Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) - wowonjezereka wamphongo, mtundu - cheetah. Uyu ndiye woimira womaliza kubanja lake, kupatula iye kulibe mapulaneti. Kupatula kwake ndikuti - nyama yothamanga kwambiri padziko lapansi ndipo imathamanga mpaka 120 km / h, cat iyi ili ndi zibwano zomwe sizingasinthike - izi sizikupezeka mwa omwe amadyera ena.
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Kufotokozera
Wowonera wamba angaganize kuti cheetah ndi nyama yosalimba kwambiri: yosalala, yam'manja, yopanda dontho lamafuta opindika, minyewa ndi mafupa okhaokha, yokutidwa ndi khungu losadziwika bwino. Koma, zoona, thupi la feline ili limapangidwa mochititsa chidwi kwambiri.
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Wachikulire amatha kutalika mpaka mita ndi kutalika pafupifupi 120 cm; kulemera kwake pafupifupi 50 kg. Ubweya, womwe umakhala wocheperako komanso wocheperako, umakhala ndi mtundu wachikaso, wamchenga, pomwe, pamwamba pokhapokha pamimba, pali tinthu tating'ono tosiyanasiyana tosiyanasiyana tosiyanasiyana. Chovala choterocho cha ubweya chimatenthetsera bwino mphaka nthawi yachisanu ndikusiya kuti isamatenthe kwambiri chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri. Kuchokera pa bulauni, maso agolide mpaka pakamwa, mizere yopyapyala, yopitilira theka la sentimita, mizere yakuda yotchedwa "mikwingwirima" imatsika. Kuphatikiza pazolinga zokongola zokha, izi zingwe zimasewera mbali zowoneka zachilendo - zimakupatsani mwayi woyang'ana maso anu pakupanga ndi kuteteza ku dzuwa.
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Amuna, mosiyana ndi akazi, amakhala ndi tsitsi lalitali lalitali pakhosi pawo. Zowona, mwana akangobadwa kumene, zovala zonse zimakhala ndi zokongoletsera izi, koma mwana wazaka 2,5 zokha zikatha. Pamwamba pa mane, pamutu yaying'ono, kuyerekeza thupi, ndi makutu ang'ono, ozungulira, mphuno ndi yakuda.
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Akatswiri ali ndi chidaliro kuti mimbulu yonse ili ndi mawonekedwe auzimu. Amatha kuwunikira nthawi yomweyo masewerawa osankhidwa ndikuwonera zomwe zikuchitika kuzungulira. Chifukwa cha ichi, amawerengedwa kuti ndi osaka osapulumuka, nyama zowatsata alibe mwayi wopulumutsidwa.
Mitundu ndi mitundu yankhumba
Ndi mitundu isanu yokha ya nyama yabwinoyi idapezekabe mpaka pano:
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1.African cheetah (mitundu 4):
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- Acinonyx jubatus hecki,
- Acinonyx jubatus manthaoni,
- Acinonyx jubatus jubatus,
- Acinonyx jubatus soemmerringi,
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Mimbulu ya ku Asiatic imasiyana ndi anzawo aku Africa mu khosi lamphamvu kwambiri komanso miyendo yofupikitsa. Komanso m'mbuyomu, asayansi adasiyanitsa mitundu ina ya akhungu - akuda, koma patapita nthawi zidapezeka kuti anthu aku Kenya awa ndi njira zachabe zopatuka.
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Nthawi zina, monga nyama zina zazimuna, nyalugwe zimatha kupezeka ndi albino, otchedwa amphaka achifumu. M'malo mwa mawanga, zingwe zakuda zazitali zimakokedwa kumbuyo kwa msana wawo, utoto wake ndi wopepuka, ndipo mane ndi wamfupi komanso wamdima. Panalinso mikangano yambiri yazokhudza iwo asayansi: asayansi sanadziwe kuti ndi mtundu wina uti, kapena ngati mawonekedwe akunja anachititsa. Mtundu waposachedwa kwambiri udabadwa mwana wamphaka atabadwa kwa tchizi achifumu mu 1968, zomwe sizimasiyana ndi achibale wamba wamba.
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Habitat
Chungwa ndi anthu okhala m'malo achilengedwe monga chipululu komanso malo amchere wamtambo, malo okhala ndi mpumulo. M'mbuyomu, opulumutsawa amatha kupezeka pafupifupi mayiko onse a Asia, koma tsopano awonongedwa ku Egypt, Afghanistan, Moroko, Western Sahara, Guinea, United Arab Emirates, ndipo nthawi zina anthu ang'onoang'ono amapezeka ku Iran. Tsopano kwawo ndi Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Somalia ndi Sudan. Kuphatikiza apo, amapezeka ku Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Chad, Ethiopia, Central African Republic ndi South Africa. Ku Swaziland, anthu awo anayambiranso ntchito zawo.
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Mitundu yotsatirayi imawonedwa kuti yatha:
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- Acinonyx aicha,
- Acinonyx intermedius,
- Acinonyx kurteni,
- Acinonyx pardinensis ndi cheetah waku Europe.
M'tchire, mphaka wamkulu uyu amatha kukhala zaka 20 mpaka 25, ndipo ali mu ukapolo mpaka 32.
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Zomwe zimadya
Zakudya zazikuluzikulu za mbuluzi ndi:
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- mbawala
- Ng'ombe zazikazi zam'madzi
- impala
- zokopa
- mbawala.
Usiku, nyama yamtunduwu imasaka nthawi zambiri ndipo imangofunika kugwira ntchito m'mawa kapena dzuwa litalowa, kutentha kumatha, komanso kuwala kwadzuwa sikumachita khungu.
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Pafupifupi sagwiritsa ntchito fungo pakusaka; chida chake chachikulu ndichakuwona ndi kuthamanga. Popeza kulibe malo obisalirako mbalamezo, nkhwangwa siziwadikirira obisalira wawo, ataona yemwe akubwerayo, amapeza kuti imadumphadumpha kangapo, ndikuigwetsa pansi mwamphamvu ndikudula pakhosi. Ngati pamasiku 300 atha kuthamangitsa nyama sichidagonjetse, kuthamangitsa kumayima: kuthamanga mwachangu kumachotsa chilombo, ndipo mapapu ochepa sakulola kuthamangitsidwa nthawi yayitali.
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Kuswana
Mbeta zimakhwima pofika zaka za pakati pa 2 ndi 2,5, mimba imatenga masiku 85 mpaka 95, ana amabadwa opanda thandizo. Mpaka masiku 15, agalu ndi akhungu, sangathe kuyenda komanso amangokwawa. Zonse zosamalira ana zimangokhala pamapewa a akazi, omwe amalera ana pachaka, mpaka estrus wotsatira. Kutenga nawo gawo kwachimuna pakubala kwamtunduwu kumatha kokha munthawi ya umuna.
Mawonekedwe
Mosiyana ndi amphaka ena. Thupi limakhala lochepera, lokhala ndi minyewa yolimba komanso yopanda mafuta, limawoneka ngati yosalimba. Cheetah imakhala ndi mutu wocheperako, maso otalika komanso makutu ang'onoang'ono owongoka - kutanthauza mawonekedwe a thupi, omwe amathandiza kuzungulira bwino akathamanga kwambiri. Komanso, nyalugwe imakhala ndi chifuwa komanso mapapu ambiri, omwe amathandizanso kupuma kwambiri pakuthamanga. Utoto wake ndi wachikasu, wokhala ndi malo akuda akuda m'thupi lonse, kumaso akuda m'mbali za kupukutira. Kuchuluka kwa cheetah wamkulu kumayambira 40 mpaka 65 makilogalamu, kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira pa 115 mpaka 140 cm, mchira wawukulu kwambiri kutalika kwake mpaka 80. Kutalika kwa kufota kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 75 mpaka 90.
Makandawa amakankhika pang'ono, omwe samakhala ambiri mafupa okhaokha koma kupatula cheetah, amawonedwa kokha mumphaka zamphaka, Sumatran ndi amphaka a Iriomotean.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Akalulu amathanso kudya masana. Amadyera makamaka ma unulates apakatikati: mbawala, maula, njoka zamtchire, komanso nsapato. Cheetah amatha kuthana ndi nthiwatiwa. 87% ya khungwe yopanga ndi mbawala ya Thomson. Ku Asia, nyama yayikulu yogwedeza inali agwape. Nthenga za njuchi nthawi zambiri zimasaka m'mawa kapena madzulo, pomwe sikotentha kwambiri, koma zopepuka zokwanira. Choyang'ana kwambiri pakupenya kuposa kununkhira.
Mfundo yosaka
Mosiyana ndi njuchi zina zam'madzi zimasaka, kuthamangitsa nyama, osazinga kubisalira. Izi ndichifukwa choti malo okhala zachungwe ndi zinthu zomwe zimasaka ndi malo otseguka ndipo, chifukwa, kusowa kwathunthu kwa mwayi kwa ambusasi. Choyamba, amafika kwa osankhidwa omwe ali pamtunda wamamita pafupifupi 10 (popanda kubisala), kenako amayesa kumugwira mu liwiro lalifupi. Pofunafuna wolakwiridwayo, amafikira kuthamanga mpaka 130 km / h, kuthamanga mpaka 75 km / h m'masekondi awiri. Nyama yotchedwa cheetah imadumphadumpha ndi mamitala 6-8, imakhala masekondi 0,5 pakadumpha kalikonse. Pa mpikisano wothamanga, kupuma kwa cheetah kumawonjezeka mpaka maulendo 150 pamphindi. Mbemba umathanso kusintha njira. Mukathamanga, mbawala za cheetah zimakhala ngati ma sapoti apa nsapato. Msana wosunthika umakulolani kuti muthamangire, pafupifupi osakweza manja anu pansi, ndikukhala mutu wanu kutalika komweko. Mchira umathandizira kukhala osamala pamene ikuyenda. M'maso, malo owoneka bwino akudutsa mzere wopingasa mosalekeza kuti usaiwale nyama yomwe ingatembenuke molunjika kumbali (kutembenuka kwamphamvu kwambiri ndi njira yothandiza komanso nthawi zambiri yosemphana ndi njira yolumikizira chilombo). Nthawi zonse mimbulu imakhomera pansi miyendo yake ndikumenyetsa chakumaso, ndikugwiritsa ntchito chofunda chomwe chili mkatikati mwa dzanja, kenako ndikukulumikiza. Mphamvu ya kinetic yomwe imanyamulidwa ndi thupi la chinyama kulumpha mothamanga kwambiri imathandiza kugwetsa nyama yayikulu komanso yolemera kuposa iyo. Kuthamanga kwanyengo yotchedwa cheetah kumatenga masekondi makumi awiri pamtunda wosaposa 400. Kusisita koteroko kumafunikira kutulutsa kwa oxygen kuchokera kumisempha yomwe imagwira ntchito mwamphamvu komanso ngakhale mapapu olimba a cheetah sangadzaze. Ndipo ngati wolakwiridwayo alephera kupitirira mita zana, cheetah amangoletsa kuthamangitsa. Ngakhale kuthamanga kwambiri, pafupifupi 50% ya milandu yomwe chinyama chimalimbidwa ndi mbuluzi ndiyo imakhala nyama yake. Ku Africa, cheetah ndiye ofooka kwambiri mwa omwe amadya kwambiri. Mbidzi, nyalugwe ndi mikango nthawi zambiri zimadyera nkhumba, nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito mwayiwu kuti cheetah ifunika mpaka theka la ora kuti ipume pambuyo pothamangitsa mwachangu. Mbawala zimangodya nyama zomwe zadzipha zokha, nthawi zina zimakola nyama mu tchire kuti ziwabise kwa adani ena, ndipo zimadyanso pambuyo pake, koma nthawi zambiri zimasaka nthawi iliyonse.
Mbawala samabisalira nyama mosungiramo, mosiyana, mwachitsanzo, nyalugwe, ndipo mwachilengedwe palibe milandu yodziwika kuti angabwerere ku iyo. Ndipo nkhumba sizikhala ndi mwayi wotani - izi zomwe zimatsalira chakudya chake chochepa sichikopa anthu ambiri omwe akufuna kupindula ndi zomwe winawake akuchita.
Kugawa
Kuchulukitsa kwa anthu akunyumba zam'madzi ndi ku Africa: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Chad, CAR , Ethiopia ndi South Africa. Ku Asia, palibe cheetah yambiri yatsalira: malo osungirako malo asungidwa, mwina okha mkati mwa Iran.
Zikuwoneka kuti, mitunduyi idasowa mmaiko monga: Afghanistan, Djibouti, Egypt, Western Sahara, Cameroon, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal. Komabe, izi sizotsimikizika konse.
Pofika chaka cha 2015, akuti pafupifupi anthu 6.7 miliyoni adapulumuka, pomwe 1960 kudera la East Africa, 4,190 ku South Africa komanso okwana 440 ku West, North ndi Central Africa (kuyerekezera kwachigawo kumadalira 2007 zaka). Chifukwa chake, chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha abuluzi amakhala kumwera kwa kontrakitala. Akalulu ambiri ankakhala kudera la Botswana - 1800 (2007 data).
Chisinthiko
Cheetahs, zikuwoneka kuti, adatsala pang'ono kufa m'nthawi ya ayezi womaliza, kudutsa "botolo". Nthambo zomwe zilipo ndi abale apamtima, motero zimawonetsa kusinthika kwa chibadwa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha abale. Mwachitsanzo, anyalugwe amakhala ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha kufa kwa makanda: oposa theka la ana sakhala ndi chaka chimodzi.
M'mbuyomu, mbeta, chifukwa cha kapangidwe kazinthu kakang'ono ka matupi awo, zimadzipatula pagulu lodziyimira lokha la cheetah (Acinonychinae Pocock, 1917), komabe, kafukufuku wa masamu adawulula ubale wawo wapamtunduwu ndi zomangira zamtunduwu, ndichifukwa chake cheetahs adasankhidwa kwa amphaka ang'onoang'ono (Felinae).
Masanjidwe
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Krausman and Morales (2005), pakadali pano pali magulu asanu a cheetah, anayi ku Africa ndi amodzi ku Asia:
- Acinonyx jubatus hecki (Hilzheimer, 1913): North West Africa ndi Sahara,
- Acinonyx jubatus manthaoni (Smith, 1834): East Africa,
- Acinonyx jubatus jubatus (Schreber, 1775): South Africa,
- Acinonyx jubatus soemmerringi (Fitzinger, 1855): Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa.
Zomwe zimadziwika kale ndi akatswiri a zochizira nyama ngati mitundu ina ya Acinonyx jubatus raineyii (Heller, 1913) East Africa ndi subspecies Acinonyx jubatus jubatus anayerekezedwa ndi kusanthula kwa majini (O'Brien et al. 1987) ndikuzindikiridwa kuti ali ofanana, ngakhale pali zosiyana zakunja. Komanso sikumawerengedwa masanjidwe apadera a Acinonyx jubatus velox (Heller, 1913).
- Acinonyx jubatus venaticus (Griffith, 1821): Iran.
Mabungwe aku Asia
Cheetah waku Asia (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) kale lomwe limapezeka kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Africa. Nyama zochepa (pafupifupi anthu 60) zimakhalabe kumadera ovutirapo a Iran - m'chigawo za Markazi, Fars ndi Khorasan, koma, mwina, anthu angapo adatsala ku Afghanistan ndi Pakistan. Malinga ndi akatswiri, masiku ano padziko lonse la Asia kulibe opitilira 60. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwina, alipo pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri okha. Anthu enanso 23 ali m'malo osungira nyama padziko lapansi. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Nowell ndi Jackson (1996), udangopezeka ku Iran kokha.
Mapulogalamu acheya a ku Asia, omwe kale amati ndi amtundu wina, amasiyana pang'ono ndi a ku Africa: ali ndi miyendo yofupikitsa, khosi lamphamvu komanso khungu lakuda. Zomwe zimayambitsa kutsika kwa chiwerengerochi ndizochulukitsa kwa anthu osavomerezeka komanso akuzunza anthu. Chifukwa cha njira yawo yosaka, amakonda malo otseguka: ma savannah, chipululu, etc.
Mtundu wokondedwa kwambiri wa anthu aku Irani ndi nyalugwe yemwe amakhala m'misili ya Miyandasht kumpoto kwa Khorasan.
Cheetah yachifumu
Royal cheetah ndimasinthidwe osowa omwe amasiyana ndi chizolowezi cha cheetah chamtundu. Chovalacho chimakutidwa ndi mikwingulo yakuda kumbuyo ndi malo akulu ophatikizika kumbali.
Inapezeka koyamba mu 1926. Poyamba ankakhulupirira kuti uku kunali kosakanizidwa ndi mimbulu komanso kuyamwa, koma kuyesa kwa majini kwatsutsa chiphunzitsochi. Ndipo ngakhale kuti kusiyana kunali kokha kwamtundu, cheetah yachifumu poyambirira idagawidwa pamtundu wina (Acinonyx rex) Kutsutsana za kusankhidwa kwake kunapitilira mpaka mu 1981 ku South African Cheetah Center "De Wildt" kuchokera ku cheetahs wa mtundu wabwinobwino adabadwa mwana wokhala ndi mtundu womwewo. Mbeta zachifumu zimatha kubadwa ndi mimbulu wamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ana athunthu. Mtundu wobwerera, womwe umayenera kulandira kuchokera kwa makolo onse awiri, ndiye amene amachititsa utotowu, choncho mtundu uwu wamtunduwu ndi wosowa kwambiri.
Ena onse
Palinso mitundu ina yamatumbo amtundu wina mu cheetah. Mimbulu yakuda (masinthidwe otchedwa melanism) ndi ma albino cheetah awoneka. Khungu la cheetah wakuda ndi lakuda kwenikweni ndi malo owala. Mu ntchito yake, The Nature of East Africa, G. F. Stoneham adalengeza msonkhano ndi cheetah wakuda mu 1925 ku Kenya, Trans Nzoya. Vizi Fitzgerald adaona cheetah wakuda pakati pa tchizi wamba. Pali ma cheetah ofiira - tchizi ndimtundu wagolide ndi mawanga ofiira amdima, opepuka achikasu achikasu ndi tchire lokhala ndi malo owoneka ofiira. M'madera ena achipululu, khungu la mbawala zamtunduwu limasiyanitsidwa ndi kuwonekera kosadziwika, mwina utoto uwu unapangitsa kuti onyamula ake azisintha kwambiri motero osasunthika.
Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala
Cheetah ndi nyama yakuthengoomwe ali ofanana pang'ono ndi amphaka. Chilombocho chimakhala ndi thupi locheperako, lamtundu wofanana ndi galu, komanso maso akuthwa.
Mphaka yemwe amakhala mdulidwe amatulutsa mutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi makutu ozungulira. Kuphatikiza uku ndikomwe kumapangitsa chilombo kuthamangira nthawi yomweyo. Monga mukudziwa padziko lapansi ayi nyama mwachangu kuposa mseru.
Chinyama chachikulu chimafika masentimita 140 m'litali ndi 90 kutalika. Amphaka amtchire amalemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 50. Asayansi apeza kuti nyama zodya nyama zouluka zimatha kuona zinthu ngati zangokhala.
Cheetah imatha kuthamanga mpaka kufika pa 120 km / h
Monga tikuonera chithunzi cha cheetah, nyama yolusa imakhala ndi mtundu wachikasu. Mimba yokha, monga amphaka ambiri am'nyumba, ndi yoyera. Pankhaniyi, thupi limakutidwa ndi timiyala tating'ono takuda, ndipo pa "nkhope" pali mikwingwirima yakuda.
Chikhalidwe chawo "chinayambitsa" pazifukwa. Mikwingwirima imakhala ngati magalasi anthu: amachepetsa pang'ono mphamvu ya dzuwa lowala, ndikulola owononga kuti ayang'ane mtunda wautali.
Amuna amadzitama pang'ono. Komabe, pakabadwa ana onse aakazi amavala "siliva wamsana kumbuyo," koma pakatha miyezi 2.5, imatha. Nthawi zambiri, zovala za tchizi sizibwerera m'mbuyo.
Zoterezi zimatha kungodzitamandira ku amphaka a Iriomotean ndi Sumatran. Nyamayi imagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ake pamene ikuthamanga, kugwira, ngati malovu.
Ana a cheetah amabadwa ndi mbewa yaying'ono pamitu yawo
Masiku ano pali mitundu 5 ya chilombo:
- Mitundu 4 ya mbuluzi zaku Africa,
- Mabungwe aku Asia.
Anthu a ku Asia amadziwika ndi khungu lowala bwino, khosi lamphamvu komanso zofowoka pang'ono. Ku Kenya, mungapeze cheetah wakuda. M'mbuyomu, adayesa kuti ndi mtundu wina, koma pambuyo pake adazindikira kuti uku ndikosintha kwamtundu wina.
Komanso, pakati pa zolengedwa zomwe zimadyedwa zimatha kupezeka ndi albino, ndi chimpanda chachifumu. Yemwe amatchedwa mfumu amasiyanitsidwa ndi mikwingwirima yayitali yakuda kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo kwakanthawi kochepa.
M'mbuyomu, zolengedwa zakutchire zimatha kuwonedwa m'maiko osiyanasiyana aku Asia, tsopano zikuwonongedwa kwathunthu kumeneko. Mitunduyi idasowa kwathunthu m'maiko monga Egypt, Afghanistan, Morocco, Western Sahara, Guinea, UAE ndi ena ambiri. M'mayiko a ku Africa lero pokhapokha mutha kukumana ndi mawanga omwe alipo.
Chithunzicho ndi cheetah yachifumu, chimasiyana m'mizere iwiri yakumbuyo kumbuyo
Khalidwe la Cheetah ndi moyo wawo
Cheetah ndiye nyama yothamanga kwambiri. Izi sizingakhudze moyo wake. Mosiyana ndi nyama zambiri zomwe zimadyera, zimasaka masana. Nyama zimangokhala pamalo otseguka. Woyambitsa matikiti kuti apewe.
Mwinanso izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti liwiro la nyama ndi 100-120 km / h. Cheetah mukathamanga, zimatenga kupumira pafupifupi 150 mumasekondi 60. Pakadali pano, mtundu wa mbiriyakale wakhazikitsidwa kwa chirombo. Mkazi wamkazi wotchedwa Sarah adathamanga mu liwiro la mita zana m'masekondi 5.95.
Mosiyana ndi amphaka ambiri, akambuku amayesetsa kuti asakwere mitengo. Zovala zowuma zimawaletsa kuti asamatengere thunthu. Nyama zitha kukhala mokhazikika komanso m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Amayesetsa kuti asakangane.
Amalumikizana ndi purr, ndipo zimamveka zokumbutsa ma tweets. Gawo la chizindikiro cha akazi, koma malire ake amatengera kukhalapo kwa ana. Nthawi yomweyo, nyama sizimasiyana paukhondo, kotero gawo likusintha mwachangu.
Mikwingwirima yakuda pafupi ndi maso imagwira ntchito ngati "maswiti"
Mbawala zazimuna zimafanana ndi agalu. Iwo ndi okhulupilika, okhulupilika komanso ophunzitsidwa bwino. Osati pachabe kuti adasungidwa kukhothi kwazaka zambiri, ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati asaka. Mu nyama padziko lapansi mimbulu amagwirizana mosavuta ndi kuwukira kwa madera awo, mawonekedwe owoneka ngati amanyazi chabe amachokera kwa eni ake, popanda kumenya nkhondo kapena chiwonetsero.
Chiyambi cha mitundu
Mimbulu imapezeka padziko lapansi kalekale anthu. Azibambo awo pafupifupi adasowa panthawi yachisanu chomaliza, koma adatha kusintha nyengo.
Cheetah pamtengo wakugwa
Kwa nthawi yayitali, nyamazo zimagawidwa molakwika ku banja la cheetah, pokhapokha ngati zimadziwika kuti ndi canine komanso feline. Koma pambuyo pake, asayansi adakhazikitsa ubale wapadera ndi ma cougars, chifukwa chomwe adasankha pamodzi ndi iwo kuti azisankhira mimbulu ngati timphaka ting'onoting'ono.
Tsopano papulaneti pali mitundu ingapo yomwe imasiyana m'malo ndi mitundu. M'mbuyomu, akatswiri odziwa za nyama adazindikira mitundu yambiri ya zilombo, koma kufufuzidwa mwatsatanetsatane pamamolekyulu kwatsimikizira kuti onsewa ndi amtundu wina wamatumbo, ndipo DNA yawo idasinthidwa pang'ono chifukwa cha masinthidwe ang'onoang'ono.
Mtundu
Metaje amakhala ndi tsitsi loyera komanso lachikaso ndipo wakuda amabalalika mosiyanasiyana. Mchira, mawanga pang'onopang'ono amasintha kukhala mphete. Mtunduwu umathandizira kusaka, pamene nyamayo imalumikizana ndi udzu wouma ndikukhala wosawoneka. Izi zimathandizanso pakubisala ndi kufunafuna kwa adani akuluakulu.
Makanda obadwa kumene m'miyezi yoyambirira ali ndi mtundu wosiyana: m'mimba wakuda ndi msana wowala. Izi zimawateteza kwa adani omwe angawalakwitse chifukwa cha njuchi. Mikango yomaliza, mafisi ndi mbalame sizisangalatsa chakudya.
Mchira
Mchira wa buluzi umakula kuyambira 60 mpaka 84 cm ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chopondera mukathamanga. Pakusintha maudindo ake mothamanga kwambiri, nyama zotsogola zimatha kulocha, komanso nthawi zina zimasintha kwambiri. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti mugwire ngakhale nyama yolusa.
Mchira suwona momwe umagwirira ntchito osati mukusaka, komanso m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Mwachitsanzo, popita kudutsa muudzu wamtali, mayiyo am'nyamula kuti anawo athe kudziwa komwe akukhala ndikutsatira njira iyi.
Ndi angati akukhala
M'malo achilengedwe, nyalugwe amatha kukhala ndi moyo kuyambira zaka 10 mpaka 20. Kufalikira kwakukuluku kumachitika chifukwa chogonana ndi anthu okhudzana. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ukapolo, moyo wa nyama yolusa umachulukirachulukira. Ndi chisamaliro choyenera, amatha kukhala ndi zaka 35. Izi ndichifukwa choti zilombo zakutchire nthawi zambiri zimavulaza thupi zambiri, kuthamanga kwambiri, ndipo pang'onopang'ono zimatha. Nyama ndi chimodzi mwazitsanzo zochepa pamene nyama yomwe yakhala m'malo osungirako nyama imakhala nthawi yayitali.
Kodi mbalamezi zimathamanga bwanji?
Nthenga ndi nyama zothamanga kwambiri padziko lapansi. Anthu ena amatha kuthamangira ku 130 km / h, ndipo kuthamanga kwakukulu ndi 75 km / h.
Komabe, chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwambiri, anyalugwe sangayende mwachangu mtunda wautali. Nthawi yomwe chilombo chimatha kukhalabe ndi liwiro lalikulu zimatengera kupirira kwawo. Koma muyenera kukumbukira kuti pakukankhira pansi, nyalugwe amaika miyendo kumbuyo ndi kutsogolo, ndikuchotsa kumbuyo komaliza. Izi zimakupatsani mwayi wolumphira chamtsogolo, koma kuti musunthe thupi motere ndikukhalabe wolimba, pamafunika kulimbikira kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, wolusa amatopa mwachangu ndikuchepera ngati sizingatheke kugwira nyama.
Kodi mbawala zimakhala kuti?
Zoyang'anira zimakonda kukhala mu savannah, pomwe pali malo ambiri othamanga. Ndizabwino kwambiri chifukwa cha njira yawo yosaka. Zomera zouma zachikasu zimakupatsani mwayi wophatikizana ndi izi chifukwa cha mtundu wake. Chifukwa cha izi, mitundu yambiri imakhala ku Africa. Dera lalikulu, lokhala ndi zitsamba zobiriwira ndipo lili ndi zigwa zambiri, ndi abwino kuti mimbulu ikhale.
Kuphatikiza pa Africa, chilombochi chimapezeka ku Asia, East India, Iran, Afghanistan ndi Pakistan. Komabe, boma lina la ku Asia limakhala komweko.
Khalidwe ndi kusaka
Pankhani yakusaka, cheetah imatha kuonedwa kuti ndi njonda yeniyeni. Ataona nyama, sabisala ndipo sayesa kuukirira munthu amene wakhudzidwayo. Akudumphira m'munda mwake mpaka mtunda wa mamita 10-15, natuluka kupita kwa iye, kuti adziwike. Nyama ikayamba kuthawa, nyalugwe imathamangira pambuyo pake. Kuyambira m'miyezi yoyambirira, achinyamata amaphunzira kupeza chakudya, kuchigwira, osathamangira nyama zomwe zayikidwapo.
Atachepetsa mtunda kuti ukhale wocheperako, nyalugwe amamenya nyama yothawa ndi miyendo yake, ndikuigwetsa pansi. Ikakhala pamwamba pake, nyama yolusa imagwira pakhosi pake ndi pakamwa pake ndikudikirira mpaka kupumira kuyima.
Chakudya chikapezeka, cheetah samayamba kaye kudya. Kuthamanga kwambiri kumatenga mphamvu zambiri, choncho zimamutengera nthawi kuti abwezeretse kupuma kwake ndikuyamba kudya. Komanso, nyalugwe sangathe kuyimira nyama yake. Ziphuphu ndi nyama zazikuluzikulu zimatha kuzichotsa pakungomenya cheetah pomwe zimapuma.
Mabizinesi a ku Africa
Anayi a iwo amakhala ku Africa:
- Acinonyx jubatus hecki, ofotokozedwa ndi asayansi okha mu 1913, amagawidwa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa ndi chipululu cha Sahara.
- Acinonyx jubatus fearoni, yemwe adadziwika mu sayansi kuyambira 1834, amapezeka m'malo a East Africa.
- Acinonyx jubatus jubatus, malongosoledwe omwe adalembedwa mu 1775, amakhala kumwera kwa Africa.
- Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii, omwe amadziwika ndi asayansi kuyambira 1855, amakhala kumadera akumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa.
Mitundu Yakutha
Nthochi zimachokera kwa mdani wakale kwambiri, myacid, monga banja lonse la amphaka, ndi othandizira.
Kodi maacacid akuwoneka bwanji (kumanzere)
Makamaka, mtundu wa Cheetahs unatsala pang'ono kutha pambuyo pa madzi oundana, koma njira ya "botolo" inagwira ntchito.
Ndi liwulo, asayansi akufotokoza njira yochepetsera kwambiri dziwe la gene panthawi yovuta. Nthawi yomweyo, zinthu zachilengedwe zimayamba kugwira ntchito, kusintha mtundu wocheperako komanso mawonekedwe amitundu yonse, monga momwe masinthidwe ofunikira amachitikira, kulola kuti nyama zizikhala. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pakusintha kwa chisinthiko.
Masiku ano a Cheetah padziko lapansi ndi chitsanzo chachikulu cha izi.
Zinakhazikitsidwa kuti nyamazo zimakhala ndi mitundu yocheperako kwambiri, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti, pamavuto apadziko lonse lapansi, anthu awiri amodzi omwe adapulumuka, omwe ndi omwe amayambitsa ma Cheetah onse omwe alipo masiku ano. Tsopano, nyama zachepetsa kugwira ntchito, kuchuluka kwa chidwi cha ma pathologies, kutsika kwa chonde. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha kufa pakati pa ana agalu chimadziwika; chifukwa cha kuberekana kosatha, theka la nyama zatsopanozi sizikhala ndi moyo mpaka kumapeto kwa chaka choyamba cha moyo.
Mbeta ndi zosiyana kwambiri m'malingaliro awo kuchokera kwa nthumwi zina za banja lachifumu. Inde, ali ngati agalu.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka zana zapitazi, adalumikizananso kukhala banja logawikana, koma pambuyo pake, chifukwa chofanana ndi kapangidwe ka Pumas ndikuchepa kwambiri, adawonjezedwa ndi amphaka ang'ono.
Asayansi masiku ano akudziwa njira zinayi zakunyumba zosowa kale:
- Acinonyx aicha,
- Acinonyx intermedius,
- Acinonyx kurteni,
- Acinonyx pardinensis.
Wotsirizayo amatchedwa European Cheetah ndipo amakhala kudera lamakono la Europe.
Cheetah yopanda mawanga
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Mbeta zakhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka 12 mpaka makumi awiri. Nthawi zambiri moyo mpaka zaka 25 amalembetsedwa, koma, monga lamulo, izi zimachitika kawirikawiri kwambiri. Nyama imakonda kusaka m'mawa kapena pafupi kucha. Kutentha kwambiri masana kumatha mphamvu pakokha. Zonse zazimuna ndi zazikazi zimasaka. Onsewo ndi ena okha.
Ngakhale kuti cheetah ndiyotchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwake komanso kudumpha kwakanthawi, imatha masekondi asanu mpaka asanu ndi atatu kuti mumalize. Kenako amatopa ndipo amafunikira kupuma, komanso, kupumira. Nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha izi, amataya chakudya chake, amatenga theka la ola kuti akwatuluke.
Chifukwa chake, masiku ake amadutsa osaka kwakanthawi ndi kupumula kwakanthawi. Minofu yapamwamba kwambiri pakhungu, miyendo yamphamvu sikumupanga iye kukhala wolamulira wamphamvu, mmalo mwake, ndiye wofooka kwambiri wa abale ake apafupi kwambiri amphaka. Chifukwa chake, mwachilengedwe, abuluzi amakhala ndi nthawi yovuta, ndipo chiwerengero chawo chatsika kwambiri m'zaka zapitazi.
Mwamunayo adawapeza kuti agwiritse ntchito nthawi yake posaka. M'mibadwo yakale komanso yapakati, akalonga adasunga akakhoti kwathunthu kukhothi. Akuyamba kusaka, adatulutsa nyama zokhala ndi khungu pafupi ndi gulu labulalo. Pamenepo adatsegula maso ndikuwayembekeza kuti adzaze masewera awo. Nyama zotopa zimabwezeretsedwa kumayendedwe, ndipo zimangotengedwa zokha. Zachidziwikire, adadyetsedwa kukhothi.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Cheetah kitten
Mbeta ndi nyama zayekha, makamaka zazikazi. Nthawi yamatumbo, abambo, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala achibale, amalumikizana pagulu laling'ono la anthu 4-5. Adziyang'anira gawo lomwe akazi amakhala, komwe amadzakwatirana ndikuwateteza achimuna m'magulu ena. Kulumikizana pakati pa anthu kumasonyezedwa ndi kuyeretsana ndi kukhazikika wina ndi mnzake.
Zosasinthika nyengo ya mating sizimawonetsedwa bwino, nthawi zambiri ana amatuluka chaka chonse. Pokhapokha kum'mwera kumadera kumakhala kochepa kwambiri kuyambira nthawi ya Novembala mpaka Marichi, komanso kumpoto kwenikweni, kuyambira ku Marichi mpaka Seputembala. Koma izi ndi zowerengera zokha. Nthawi ya bere wamkazi pakati pa akazi a nyengoyi imatenga pafupifupi miyezi itatu. Osachepera awiri, amphongo asanu ndi amodzi obadwa, monga mphaka wamba. Kulemera kwa cheetah yatsopano kumachokera magalamu 150 mpaka 300, kutengera kuchuluka kwawo mwa ana. Ana ochulukirapo, amakhala ocheperako. Tsoka ilo, theka la iwo posakhalitsa amwalira, popeza kuchuluka kwawo kopulumuka kumakhala kofooka.
Zitsamba zimakhala khungu pakubadwa komanso zopanda thandizo. Afunika kusamalidwa ndi amayi awo mosalekeza. Amuna samatenga nawo mbali polera ana, koma atangochotsa amachotsedwa. Mu sabata yachiwiri ya moyo, makanda amatsegula maso awo ndikuyamba kuphunzira kuyenda. Mawanga omwe ali mumphaka amakhala osazindikirika, amawonekera pambuyo pake, pomwe ali ndi chovala cha imvi. Amakhala ndi kutalika komanso zofewa, ngakhale pali mtundu wa mamina ndi ngayaye pamchira. Pambuyo pake, ubweya woyamba umagwa, ndipo khungu lodonalo limatenga malo. Pofika miyezi inayi, ana amphongo amakhala ofanana ndi akulu, ochepa okha kukula.
Nthawi yonyamula mkaka imatenga miyezi isanu ndi itatu. Mbadwo wachichepere umayamba kusaka lokha pofika chaka. Nthawi yonseyi ali pafupi ndi amayi omwe amawadyetsa, ndikuphunzira moyo wachikulire kwa iye, kusewera ziwalo ndi kusewera.
Moyo & Habitat
M'mbuyomu, mapiri aku Asia komanso zipululu za Africa zidadzala ndi anyani ambiri. Mabungwe aku Africa kuyambira ku Moroko kupita ku Cape of Good Hope amakhala kontinentiyi. Ma subspecies aku Asia adagawidwa ku India, Pakistan, Israel, Iran. M'madera omwe kale anali achi Soviet, cheetah sanali nyama yosowa. Masiku ano zilombo zatsala pang'ono kutha.
Kuchotsa anthu ambiri kunachititsa kuti mitundu ya nyama izisungidwa, makamaka ku Algeria, Zambia, Kenya, Angola, Somalia. Ku Asia kuli anthu ochepa kwambiri. Kwa zaka zana zapitazi, ziwengo zachepa kuchokera pa 100 mpaka 10 miliyoni.
Zoyang'anira zimapewa kutulutsa nkhuni, amakonda malo otseguka. Nyama zanyama sikhala nyama yonyamula, imakhala yokha. Ngakhale anthu okwatirana amapangidwira mwambo wachidule, kenako umatha.
Amuna amakhala okha, koma nthawi zina amakhala m'magulu awiri amitundu iwiri, momwe maubwenzi ofanana amapangika. Zachikazi zimadzikhalira zokha, ngati sizilera ana. Mbeta siziwombana mkatikati mwa magulu.
Akuluakulu amalekerera kuyandikira kwa kuyandikira kwa mbulu wina, ngakhale purr ndikununkha nkhope zawo. About cheetah titha kunena kuti iyi ndi nyama yamtendere pakati pa abale.
Mosiyana ndi nyama zambiri zomwe zimakonda kudya, nyengoyi chimasaka masana, zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi njira yochotsera chakudya. Amapita kukafunafuna chakudya nthawi yabwino m'mawa kapena madzulo, koma asadalowe. Ndikofunikira kuti cheetah iwone nyama, ndipo osamva ngati nyama zina. Usiku, nyama zodyerazi zimasaka nthawi zambiri.
Cheetah sangayang'ane kwa maola angapo kuti abisalire ndikuyang'anira yemwe akuvutikayo. Poona nyama, nyama yomwe imadya imathanso kuigwira. Kuwongolera kwachilengedwe, kuphatikizidwa kwachilengedwe kwa nyama kuyambira nthawi zakale, pomwe anali olamulira malo otseguka.
Nyamayo idakulitsa mawonekedwe ake ophulika. Kuthamanga kwambiri, kudumphadumpha kwa chilombo, kuthekera kosintha kayendedwe ka liwiro ndi kuthamanga kwa mphezi kuti ipusitse wolondayo thawa cheetah sizinaphule kanthu. Itha kuthamangitsidwa, popeza mphamvu za mdani sizikwanira kufunafuna kwanthawi yayitali.
Dera la amuna ndi malo otseguka, omwe amawayika mkodzo kapena chimbudzi. Chifukwa chosowa mbewa, cheetah sayang'ana masamba omwe sangathe kukwera. Nyama imatha kupeza pogona pansi pa chitsamba chaminga, korona wamtengo wobiriwira.Kukula kwa malo achimuna kumatengera kuchuluka kwa chakudya, ndipo masamba achikazi amatengera kukhalapo kwa ana.
Adani achilengedwe a mimbulu ndi mikango, ziphuphu, nyalugwe, zomwe sizimangotenga nyama, komanso zimazungulira ana. Cheetah wolusa osatetezeka. Kuvulala komwe amalandila kwa omwe agwidwa nthawi zambiri kumaphetsa kusaka komwe, chifukwa amatha kupeza chakudya mthupi lokha. Chilombo chanzeru.
Adani achilengedwe a cheetah
Ngozi yayikulu kwa anyama ndi osokoneza ena omwe amakhala pafupi. Mikango, nyalugwe ndi fisi zimayesera kuchotsa chakudya, ndipo nthawi zina zimatha kuthana ndi tchizi. Chifukwa cha izi, amakakamizidwa kukhala m'malo osavomerezeka, makamaka akazi. Kulera ana, amayi amayenera kuthamanga ndi kusaka, ndi kuteteza ana. Zotsatirazi zimakhalanso chakudya cha adani ena.
Kuchuluka ndi malo okhala
Chifukwa cha dziwe losauka lachiberekero, chiwerengero cha anthu amene amafa pakati pa mimbulu ndi yokwera kwambiri. Tsopano nyamayo ikusowa pang'onopang'ono. Ngati kumayambiriro kwa 1900 kuchuluka kwawo kudali oposa 100,000, tsopano mimbulu pafupifupi 10,000 imakhala Padziko Lapansi.
Nthongo zikufa
Mitundu yambiri imakhala ku Africa. M'mbuyomu, mbatata zimapezeka m'makona onse akumtunda, koma tsopano katundu wawo watsika ndi 77%. M'madera a Asia, mitundu yodziwika imakhala - Acinonyx Jubatus Venaticus.
Chaka chilichonse, ziwengo zonse zimachepetsedwa, ndipo anthu amayesetsa kuzisamalira. Malo osungirako apadera amapangika pomwe amphaka amatha kudalira chakudya chambiri komanso kusakhala koopsa polera ana.
Mu Middle Ages, njuchi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akalonga pokasaka. Pamodzi ndi zilembozi adapangidwa cheetah. Otsutsawo adachititsidwa khungu ndi kutengera zachilengedwe, komwe adapeza masewera. Mimbulu ikatha ndi wofunsayo ndikuyamba kupuma, anthu amabwera kwa iwo pamahatchi, kugwira, kulanda, kenako kupita kwawo. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti akalonga adathokoza kwambiri mimbulu yawo, atasaka adadyetsa mokwanira ndikuyesera kuwapatsa malo abwino.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Cheetahs kuchokera ku Red Book
Mbeta zakhala zikusowa kwambiri. Ndi asayansi okha omwe angayamikire zovuta za kuchepa kwa mitunduyi. Adakana kuchoka pa anthu zana limodzi mpaka zikwi khumi ndipo akupitilizabe kuchepa. Cheetahs adalembedwa kale mu Red Book pansi pa zolengedwa zomwe sizingavulazidwe, koma International Union for Conservation of Natural yasinthanso nkhaniyi ndikuwalimbikitsa kuti awonongeke "pakutha."
Tsopano chiwerengero chonse cha anthu sichidutsa 7100. Mbuzi zamtchire zimabzala bwino kwambiri mu ukapolo. Komanso ndizosautsa kuwapezera malo achilengedwe momwe angamverere bwino komanso kubereka mwachangu. Amasowa nyengo zapadera, kulowa malo achilendo, nyama imayamba kupweteka. Mu nthawi yozizira, nthawi zambiri amagwira chimfine, pomwe amatha kufa.
Pali zifukwa zazikulu ziwiri zakuchepa kwa mitundu:
- Kuphwanya malo okhala zachilengedwe ndi ulimi, zomangamanga, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kuchokera ku zomangamanga, zokopa alendo,
- Chiwonetsero.
Alonda a Cheetah
Chithunzi: Chinyama cha Cheetah
Posachedwa, magawo a malo achilengedwe achilengedwe achepetsedwa kwambiri. Kuteteza nyamazo, kuyesayesa kumayesedwa kuti asayang'ane malo ndi anthu ndi ntchito zake, makamaka ngati kuchuluka kwa mimbulu ipezeka m'derali.
Ku United Arab Emirates, nthawi ina zinali zotchuka kusunga nyama ili kunyumba. Komabe, ali mu ukapolo samazika mizu, amwalira unyamata wawo. Poyesera kupulumutsa nyama pamalo oyipa, adagwidwa ndikuyendetsedwa, kugulitsidwa, ndikufufuzidwa. Koma zonsezi zinangokulitsa. Nthawi ya mayendedwe, nyama zimafa, ndipo posintha magawo moyo wawo unachepetsedwa kwambiri.
Asayansi ndi chitetezo chazomwe adachita chidwi ndi funsoli ndipo adazindikira kuti nyama ziyenera kutetezedwa kuzinthu zilizonse, ngakhale kuthandizidwe. Njira yokhayo yosungira ndikuwathandiza anthu sikuwawakhudza iwo ndi madera awo cheetah amakhala ndi kuchuluka.
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