Pakati pa zolengedwa zodabwitsa zachilengedwe, msungwana wa chinkhanira amakhala m'malo oyenera. Tizilombo ta arthropod tili ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Loyamba ndi kufalikira kwa kumaso kumutu, chachiwiri ndi maliseche achimuna, otsetsereka ngati chinkhanira. Malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa, gulu limodzi lakale kwambiri limafanana kwambiri ndi utitiri kuposa ma dipterans. Amayi ang'ono ndi ang'ono ang'ono amakonda chofunda amakonda malo onyowa, amatha kuwoneka munkhalango.

Kodi zinkhanira ndi ndani?

Kapangidwe ka mutu ndi kakhalidwe kakuphwa - mbali yakumbuyo yasintha kukhala rostrum. Phulusa longa mlomowu limapangidwa kuchokera pachikuto cha chitin chophimba pamphumi (clypeus) ndi subgen. Mtengo wa rostrum mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba zamankhwala umachokera ku 2-3 mm mpaka kumaliza kwathunthu. Zida zam'kamwa zikukuta, kutalika kwake ndi maxilla. Nsagwada amapangidwira kugwirira nyama.

Kapangidwe ka nsagwada ya m'munsi (mandibles) kumatengera chakudya cha tizilombo. M'mitundu yakudya, mandibles amafanana ndi lumo - lathyathyathya, lalitali, lodulidwa mosadziwika. Nsagwada za herbivores ndi zazifupi komanso zokulirapo ndi mano awiri.

Ma Scavenger ali ndi mtundu wapakati wa mandibles. Maso akulu a mawonekedwe ali pambali ya mutu. Pakati pawo pali maso atatu osavuta ndi nyerere. Tizilombo ta Scorpion ndi zolandirira mafuta olimbitsa, chiwalochi chimatenga fungo losiyanasiyana, kuloza kachilomboka ku gwero la chakudya kapena mnzake. Maziko a anangula ndi achikasu, ndipo utoto wakewo ndi wodera.

Zambiri. Pafupifupi mitundu ya nyama 800 ndi zolengedwa zokwana 370 zopezeka padziko lapansi.

Zomwe zimapangidwira mapiko

Kodi chinenerocho chili ndi mapiko? Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi mapiko awiri ataliitali okhala ndi mapiko olimba. Popumula, amaikidwa molunjika, kufalikira m'mbali. Mtundu wake ndi wowala kapena wowonekera. Nembanemba imakutidwa ndi tsitsi loonda. Tizilombo touluka bwino, titha kungoyenda mtunda waufupi. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu amtundu wodziwika, mapiko amachepetsedwa, ndipo mwa ena kulibe. Pakuuluka, mapiko opendekera a tiziromboti amayenda mosiyanasiyana. Kwa munthu wakunja, kuyenda koteroko kumawoneka ngati kovuta. Chomeracho chimawuluka ngati kuti chagwera mdzenjemo kwakanthawi.

Onani mafotokozedwe

Common Scorpion (Panorpacommunis) - nthumwi ya gulu la zinkhanira. Gulu lomwe kachilombo kameneka ndi komwe kali amatchedwa Panorpa. Oyimira ake amadya tizilombo. Amakhala ndi thupi lalitali, lopyapyala lachikaso lokhala ndi mawanga akuda kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo m'mimba. Kutalika kwa tizilombo ndi 13-15 mm. Miyendo ya mtundu woyenda, wamtambo wonyezimira. Muli zigawo 5, zikhomo ziwiri pa Tariso. Mapiko owonekera amakhala okutidwa ndi mawonekedwe akuda a mawanga akuda. Mapiko ndi 35 mm. M'mimba ndi cylindrical mawonekedwe, muli magawo 10.

Chochititsa chidwi. Akuluakulu a Panorpa amalimbana ndi kangaude ndipo amasankha ntchentche zosavomerezeka. Mwini webusayiti wopanda pakeyo akhoza kukhala kuti amakonda kudya nyama zodya nyama.

Kugonana kwamanyazi

Wamphongo ndi wamkazi wa Scorpion vulgaris amasiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi kapangidwe ka kumapeto kwam'mimba. Mwa akazi, akuti, ndipo amuna, magawo atatu ali ndi utoto wofiirira. Zowonjeza zimakhudzidwa kwambiri, ndipo kumapeto kwake kuli chinthu chofunda. Kuwoneka kowopsa kwa njirayi kumalumikizidwa ndi kupweteka kwa chinkhanira. Koma izi ndizowonera kuteteza kwa adani, kwenikweni sizowopsa. Kodi chinkhanira chingafanane ndi ndani? Imagwira nyama zolinganizidwa bwino, monga mbalame.

Kufalitsa

Chofala chofala chimapezeka ku Europe ndi Russia konse. Malo omwe amakhala ndi nkhalango zowirira zomwe zimakhala ndi masamba, mitengo ndi matako. Mitundu ina ya nsomba za zinkhanira imakhala m'madambo. Limodzi mwa mabanja - madzi oundana amapezeka kumpoto kwa Nyengo. Awa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi mapiko omwe timadumphadumpha. Amamva bwino chisanu, koma osaleza kutentha.

Zambiri. Autumn ndi scorpionesses aku Germany adalembedwa mu Buku Lofiira la Chigawo cha Leningrad.

Moyo & Kuberekanso

Tizilombo timagwira ntchito masana ndi usiku. Simudzakumana nawo, mutakhala padzuwa. Skorpionnitsy amakonda kubisala mu udzu, zitsamba zowirira ndi zinyalala za masamba. Akuluakulu amawuluka kuyambira Meyi mpaka Okutobala. Mitundu yolusa yomwe Panorpacommunis ndi yoyenera kugwirira nyama iliyonse ya kukula koyenera. Ikhoza kukhala mbozi, gulugufe, njenjete usiku. Kuphatikiza pa chakudya chanyama, achikulire amagwiritsa ntchito timadzi tokongola ta maluwa.

Akazi a Scorpion ndi tizilombo tosinthika kwathunthu. Pakukhwima, amuna amakopa anzawo pofalitsa ma pheromones. Mu tizilombo, pali mtundu wa miyambo ya chibwenzi. Wamphongo amapatsa mkaziyo kachilombo komwe kamafa kapena dontho la malovu ake ngati mphatso. Wothandizirana nayeyo amadya zakudya zam'mimba pakukhwima. Mukakulitsa chakudya, chimakhala chotalikirapo.

Akakhwima, wamkazi amayikira mazira pa moss ndi zinyalala zamasamba. Kuti chitukuko chikhale bwino, amafunika malo okhala ndi chinyezi. Mbewuyo imawonekera patatha masiku 7-8. Mibulu imakhala yozungulira, imadyanso zinyalala zovunda, zolengedwa zakufa ndi zovulala, zomwe zimapezeka masamba. Mutu wa mboziyo ndi wolimba, nyerere zazifupi komanso maso awiri akuwonekera. Zipangizo zamkamwa zimapangidwa bwino. Thupi 20mm kutalika limakhala ndi zigawo za convex. Miyendo ya thoracic ili pamagawo atatu oyamba.

Pamimba pali 8 minofu yakuthengo - miyendo yam'mimba. Thupi la mphutsi limakutidwa ndi njerewere. Pachilumba, mbozi izimbira pansi. Pupa ndi la mtundu waulere, pansi pazovuta, imagwera. Nthawi zambiri, munthu amakhala munthu wamkulu akamatenga milungu iwiri.

Ntchentche za Scorpion ndi zolengedwa zopanda vuto lililonse ndipo sizivulaza anthu. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timachotsa pamalo touluka touluka.

Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe

Nsomba za achikulire - tizilombo tomwe timayambitsa imago - ndi ofanana mu morphology ndi kukula kwa ntchentche zina. Kutalika kwa thupi sikupitirira 1.5 cm, mapikowo ndi ochepa masentimita 3. Thupi lakhungu lakuda limavala chisoti chokhala ndi mutu, mkanda wam'maso, pomwe pali zida zam'kamwa zomwe zimakhala ndi nsagwada. Ndiwo okha omwe amatha kubereka kuluma.

Tinyanga tiwiri tabwera kuchokera pamwamba pamutu. Tinyanga chilichonse chimakhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana. Pakhoza kukhala kuchokera 16 mpaka 60 zidutswa, kutengera mtundu wa chinkhanira. Kapangidwe kazigawo kamapereka kusinthasintha ndipo, nthawi yomweyo, kukhazikika.

Cholinga cha anyaniwa ndi masensa, kuzindikira kwa mankhwala omwe amachokera mu chakudya kapena kwa mnzake wogonana naye. Chopweteka chili ndi maso atatu m'mutu mwake. Zosasunthika izi, zokhala ndi makapisozi akulu akulu, ziwalo zamaso zimawona pafupifupi nkhope yonse ya mutu.

Ntchentche imakhala ndi malingaliro a dziko lapansi, koma imawona zambiri zazing'ono. Amakwanitsa kugwira kuwala kwamawonekedwe akufalikira kwa 200-300 Hz, ndiye kuti, ntchentche imakhala yotsika. Munthu akhoza kumva kuti akusunthika pafupipafupi kwa 40-50 Hz. Kupitilira apo, chilichonse chimakhala chowala chopitilira.

Chipsepsechi chimacheperachepera, pafupifupi ngati udzudzu

Chofunikira kwambiri cha ntchentche ndi dera la thoracic. Amalankhula momasuka ndi mutu ndi m'mimba. Pa chifuwa, mapiko ndi miyendo zimakhazikika. Mapiko a Translucent okhala ndi mawanga akuda amapangidwa bwino, koma atsikana achifwamba sakonda kuwuluka. Ndege zazifupi zamamita angapo - ntchentche yokulirapo sizithetsa.

Ntchentche imakhala ndi mapiko awiri. Mapiko akutsogolo ali akulu kukula kuposa kumbuyo. Mapiko akupinda mu ndege imodzi. Imalowetsedwa ndi mauna osasinthika a ulusi (mitsempha). Kutsogolo kwa mapiko kuli cuticular thickenings (osakhala ma cell).

Miyendo ya kachilomboka imalumikizidwa pachifuwa cha chinkhanira. Awa ndi miyendo yolumikizana ndi phazi lokhala ndi zigawo 5 ndi zala ziwiri. Kuphatikiza pa ntchito yoyenda, amuna amuna miyendo imagwiranso ntchito ina yofunika. Ndi chithandizo chawo, chachikazi chimasungidwa, chimakhazikika pa nthawi yaukwati.

Mimba ya ntchentche ndi cylindrical, muli zigawo 11. Kutha kwa mchira mwa amuna kumagawidwanso kuti kumagawika magawo ndikugwada. Zomwe zimafanana ndi mchira wa chinkhanira. Kumapeto kwa mchira waimuna kumakhala kukulira kwachimodzimodzi ndi bulawu. Ndiye kuti, kumaliza kwa mchira wa scorpion azimayi kumangogwira ntchito zoberekera.

Anthu, atawona kuti chiwombankhanga chikuuluka, sichimakumbukira nthawi yomweyo chiphe. Pali mantha achibadwa akuti umakhala chibwibwi. Kuphatikiza apo, akukhulupirira kuti poizoni wowopsa amapha anthu. Koma mchira wa ntchentche, ngati mbola, umakhala wotetezeka kwathunthu.

Amuna okha ndi omwe amakhala ndi zida zankhondo. Kuluma kwa chinkhanira chachikazi kapena mawonekedwe ake akusowa. Ntchentche zamtundu wa chinkhanira sizizindikirika kwenikweni ndi mbozi za gulugufe. Pamutu wakuda pali tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi maso awiri.

Gawo lofunika kwambiri la mutu ndi kamwa, lokhala ndi nsagwada. Thupi lokwera limakhala ndi magawo ambiri. Magawo atatu oyambayo ndi miyendo yayifupi kwambiri ya chifuwa. Pazotsatira za thupi ndi magawo 8 amiyendo yam'mimba.

Kukula kumapeto, kotero kukumbutsa mchira wa chinkhanira, kumangokhala mwa chinkhanira chachimuna

Gulu la Scorpion (Mecoptera) ndi gulu lalikulu la dongosolo (taxon) lomwe limaphatikizapo banja lenileni la scorpion (dzina la dongosolo Panorpidae). Ma genera 4 okha ndi omwe amapatsidwa banja lino, koma mitundu yamitunduyi ndi yayikulu kwambiri. Pafupifupi mitundu 420 yamtunduwu imawerengedwa kuti ndi akazi a chinkhanira chenicheni.

Mitundu ya ntchentche za chinkhanira pamakontrakitala amagawidwa mosiyanasiyana. Pazonse, mitundu yochepera 3 imakhala m'malo a ku Europe ndi Russia. Ku Europe ku Russia ndi kupitanso ku Urals, mitundu 8 ya ntchentche imakhala ndi kuswana:

• Panorpa communis. Amadziwika monga chinkhanira wamba. Kulongosola kwasayansi kwa ntchentche kumeneku kunapangidwa mu 1758. Kufalikira ku Europe ndi ku Russia konse, kupatula patali za kumpoto.
• Panorpa horni. Adatulutsidwa mu gulu loyambira zachilengedwe mu 1928. Adagawidwa ku Russia.
• Panorpa hybrida. Inafufuzidwa ndikufotokozedwa mu 1882. Kuphatikiza pa Russia, imapezekanso ku Germany, Romania, Bulgaria. Imawonedwa ku Finland.
• Panorpa cognata. Ntchentchezi ikufotokozedwa mu 1842. Ndizofala kwambiri m'maiko a Eastern Europe. Kuchokera ku Russia kunabwera kumpoto kwa Asia.
• Panorpa amurensis. Scorpioness, yomwe akatswiri asayansi yakhala akudziwa kuyambira 1872. Miyoyo ndi mitundu ku Russia Far East, imapezeka ku Korea.
• Panorpa arcuata. Malongosoledwe asayansi anapangidwa mu 1912. Kwawo ndi Kum'mawa kwa Russia.
• Panorpa indivisa. Munali mu 1957 pomwe kuti kusinthidwa kwa sayansi kwakonzedwa. Ntchentche zimagawidwa pakatikati komanso kumwera kwa Siberia.
• Panorpa sibirica. Zimakhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Russia, komwe zimakonda kupita ku Mongolia komanso zigawo zakumpoto kwa China. Yofotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu 1915.

Mitundu ina ya chinkhanira imapezeka ku Russia.

Mwa mitundu mazana angapo a ntchentche za chinkhanira, chinkhanira wamba chimakhala chokha. Imaphunziridwa bwino kuposa ena, omwe amafalitsidwa ku Europe, kuphatikizapo Russia. Scorpioness mu chithunzi - Nthawi zambiri ndi chinkhanira wamba. Tizilombo timeneti timanenedwa polankhula za chinkhanira kuuluka popanda kutchula dzina lasayansi la mitunduyo.

Moyo & Habitat

Ntchentche za Scorpion zimapezeka zochuluka tchire, udzu utaliitali, ndi nkhalango zazing'ono. Amachita chidwi ndi malo opanda chofewa momwe tizilombo tina timakokerana. Scorpionesses imakumana ndi nthawi youma kapena yachisanu, pokhala gawo la dzira kapena pupa.

Pofuna kukhala ndi chidutswa cha nyama zamtchire kunyumba, okonda ena adayamba kupanga zida zopangira tizinyama. Izi vivatiums zazilombo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi agulugufe otentha. Zomwe wachita nawo zakhala zokwanira. Potsatira mzere ndi ma arthropod ena.

Kuyesera kopambana kuti asunge zinkhanira kwachitika. Amakhala bwino pakati pa amuna anzawo. Kuwapatsa chakudya sikovuta. Skorpionnitsy safuna malo okwanira maulendo ataliatali. Kuziwona sizosangalatsa ngati kungoyang'ana nsomba zam'madzi. Akatswiri azomanga, akatswiri ndi amateurs, akuganizirabe zakusamalidwa panyumba ya akazi achinkhanira.

Kwa bambo, chinkhanira sichowopsa, mosiyana ndi zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira, iye sangathe kuluma

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Imfa iriyonse pakati pa ma invertebrates ndi mwayi kwa azimayi amankhanira kudya. Kuphatikiza pa nyama yakufa, ntchentche zachikulire zimakopeka ndi masamba akuwunda. Atazindikira kuti kachilombo kazingidwa mu intaneti, msungwanayo amayenda patsogolo pa kangaudeyo ndikudya. Kutengedwa ndi tizilombo, chinkhanira chimatha kukhala chokha.

Scorpion ntchentche, Chithunzi yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhazikika mutu wake mozungulirapo, osati chongokhala, komanso msaki. Kuchokera pamenepa, amagwira udzudzu ndi ntchentche zina ndi miyendo yake yayitali. Mitundu ina, kupatula thupi, imadyera mungu ndi timadzi tokoma. Pali ntchentche zomwe zimayamwa zipatso. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa ntchentche zaku South Siberia kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa kukolola kwa oyera currants.

Kusunthira kumtunda kwa gawo lapansi, mphutsi za ntchentche zimamwa chakudya chofikirika kwambiri muzofunikira izi - zinyalala zam'mera, zomwe zimakhala zomaliza zisanakhale fumbi. Izi, zikuwoneka ngati, osati zopatsa thanzi sizabwino chifukwa kuyeserera pang'ono kumachitika pakugaya.

Chonunkha chimatha kupita kwa tizilombo kapena mbalame yakudya. Kuphatikiza pa akangaude, nsikidzi ndi zovala zimawasaka. Mbalame, makamaka nthawi yakuswa, zimakhala adani ambiri. Gawo la mchira, lofanana ndi chiwalo cha chinkhanira, limatha kutchinga bwino. Koma akazi amachotsedwa. Chinthu chimodzi chatsalira - kuchulukitsa kwambiri.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Kuuluka mu chrysalis chinkhanira Imakhala ndi mavuto awiri: kupeza chakudya ndikupitilizabe mtundu. Kupeza abwenzi omwe amakhala ndi chinkhanira amapatsa ma siginolo a mankhwala - imit pheromones. Mukakhala m'matumba komanso osawoneka bwino kwambiri, kulumikizana ndi mankhwala ndiyo njira yodalirika yopangira awiri.

Amuna ambiri achifupa amagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyeserera. Amasunga zazikazi mozungulira, kubisa chinsinsi. Akazi, omwe amathira madontho amadzimadzi, amakhala amisili komanso otsika pazomwe amunayo amauza. Tizilombo timalumikizana kwakanthawi pomwe yamphongo idyetsa mnzake ndi malovu.

Amuna amtundu wina wa chinkhanira mu zida zankhondo ali ndi chinyengo chofananacho. Amapereka chidutswa kapena chakudya. Kutalika kwa ntchito yolemba kumatengera kukula kwa chakudya chomwe amapereka. Chakudya chikatha, tizilombo timasiyidwa wina ndi mnzake.

Atakumana ndi wamwamuna, wamkazi amayamba kufunafuna malo okhala ndi dothi lamadzi. Mazira awiri ambiri amaikira mazira kumtunda kwa gawo lapansi. Njira ya kukhalapo kwa dzira sikhala motalika, masiku 7-8 okha. Mphutsi zomwe zimawoneka nthawi yomweyo zimayamba kudya mwachangu.

Makina amafunika kukula ndi kuchuluka okwanira kutulutsa thukuta. Atakulitsa pafupifupi nthawi 10, mphutsizi zimalowa mu ukulu wa gawo lapansi ndi ana. Mu gawo la ana, tizilombo timakhala pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Pambuyo pake pali metamorphosis - pupa imakhala ntchentche.

Nthawi yakusintha kwa dzira kukhala mphutsi ndi pupa kukhala ntchentche imatha kusunthidwa kwakukulu. Zonse zimatengera nthawi ya chaka yomwe muyenera kukhala munthawi ino. Ntchitoyi ndi yosavuta - kusunthira nthawi yozizira kapena youma pansi. Zamoyo zimatha kupirira izi.

Ziphuphu zimawoneka pomwe nthaka sinazine ndi kupukuta, pomwe pali dothi lokwanira pansi. Ntchentche zimawonekera atatulutsidwa ndi tizilombo tina - chakudya chomwe chingakhale ngati chinkhanira. Pakati panjira yamkati mwa chilimwe pali mibadwo itatu ya akazi a chinkhanira. Mkulu, ntchentche zimakhalapo kuyambira mwezi umodzi mpaka itatu.

M'chithunzicho mphutsi zam'maso

Zosangalatsa

Katswiri wothandizira wa ku Austria A. Handliersch, anafufuza mu 1904 mpukutu womwe unali ndi ntchentche yosungidwa bwino. Mchira wa tizirombo toyambitsa fosil udasokoneza asayansi.Adaganiza kuti adapeza mtundu woyamba wa chinkhanira cha matenda a Petromantis rossica. Vutoli lidapezeka ndikuwakonza pokhapokha kotala la zaka zana ndi A. A. Martynov.

Mtundu womaliza wa chinkhanira ntchentche (Mecoptera) wapezeka posachedwa. Mu 2013, adapezeka ku famu yaku Brazil ku Rio Grande do Norte. Izi zikusonyeza zinthu ziwiri:

• banja lalikulu la chinkhanira limatha kubwezeretsedwanso kwa nthawi yayitali,
• nkhalango yotchedwa Atlantic siyiphunziridwa bwino ndipo ndiyokonzeka kupatsa anthu zinthu zatsopano zapamwamba zamankhwala ndi zachilengedwe.

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuphatikizapo ntchentche za zinkhanira, nthawi zina zimakhala zothandizira akatswiri azamisili. Okonda nyama yopanda moyo ndi yoyamba kukhala pa thupi la munthu wakufa kapena nyama. Amaikira mazira pamenepo. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mazira ndi mphutsi, akatswiri amaphunzira kuwerengera nthawi yakumwalira.

Kuwerenga mosiyidwa ndi ntchentche, nyerere, nsikidzi pa munthu wakufa kumatha kuwuza akatswiri azam'mbuyo kwambiri. Mothandizidwa ndi kafukufuku wamakomedwe, zochitika zonse zimamangidwa zomwe zinachitika ndi thupi munthu akafa.

Amadziwika kuti amuna amtundu wina wa chinkhanira akazi amagawana chinsinsi chawo chamkati ndi wamkazi. Ena amapatsa mkazi kachidutswa koyenera kuti amukondweretse. Mkazi amatenga chibwenzi champhongo posinthana ndi chakudya. Pali ukwati wachidule wosavuta.

Si amuna onse amene amafuna kufunafuna nyama. Amayamba kunamizira kuti ndi akazi, kubwereza zochita zawo. Mwini wosokonezeka wa mphatso yamukwatiyo akuipereka kwa wonamizira wamwamuna. Atalandira chidutswa cha chakudya, asiya kuchitapo kanthu, kusiya osocheretsa achisangalalo chake popanda chilichonse.

16.09.2018

Scorpion wamba (Latin Panorpa commis) - mitundu yazomera kwambiri ku Europe kuyambira ku Mecoptera. Ili ndi dzina lake chifukwa cha amuna amuna okhala pamphumi pamimba ya chiwalo chobala, amakumbukira mwamphamvu mchira wa chinkhanira womwe unakwezedwa m'mwamba.

Mwa mazana a mitundu yomwe ikudziwika masiku ano kuchokera ku banja la True Scorpion (Panorpidae) ku kontinenti ya ku Europe amakhala 21, onsewa sakhala pachiwopsezo cha thanzi la anthu komanso nyama zina. Zowona, agrari samawakonda. Zolengedwa zooneka ndi zodabwitsa zimakonda kumwa madzi kuchokera ku zipatso zakupsa, zomwe zimachepetsa kukolola.

Amatchedwanso ntchentche za chinkhanira. Mu 2018, adalandira ulemu wolemekezeka "Insect of the Year", womwe umaperekedwa chaka chilichonse ndi Germany Entomological Institute ku Munich (Brandenburg Land).

Mutu

Chimodzi mwazomwe zimachitika m gululi ndi kukhalapo kwa rostrum komwe kumapangidwa ndi ellyated clypeus ndi subrogen. Kukula kwa mapangidwe awa, komabe, kumasiyana mpaka kutsutsana kwathunthu kwa oyimira amtunduwu Brachypanorpa (Panorpodidae).

Kuseri kwa rostrum kumakhala zinthu zina zongoluma pakamwa. Maxillae ndiye gawo lake lalitali kwambiri: mapepala awo ataliatali amatsata khoma lakhomalo lokhala ngati mzere wa rostrum. Mawonekedwe a mandibles amatembenukira kukhala ogwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a zakudya. Chifukwa chake oimira ma herbivorous oyimira mabanja a Boreidae, Panorpodidae ndi Eomeropidae iwo ndifupi, akuthwa ndipo amakhala ndi mano awiri (kapena kupitirira). M'mitundu yolusa (Bittacidae), ma mandibles ndiwotalikapo, osalala, osadulidwa, ndi dzino limodzi, ndipo amagwira ntchito ngati lumo. Scavengers scavenger amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe a mandibles apakatikati pakati pazosankha izi ziwiri. Amayamwa magazi, akazi okha ndiwo amamwa magazi, mwina. Kuluma kumakhala kowawa, kutseguka kuchokera kuluma kumakhala kwakukulu.

Chiwerengero cha antenna magawo kuyambira 16-16 mu bittacid ndi boreid mpaka 60 mu ateropanorpids ndi choristids. Polankhula za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma antenna metres, amafotokoza mafilimu komanso tinyanga tofiyira. Mwinanso, antennase amachita gawo lofunikira pakusaka zakudya kuchokera ku mitundu ya scavenger, komanso pakusaka mnzake wogonana, kuchita nawo chemoreception.

Pesi

Chifuwa chimakokedwa ndi mutu komanso pamimba momasuka ndipo, kwakukulu, chimadziwika ndi dongosolo la dongosolo la dongosolo. Kusintha kwakukulu kwa dera la thoracic kukugwirizana ndi kuchepa kwa mapiko oimira mabanja ena ndi kusintha kwa miyendo kukhala nkwamphamvu pokhudzana ndi njira ya moyo wa bittacid.

M'mawu oyamba, mapiko awiri okhala ndi mapiko awiri, okhala ndi mapiko okonzedwa bwino. Ma membala owoneka bwino (omwe nthawi zina amawoneka) amaphimbidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi. Pansi pa mapiko pali ziwalo zina. Oyimira izi amakhala ndi "kuthawa kofowoka" ndipo m'mazenera ambiri (malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwina, gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu amtundu wodziwika), mapikowo amatsika (nthawi zina mpaka amazimiririka). Ngakhale mawonetseredwe ofanana amapezeka m'mabanja ambiri omwe mitundu yokhala ndi mapiko imakhala yofala kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, Bittacidae), m'mabanja awiri - Apteropanorpidae ndi Boreidae - kuchepetsa mapiko ndizotheka kuposa kupatula. Makamaka, m'mazira am'madzi, mapiko achikazi amasintha kukhala zigawo zamasamba, ndipo amuna, amasintha kukhala zingwe zopanikizana, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukopa zazikazi pozikoka.

Mamembala ambiri amtunduwo ali ndi miyendo yolumikizana ndi magawo asanu komanso mbali ziwiri. Inde, gawo la miyendo pakuyenda kwa mitundu yopanda mapiko ndilofunika kwambiri. Zasinthidwa kuti zigwire dzanja laanthu omwe ali ndi vuto la banja ili. Bittacidae amanyamula chofunda chimodzi chokha chachikulu, chong'ambika kawiri. Kuphatikiza apo, gawo lachisanu la nthambi yotere imatha kumamatira ku chachinayi. Madera ena achinkhanira am'banja lino ndiwotalika kwambiri kotero kuti amatsogolera pakanthawi kofanana ndi kachilombo ka udzudzu wokhala ndi miyendo yayitali (Tipulidae).

Paleontology

Skorpionnitsy ndi gulu lakale komanso lakale la tizilombo tosintha kwathunthu, lomwe linali lalikulu kale mu Paleozoic ndi Mesozoic, lili ndi kufunikira kwa stratigraphic ndi phylogenetic. Theka la mitundu ya chinkhanira lodziwika limangodziwika mu fossil state, makamaka kuchokera kumapiko. Amawonekera munthawi ya a Permian, pomwe, mu 1904, katswiri wofufuza malo wa ku Austria, a Anton Gandlirsch, adalongosola woyimira wamkulu wakale wachidziwikire chomwe adapeza pamtsinje wa Kama (m'munda wa Kazan m'mapiri a Silent). Anali wachilendo kwambiri mpaka adawafotokoza kuti ndi chinkhanira. Petromantis rossica Handl., Cholowa chomwe chinatsimikizidwa patangotha ​​zaka zana limodzi pambuyo pake ndi Russian paleoentomologist A. V. Martynov. Zomwe zimapezedwa zimapezedwa pamayiko onse kupatula Antarctica. Banja lakale kwambiri komanso loyamba la gulu lonse loyang'aniridwa liyenera kuganiziridwa kuti ndi taxon † Kaltanidae (archetype, ali ndi zigawo za anthu onse a plesiomorphic). Mabanja oposa khumi ndi awiri a chinkhanira adatha mitundu yayikulu yamapira samayimiriridwa († Aneuretopsychidae - or Choristopsychidae - † Cimbrophlebiidae - † Dinopanorpidae - † Holcorpidae - † Kaltanidae - † Mesopanorpodidae - †esipodisidiis † Mesipan - ochesopisis † Mesipan - †esopis - † Mesopanorpode Thaumatomeropidae). Malinga ndi olemba ena, banja la a Paleozoic † Protomeropidae, omwe adaphatikiza mitunduyi Westphalomerope maryvonneae, Taganizirani za kachilombo koyambitsa matenda komwe kamasintha kwambiri.

Udongosolo mwatsatanetsatane ndi gulu

Pachikhalidwe, ntchentche za chinkhanira, limodzi ndi ma dipterans ndi utitiri, zimawerengedwa ngati gawo la gulu la Antliophora.

Kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, holophilia ya scorpion imawuluka (munthawi yomwe yapezeka munkhaniyi) yakhala ikukayikiridwa. Kupenda kwa deta yatsopano pama kapangidwe ka mazira ndi zida zam'kamwa, komanso kuyerekezera koyambirira kwa kapangidwe ka DNA ka ma loci angapo, zidapangitsa kulingalira ngati scorpion ngati paraphyletic taxon mogwirizana ndi "dongosolo" lina la tizilombo - utitiri. Malingana ndi malingaliro awa, gulu lophatikizika la akazi achinkhanira ndi utitiri limakhala ndi chuma ziwiri: chimodzi chimaphatikizapo utitiri ndipo mabanja a Boreidae ndi Nannochoristidae, ndipo mabanja ena a akazi achinkhanira amagwera enawo.

Khalidwe

Chosaka chinkhanira chimadyanso makamaka tizilombo tofa ndi odwala. Kwa anthu athanzi labwino, limagwiritsa ntchito kawirikawiri. Kleptoparasitism amadziwika. Nthawi zambiri amabera nyama ya winawake kuchokera pa akangaude.

Pazinthu zopanda pake ngati izi, mwini webusayiti amawona wobera mnzake, nthawi zambiri amafika kwa iye, koma pamapeto pake amathetsa mkwiyo wake wolungama ndikukana kumenya nkhondo. Zomwe zidayambitsa chitukukozi sizikudziwika.

Tizilombo timagwira ntchito masana, ndipo usiku kupuma masamba amasamba.

Kuphatikiza pa zakudya zomwe nyama idachokera, menyuwo amaphatikiza timadzi tamaluwa tokongola kwambiri, msuzi wazipatso ndi zipatso. Barberry (Berberis) ndi currant (Ribes) amakonda kwambiri. Bowo laling'ono limapangidwa mu peel yawo mothandizidwa ndi zida zodulira mano, pambuyo pake mumakhala kusangalala ndi madzi okhala ndi mavitamini ndi shuga. Scorpio imawuluka koposa zonse ngati zidutswa za chomera zomwe zayamba kuvunda.

Imago imatha kuwonedwa kuyambira Epulo mpaka Seputembala.