Keklik - Gulu la mbalame, lomwe limakumbukira momwe achinyamata achinyamata amakhalira chidwi. Osachepera umo ndi momwe alendo ambiri ndi omwe amasaka amalankhula zamtunduwu wa mbalame. Munkhaniyi, mutha kudziwa tanthauzo la makeke, momwe amakhalira, kudziwa zambiri za kusaka ndi kutengeka kwa mbalamezi.
Mbalame ya Keklik - masewera omwe amawakonda osaka. Ngakhale kutchuka pakati pa asaka, mtundu uwu wa phalaphala ndiofalikira m'madera akuluakulu m'makona osadziwika padziko lapansi. Anthu ambiri omwe amadyetsa nyama samasiya chakudya chamasana, nthawi zambiri amavutitsidwa ndi kuzizira komanso kusowa kwa chakudya. Komabe, zikho zimapilira zovuta zonse.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Gawo lamiyala kapena mullet ndi mbalame yaying'ono poyerekeza ndi anzawo akale - mawonekedwe apamwamba. Kutalika kwa thupi sikupitirira 40cm, kulemera sikumafikira 900g, nthawi zambiri kumasiyana kwa theka la kilogalamu. Wingspan pafupifupi theka la mita.
Mawu a Keklik Titha kumveka m'mawa kwambiri, amuna akamakonza “mayina”. Mukuwomba, amafanana ndi nkhope ya- ke. Amayitcha phiri lamiyala yamiyala chifukwa chofanana ndi mbalame ndi malo ake okhala.
Zomera za dothi ndi steppe zimatsimikizira mtundu wamtunduwu. Nthenga zochuluka kwambiri za chamomile ndizosiyanasiyana zamchenga. Grey imapanga mithunzi. Kuwala kwapinki ndi kwa buluu kumawunikira maula owoneka bwino. Mutu umakhala wokongola kwambiri kuposa thupi: masaya achikasu ndi mmero, wolochedwa ndi mzere wakuda wowoneka bwino, nthenga za lalanje kuzungulira makutu.
Dontho la vinyo limakongoletsa kutsogolo kumbuyo. Mphete zofiira zimakweza maso. Mimba ya Keklik yapakidwa utoto wowala, nthenga zofiirira zowala zimaphatikizidwa mchira, koma zimawonekera pokhapokha pakuuluka. Amuna ali ndi miyendo. Keklik mu chithunzi Zikuwoneka zokongola. Imakwaniritsa mawonekedwe oyimilira a phiri ndi nthenga zowala.
Kapu yaku Asia
Asia chubby ndi mbalame zamitundu mitundu zomwe zimakonda kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, ndikulongosola kwake komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati canon pamitundu yonse, ndipo amangotchedwa keke. Asiatic Keklik ili ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri logawa: kuchokera ku Caucasus mpaka Pamirs. Izi zimapangitsa kutchuka kwa mbalame mokhudzana ndi ukapolo.
Komwe kumakhala
Potengera kapangidwe ka thupi, mwala wam'madzi waku Asia umafanana ndi gawo la imvi, lomwe limakulanso kukula kwake.
Keklik amakhala m'mapiri kumwera kwa dzikolo, kuyambira Caucasus yomwe mpaka Tuva ndi Altai. Mbalameyi imapezeka mu vivo ku Central Asia, Transcaucasia, East Kazakhstan, Altai Territory ndi Tuva Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Kuyesa pa kuchulukitsa kwake komanso kubereka bwino kunachitika m'malo a Transcarpathian ndi a Crimea. A Keklik amakhala ku Balkan Peninsula, ku Central ndi South-West Asia, komanso ku China China.
Mbalame zotere zimatha kupezeka m'mphepete mwa mapiri, pansi pake pomwe pali mitsinje. Ndi kuyamba kwa masiku otentha a chirimwe, mbalame zimakwera pafupi ndi mzere wa njoka zosatha. Ngati m'mapiri mumakhala chipale chofewa, keklik imakonda kusunthira pansi komwe imakhala yochepa. Ku Tien Shan, imakhala pamalo okwera pafupifupi 2500 m, ndipo ku Caucasus imakwera m'mapiri mpaka 3000 metres. Koma mbalame zochulukitsitsa zimakhala kumadera omwe kulimidwa zipatso pang'ono.
Zikuwoneka bwanji
Asia chubby ali ndi utoto wonyezimira wamtundu wina kuposa gawo loyera. Imayamba ndi phulusa. Mbalameyi imakhala ndi Mzere wakuda kuyambira pamphumi mpaka khutu, pomwe mozungulira khosi imakhala mphete ya theka. Mphumi iwowo utapakidwa utoto wakuda. Mbalame imadziwika ndi mawonekedwe okhala mphete yomwe ili mdera lamaso. M'mphepete mumatha kuwona mikwingwirima yakuda, mimba imasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wofiira. Keklik imakhala ndi utoto wofiirira wofiyira, mkamwa yaying'ono. Amuna ali ndi ma spurs opangidwa bwino, zomwe sizinganenedwe za akazi. Kutalika kwa matupi a muffins amenewa ndi 35 cm, nthawi zambiri kumakhala kulemera kwa magalamu 350 mpaka 800 ndipo kumakhala ndi mapiko osakwana 47 - 52 cm.
Kuphatikiza pa Asiatic Keklik, mitundu ina imadziwika, mwachitsanzo, European. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi chimodzimodzi ndi mitundu ya ku Asia. Chubby yaku Europe imakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 50 mpaka 55. Mu mbalame yotere, kumtunda ndi pachifuwa zimapakidwa utoto wonyezimira. Chamomile aku Europe ali ndi khosi loyera ndi chingwe chakuda chomwe chiri pamenepo. European Keklik ili ndi mbali zake mikwingwirima yakuda, imvi, bulauni komanso mtundu wa beige, womwe umapitilira pang'ono. European Keklik idalandila maso ngati ofiira, mlomo wofiyira komanso mawonekedwe ofanana amiyendo.
Gawo lofiira ndi lofanana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe aku Europe - mtundu wina wa mullet, komanso Partary ya Barbary. Arabian Keklik akuwakumbutsanso za Asia.
Kuswana
Kumayambiriro koyambira, mbalame zaku Asia, kuswana komwe kumachitika zawo, amapanga awiriawiri kumapeto. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakonzera ndewu yachikazi. Mu nyengo yakukhwima, yamphongo, imalira mokweza komanso kukankha zazifupi, imafuna kukopa chidwi chaakazi. Iye ndi mkaziyo akumanga chisa. Nthawi zina mbalame zimakonda kulumikizana mgulu limodzi, pomwe pali akazi angapo.
Mbalame yotereyi siziikira mazira osapitirira 16 okha ndi mtundu wa mbewa zoyera bwino. Wachilengedwe adapezeka kuti akupeza zomangamanga m'malo ena amwala, pomwe panali zidutswa 24. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe ndi masabata atatu.
Nditatha kuuma pambuyo pobadwa, ma muffin pang'ono amayamba kufunafuna chakudya - tizilombo, mphutsi, mavu. Zambiri zanyama zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mtundu wa imvi, ngakhale zikafika miyezi itatu, zimapeza anthu akuluakulu. Pofika zaka 4, a Keklik amakumana ndi zachiwerewere, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo ndizotheka kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Miyezi yophukira ikadzafika, anapiye amapanga gulu lomwe nthawi yophukira ndi nthawi yachisanu imakhalamo. M'mawa ndi madzulo, mbalame zimapeza chakudya, kenako zimagudubuka kumapiri - mofuula kwambiri wa "ke-ke-lek" amamveka. Adakhala chifukwa cha dzina la mbalameyo. Kulemera kwa akazi okhwima ndi 370 - 500 magalamu, ndi amuna - 500 - 630.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Phula lamiyala yaku Asia, kuswana komwe kumachitika ndi alimi ambiri nkhuku, kumadya chakudya chochokera ku mbewu. Amakonda kudya zipatso ndi zipatso, masamba, mbewu, amadyera. Asiatic Keklik amatulutsa mababu osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Gawo lofunika kwambiri la chakudya cha tsiku ndi tsiku la mbalame limakhala ndi tizilombo komanso zakudya zina zanyama - monga kafadala, mbozi, akangaude.
Nyengo yozizira ndi nthawi yovuta kwa mbalame, chifukwa chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa chimapangitsa kuyenda kusakhala kovuta komanso chakudya kukhala chofikira. Chifukwa chake, makapuwo amawuluka panthawiyi kupita kumapiri akumwera, komwe kuli chipale chofewa pang'ono, kenako kutsikira kumapeto. Kukayamba kutentha chipale chofewa, mbalame zambiri zimafa chifukwa chosowa chakudya.
Munjira ya moyo, mitundu yonse yamitundu ikuluikulu imakhala yofanana. M'mawa amagubuduza foni, kenako pitani mukafunse chakudya ndi kuthirira. Ndikayamba kutentha kwamasana amakonda kusambira mumchenga ndikupuma. Madzulo, iwo amatuluka'nso kukatenga chakudya ndikupita kumadzi. Pakachitika ngozi, amayamba kuthawa mwachangu, kenako nkutsika pansi ndikuthamangira mbali zosiyanasiyana.
Kuleredwa kwa ziweto zoterezi kumachitika kunyumba kuti nyama ikhale yabwino kwambiri. Kulera mbalame kunyumba kumachitika mu ma cellular kapena aviary. Zakudya za tsiku ndi tsiku za mbalame zimakhala ndi tizilombo, chakudya chobiriwira, chakudya cha nkhuku.
Keklik Przewalski
Przewalski Keklik amatchedwa Litetan phiri partridge. Masiku ano sikophweka kukumana ndi chikho ku Tibet. Malo okhalamo ake ndi zikuluzikulu m'chigawo cha Qinghai. Palibe zovuta kusiyanitsa ndi Keklik ya ku Asia: imapereka mtundu wa nthenga, palibe mzere wakuda pakhosi.
Partridge European aku sikuti ndi osiyana ndi mitundu wamba. Kuti musiyanitse mbalame, muyenera kutuluka thukuta kwambiri, kupenda mosamala ndikumvetsera kwa anthu. Osangowonjezera kuchuluka kwawo komwe kumapereka kusiyana kwake, mtundu uliwonse uli ndi mtundu wawo.
Gawo lofiirira limakhala ku Iberian Peninsula. Ili ndi dzina lakelo pazifukwa. Zimadziwika ndi mtundu wa maula. Mu 1992, boma la Britain linaletsa kusakanikirana kwa kapu ya Asia komanso kapu yofiyira kuti isawoneke monga chuma chamayiko.
Kapu ya Arabia
Arabian Keklik amakhala, monga dzina la mitunduyi limasonyezera, pachilumba cha Arabia. Dzina lachiwiri la mtunduwu ndi mullet-mutu. Sikuti mwangozi. Kusiyana kochititsa chidwi kwambiri kuchokera ku mitundu ina yamapiri - masaya akuda ndi korona
Habitat
Mbalamezi sizingachitike chifukwa chosamukasamuka. Samawuluka nthawi yachisanu, akukonda mtundu womwewo. Chifukwa chake, zimapezeka pagawo loyambira kuchokera ku Alps ndi Peninsula ya Balkan kupita ku China, komanso Himalayas. Nthawi zambiri makapu amapezeka ku Altai, Caucasus ndi Central Asia. Mbalame zimakhala pansi, zimakonda malo oterera, zipululu, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango kapena m'mphepete mwa udzu komanso zitsamba zochepa.
Pafupifupi ndi chisa chamiyala mungathe kupeza dziwe lamtundu wina. Chinyontho chopatsa moyo ndichofunikira makamaka kwa iwo chilimwe chotentha. Nthawi zambiri zimawulukira kukamwa madzi. M'nyengo yozizira, madzi akayamba kuzizira, mbalame zimateteza chisanu kapena ayezi.
Mawonekedwe a mbalame
Poyerekeza ndi ena oimira banja la pheasant muffins - mbalame yaying'ono. Kulemera kwa mwala wagawo lamiyala kumayambira 300-800 g. Kutalika kwa mbalame yayikulu pafupifupi 35 cm, ndipo mapiko amafika 47-52 cm.
Mwala wa Partridge umasiyanitsidwa pakati pa abale ake ndi mtundu wake woyambirira. Mtundu wa nthenga ndi mchenga wa imvi wokhala ndi matayala amtambo wabuluu. Mphumi, komanso mtunda kuchokera kutsogolo kwa mutu mpaka khutu, utoto wakuda. M'mphepete muli mikwingwirima yamtundu wakuda, koma kumadera am'mimba, kamvekedwe kake kadzakhala kakhalidwe. Pansi pamaso, omwe ndi akuda, pali mikwingwirima yowala ya tint yofiira. Mwakukula kwawo, akazi ndi ochepa kangapo kuposa amuna. China chomwe chimasiyanitsa ndi jenda ndi kukhalapo kwa spurs pamasamba a amuna.
Mitundu ya Cupcakes
Mwachilengedwe, pali mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya makomo am'mphepete mwa nyanja, yomwe Asiaatic chamois ili ndi malo ambiri. Ndi gawo ili lomwe limasungidwa mu ukapolo ku Caucasus, Western Asia ndi Tajikistan.
- Magawo azigawo zamapiri aku Asia kuyambira ku Caucasus kupita ku Pamirs, chifukwa chake ndizotheka kuti apeze chubby yaku Asia yosunga mnyumbamo.
- Ku Tibet, dera la Asiatic Keg limalumikizana ndi malo okhala Przewalski kapena Tibet.
- Kumadzulo, malo a Asiatic Keblik amalire pamalire a European partridge, omwe amafalitsidwa kumwera konse kwa Europe, kupatula kumwera chakumadzulo kwa France ndi Peninsula ya Iberia. Mitundu itatu yonse ya mbalame ndi yofanana kwambiri.
- Mitundu yachinayi yamiyala yamiyala imakhala ku Iberian Peninsula: red partridge. Zimasiyana kale ndi zina zitatu mu utoto wa cholembera.
- Kupyola mu Strait of Gibraltar kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, mutha kupeza Partary miyala. Mtunduwu nawonso ndi wovuta kusokoneza ndi ena.
- Mitundu iwiri ya ma muffins imayang'anana wina ndi mzake, koma imadulidwa kuchokera ku zipululu zina za ku Arabia. Mitundu iwiriyi imakhala kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Chigawo cha Arabia. Gulu lachiarabu la Arabia ndi lofanana kwambiri ndi madera ena ku Europe ndi Asia, koma masaya akuda sangalakwitse.
- Keklik wokhala ndi mutu wakuda. Chophimba chakuda komanso kusowa kwa "muvi" m'maso mwathu sizingatithandizenso kusokoneza malingaliro awa ndi wina aliyense.
Moyo
Pamakhala malo okumbika a mapiri, zipululu ndi dera lachipululu. Nthawi yomweyo, ndimapulasitiki posankha malo okhala. Zina mwa izo ndi malo otsetsereka a mapiri komanso oponderezedwa ndi udzu wokhala ndi udzu komanso malo owerengeka, malo olimapo, mapiri ndi ena, nthawi zambiri pamtunda kuchokera pamamitala 500 mpaka 2,000 pamwamba pa nyanja. Mosiyana ndi Ular, nthawi zambiri amawulukira kumalo othirira kapena amayenda kwa iwo poyenda, nthawi yozizira amadya chipale chofewa.
Mu chipale chofewa komanso chakuya, chimakakamira, ndipo chimakhala chophweka kwa adani. Chimakhala pachaka zambiri m'matumba, amangokhala awiriawiri nthawi yakuswana. Mukamakhwima, yamphongo imayandikira chachikaziyo ndikumazungulira momuzungulira ndi mutu wake woweramitsidwa ndi mapiko okhudza pansi.
Chisa, chomwe ndi dzenje laling'ono lomwe limazunguliridwa ndi udzu wouma ndi nthenga, limapezeka mu udzu, pansi pa chitsamba, pansi pa khola lamiyala kapena mwala, nthawi zambiri m'malo otseguka a malo otsetsereka a kum'mwera. Amuna okwatirana amakhala ndi mkazi m'modzi yekha ndipo amateteza chisa, nthawi zina amatenga nawo mbali pomanga. Kukula kwa Clutch kuchokera ku mazira 7 mpaka 20. Milandu imadziwika pomwe kugona koyambirira kwa awiriwo kumadzimbidwa ndi wamwamuna, ndipo wamkazi wachiwiri, ana amaphatikizidwa. Nthawi zambiri mabatani amayendetsedwa ndi munthu m'modzi. M'chaka, amaberekanso ana kamodzi. Zakudyazo zimasonkhana pansi.
Chitetezo
Kwa nthawi yayitali pakhala pali kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha mabulogu aku Europe: zikuwoneka kuti kuyambira chiyambi cha ma 1950 ku Alps, chikhalidwe choyipa ichi chafalikira kuchokera kummawa kupita kumadzulo. Pali zifukwa zambiri izi: kuchepetsedwa kwa malo olimidwa, kuwonongeka kwa mapiri a mapiri ndi malo otsetsereka kumapiri, kudyetsa ng'ombe zazing'onoting'ono, matenda opatsirana, kuba. Panthawi ina, kuyesayesa kunapangidwa kuti kuchulukitse mtunduwu kuchitike chifukwa cha malonda, momwe anthu oyera mtima obadwa mwatsopano ndi mtundu wina wa mullet anagwiritsidwa ntchito (Alectoris chukar) (nthawi zina amatengedwa kuti ndi ma subspecies), zomwe zimangowonjezera kuwonongeka kwakweko.
Kuchokera pakuwona kwa wasayansi wazomera, mapiri a mapiri ndi nkhuku. Zowona, nkhuku yokhala ndi munthu wopanda nzeru. Chifukwa chake, zikho zimatha kudyetsedwa chimodzimodzi ndi nkhuku wamba, koma sizingasungidwe pamodzi ndi mbalame zina. Tikasungidwa limodzi ndi zinziri, timagawo timamenya zinzirizo, ndipo tikasungidwa ndi nkhuku, nkhuku zimayamba kuthamangitsa mabokosi, popeza nkhuku ndizambiri kangapo. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhuku sizimasiyananso pankhani yodzichepetsa kwa mdani wofooka.
Ngakhale gawo lodziwika bwino ku Russia silikudziwika, komabe, pali okonda mbalame zambiri padziko lapansi kuti azigwira ntchito yosamalira nyama zamtchire. Mu undende mulibe mapiri okha, komanso m'mbali mwa mchenga. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitunduyi yapezeka kale. Nthawi zina kusintha kwamtundu wamtundu womwe umayambitsa mitundu kumachitika ndipo kenako mutha kupeza gawo loyera.
Kusintha komwe kumapereka mtundu wakuda (melanism) kumakhala kocheperako. Kudyetsa nkofanana ndi nkhuku, koma kuganizira kufunika kofunikira kwa mapuloteni. Keklik ikhoza kupatsidwa chakudya chosakanizika kwa otitungira.
Ikasungidwa pafupi ndi chilengedwe, njuchi zazikazi zimatha kupanga chisa ndikukhalitsa anapiye. Ikasungidwa m'khola, magawo samatchingira mazira, chifukwa chaikamo iyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pobereka. Mazira a Keklik achikazi amayamba kuyikira mazira kuyambira miyezi inayi. Kulemera kwa dzira sikupitirira 15 g. Partridge amatha kuyikira mazira 40 mpaka 60 pachaka.
Kuphatikizidwa ndi kuwunikira, mutha kupeza magawo akuyika mazira atatu mu maola 48. Mu mbalame zomwe zimamera m'maselo popanda kuyenda, kutha msambo kumachitika kale kuposa zomwe zimamera pafupi ndi chilengedwe.
Kukhazikitsa ndi kulera anapiye
Mazira a Keklik amatha kusungidwa mpaka masabata atatu asanafike makulidwe, malinga ngati kutentha kwa malo osungirako kumasungidwa pamtunda wa 13 - 20 ° C ndipo chinyezi ndi 60%. Kusungika kwotalika nthawi imodzi nthawi yomweyo kumawululira mazira okhala ndi ma microcracks komanso osayenera kuphatikizidwa. Mazira achikulire apakati popanda zofooka zoonekera pa chigobacho amasankhidwa kuti azitseguka.
Makulidwe a mazira a Keklik amatha masiku 23 - 25. Poyamba, kutentha mu chofungatira kumakhalabe 37.6 ° C pamtunda wa 60%. Kuyambira tsiku la 22, kutentha kumatsitsidwa kufika pa 36,5 ° C, ndipo chinyezi chimakulitsidwa mpaka 70%.
Anapiyewo amakhala am'manja kwambiri, atatha kuwaswa amawagwidwa ndikuwakhomera m'mazira okhala ndi kutentha kuyambira 31 mpaka 35 ° C. Koma ndi kutentha ndibwino kungoyang'ana zochita za anapiye. Ngati anapiye akukumana pamodzi, kumazizira. Ngakhale zikho zazing'ono zamkapu ndizosemphana ndipo m'malo otakasuka amakonda kukhala osasiyana. Ngati mukumane, ndiye kuti muyenera kuwonjezera kutentha mu kufungatira.
Magawo ang'onoang'ono amakhala achangu kwambiri ndipo amasankha kudziimira pawokha. Chifukwa cha mikangano, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa mosamalitsa miyambo yofunikira ya mwana aliyense wankhuku. Pa malo a 0.25 m², palibe anapiye opitilira 10 okha omwe angathe kusungidwa pamodzi. Mbalamezo zizikhala ndi malo okwanira kuti osagwirizana azitha kuthawa. Ngakhale ndi malo okwanira kumangidwa mu chipinda chimodzi mutha kukhala palimodzi ngakhale anapiye azaka zosiyanasiyana.
Kudyetsa pakati
Mwachilengedwe, nyama zazing'ono zimadyera tizilombo, zomwe zimatha kudzigwira zokha. Pophunzitsa malembedwe ophatikizira kulima magawo am'mapiri kuti azikakhazikitsanso malo osaka, akuyenera kudyetsa anapiyewo ndi ziwala, ntchentche, dzombe, nyerere ndi tizilombo tina. Poganizira kuti chisa chilichonse chidzafunika tizilombo tokwana 30 patsiku, chakudya chamtunduwu sichili zovomerezeka mukamabzala ma muffins pafamuyo.
Koma muyenera kuganizira kufunika kosowa kwa ana magawo a mapuloteni a nyama. Chifukwa chake, anapiye amapatsidwa chakudya choyambira cha nkhuku zokomera, komanso amafunikira kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni munthawi ya kukula. Mutha kuwonjezera dzira yowuma yophika, tchizi tchizi, magazi ndi nyama ndi mafupa chakudya.
Ngati mukufuna kuti anapiye azikula, amadyetsedwa ndi manja awo. Pankhaniyi, ndikosavuta kupatsira tizilombo tating'ono tating'ono, popeza kale tidachotsa zolimba (miyendo ya ziwala, elytra ka kafadala).
Momwe mungasiyanitsire wamwamuna ndi wamkazi
Kufikira miyezi 4, ndizosatheka kusiyanitsa pakati pa wamwamuna Keklik ndi wamkazi. Pakupita miyezi 4, amphongo amakula bwino, ndipo pamawoneka malo opinkika pamatako - pamalo pomwe siphulika. Pa miyezi isanu, mtundu umasintha pang'ono. Amuna, magulu 11 amawonekera mbali, mwa akazi, 9-10.
Ngati yamphongo ifanana ndi yaimayi kwambiri, imayenera kuchotsedwa ku ubusayo. Ino ndi mbalame yobiriwira, yosatha kubereka. Koma ndikutsimikizika kuti mutha kudziwa mtundu wa mbalamezi pomwe anyani amayamba kukhala.
Makhalidwe wamba ndi mawonekedwe amunda
Maonekedwe ake amafanana ndi gawo la imvi, koma yokulirapo. Mtundu wonyezimira wamtambo wakumtunda, mbali yotsika ya thupi ndi mikwingwirima yosuntha mbali zimapangitsa mbalameyo kukhala yosaoneka pamtsetse wamapiri. Amakhala nthawi yayitali m'matumba ndipo amasungidwa awiriawiri nthawi yakuswana. Kuwoneka kochepa pamtunda wovuta kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kulankhulana pakati pa gulu limodzi ndi anthu, chifukwa chake ma siginala omveka ndi omwe ali maziko a kulumikizana, omwe pakati podziwika kwambiri ndi ke-ke-lek (chifukwa chake dzina la atomatopoeic la mtunduwo ndi "kelik"). Chapakatikati, awiriawiri, amalankhula mokweza, moseketsa kwambiri komwe kumamveka patali kopitilira mita 20. Kumene kuli makeke ambiri, mawu awo amatha kumveka tsiku lonse. Pakangokhala nthawi ya makulidwe ndi nthawi yoyamba kubereka ana amakhala chete.
Pakabuka zoopsa, amathamangira pamalo otsetsereka kapena kuuluka, nthawi zina amabisala. Mbalame zathamanga mosavuta zimagwiritsa ntchito miyala yokhala ndi miyala komanso magawo amiyala. Thamangani malo otsetsereka kangapo. Ndege imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pakufunika kuti ichite mwachangu pansi pake kapena kuthawa mwadzidzidzi. Pochotsa pamalo otsetsereka, mbalameyi imasinthira mwachangu. Kungoyambira kumayamba ndi ma flaps pafupipafupi, omwe amasinthasintha ndi kuwuluka pamapiko osasunthika. Mtunda wokwera kwambiri womwe Kekliks amatha kuuluka kuchokera pamwamba pa phirili ndi pafupifupi 2 km (Popov, 1960).
Zimayenda movutikira m'chipale chofewa komanso m'chipale chofewa ndipo nyengo yozizira imakhala yosavuta kwa nyama zamtchire zosiyanasiyana. M'malo omwe amathamangitsidwa, ma dumpl amakhala osamala kwambiri, koma ngati sasokoneza, nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi anthu.
Amadyetsa pansi, amadya chakudya chambiri ndipo, pang'ono, nyama zosafunikira. Nthawi zina, amatha kudya mitengo. Njira zopezera chakudya ndizosiyanasiyana. Zigawo zobiriwira za zomera ndi zipatso zimayamba kugwidwa ndi mulomo, kenako nkuzimaliza. Zoyala zam'munsi za mbalame zam'mphepete mwa dothi lapamwamba zimakokedwa ndi kusinthasintha kwa miyendo. Mababu ang'onoang'ono omwe ali pansi kwambiri amachotsedwa chonse, pomwe zazikuluzo zimatulutsidwa, ndikukhomeredwa ndi mulomo m'nthaka, ndikugundika ndikugogoda pamiyendo 8-10 cm.
Chofunika kwambiri pamoyo wa ma Keklik ndi malo othirira, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito makamaka mu Julayi ndi Seputembara. Kuyendera pafupipafupi kumadalira nyengo komanso nthawi ya chaka. Chapakatikati, pomwe mbewu zobiriwira zimakonda chakudya, mbalame sizipezeka kawirikawiri pafupi ndi madzi, ndipo nthawi yozizira zimachita popanda madzi, kukonza matalala.
Mapangidwe ndi kukula kwake
Mapikowo ndi owongoka, ozungulira, mchirawo ndi wa kutalika pang'ono, wozungulira pang'ono. Amuna ndiosiyana ndi akazi pakakhala ma spurs. Kutsimikiza kowonekera kwa 329 mullet omwe adakololedwa kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Kazakhstan, ndikutsatira ndikutsegulira ndikuwonetsa kugonana, adawonetsa kuti mwa amuna 191, kugonana mwa kukhalapo kwa spurs adazindikirika molondola mwa anthu a 187 (97,8%) ndi mbalame zinayi zokha zokhala ndi spurs zomwe ndi zazikazi. Nthawi yomweyo, mwa akazi 138, chifukwa chosowa kwa ma spurs, pansi adayikika molondola mu mbalame za 125 (90.6%), ndipo mbalame 13 zopanda spurs zidali zazimuna. Mwa akazi achikulire aakazi 56 omwe adaphunzira pankhaniyi, ma spurs adapezeka mwa 10, ndipo mwa 7 adapezeka pamasamba amodzi okha.
Kutalika kwa mapiko amuna ndi 152-55, akazi ndi 142-162. Kutalika kwa mchira mwa amuna ndi akazi ndi 80-90, metatarsals 43-47. Kuchuluka kwa amuna ndi 450-700, akazi 360-5550.
Molting
A chamomile alibe zovala zachikale zodziwika bwino. Pazaka ziwiri zam'madzi zakubadwa ziwiri, ma stumps a chovala chamtundu wa 7 chowoneka bwino chikuwoneka bwino, ndipo pofika mwezi umodzi mweziwo manambala amakhala ndi zovala zitatu - zotsalira za chovunda, zophukira ndi nthenga zoyambirira za munthu wamkulu (chitsa cha ntchentche yoyambira 9, chikuwoneka kale ndi wamkulu. pamodzi). Patsiku la 6 la moyo, zolemetsa zazoyambira zisanu zoyambirira zimayamba kuonekera, 2-10 ndege zowuluka zimayimiriridwa ndi ngayaye. Nthawi yomweyo, zisonyezo za nthenga za mchira, zophimba zazikulu zamkati ndi zapakati zimayikidwa. M'masabata anayi oyamba, nthenga, nthenga ndi nthenga za gawo limodzi m'thupi zimakula kwambiri. Pakutha kwa sabata la 4, zovala zovalazo zimangokhala pamutu, pamimba ndi kupumula - nthawi yomweyo zimasinthidwa ndi nthenga za zovalazo, ndikudutsa gawo la achinyamata.
Mu mbalame zazikulu, imodzi yachilimwe-yophukira yachilombera imafotokozedwa momveka bwino, kutalika kwake ndi miyezi 4-5.5. Kusunga nthawi yake kumatengera kutenga nawo gawo makulidwe. Anthu omwe satenga nawo mbali kapena kutaya zomangamanga amaphatikizidwa kukhala gulu la ziweto ndikuyamba kupukuta. Mbalame zosungika zimayamba kupukuta masiku 15 mpaka 15 pambuyo pomenyera. Chapakati pamimba amakhala ndi mkombero waukulu wa hemp, ndipo patapita masiku ochepa amawoneka mbali ya khosi, kumbuyo ndi chifuwa. Nthawi yomweyo, kusungunuka kwa kowuluka kwa ntchentche ndikuwongolera kumalowa. Kusintha kwenikweni kumayambira mbali kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 10. Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimayamba kusintha pambuyo pa 1 mphukira zoyambirira zazikulu zitakhala zokwanira kale. Kupatuka kwamunthu kumawonedwa pakuphatikizika kwa nthenga zazing'ono zakutsogolo - nthenga zimatha kuyamba ndi kuwombera kwina kulikonse kwa ndege zina 4 zoyambirira.
Chifukwa chake, pakati pa anthu 19 ochokera ku Dzhungarskiy Alatau, kuyamba kwa kusintha kwa kuwuluka kwachiwiri kuchokera ku 1 kapena kuchokera nthenga 1 ndi 2 kunadziwika mwa anthu awiri (10,5%), kuyambira 2 kapena kuyambira 2 ndi 3 mu 6 (31.5%), kuyambira pa 3 kapena 4 - mwa anthu atatu (15,8%). Mwa mbalame zisanu ndi zitatu, nthenga zimakhala zokhazikika kale kotero kuti sizinatheke kukhazikitsa dongosolo losinthira. Mwa anthu asanu (26.4%), a 2, 3 ndi 4 anali otalika chimodzimodzi, ndipo mwa anthu atatu (15,8%) 1, 2nd ndi 3 anali atali kwambiri. Kukumana kwa nyongolotsi zazing'ono zakutsogolo kumachitika pambuyo pake. Nthawi zambiri zimayamba kuchokera pa cholembera cha 10, koma nthawi zina kuyambira 9th ndikupita, monga lamulo, mumayendedwe awiri - distal ndi proximal.
Nkhani za kuchepetsedwa kwa nthenga za mapewa zimadziwika. Pazonse, nthawi zambiri zosadziwika zimakhalabe zokhala mbalame zazikulu. M'nyengo yozizira ndi yophukira, pali anthu omwe ma stumps ndi ma mbewa osiyana amakhalabe m'khosi ndi kumbuyo (Dementiev, 1952, Kartashev, 1952, Kuzmina, 1955). M'mapiri a Chu-Ili, muFebruary, kuchokera pamitundu 50 yoyesedwa, molting adalemba mu 5, ndipo mu Epulo mu mbalame 28 kuchokera 40 (70%), ndipo mawonekedwe a kusungunuka kumeneku sanadziwikebe bwino (Kuzmina, 1955).
Mawonekedwe achilendo ndi malo okhala
Keklik - mbalame ochepa ndikamuyerekeza ndi ena am'banja. Wachikulire amalemera kuchokera 300 mpaka 800 g, kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 35 ndi mapiko pafupifupi 50 cm.
Kapu yaku Asia, mtundu wotchuka kwambiri wamaphala amiyala, uli ndi maula ambiri okongola kwambiri a imvi. Kuchokera pakati pakamwa lofiira lakuthwa kudzera m'maso kumabwera chingwe chakuda chomwe chimatsekeka m'khosi, ndikupanga mkanda. Zowonjezera mkati mwa mphete yodabwitsayi ndizopepuka kuposa maula ena onse, mtundu wa mkaka wophika.
Mapiko, mchira, m'mimba, kumbuyo - imvi-beige, nthawi zina imakhala yocheperako pang'ono. M'mphepete mwa chikho ndi utoto wowala, pafupifupi utoto woyera, wokhala ndi milozo yakuda yofiirira. Maso ang'ono akuda amaphatikizidwa ndi ofiira owala - izi zimamaliza mawonekedwe osatsutsika phala.
Zithunzi zojambulidwa ndi mbalame ya Keklik kapena poyala mwala
Zachikazi ndizochulukirapo kukula ndipo sizikhala ndi zotupa m'miyendo yawo. Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi mitundu 26, yomwe imasiyana mosiyanasiyana malo okhala ndi mitundu.
Kekliks amakhala ku Central Asia, Altai, Mapiri a Caucasus, Balkan, Himalayas, ndi kumpoto kwa China. Partridge chubs amakonda malo otsetsereka okhala ndi masamba otsika, ndipo amatha kukwera kwambiri - mpaka 4500 m pamwamba pamtunda wa nyanja.
Khalidwe ndi njira ya moyo
Kekliki amakhala moyo wongokhala, pang'onopang'ono kusuntha kapena kutsika pamtunda kutengera nyengo. Monga nkhuku, makilomita sakonda kuuluka kwambiri, ngakhale amadziwa momwe angachitire bwino.
Kuuluka kwa kapu kumadziwika ndi kusintha kwa mapiko akuuluka ndikuuluka kwakanthawi pang'ono, motero mbalameyo imatha kuphimba mtunda wa pafupifupi 2 km. Ngakhale pali cholepheretsa ngati nthambi kapena mwala panjira ya Keklik, iye amalumpha, koma osanyamuka.
Keklik samawoneka kawirikawiri akuwuluka, amakonda kuthawa kwa adani
Pozindikira kuti ndi zoopsa, makapu amayesa kuthawa, nthawi zambiri pamwamba pa phirili, ndiye kuti pangozi akangochokapo. Kugwira keklik kuuluka pamwamba pamtunda ndizovuta.
Malo ophatikizika ndi miyala amalankhula kwambiri. Mawu a Keklik, m'malo omwe amakhala, adamva kuyambira m'mawa kwambiri, mbalame zikaimba, kuyankhulana ndi mtundu wawo.
Amakhala otakataka m'mawa ndi madzulo, akudikirira kutentha kwa masana m'matumba amdima ndikuyamba kusamba kwa mchenga kuti atulutse majeremusi. A Kekliki amakhala nthawi yonseyo ali tulo, atangoyenda pansi pamiyala posaka chakudya ndi malo okhaliramo madzi, pomwe amalankhula ndi abale awo mokweza mawu.
Subspecies taxonomy
Kusinthika kwa malo ndi kuchipatala mwachilengedwe ndipo kumawonekera mosiyanasiyana mu mawonekedwe amitundu osiyanasiyana a manambala ndipo ndizochepa mu kukula konse. Mwa mabizinesi 15 odziwika mu gawo la USSR, 6 (Stepanyan, 1975) A. k. kurdestanica Meinertzhagen, 1923 imagawidwa m'mbali mwa Main Caucasian Range, ku Transcaucasia ndi Talysh. A. k. Shestoperovi Sushkin, 1927, wowala bwino kuposa mawonekedwe am'mbuyomu, amapezeka pagombe lakummawa kwa Nyanja ya Caspian kupita kummawa mpaka zitunda. Gyaz-Gedyk, kumpoto kwa Manginshlak Peninsula ndi kumwera kumalire a dziko la USSR. A. k. koroviakovi Zarudny, 1914, idafalikira kum'mawa kwa fomu yapita ku Kugitang ndi Baysunsky ridge.
Mayina okhazikika A. k. kakelik (Falk, 1786) (A. k. falki Hartert, 1917 - mawu ofanana ndi dzina lomasulira, - R.P.) amakhala pamtundu wa Pamir-Alai (kupatula kumwera kwa Badakhshan) ndi Tien Shan. A. k. pallescens Hume, 1873, wowoneka bwino komanso wowoneka bwino, amakhala kumwera kwa Badakhshan kumwera kwa chigwa. Vanc. A. k. dzungarica Sushkin, 1927 imagawidwa ku Dzungarian Alatau, Tarbagatai, Saur, Western ndi Southern Altai, Western Tannu-Ola. M'madera akumalire, subspecies amaphatikizika.
Kugawa
Malo omwe amagawidwira Keklik ndi ochulukirapo - kuchokera ku Balkan Peninsula, zisumbu za Nyanja ya Aegean, Krete ndi Asia Minor kummawa kupita ku Altai ndi Kumpoto kwa China. Malire akumpoto amayenda m'mphepete mwa mapiri a Rhodope, gombe lakumwera kwa Nyanja Yakuda, malo otsetsereka kumpoto kwa Main Caucasian Range, Mangyshlak Peninsula, Southern Chink ya Ustyurt, ridge. Kara-tau, malo otsetsereka kumpoto kwa mapiri a Tien Shan ndi a Chu-Ili, Dzungarian Alatau, Tarbagatay, Saur, Southern Altai, Western Tannu-Ola, Hangai, ridge. Hurhu. Malire akumwera amayenda kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor, kumwera kwa Middle East, kumwera kwa Iran, Pakistan, kumpoto India, ndi madera akumpoto chakumadzulo kwa zigawo za China - Sichuan ndi Shanxi.
Chithunzi 12. Mtundu wa Chamomile
Mkati mwa USSR, chamomile amagawidwa m'mphepete mwa Main Caucasus Range, ku Transcaucasia (kuphatikiza Talysh), kumadzulo ndi pakati Kopetdag, Bolshoi Balkhany, kumadzulo kwa Uzboy, panjira ya Ustyurt, kudera la Mangyshlak, m'mphepete mwa Badhyz komanso, mwina, m'mphepete mwa njira yapamwamba Mitsinje ya Tedjen ndi Murghab. Amakhala m'mapiri okwera m'chipululu cha Kyzylkum (Aristanbeltau, Kuygentau, Aktau, Tohtatau), mapiri a Khoja Baba, Baysuntau. Amakhala m'mapiri a Pamir-Alai (kupatula mapiri a Pamir Highlands, onani: Potapov, 1966), dongosolo la Tien Shan, mapiri a Chu-Ili, Dzungarian Alatau, Tarbagatai, Saur, Western ndi Southern Altai, Western Tannu-Ola.
Chithunzi 13. Keklik inafalikira ku USSR
1 - Alectoris kakelik caucasica, 2 - A. k. laptevi, 3 - A. k. shestoperovi, 4 - A. k. kakelik, 5 - A. k. pallescens, 6 - A. k. dzungarica. (Chizindikiro ndi umboni wazopezazo.)
Malire akumpoto ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa masambawo sikumveka bwino. Pali zochitika zamtunduwu pagombe lakumadzulo kwa Nyanja ya Aral kumwera kwa Keratamak (zopereka za Burachek pa 21 IV 1924, kol. ZIN ya USSR Academy of Sciences) ndi ku Sayans (zopereka za A. Ya. Tugarinov kuchokera 24 IX 1908 pafupi ndi mudzi wa Turbota, 30 km kuchokera kumtsinje Kemchik, zopereka za S. I. Snigirevsky kuchokera mumtsinje wa Abakan III 1936, kol. ZIN, USSR Academy of Sciences). Palinso makope omwe analandiridwa kuchokera ku ofesi ya zogula za Abakan mu Januware-Epulo 1936, omwe amabwera kuno kuchokera kumadzulo kwa Tannu-Ola. Mpaka lero, funso la anthu okhala ku Keklik ku Mugodzhary (Zarudny, 1888), Ulutau (Pavlov, 1934), pafupi ndi Semipalatinsk komanso ku Semeytau (Khakhlov, Selevin, 1928) lifunika kufotokozedwa.
Zodziwika m'mapiri a Crimea.
Zisanu
Zima ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri m'moyo wamakapu. Kugwa kwa chipale chofewa kumachepetsa kuyenda kwa mbalame ndipo kumachepetsa kwambiri malo owetera. Mukamayenda m'chipale chofewa, kulemera kwa njirayo kumapangitsa kuti pakhale 43-51 g pa masentimita2 kwa Keklik, chifukwa chomwe mbalameyo imakhala yolimba (Kuzmina, 1955). Pofunafuna chakudya, mbalame zimakakamizidwa kupita kumalo akum'mwera, komwe kuphimba kwa chipale chofewa kumakhala kotsika kwambiri ndipo kumakhala malo omwe amachotsekerako. Kuyika chipale chofewa pafupipafupi ndi chisanu kwanthawi yayitali kumayambitsa kuphedwa kwa ma muffin kuchokera ku nyenyezi. Nthawi zina, pansi pamikhalidwe yotere, kusuntha kwamakheke kuchokera kumapiri kupita kumapululu kumawonedwa. Ngati nthawi yozizira siikhala yoopsa, ndiye kuti makapu amkati amakonda kukhala m'malo omwewo. Mwachitsanzo, m'mapiri a Chulak (Kazakhstan), m'nyengo yozizira, mbalame za 128 zidalembedwa pamalo odyetserako, ndipo 15 adagwidwanso kumeneko atatha masiku 2 mpaka 10, 13 adalemba kapena kugwidwa atatha masiku 62-422, ndipo awiri okha adasunthidwa patali ndi 300 ndi 1 Kuyika kwa mbalame 500. kunachititsanso kuti mbalame zizisinthana mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
M'nyengo yozizira, moyo wamasana nthawi ya chamomile amabwera kuti adye. Ndi masiku omveka bwino okhaokha omwe amatha kuwoneka osasunthika pamiyala. Ngakhale pakubwera kucha kuchokera kumadera komwe kumagona ma keke a usiku kumveka mawu.Kuyimbira nthawi zambiri kumatenga mphindi zochepa. Dzuwa likutuluka, magulu a nkhosa amayambiranso kuyenda ndipo mbalame zimayamba kuuluka ndikupita pansi pa malo otsetsereka, komwe kuli malo opanda chipale chofewa. Apa mbalame zimatha tsiku lonse. Madzulo amawuka kupita komwe amagona, komwe kumakhala pansi pa miyala kapena m'mphepete mwa thengo. Nthawi zina, nthawi yonse yozizira, nkhosazo zimagona malo amodzi, zomwe zimakutidwa ndi zinyalala. Ziweto zina sizimasiyanso masentimita 200 mpaka 300 masana.Madzifumbi samachezera nthawi yozizira, m'malo mwake, amapeza madzi pochulukitsa chipale chofewa. Mitengo yayikulu ya chipale chofewa imadikirira zitsamba kapena pansi pamiyala. Pakakhala nyengo yayitali yokhazikika, amatha kufa ndi njala masiku atatu. Asanalowe chipale chofewa amadya kwambiri mpaka chipale chofewa chimakwirira madera ena. Ripoti losangalatsidwa ndi R. G. Pfeffer, yemwe adawona mu nthawi yozizira ya 1974/1975, akuyimirira. mu Alma-Ata Nature Reserve, kumbuyo kwa gulu laling'ono la mbalame za15- mullet, zomwe zimadyetsedwa nthawi masana kumapeto kwa phala pakati pa mapesi owuma a tatarnik. Apa, nsanja ya 15X15 m pansi pa chipale chofewa inkakumbidwa ndi ndima, ndipo nthawi zina poyandikira kunali kofunikira kuwopa mbalame zomwe zimachoka pansi pa chipale chofewa. Malinga ndi R. G. Pfeffer, makapuwo amapanga maulendo mu chisanu posaka mbewu za tatarn.
Pakutha kwa mwezi wa February, pomwe kuli malo ambiri owonekeratu chipale chofewa, ma chumma amasiya kupezeka pagulu lalikulu (nthawi zina nthawi yozizira mbalame 100-150 zimangoyang'ana malo osungirako zakudya) ndipo kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa March amayamba kuphatikizana.
Habitat
Keklik ndi mbalame yodziwika ngati yam'mphepete mwa mapiri, mapiri komanso chipululu cha Palearctic. Dera lake lalikulu limakwirira madera omwe amasiyana kwambiri m'malo othandizira, nyengo ndi nyengo, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuchuluka kwachilengedwe. Mkati mwa USSR, imakhala m'malo ochokera kumapiri a Turkmenistan, komwe imakhala m'matanthwe a mapiri a dongo (Dementiev, 1952), mpaka kumapiri a Pamirs pamtunda mpaka 4,000 m kumtunda kwa nyanja. m. (Stepanyan, 1969). Ochulukira komanso ochulukirapo ndi makapu omwe ali pamtunda wamtunda wa 500-,000,000 kumtunda kwa nyanja. m. Sizikudziwika kuti ndi malo okongola. Mitundu yambiri mwa mitunduyi ndi magulu am'mapiri otsika omwe amakhala kumapeto ndi mapiri, komanso steppe, nkhalango zam'mapiri ndi zigawo za mapiri akulu.
Ili ndi malo okhalapo osiyanasiyana, Keklik amakondabe malo okhala ndi miyala ndi malo otsetsereka pomwe miyala yamwala imasinthana malo opanda udzu, nthawi zina imakhala ndi zitsamba. Udindo wofunikira umachitika ndi kupezeka kwa malo othirira (mitsinje ya m'mapiri, mitsinje, akasupe), mwapadera, mbalame zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito madzi amchere owawa. M'malo ena, makapu amapezeka m'malo osazolowereka - mwachitsanzo, pamasamba pakati pamchenga pamtunda wotalikirapo kuchokera kumapiri apafupi (Serzhpinsky, 1925, Molchanov, 1932, Schnitnikov, 1949, Ishadov, 1970).
Ku Caucasus, Keklik amakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtundu wamtunda kuchokera kumapiri owuma a mapiri ndikutsika pansi mpaka 3,500 mamita pamwamba pamadzi. m., komwe amakhala pamabala oyandama pafupi ndi madzi oundana (Satunin, 1907). Magulu ena amiyala yamapiri, imatsika pafupi ndi chigwa, pomwe imapezeka pamalo achisamba pakati pa zitsamba limodzi ndi turuch. Komabe, mtunduwu nthawi zonse umakonda malo otsetsereka pansi kapena m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yamapiri yamiyala yamiyala ndi miyala yamwala, pomwe masamba osowa a xerophytic amakhala. Pafupipafupi, imakhala m'malo otsetsereka a kumpoto ndi nkhalango zowirira, kupewa, monga lamulo, malo achinyontho okhala ndi masamba ochulukirapo.
Ku Kopetdag, Keklik amakhala m'matumba aang'ono kutalika kwa 500-600 m, nthawi zina amakwera mpaka kumtunda wokwera kwambiri (2000m kumtunda kwa nyanja), koma amamatira m'malo omwe kuli malo othirira. Malire otsikirako amagawa pano mu chowawa-ephemeral semi-chipululu, ndipo kumtunda kumalumikizana ndi madera a mapiri a xerophytes. Kuphatikiza apo, chamomile imapezekanso pakati pa masamba obiriwira, omwe amafalikira kumapiri a mapiri kupita kumapiri awo - m'mitengo ya juniper, zitsamba za tragacanth astragalus, zitsamba zina zomwe zimamera pamiyala ndi m'miyala, pakati pa mitengo yamphesa zamtchire, mabulosi akuda ndi mitengo yazipatso zosiyanasiyana ndi zitsamba (Fedorov, 1949). Amakhala m'mphepete mwa mchenga wa Uzboy m'dera lamadzi abwino, komwe amapezeka pakati pa saxaul ndi mchenga wa mchenga (Molchanov, 1932).
Keklik afika pamalo okwera kwambiri ku USSR ku Badakhshan. Mu chigwa cha Shahdara, malire kumtunda kwa magawo ake amadutsa pamtunda wamamita pafupifupi 4,000 pamwamba pa nyanja. m. Keklik amapezeka m'chigwa chonse cha mtsinje, koma kuchuluka kwake ndi kocheperako, malo ochulukirapo amawonekera pamalo okwera 2,300-22,600 m pamwamba pa nyanja. M'malo oterewa, mbalame zimangokhala phee ndikukhalanso nthawi yachisanu komanso nthawi yozizira pamiyala ndi m'miyala pakati pamakona (Stepanyan, 1969).
Mu Tien Shan, malire otsika ofanana kwa chamomile ali pamtunda wa 300 m, pomwe chapamwamba chimafikira 3,600 m pamwamba pamadzi. m. mbalame zimakhazikika, zimangoyenda zochepa. Malo otsetsereka miyala amakhala ndi xerophytic forbs ndi mabulosi a mabulosi (ma cherries, cotoneaster, honeysuckle, ephedra). M'mapiri akulu, ma keklik amapezeka kumapeto kwa mapiri mpaka 3,600 m, ndipo m'phiri la Kyrgyz m'kagulu kakang'ono komwe amapezeka mumayikidwe osatha (Spangenberg, Sudilovskaya, 1959), koma sapezeka pa syrte, m'mbali mwa Nyanja. Sonkol ndi zigwa zina zazitali za Central Tien Shan (Yanushevich et al., 1959).
Ku Kyrgyz Alatau, zisa za Keklik zakutchire mitengo, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango zowuma, pakati pa miyala ndi talus. M'dzinja, nkhosa zimapezeka zambiri m'malo otsetsereka kumapiri kapena m'mphepete mwa mitsinje. Ku Talas Alatau, imakhala kuchokera kumtunda wachikhalidwe mpaka kumtunda (1,0003,000 mamita pamwamba pamtunda wa nyanja). Pamakhala malo opanda matanthwe pomwe pamamera udzu wokhala ndi udzu komanso zitsamba zazing'ono. Wodziwika bwino m'nkhalango yamtchire. Nthawi zina chimakhala m'munsi mwa mapiri m'malo opanda miyala yamiyala yam'mera yokhala ndi miyala yokhazikika m'malo mwa mtundu wa steppe (Kovshar, 1966).
Ku Zeravshan, Turkestan ndi Gissar kumakhala malo amiyala okhala ndi matchire, nthawi zambiri samangokhala pamiyala yopanda pake ndi talus, ndipo nthawi zambiri pamawombera udzu. Malire a kutalika kwakutali m'maguluwa ndi 1,200 mpaka 3,200 m pamtunda wa nyanja. m
M'mphepete mwa Dzungarian Alatau, Keklik ndi yochuluka kwambiri pamtunda wa 500-1,500 m kumtunda kwa nyanja. ., komwe amakhala m'chipululu, malo opondera ndi nkhalango. Imapezeka m'malo ambiri kumadzulo kwa spurs (Mount Chulak ndi Malay-Sary), kumalire ndi chipululu chokongola. Amakhala m'miyala yamiyala yokhala ndi miyala yambiri komanso yolumikizana ya udzu komanso zomera zamasamba, pakati pa tchire la mullein, ephedra, meadowsweet, hens la lanceolate ndi hawthorn.
Pamapiri a Malawi-Sary, Keklik amakhala m'mphepete mwa mapiri, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofesa mbewu. Mukakolola, mbalamezo zimadyanso njere zotsalazo. Pa hr. Altyn-Emel Keklik akukwera mpaka pamtunda wamamita 2,000 pamwamba pa nyanja. m., pomwe mbewu zake zimakhala ndi mtundu wina wa kumpoto ndipo zimayimiriridwa ndi mitengo yabwino, yopanga m'mphepete mwa mitsinjeyo mapiri amtondo, msondodzi ndi mitengo yamitundumitundu. M'mphepete mwa mitsinjeyo muli malo okhala ndi udzu wobiriwira nthawi zonse. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha mbalame ndi kusinthasintha kakang'ono kwa manambala kumachitika m'malo otsika a mapiri akulu kumafikira 2,000 mamita pamwamba pa nyanja. m. Apa, mbalame zimapeza malo oyenera kukhalapo.
Zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku, machitidwe
Zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku za Keklik zimasiyanitsidwa bwino mu magawo awiri - usana ndi usiku. Masana masana, mbalame zimagwira ntchito makamaka m'mawa ndi madzulo. M'nyengo yotentha ndi kutuluka kwa dzuwa, makeke amapezeka nthawi zambiri akudyetsa, ndipo nthawi yotentha masana amapuma pamthunzi wamatchi kapena miyala. Ndikayamba kuzizira kwamadzulo, ntchito zawo zimakulanso komanso kudyetsa, pang'onopang'ono amadzuka kupita kumalo okwera, komwe amakhala usiku. Mvula imachepetsa kwambiri ntchito za mbalame, ndipo zimadikirira kutchire, ndipo kumapeto kwa nyengo zimadyetsa pafupi ndi malo awa.
Chizindikiro cha moyo wamakapu kumapeto kwa chilimwe komanso koyambilira kwa nthawi yophukira ndikumayendera malo pafupipafupi. Kutacha, nkhosazo zimatsikira akasupe ndi mitsinje, nthawi zambiri zimadutsa mtunda kudzera mumlengalenga. Malo omwe mabowo othirira ndi magawo otseguka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, akasupe, kapena talus kutsikira kumadzi. M'masiku otentha, nthawi zambiri amapuma tchire lomwe lili pafupi kwambiri ndi dzenjelo, pomwe amasamba fumbi losamba ngati zonyamula zisa popanda zomangira.
Ma keklik ndi mbalame za pagulu ndipo amakhala pachaka chambiri mumapaketi. Pokhapokha pa nthawi yobala, ndipo ngakhale si onse, khalani awiriawiri. Kumapeto kwa nthawi ya matingawa, anthu omwe satenga nawo mbali pachipinda chodyera ndi kubereka ana aang'ono amaphatikizidwa m'masukulu. Atasokoneza, ana amakhala m'magulu osiyana, kapena olumikizana m'magulu akulu, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala osagwirizana kwenikweni. Mwachitsanzo, kumapeto kwa Ogasiti komanso kumayambiriro kwa Seputembala, magulu a anthu opitirira 100 nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malo opezeka mphepete mwa mapiri ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, koma akasokonezedwa, amaphulika mosavuta. Gulu la mbalame zachikulire, lopatulidwa mu Juni ndipo limakhala ndi akazi omwe adasoka malaya, ndi amuna omwe samagwira nawo nkhonya, akuwola kokha ndi kuphukira kwotsatira, monga umboni wa kugwidwa kwa mbalame zodziwika bwino. M'matumba oterowo, nthawi zambiri sipapitilira anthu 8-12.
Chidule
Keklik, kuwonjezera pa nyama ndi mazira okoma, ali ndi mawonekedwe okongoletsa omwe amatha kudabwitsa anansi ndi abwenzi. Mbalame yachilendo imakopa chidwi, ndipo kuyang'anira ndi kuswana m'mbali mwanjira imeneyi kulinso kovuta kuposa zinziri kapena mbalame zoyendayenda. Mafashoni a zinziri tsopano akuchepa, mwina kuyesa kotsatira kwa alimi a nkhuku kudzapindidwa ndi kapu.
Mtengo wachuma, chitetezo
Kufunafuna makeke am'mapiri kumapiri a Caucasus, Central Asia ndi Kahastan kwakhala kotchuka kwambiri. Mu 30s. M'zaka zana zino, kukolola kwamasewera a mtundu wamtengo wapataliwu, komwe sikunangolowa m'misika yanyumba komanso pamayiko akunja, kunachitidwanso. Kupatula kudzera ku Leningrad yogulitsa kunja mu 1927–1928. Zidutswa 166.7 zikwi zidadutsa (13.6% ya masewera onse omwe anachitidwa kumeneko), nthawi yozizira - 198.1 zikwizikwi (17.9%), komanso nyengo yozizira pang'ono - oposa 70 zikwi pachaka, ndi kuchuluka kwambiri kwa mbalame nthawi yozizira (1930-1931). ) adakwana 233,2,000 (Rudanovsky, Nasimovich, 1933, - yotchulidwa ndi Grachev, 1983). Malinga ndi deta yosakwanira konse, Keklik mu 1962-1963. adakhala malo achiwiri ku Kazakhstan pambuyo migodi yamigodi, ndipo mu 1965 - woyamba.
Mu nyengo za kusaka za 1962-1965. kuyambira 16 mpaka 53,000 zidutswa mgodi pachaka (Kondratenko, Smirnov, 1973). Mu zaka "zobala zipatso", chamomile amakhala mtundu waukulu wamasewera a m'mapiri omwe amagwidwa ku republic of Central Asia ndi Kazakhstan ndipo ali ndi kulemera kwakukulu mu mbalame zonse zomwe zimasaka. Zosanja zomwe zakonzedwa pano sizikuchitika. Njira zambiri zopangira zida zopanda zida zomwe zalongosoledwa kale m'mabuku (Buturlin, 1932, Naumov, 1931, Popov, 1956) zataya mtengo wawo kapena sizigwira ntchito chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa anthu. Chingwe chachikulu chogwiritsa ntchito chamomile pakadali pano ndi kusaka mfuti.
Hafu yachiwiri ya Novembala - theka loyambirira la Disembala, mbalame zikakhala ndi kuchuluka kwambiri (amuna 613 g, achikulire achikulire 504, achichepere amuna ndi akazi 553 ndi 475 g, motero) ziyenera kudziwika kuti ndi nthawi yoyenera kusaka Keklik.
Zomera zachilengedwe zopezeka ku Keklik zimathandizira kuti mitundu yambiri ya nyama izikhala ndi nyengo yabwino komanso chofunikira kwambiri, ikuchulukitsa ziŵeto zambiri zikamwalira. Poganizira kufunikira kwachuma kwa Keklik monga amodzi mwa malo osaka kwambiri m'mapiri kumwera kwa USSR, munthu ayenera kusamala kwambiri ndi malo ake. Izi zikutanthawuza kuchititsa kuwerengera kosawerengeka kuchuluka kwa ziweto, njira zoyambira zanyengo yayitali nyengo yayitali yosanjikiza ndi chipale chofewa (makamaka kudya) komanso zoletsa kusaka osachepera zaka 3 pambuyo pa nyengo yozizira kwambiri.
Kubalidwa kwa makapu kunyumba
Keklik kwenikweni ndi nkhuku yodziwika yokha. Chifukwa chake, kukonza kwake sikophweka kuposa kupereka nkhuku. Ambiri minda Keklik kuswana. Nthawi yomweyo, magawo sagwirizana ndi mitundu ina ya mbalame: mtundu wina wa nkhuku kapena pheasant umayamba kumenya wina.
Kekliks amalumikizana ndi anthu. Sangosakidwa. Pamagalamu amasungidwa kuti asangalale: amakongoletsa nyumba kapena kumenya mabwalo a mbalame. Ku Tajikistan, Keklik ikhoza kukhala mudzi wonse!
Chovuta choberekera makapu ndi chakuti m'khola, zazikazi sizikhala pamazira. Chingwe chimatha kutulutsidwa kokha mothandizidwa ndi chofungatira. Dzira la Keklik kwa makulidwe, mutha kusunga masabata atatu! Panthawi imeneyi, mutha kusankha mazira apamwamba kwambiri, popanda ming'alu.
Mazira amaikidwa mu chofungatira pafupifupi masiku 25. Nthawi ndi nthawi, muyenera kusintha zinyezi ndi kutentha kwa mpweya. Atangokwatula, anapiyewa amakhala otakataka, choncho amawayendera m'bale yapadera, momwe kutentha kwakukulu kumakhalidwako - pafupifupi 35 ° C.
Zomwe zili munsizi ndi zosavuta kuzilamulira powona magawo. Popeza oimilira zamtunduwu ndionyansa, amakonda kukhala osiyana ndi wina ndi mnzake. Chifukwa chake, zomwe zimachitika kuti anapiye azikulirana wina ndi mnzake ziyenera kukhala zokayikitsa - izi zikutanthauza kuti anapiye ndi ozizira, ndikofunikira kukweza kutentha.
Mukamakula, makapu amkati nthawi zambiri amakonzera ndewu. Kuti zochitika ngati izi za moyo wa mbalame zisawononge, ndikofunikira kusunga malamulo osunga anapiye: kwa anthu 10 - kotala lalikulu lalikulu. Ngati m'deralo mulola, ana osiyanasiyana amasungidwa m'khola limodzi!
Ogwidwa ang'ono oikidwa muukapolo, ngati abale aufulu, amafunikira mapuloteni achinyama. Mu malo osungira zachilengedwe, momwe mbalame zimafalitsidwira cholinga chotsatira kubereka m'chilengedwe, anapiye amadyetsedwa ndi tizilombo: ziwala, nsikidzi ndi mbozi.
Kunyumba ndi ku famu ya nkhuku izi sizingatheke. Chifukwa chake, alimi a nkhuku amaphatikiza chakudya cha broiler ndi chakudya chamafupa muzakudya. Zimalimbikitsidwabe kudyetsa anthu omwe ali ndi tizilombo, popeza kale adachotsa zovuta zonse: mapiko ndi miyendo.
Chamois kusaka
Ma keklik amakopedwa makamaka mothandizidwa ndi misampha. Kusaka ndi mfuti ndizofala. Anthu okonda kusaka mfuti amagwiritsa ntchito chishango chapadera chomwe chimadziwika kuti chordak.
Chipangizocho chimapangidwa ndi burlap, chimatambasulidwa pamtengo. Zozungulira zakuda zimakokedwa pachikopa, nthenga za muffins, zikopa za masewera ena zimangirizidwa. Chordak amathandizira kuti mlenjeyo akhale pafupi kwambiri ndi makapu momwe angathere. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino chipangizocho dinani kusaka zosatheka chifukwa makeke amanyazi.
Mwachidule, titha kunena kuti mullet kapena partridge ndi mbalame yodabwitsa. Ndiwokongola, wodwala, wosamala komanso wanzeru komanso wamisala. Kuphatikiza kwa mawonekedwe ake onse kumatsimikizira njira ya moyo ndi machitidwe, popanda momwe anthu sangakhalire mwachilengedwe, momwe olusa, mbalame, anthu, ndi nyengo zimabweretsa zovuta zazikulu.