Njoka yotsala ili ndi malo ambiri. Ndizofala m'maiko onse a ku Europe komwe kuli nkhalango zopitilira nkhalango, ku Ukraine zimapezeka ku dera la Black Sea ndi Crimea, komanso ku Russia - ku gawo la ku Europe la mapiri ndi nkhalango, kumapeto kwa North Caucasus. Njoka iyi imakhalanso ku Asia: ku Kazakhstan, Siberia chakumwera, ndi Altai. Komabe, chifukwa cholima dothi, zinthu zachilengedwe zatsika kale, ndipo ku mayiko aku Europe nyama zimatetezedwa ndi msonkhano wa Berne. Ku Ukraine ndi Russia, malobotiwo alembedwa m'mabuku a Red Red.
Njoka yotsala ndi nyama yodziwika bwino, ndipo ndiyosavuta kuyiphatikiza ndi njoka kapena njoka yopanda poizoni. Kukula kwa nyama yankhokwe ndi kuchokera pa masentimita 55 mpaka 63, ndipo akazi ndi akulu kuposa amuna. Mtunduwu umasiyanitsidwa ndi njoka zina ndi kukweza kwina kwa m'mbali mwa phokoso, komwe kumapangitsa kuti kuwonekere kukhala "kubisala". M'mphepete, mamba amapaka utoto wonyezimira, ndipo kumbuyo kumakhala kopepuka ndi Mzere wokhotakhota wa zigzag ukugwera m'mbali. Mtundu wakuda ukuwonekanso pamphumi. Mimba ndi yopepuka, yokhala ndi imvi.
Kuchokera hibernation, izi zapambuyo zimadzuka kutengera nyengo yozizira, kutentha kwake kukakhazikika osatsika madigiri 7 Celsius. Ndipo mu Epulo kapena Meyi amakhala ndi nyengo yakukhwima. Mu nthawi ya masika ndi yophukira, njoka imakwawa kutuluka kuthengo kokha munthawi yotentha masana, ndipo nthawi yotentha imatha kuwoneka m'mawa ndi nthawi yamadzulo. Kodi njoka zamtunduwu zimadya chiyani? Makoswe ang'onoang'ono, anapiye, koma chakudya chachikulu ndi tizilombo, makamaka mafuta a dzombe. Chifukwa chake, nyamayo imawerengedwa kuti ndi yofunika pakulima. Zosunganso sizimanyoza abuluzi. Kenako nyamayi imakhala chakudya cha akambuku, kadzidzi, ndi mbalame zina zodya nyama. Imadyedwa ndi njoka yayikulu ya buluzi.
Njoka yotsala ndi yopepuka. Mu Ogasiti, wamkazi amabweretsa zinyalala chimodzi kuyambira atatu mpaka teni. Makanda obadwa kumene amakhala ndi kulemera pafupifupi magalamu anayi ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 11-13. Njoka zazing'ono zimatha kutha msinkhu mchaka chachitatu cha moyo, zikakula mpaka 27-30 sentimita. Nyama zazing'ono nthawi zambiri, akulu nthawi zambiri, amasintha khungu. Kuti muchite izi, njoka zimakwera mumwala ndikuyamba kupukusira pamiyala mpaka milomo itawonekera pamilomo. Zitatha izi, munthuyo amakwawa kuchokera pakhungu, ngati kuti wachoka kale.
Nyama zankhosa zaku Russia, kuphatikizapo njoka, chifukwa zochuluka sizowopsa. Koma njoka m'lingaliro ili ndizosiyana. Komabe, mphekesera zakuopsa kwa poizoni wawo ndizokokomeza. Kukumana ndi njoka imeneyi kukhoza kupha nyama yaying'ono, monga galu, koma osati anthu. Kuluma kwake kumakhala kowawa. M'malo mwake, kutupa kumatukuka msanga, komwe kumafikira patali kwambiri kuposa malire a phazi lomwe lakhudzidwa. Matuza a hemorrhagic komanso madera ena a necrotic amatha. Kuluma kumakhala ndi chizungulire, kukomoka, kugona, kusanza, komanso kuchepa kutentha kwa thupi.
Ngati inu kapena mnzanu walumidwa ndi njoka yaululu, muyenera kupereka thandizo kwa omwe akukhudzidwayo mwachangu. Kuti muchite izi, wokutani ndi nsalu yopotedwa kukhala malo oyendera alendo, gawo la thupi pamwamba pa kuluma. Kwenikweni, njoka zimakhazikika kumapazi (nthawi zina m'manja, pamene munthu mwangozi, akusaka bowa kapena zipatso, akupunthwa pa nyama). Cholinga cha alendo oterewa chikuyenera kupakidwa popewa kutuluka kwa magazi omwe ali ndi kachilombo. Kenako Finyani magazi omwe akhudzidwa ndi poizoniyo kudzera m'mabala omwe adasiya ndi mano a nthenga. Zitachitika izi, wodwalayo amayenera kupita naye kwa dokotala kuti apewe zovuta. Seramu ya Anti-Gyurz yadzitsimikizira yokha bwino.
Kufotokozera kwamfupi kwa morphological
Kutalika kwa thupi ndi mchira kufika 635 mm pa at ndi 735 mm pa at. Mitundu iwiri yosiyanasiyana idadziwika: cryptic and melanistic. Mitundu ya Cryptic (wamba) imayimiriridwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya imvi ndi ya bulauni yokhala ndi bulangeti lakuda kapena lakuda la zigzag kumbuyo. Anthu aku Melanistic kuderali amayimira gawo limodzi mwa anthu asanu, ngakhale m'magulu ena kuchuluka kwa milomo kumatha kufikira 44%.
Kufalitsa
Padziko lonse lapansi pamakhala mapiri ndi madera ena akumwera kwa Southeast Europe, Kazakhstan ndi Central Asia. Imapezeka ku Russian Federation kuchokera ku Volga-Kama Territory kumpoto kupita ku Ciscaucasia kumwera komanso Altai kum'mawa. Dera limayambira madera otsika komanso oyambira kumapeto kwa mzere wa Anapa-Abrau-Dyurso-Novorossiysk-Abinsk-Goryachiy Klyuch-Khadyzhensk-Psebay. Dera wamba: Sarepta, Lower Volga (Russia).
Zambiri za biology ndi ecology
Pali njoka yopondera pamapiri amitundu yosiyanasiyana (ma loess, alluvial loess, owopsa), pamapiri kumapiri otsika. Pamakhala m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, mayanjidwe a shrub, shiblyaks, malo otsetsereka. Kummwera chakum'mawa, mtundu m'maderawo umakwera mpaka 1000 m pamwamba pamadzi. Nyanja, imatha kukhala pamchenga wamchenga.
Momwe malo anthropogenic mawonekedwe, imapangidwira malo okhala ndi zosokoneza ndi malo owonongeka, malo obzala nkhalango, ndi zina zambiri. Popeza nyengo yozizira imawonekera mu Marichi, ntchito zimatha mpaka masiku oyamba a Novembala, nthawi yayitali ya ntchito za njoka m'derali ndi masiku 230. Mu nthawi ya masika ndi yophukira, njoka zimagwira masana; mu Julayi - Ogasiti, zochitika ziwiri zazikulu kwambiri zidadziwika.
Ma invertebrates ndi ma vertebrates amadziwika mu zakudya. Kukwatirana kumachitika mu April. Kubadwa kwa achinyamata kumachitika kuyambira kumapeto kwa mwezi wa June mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Seputembala. Mu ana, kuchokera 3 mpaka 18 anthu adadziwika.
Kuchuluka ndi zochitika zake
Pafupi ndi malo ophulika a Raevskaya, panali anthu awiri amodzi mwa agalu awiri opondera pa 2 km ya njira, panjira. Herpegem - anthu awiri pa kilomita imodzi, pafupi ndi masitepe a Saratov - mpaka 4 anthu pa 1 ha, pa Yasen Spit - anthu asanu pamtunda umodzi. Kuchulukana kwa anthu ambiri m'derali ndi anthu 30 pa mahekitala ena ndi anthu ochulukirapo 11 a anthu. pa 1 ha.
