus lilinso ndi zipsepse zapadera zomwe zimagwira ngati gawo lamkati poyenda. Ma Shellfish nthawi zambiri amasambira pang'onopang'ono, nthawi zambiri samasambira, koma amasunthira pansi pazitsulo zopindika.

M'kamwa mwa octopus mumatchedwa kuti mulomo chifukwa umazunguliridwa ndi nsagwada zolimba za chitinisi zomwe zimakola nsomba ndi chakudya china. Phula silimatha kumeza nyama yonse, ndipo ngakhale titagwira nsagwada, chakudya sichiphwanyika mokwanira: Mollusk imadutsa kudzera mu grater yapadera pakhosi, ndikumabweretsa chakudya ku boma la mushy.

Maso angati

Octopus imakhala ndi maso awiri, ndipo kapangidwe kake kamafanana ndi kapangidwe ka ziwalo zamunthu. Amakhala ndi:

• mandala, mtundu wa mandala ofunikira kwachilengedwe,
• cornea owonekera
• ziphuphu
• retina, womwe umasintha kuwala kulowa kulowa m'diso ndikutulutsa mitsempha yamitsempha.

Chiwerengero cha ma chromosomes

Poyerekeza ndi ma invertebrates ambiri, ma octopus amapangidwa mwaluntha. Kukula kwakukulu kotere kwa ma octopus, kufananiza ndi mitundu yambiri ya zinyama, mwanjira ina chifukwa cha matupi awo. Kupatula apo, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa ma chromosome mwa iwo sikumayenderana ndi munthu, asayansi akutsimikizira: mwa magawo ena, kuyerekeza ndi homo sapiens ndikotheka.

Nazi zina:

• genome la octopus ndi kukula kwa ma biliyoni 2.7 biliyoni, ndiopitilira 3 biliyoni mwa anthu,
• mapuloteni a mitundu ya ofuna kupezeka mu octopus - 33,000, mwa anthu - 28,000.

Chiwerengero cha ma chromosome mu octopus, malingana ndi kufotokozera kwa kafukufuku, amasiyanasiyana kutengera mitundu yeniyeniyo: pakhoza kukhala 28, 56, 60.

Akatswiri amati nyama yolusa imeneyi imachita bwino kuphunzitsidwa. Pa intaneti mutha kupeza zithunzi ndi makanema osonyeza mochenjera mothandizidwa ndi ma tentopu ma octopus amachotsa zopinga zomwe zimawalepheretsa ngakhale kumasula zingwe m'matayala. Chifukwa chake sizosadabwitsa kuti asayansi ambiri amawona kuti izi sizabwinonso poyerekeza ndi zolengedwa zina.

Kodi octopus ndiwosokosera?

Mawu akuti mollusk enieni amachokera ku liwu Lachilatini lakuti molluscus “zofewa”. Ufumu wamtunduwu umatchulidwanso wathanzi (amadziwika ndi kusowa mafupa). Monga ma mollusks ambiri, thupi la octopus limapangidwa ndi magawo atatu: miyendo, mutu ndi torso-malaya.

Ma Cephalopod ali ndi kapangidwe kovuta ka ziwalo zamkati. Chifukwa chake, ma octopus ali ndimitima yambiri itatu (gill yofunikira komanso iwiri yothandizira) komanso njira yotseka yazungulira. Chochititsa chidwi: octopuses ndi aristocrats, popeza pigment hyoscyamine imakongoletsa magazi awo kukhala amtambo. Chodabwitsa china cha octopus ndi siphon, pomwe nyamayo imatunga madzi ndikuiyitulutsa mwadzidzidzi ndi jet yamphamvu, motero kuonetsetsa kuti thupi likupita patsogolo. Chida chofanana ndi "chogwiranso ntchito" ndichomwe chili m'malo ena - squid. Mwa njira, akatswiri akuti: inali squid siphon yomwe inapereka lingaliro lofunika lanjinjini kwa omwe amapanga miyala.

Ndizovuta kupanga kapangidwe kake ka ziwalo zamkati za octopus, limodzi ndi kusowa kwa chipolopolo komanso mawonekedwe owoneka bwino kwambiri omwe amachititsa kukayikira ngati nyamayi ndi yopanda kanthu. Koma akatswiri opanga zinthu zakale athetsa kukayikira kumeneku.

Habitat

Octopus sakonda madzi ozizira kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, sizikhala m'nyanja zam'nyanja ndi nyanja. Koma ena onse ndendende malo okhala ambiri a gulu la cephalopod. M'chilengedwe, mulinso mitundu yamadzi yakuya komanso yakuya. Kuzama kwa malo omwe ma octopus amakhala ndi pafupifupi maimita pafupifupi 150. Popeza moyo wamakhola suyenda, amakhala omangika ku "malo okhalako", omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala pansi mwamiyala, milu yamiyala ndi miyala yamiyala yamiyala.

Ndi ma octopuse angati omwe amakhala

Nthawi zambiri, moyo wa octopus umachokera zaka ziwiri mpaka zinayi. Akatswiri azaka zinayi azaka zam'mbuyomu amaonedwa kuti ndi a zaka zana. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, zaka zomwe anthu azikhala ndi moyo zimasiyana.

Ma octopus ena samafa ndi imfa yawoyomwe: amuna ena amakhala ovutitsidwa ndi akazi. Malinga ndi zomwe asayansi apeza, nthawi zina akazi amayenda ndi amuna nthawi yogonana, mwina pomadyera. Kufa kwa mbadwo wachichepere ndikokulira: kuchokera mazana mazana a mphutsi zazing'ono, ochepa okha ndi omwe amapulumuka mpaka kutha.

Zomwe zimadya

Octopus amatanthauza nyama zolusa, zakudya zake za tsiku ndi tsiku zimaphatikizapo:

• nsomba zazing'ono,
• nkhono
• plankton
• achibale akutali - nkhanu, nkhanu zam'madzi zanyimbo ndi zina zodutsa.

Ena ofufuza omwe adaphunzira kuti octopus amadya amati amadya chilichonse chomwe chimayenda. Zoyang'anira zimasaka ndi mahema, omwe amagwira nyama. Wovutitsidwayo amaphedwa ndi poizoni wa octopus ndikusenda ndi mulomo wamphamvu.

Zothandiza katundu

Nyama ya octopus ndichakudya chomwe chili ndi mavitamini ambiri ndi mavitamini B. Mphamvu yake ndi (pa 100 g ya nyama yankhanira):

• 82 kcal,
• pafupifupi 15 g mapuloteni
• mafuta oposa 1 g okha,
• 2.2 g yamafuta.

Nyama ya octopus ndiyothekanso kwa iwo omwe ali pakudya kuti achepetse thupi, komanso odwala omwe ali ndi matenda am'mimba. Nutritionists onani: mankhwalawa ndi ochulukirapo mu omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, chifukwa chake amalimbikitsidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito kupewa matenda a mtima komanso pochotsa cholesterol yotchedwa "yoyipa" m'thupi. Ndipo mavitamini a B ndi ofunika pakuwongolera kagayidwe.

• amene amachititsa kusintha kwamphamvu mu maselo a phosphorous,
• kutenga gawo lofunikira pakulimbikitsa chitetezo cha mthupi,
• chofunikira pakhungu la chithokomiro komanso kukhudza ntchito ya selenium,
• kupewa kupezeka kwa magazi m'thupi komanso kupereka hemoglobin okwanira m'magazi, chitsulo,
• potaziyamu yoyang'anira kulumikizana kwa mitsempha,
• kuthandizira dongosolo lamanjenje ndikulimbitsa mtima minofu magnesium.

Contraindication kuphatikizidwa kwa octopus mu zakudya kokha chifuwa ndi munthu tsankho.

"Nkhani yakunyanja" - nthano yanu yeniyeni

Ma Octopus ndi ma intra-chipolopolo cha cephalopod mollus ndi miyendo isanu ndi itatu yomwe idawoneka munyanja ndi nyanja za pulaneti lathu 250 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo imakhala m'madzi am'madzi akuya mpaka 150 m.

Amakonzekera kukhala pa miyala yamiyala yamiyala ndi m'miyala yamiyala yam pansi pa madzi.

Pambuyo pa anamgumi ndi ma dolphin ndizo zolengedwa zanzeru kwambiri zam'nyanja zam'dziko lapansi. Zakhala zikudziwika kwa nthawi yayitali kwa munthu kuti ma octopuse amatha kudziphunzitsa bwino, kukhala osavuta komanso kukumbukira kukumbukira.

Zowona, kuteteza chisa ndi ana, octopus amatha kukoka mopweteka, ndipo malovu ake ali ndi poizoni, chotupa chomwe sichimatsika pafupifupi mwezi umodzi. Ndipo kuchokera ku poizoni wam'mphepete mwa buluu, munthu amatha kufa mkati mwa ola limodzi.

M'malo mwake, ma octopus ali ndi mikono isanu ndi umodzi ndi miyendo iwiri. Ndizovuta kuwauza padera, koma octopus amadziwa kuti. Ndi miyendo iwiri (awa ndi miyendo) amasuntha, akukamba pansi pa nyanja ndi malo ena, asanu ndi amodziwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya. Ngati octopus ali odzaza komanso odekha, amagwiritsa ntchito manja ake mosavuta ... kupukutira chingwe cha Rubik.

Pamiyala yonse isanu ndi itatu ya octopus wamkulu, pali pafupifupi 2000 a iwo, aliwonse omwe ali ndi mphamvu pafupifupi 100 g, ndipo, mosiyana ndi opangidwa ndi anthu, oyamwa ma octopus amafunika kuyeserera kuti asagwire, kutanthauza kuti, amangogwira mwamphamvu.

Octopus imakhala ndi mitima itatu: imodzi (yayikulu) imayendetsa magazi amtundu thupi lonse, ndipo inayo iwiri - gill - imakankhira magazi kudzera m'magawo.

Maso a octopus ndi akulu, ali ndi mandala ofanana ndi munthu. Phunziroli ndi lozungulira patali.

Octopus amatha kudziwa phokoso, kuphatikizapo infrasound.

Pa "mkono" uliwonse pamakhala masamba osachepera zikwi khumi omwe amatsimikizira kusinthika kapena kusatheka kwa mutuwo.

Pothekanso kusintha mtundu wa thupi, ma octopus ndi wachiwiri kwa cuttlefish. Ngakhale atamwalira, ma chromatophores awo amagwirabe ntchito.

Pakusintha kwa ma octopus, mayendedwe ake abwino, maso ndiwo amachititsa. Maso okha amphaka, kadzidzi komanso munthu akhoza kupikisana nawo. Maso a octopus ndi akulu kwambiri kwa iye kotero kuti gawo la mawonedwe ali pafupi madigiri 360. Amadziwikanso ndi zomwe amati "mawu" - pamaso pa octopus munthu amatha kuwerenga chisangalalo, mantha, ndi mkwiyo.

Kuti mupeze chakudya, ma octopus amagwira ntchito yabwino kwambiri ... potsegula ndowa.

M'madzi aku Southeast Asia, otchedwa octopus imitator Thaumoctopus mimicus amakhala, omwe amatalika kutalika kwa masentimita 60 ndikutsatira mawonekedwe ndi njira zoyendayenda zopanda nyama monga njoka zam'madzi, zopota, ophiuras, nkhanu, jellyfish ndi shrimp. Octopus yemwe amatsanzira sakhala woopsa, chifukwa chake amakonda kudya barracudas ndi shaki. Kutenga mawonekedwe a anthu okhala munyanja zam'nyanja ndi chipulumutso chake m'moyo wochepa.

Koma za octopus oopsa, nkhono yaying'ono ya Hapalochlaena maculosa, yomwe mosangalala idakutidwa ndi mawanga owala amtambo, imatchedwa "kufa kwamtambo" ku Australia. Woyamba samazunza anthu, chifukwa ndi wochepa komanso wokongola. Komabe, poizoni wopezeka mu octopus wokhala ndi buluu ndi wokwanira kwa anthu 40. Mankhwala okhawo ndi gawo la kupumula kwaposachedwa.

Ma octopus, monga cephalopods ambiri, ali ndi chikwama cha inki mthupi lawo chomwe chimakhala ndi utoto wochokera pagulu la melanin. Panthaŵi yangozi, ma octopus amataya kope la inki ndikuthawa bwinobwino, ndikusiya mdani akungoyendayenda mumdima.

Ku California octopus, mdani wamkulu ndi nsomba zam'mimba zomwe zimadyedwa. Zinapezeka kuti inki ya octopus imayambitsa malo olimbitsa thupi kwa ola limodzi, kapena kupitilira apo. Ngati octopus wokhayo, "atakwiya" nsomba, alibe nthawi yoti athawe, ndiye kuti imagwera inki. Izi zimachitika kawiri kawiri m'mizinda yam'madzi, chifukwa, chifukwa cha malo ochepa, nthawi zambiri osagwiritsa ntchito amakhala opanda mphamvu asanachite mantha.

Ma Octopus amakhalanso ndi chida choteteza - autotomy: chihema chomwe chatengedwa ndi mdani chimatha kutuluka chifukwa champhamvu minyewa, yomwe pakadali pano imadziphwanya.

Pamalo olimba (kuphatikiza malo olowera), octopus amasunthika pogwiritsa ntchito makapu okhala ndi makapu oyamwa. Imathanso kusambira mokhazikika mmbuyo, ndikuyimilira ngati ikuyenda mwanjira yolumikizana - kutola madzi kulowa mumkhola momwe mumaloguliramo ndi kulikakamiza kukankhira kumbali yoyang'anizana ndi kayendedwe ka madzi. Mayendedwe asunthidwe amasintha potembenuzira tsabola.

Njira zonse ziwiri zosunthira ma octopus ndizoyenda pang'onopang'ono: ndikasambira, zimakhala zotsika mwachangu kwa nsomba. Chifukwa chake, octopus amakonda kusaka kuchokera kubisalira, kutsata chilengedwe, ndikuyesera kubisala kwa omwe akuwathamangitsa.

Kwa munthu wamba, ma buluzi okhala ndi miyendo yake 8 akuwoneka kuti ndi wachibale wa squid ndi cuttlefish. Inde, onse ndi a kalasi imodzi, koma ma octopus ali ndi zosiyana zingapo.

Choyamba, alibe mafupa kapena zipolopolo zoteteza, monga cuttlefish ndi squid yemweyo. Gawo lokhazikika la thupilo ndiye mulomo, wofanana ndi parrot. Thupi lonse limakhala lofewa modabwitsa, limasinthasintha komanso limaso. Zimathandizira kuti octopus adutse malo okumbika kwambiri komanso mabowo ali m'matanthwe ndi m'miyala. Malire okha ndiye mulomo. Chifukwa chake, kukula kwa dzenje lomwe ma octopus amalowera kumachepera ndi kukula kwa mulomo wake.

Octopuse sakhala nthawi yayitali. Mitundu yambiri imangokhala mpaka zaka 2 zokha. Omwe amakhala m'malo otentha komanso ochepera - pafupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Chojambulira chokhala ndi moyo wautali ndi "octopus wa Antarctic" chokha, kufikira zaka zisanu.

Kuberekera kwa octopus. Chidacho ndi dzenje pansi, lopindika ndi miyala ndi zipolopolo. Mazira owoneka ngati mpira, olumikizidwa m'magulu a zidutswa za 8-20. Pambuyo umuna, wamkazi amakonza chisa mu dzenje kapena m'phanga m'madzi osaya, pomwe amathira mazira 80,000. Yaikazi nthawi zonse imasamalira mazira: iye amawapatsa makosi, kudutsa madzi kudzera pa siphon. Ndi hema, amachotsa zinthu zakunja ndi uve. Munthawi yonse ya mazira, mayi amatenga chisa popanda chakudya ndipo nthawi zambiri amamwalira ataswana ana.

Moyo wamfupi chotere umalumikizidwa ndi chochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Octopuse amasiya kudya mutatha kukhwima, ndipo osadya kwa miyezi ingapo. Komabe, samwalira konse ndi njala, koma kuchokera poti ali ndi tiziwalo timene timakhala ngati "bomba lomwe lachedwa."

Tizilombo timeneti timakhala timadzi timene timakhala kuti “timapangira” kupha cephalopod. Ngati chithokomiro chikuchotsedwa modabwitsa, ndiye kuti ma octopus akupitiliza moyo. Komabe, ngakhale popanda izi, samangodya chakudya, komanso akumwalira ndi njala.

Ma octopus amakhala ndi dongosolo lamanjenje lopanga kwambiri, ndipo ndi gawo laling'ono lokha lomwe limakhazikika mu ubongo. Mitsempha yotsala ya nyamayo imadziwika m'miyendo. Refresh mu nyama imapitilira mwanjira yoti amamuuza kuti ali ndi dongosolo lamanjenje la magawo atatu.

Ali mu ukapolo, ma octopus amaphunzitsidwa mosavuta pazomwe amachita, ndipo ngakhale "kusewera" ndi anthu achisangalalo. Amatha kubwereza kusuntha kwa manja a munthu ndi miyendo.

Kulemekeza ma octopus kumatsimikiziridwa ndikuti mchilamulo cha 1986 chokhudza nkhanza za nyama, octopus imaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wazinthu zomwe sizingayesedwe popanda opaleshoni. Ngakhale ma octopus, lamuloli ndi loyenera ku UK.

Padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka Asia, ma octopus ndiwofunika kwambiri kuposa sayansi.

Ku Japan, cephalopods amanyadira malo patebulo, pamodzi ndi zakudya zina zam'nyanja. Kuphatikiza apo, ma octopus ang'onoang'ono nthawi zina amadyedwa amoyo, omwe amachititsa kufa angapo pachaka. Chowonadi ndi chakuti octopus wamoyo, ngakhale wocheperako, amayesera kukangamira pogona pang'onopang'ono, ndipo zimawoneka ngati kuti pakhosi pa munthuyu.

Ntchito Yophika

Kwa gourmet waku Russia, thupi la octopus ndi ma tentpentic ndizabwino kwambiri. Komabe, pali maiko omwe malonda ndiofala. Mu chikhalidwe chakum'mwera kwa Asia, ma mollus awa amadyedwa amoyo. Sushi waku Japan ndi zopindika ndi nyama zawo ndizodziwika bwino ku azungu. Ku Indonesia, chovala cha octopus ndi mahema amaphika kenako ndikuwaphika mkaka wa kokonati ndikuphatikiza ndi zonunkhira zakumaloko.

Zakudya za ku Mediterranean ndizodziwika bwino msuzi, masaladi ndi pasitala wokhala ndi nsomba zam'madzi, pakati pomwe octopus tentpent sichikhala yochepa kwambiri. Zina mwa zodziwika bwino ku Spain ndi Italy ndi carpaccio mu zonona kapena adyo msuzi. Connoisseurs amalimbikitsa: mbale iyi ndi yabwino kupatsa vinyo wabwino.

Thupi ndi ma tentpento a mollusk amathira kuwiritsa, kuwaza, kuwotchera, kusuta, kuwayika, kutanthauza kuti, njira zilizonse zophikira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa iwo. Zonsezi zitha kuchitidwa kunyumba: m'malesitilanti, zakudya izi, ngakhale zimakonzedwa ndi akatswiri m'munda wawo, ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri.