Posachedwa, woyambitsa wopanda phokoso waku Asia amatengedwa kuti ndiye woyimira mtundu wa Amblonyx, koma atafufuza ndi DNA, m'modzi mwa anthu osokoneza bongo a ku Africa adadziwika.
Mawonekedwe a nyamayo ndi yayitali komanso yolungika, yomwe, komabe, imatha kunena za chimphona chachikulu. Mutu umakutidwa pang'ono, maso ali kutsogolo. Makutu ndi ang'ono komanso ozungulira, momwe mumakhala mtundu wa valavu yomwe imatseka ngalande yamakutu ikakhala pansi pa madzi. Miyendo ndi yocheperako, ndipo zala zake ndizogwidwa pang'ono, zomwe zimasiyanitsa chosakanika ndi chosakanika ndi ena onse. Chifukwa cha izi, nyamayi ikhoza kugwirizanitsa bwino zomwe ikuchita, komanso kugwira nyama ndi miyendo yake, osati mkamwa mwake.
Mchira wa Asia wosagundika wopanda kanthu kumunsi kwake ndi wokulirapo, wopanda minyewa, ndipo akamayandikira kumapeto amakhala wochepa thupi. Pansi pake pali fungo lonunkhira ndipo nyamayo imazindikiritsa gawo. Mothandizidwa nayo, nyamayo imathamanga kwambiri m'madzi, imagwiritsa ntchito miyendo yakumbuyo ngati mkondo.
Ubweya umakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri: zokutira ndi zokutira zapamwamba zokhala ndi tsitsi lalitali mpaka 2,5 masentimita, ndi botilo lalifupi lalifupi. Pazambiri zamthupi, ubweya ndi wofiirira, ndipo pamimba ndi mmero zokha zimakhala ndi imvi kapena kirimu wowala.
Ma Asia otayirira opanda kanthu amagwira ntchito masana. Amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu mpaka 12, momwe mumakhala amuna ndi akazi otchuka, banja lonse ndi mbadwa zawo. Nyama zimakhala limodzi, zimasewera limodzi ndipo zonse pamodzi zimateteza gawo lawo kuchokera kwa ochita mpikisano. Kuti athe kulankhulana wina ndi mnzake, amagwiritsa ntchito mawu, ndipo, kwakukulu, amanunkhira.
Otters amapanga awiriawiri moyo wonse. Wamkazi amatha kubweretsa malita awiri pachaka, chilichonse chimatha kukhala ndi 1 mpaka 6 cubs. Mimba imatenga masiku 60, koma nyama zazing'ono sizinabadwebe, ndipo poyamba sizisuntha, ndimapeza chakudya tulo tanga. Kudyetsa kumachitika pakatha maola atatu aliwonse, ndipo pakatha miyezi itatu amatha kudya chakudya cholimba. Wamphongo amathandiza zazikazi pomanga chisa komanso kupangira zakudya zazing'ono.
Chakudyacho chimaphatikizapo ma invertebrates monga nkhanu ndi ma crustaceans ena, ma mollusks ndi amphibians. Kuphatikiza apo, makoswe, njoka, achule, tizilombo ndi nsomba nazonso zimapita kukadya. Kuti mupeze nyama m'matope, osanama osagwiritsa ntchito matayala amagwiritsa ntchito madzi akumwa, ndipo amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi 6-8.
Atagwira nyama, amatsegula chipolopolo chake (ngati chilipo) mothandizidwa ndi mawondo akutsogolo ndi ma molars apadera.
Komanso phunzirani izi:
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- Fringed angel nsomba
22.08.2019
Asia wosagwirizana wopanda kanthu (lat.Aonyx cinerea) ndi wa banja la Kunya (Mustelidae). Iye ndiwotetemera yaying'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yokhudzana ndi mitunduyi makamaka ndi zopindika zocheperako komanso nembanemba yosambira, yomwe imakulitsa kwambiri kuyenda kwa chala. Kapangidwe kameneka kamamupangitsa kuti azitsegula zipolopolo za mabulangete apamwamba.
Nyamayi imadziwikanso kuti chilombo cholowera kum'mawa. Ili ndi malo otetezedwa a nyama yomwe ili pachiwopsezo. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kuchuluka kwa anthu ake kukucheperachepera. Chifukwa chachikulu chakuchepetsera kwake ndikuipitsidwa kwachilengedwe ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso mchere wa zitsulo zolemera. Zimayambitsa kuphwanya njira yachilengedwe m'thupi la nyama yodyetsa komanso kufooketsa mphamvu ya kubereka.
Mtunduwu udafotokozedwa koyamba mu 1815 ndi katswiri wazowona zachilengedwe waku Germany, Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger.
Kufalitsa
Malo amenewa amakhala ku Southeast Asia, Bangladesh, kumwera komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India. Kuchulukitsitsa kumakhala zigawo zakumwera kwa China, pachilumba cha Malaysia, Philippines ndi zilumba za Indonesia za Sumatra, Java ndi Borneo.
Nyama zimakhazikika pafupi ndi malo osungira okhala ndi masamba owuma, koma odabwitsa. Nthawi zambiri, amapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'misanja. Nyama zimakonda madera onyowa ndi mitengo yamangati. Nthawi zambiri zimatha kuwoneka paminda yampunga.
Oyenda osalaza akum'mawa amapewa malo otseguka pomwe zimawavuta kubisala kwa adani. M'malo am'mapiri, amawonedwa pamtunda wamtunda mpaka 2000 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Nyamazo nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupi ndi Indian (Lutrogale perspicillata) ndi Sumatran otters (Lutra sumatrana).
Pali magulu atatu. Mabizinesi osankhidwa ndiofala kumapezeka ku Peninsula ya Malawi.
Khalidwe
Zovala zopanda kanthuzi zimakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu 6-12. Nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza nyama za mibadwo ingapo. Ndi mabanja okhawo otchuka, ndipo otsala a gululi amamuthandiza polera.
Zochita zimadziwonekera masana. Ambiri amakhala m'malo omwe anthu sangawafikire, koma ena amakhala omasuka pafupi ndi malo okhala.
Wopanda zopanda pake waku Asia amasambira bwino kwambiri. M'malo am'madzi, imayenda mofulumira kwambiri, ikuyenda miyendo yake yakumbuyo ndi mchira. Pakusambira, imasunthira pansi mbali zonse za thupi.
Pansi pamadzi, nyama imatha kukhala mpaka mphindi 8, ngakhale nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepa masekondi 30.
Atafika kumtunda, amapaka miyala ndi mitengo kuti asiye fungo lake. Malire a gawo lokhalamo anthu onse m'gululo amalembedwa ndowe. Amawateteza kuti asatengedwe ndi alendo, pogwiritsa ntchito mano ndi zibwano zawo.
Pakati pakudyetsa, nyama zimapuma kapena kukonza masewera olumikizana. Amakhala usiku wonse pogona.
Pakati pawo, maatchi opanda kanthu amalankhulana kudzera pazomwe zimanunkhira komanso ma siginolo a mawu. Zosangalatsa zonunkhira mkati mwake zimakhala pansi pa michira. Zizindikiro zimayikidwa pa mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo, zitsamba ndi misewu yamiyala yopakidwa. Pofuna kudziwitsa kupezeka kwawo, nyama zimamanga milu yamchenga, miyala, matope ndi udzu. Zizindikiro zamphamvu komanso njira zingapo zimathandizira kulumikizana.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Maziko a chakudya ndi crustaceans ndi mollusks. Amphibians amadyedwa pang'ono. Mano ataliitali komanso olimba am'mbuyo timapangitsa kuti zisakhale zophweka kuwononga zipolopolo za nkhanu, nkhanu, nkhono, mussels ndi oyster.
Ngakhale kuli kwazosangalatsa zambiri, otter wakugonera wopanda kanthu amakhala akusaka yekha. Nthawi zina amadya nsomba zazing'ono, makoswe ndi tizilombo.
Nyamayi imapeza nyama m'madzi mothandizidwa ndi bata lalikulu, mosamala kwambiri kudziwa komwe akukhudzidwayo. Pambuyo pa mafunde ochepa, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito matope olumikizira matope (Periophthalmus) ndikukumba ma bollusk.
Omwe amayesa kugwirira ntchito ndi mawoza awo akutsogolo. Amatsegula zolaula zala ndi zala zawo kapena nthawi zina amazisiya padzuwa, kudikirira kuti atsegule.
Kufotokozera kwa Smooth Otter
Malekereti achimuna ndi okulirapo poyerekeza ndi akazi. Thupi limakhala lotalika, miyendo ndi yochepa ndi nsapato zakuthwa, pali nembanemba pakati pa zala. Maso ali patali. Phokoso ndi lalifupi. Mphuno ili ndi mawonekedwe a zilembo "V". Masharubu ndi akhungu. Mchira wake ndi wokulirapo, wokutira kunsonga, kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 40,5-50.5.
Ubweya wa otter ndi wandiweyani, wosanjikiza -awiri, wonunkhira bwino. Kutalika kwa tsitsi lakunja ndi millimeter 12-14, ndipo kutalika kwa undercoat ndi 6-8 mamilimita. Utoto wa ubweya kumtunda kwa thupi ndi waimvi, ndipo m'mimba ndi mbali zake zimakhala zopepuka.
Moyo Wotentha Kwambiri
Izi zimagwira makamaka madzulo, nthawi zina amatha kukhala otakataka masana. Zojambula zotsekemera nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'magulu.
M'madzi, ma otter osalala ndi ochepa bwino. Amayang'ana nyama yokhala ndi ndevu zazing'ono. Pamene otter amasambira pang'onopang'ono, ndiye kuti miyendo yonse inayi imakhudzidwa, ndipo amapanga nsapato zothamanga mothandizidwa ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo ndi mchira, pomwe kutsogolo kumakanikizidwa mwamphamvu motsutsana ndi thupi.
Ma otter okhala ndi mutu wowonda amakhala ndi kuchuluka kwambiri kwa metabolic; chifukwa chake, kuti amve bwino, ayenera kudya pafupifupi kilogalamu imodzi ya chakudya tsiku lililonse.
Otter ndi nyama zokonda kudya, zakudya zake zimakhala ndi 75-100% ya nsomba, koma zimadyanso chamoyo chilichonse chomwe angagwire, mwachitsanzo, nkhanu, nkhanu, nkhanu, achule, repitili zazing'ono, anyani, tizilombo, makoswe am'madzi, njoka, mphutsi , mbalame ndi mazira awo.
Adani okhala ndi tsitsi losalala ndi ngwazi, amphaka amtchire ndi mbalame zazikulu zodyedwa. Kutalika kwa moyo wa osintha tsitsi m'chilengedwe ndi zaka 4 - 10, ndipo ali mu ukapolo amakhala pafupifupi zaka 20.
Kapangidwe ka Social of Smooth Otters
Izi ndi nyama zachikhalidwe. Akazi amakhala ndi mabanja okhala ndi amuna ndipo amaphunzitsa achinyamata. Amakhulupirira kuti gawo lalikulu m'gululo limatenga mayi.
Chiwembu chomenyera banja chimatenga pa 7 mpaka 12 kilomita. Pakhoza kukhala zingwe zingapo. Khomo lolowera dzenje lili pansi pa mulingo wamadzi, koma pakhoza kupitilira ena.
Zoyenda mozungulira zimayang'ana malire a madera awo ndi zitosi ndi zotsekera musk, zomwe zimabisidwa kuchokera ku tiziwalo tating'ono tomwe tili m'munsi mwa mchira. Zolemba za Odor sizimangogwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zidziwitse malire a malowa, komanso ngati njira yolumikizirana. Amagwiritsanso ntchito kukhudza, mawonekedwe a thupi, komanso zizindikiro zomveka kuti azilankhulana. Ngati otsekera ali osangalala, amakuwa ndikumakuwa.
Kubwezeretsanso tsitsi losalala
Zoyenda zowoneka bwino ndi nyama zoopsa zomwe zimapanga magulu awiri amphamvu. Yaikazi imabweretsa kubalamo mu dzenje lobisika, lomwe lili pafupi ndi madzi. Achichepere amakhalabe mu dzenje kufikira atayamba kudziyimira pawokha. Mzimayi amatha kuchotsa bowo lomwe lasiyidwa kapena kukumba yatsopano.
Pali mwana m'modzi pachaka. Nyengo yakuberekera ya tsitsi losalala imakhala kuyambira mu Ogasiti mpaka Disembala. Chowoneka mosiyana ndi tsitsi losalala ndiloti amapanga magulu a mabanja.
Mimba imatenga zaka 2. Pambuyo pake, ana awiri akhungu ndi osafunikira amabadwa mwa mkazi. Maso awo amatsegula mwezi wokha. Wamkazi amadyetsa ana ake ndi mkaka kwa miyezi 3-4. Ana agalu akaleka kuyamwa mkaka, mwamunayo amalowa pabanjali, kuyambira pano amathandizira kuwapatsa chakudya.
Pafupifupi zaka 1, achichepere amasiya mabanja awo ndikuyamba kudzilamulira. Kutha msuzi m'mutu wosalala kumachitika zaka 2.
Smooth Otters ndi Anthu
Anthu amadyera maseche osalala a ubweya wawo. Zovala, zodzikongoletsera ndi ng'oma zimapangidwa kuchokera zikopa za nyama izi. Mafuta amachotsedwa m'mafuta awo, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza mankhwala azikhalidwe. Nyama ya otter.
Kuchuluka kwa ma ottery okhala ndi tsitsi losalala komanso mitundu yawo ikuchepa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe: ntchito yomanga ma station amagetsi, ulimi, zotulutsa madambo, kuwononga mitengo komanso kuwononga chilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu amasodza kwambiri pamakutu osalala, zomwe zimachepetsa anthu.
Ecology ndi kugawa
Mtunduwu umakhala kuchokera kummawa kwa India kupita ku Southeast Asia, ndipo umapezeka m'malo ena ku Iraq.
Ma ottery osalala owoneka bwino amakhala m'malo omwe muli maiwe ambiri - ma peat bogs, mitsinje yayikulu ya nkhalango, nyanja ndi minda yamapunga. Amatha kuzolowera moyo wapafupi ndi madzi, koma, komabe, amakhala omasuka pamtunda, ndipo amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali kukafunafuna malo oyenera.
Wotuwa tsitsi wosalala amakongoletsa kakhola kake kamakumba kapena potayira mwala. Zina mwa izo zimatha kumanga nyumba yokhazikika pafupi ndi madzi, yomwe ili yofanana ndi nyumba ya womenyayo, khomo lamadzi ndi khola lomwe limalowetsa chisa pamwamba pamadzi.
Mtengo wachuma
Ku Bangladesh, zopangira tsitsi zowoneka bwino zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophera nsomba: ma otters (kuchuluka kwa atatu kapena asanu), omangirizidwa ndi mavu kumtunda wautali, kuyendetsa nsomba kupita ku maukonde omwe amakokedwa ndi asodzi. Nthawi zambiri, pamodzi ndi ma akter akulu, ana awo amagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Iwo, mosiyana ndi achikulire, samangidwa, popeza amasambira kwa makolo awo. Njira zofananazi ndizomwe zinkachitidwa ku China m'zaka za zana la 7 BC.
Habitat
Smooth (Indian) otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) kufalikira kuchokera kum'mawa India kupita Kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, komwe kumapezekanso m'malo ena a Iraq. Nyama izi zimakhazikika m'malo omwe muli malo ambiri osungira - ma peat bogs, mitsinje yayikulu ya nkhalango, nyanja ndi minda yamapunga. Amatha kuzolowera moyo wapafupi ndi madzi, koma, komabe, amakhala omasuka pamtunda, ndipo amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali kukafunafuna malo oyenera.
Mawonekedwe
Smooth otter yayikulu kwambiri pa oyambitsa onse ku Southeast Asia, imalemera makilogalamu 7 mpaka 11 ndipo imatalika pafupifupi 1.3 m, ndipo amuna amakhala akulu kuposa akazi. Monga ma ottery ena, ma tsitsi okhala ndi tsitsi losalala amakhala ndi zala zakumaso ndi zopindika zolimba zokhala ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa. Thupi la ottira wa tsitsi losalala ndi lalitali komanso lakuda, miyendo imakhala yokhotakhota, yokhala ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa, khosi ndi mutu ndizotakata, makutu ali ndi malo otsika, maso ali patali kwambiri. Phokoso laling'ono ndi lalifupi, masharubu ndi akhungu, ubweya ndi wokulirapo, wosanjikiza -awiri. Tsitsi lotsala ndi 12-14 mm kutalika, undercoat ndi 6-8 mm. Chovala cha otterchi ndi chachifupi komanso chosalala kuposa mitundu ina ya otter. Pang'onopang'ono kuyambira pang'ono mpaka bulauni yakumbuyo kumbuyo, ndipo kuchokera pansi pofiirira, nthawi zina imafikira pafupifupi imvi. Miyendo yakutsogolo ya opter iyi ndi yayifupi kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo, mchira wake ndi wokulirapo, wopindika.
Zochita Pachikhalidwe ndi Kubereka
Smooth Otters pangani mitundu iwiri yolimba. Gawo la chakudya la banja la banja kapena la otter limakhala lalingaliro la 7-12 km2 ndipo limaphatikizapo kamodzi kakang'ono kapena zingapo zomwe zili ndi khomo limodzi pansi pa madzi. Malire a madera amadziwika ndi milu ya zinyalala ndi zotsekemera za tiziwalo tating'ono tokhala pansi pa mchira. Otters amagwiritsa ntchito kununkhira kuti adziwe malire amalo ndi monga njira yolumikizirana: amalemba masamba, miyala kapena malo amphepete mwa gawo lawo.
Chovala chosalala chopanda tsitsi sichikhala ndi nthawi yokhazikika, koma pamene ma otter amadalira monsoon, kubereka kumachitika pakati pa Ogasiti ndi Disembala. Mimba yake imatenga masiku 61-65, pambuyo pake amabereka ana awiri mpaka asanu. Makanda obadwa kumene amakhala akhungu ndi osathandiza, koma atatha masiku makumi atatu maso awo atatseguka, ndipo patatha masiku ena makumi asanu ndi limodzi ana atha kusambira. Yaikazi imadyetsa ana mkaka kwa nthawi yayitali, mpaka miyezi 3-4. Pazaka pafupifupi chaka chimodzi, nyama zazing'ono zimachoka pagulu la banja ndikuyamba moyo wodziimira pawokha. Mosiyana ndi ma ottery ena, ma otter a tsitsi losalala amapanga magulu amabanja. Wamphongo amalowa m'gulululi ana ataletsedwa kuyamwa, kenako amathandizira kupatsa ana agaluwo chakudya. Otters amafika kutha msinkhu ali ndi zaka ziwiri.