Dzina lachi Latin: | Stercorarius pomarinus |
Gulu: | Charadriiformes |
Banja: | Skuas |
Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe. Kukula kwake kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa kutsitsi la imvi. Kutalika kwa thupi 46-51 masentimita, kulemera kwa 600- 900 g, mapiko a cm 125-128. Ndi mbalame yamphamvu, yolemera, yayikulu kuposa yaying'ono-yaying'ono, koma yaying'ono kuposa sku yayikulu. Mlomo wa mitundu iwiri ndi wamphamvu, ngati chitsamba chachikulu, mapiko ake ndiwokulirapo. Kuuluka kothamanga kumafanana ndi kuwuluka kwa seagull lalikulu lokhala ndi mapiko olimba, koma osasangalatsa, omwe nthawi zina amasokonezedwa ndi kupumira kwakanthawi. Mphepo yamphamvu panyanja, imayima nthawi yayitali, ndipo kuthawa kumakhala kofanana ndi kuwuluka kwa phula. Pakuwuluka m'madzi, monga lamulo, amachepetsa nthenga zazikulu zocheperako kuposa zazifupi zazing'onoting'ono kapena zazitali. Mu mbalame zazikulu, nthenga zazitali zamkati zimazunguliridwa ndikuzunguliridwa pang'ono (mu skuas, amaloledwa). Pali ma morphs awiri: kuwala kumakhala wamba, mdima ndikosowa (5-10%).
Kufotokozera. Kutali kwambiri, imafanana ndi skua yayikulu, yomwe, ilinso yayikulu kukula, imakhala ndi mutu wawutali ndi mchira wamfupi, ndipo zovala zonse zikuwonetsa malo oyera oyera pansi pamasamba a nthenga zazikulu. Osagwira ntchito yotenga chakudya kwa mbalame zina kuposa a Skuas, amaletsa kuukirako mwachangu. Nthawi yomweyo, imagwiritsa ntchito mbalame zambiri zazing'ono (mpaka kukula kwa mtundu wamutu wakuda). Mu mbalame zachikulire zopepuka za morph, pamakhala chipewa chakuda chakuda kumutu, m'munsi mwake chomwe chimadutsa m'maso. Masaya ndi kumbuyo kwa khosi ndi achikaso. Nthenga za mzere wakuda zomwe zimadutsa pachifuwa zimakhala ndi malire yaying'ono. Magawo amdima akusiyanitsidwa ndi mimba yoyera. Zokwera, mapiko otsika, nthenga za axillary ndi underwig zimakhala zofiirira zolimba. Pamwamba pa mapiko, nthenga zoyera za nthenga zoyambirira zimapanga gawo loyera loyera. Pansi pake, mapiko oyera oyera a mapiko oyambira amapanga choyera, nthawi zina kuwala kwachiwiri kochokera kumapiko akuluakulu nthawi zina kumawonekera. Miyendo yakuda, zala ndi zimagwira zakuda.
Ambiri mwa ana (mu nesting ndi zovala zoyambira nthawi yozizira) makamaka amakhala ndi bulauni, wokhala ndi mitsitsi yosunthika pansipa ndi pamwamba. Mbalame zina ndizopepuka modabwitsa kapena zamtambo wakuda, koma mtundu wamtunduwu ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi mtundu wa skuas wamtali kapena wamtali wautali. Miyendo ndi yopepuka, yamtambo-imvi, zala ndi zimagwira zakuda. Mlomo wamphamvu ndi imvi yopepuka, yotsirizira yakuda yosiyana, yofanana ndi mlomo wa wakuba wachinyamata. M'makutu achichepere, mulomo suli kusiyanitsa, umakhala ndi malekezero akuda kwambiri, ndipo mtundu wakuda nthawi zina umafika pakati pa mulomo. Kuphatikiza pa gawo loyera loyera chifukwa cha nthenga zoyambirira, ana ambiri skuas okhala ndi mapiko okhala ndi mapiko ali ndi chachiwiri, chofanana ndi munda wowala, womwe umapangidwa ndi maziko a nthenga zazikulu zophimba kuphimba. Mukawona mbalame patali, "gawo lachiwirili" ndichimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri kuti athe kusiyanitsa achinyamata ambiri kuchokera kwa skuas yayifupi kwambiri.
Ma skuas ena opepuka pang'ono nthawi zina amakhala ndi gawo lowoneka bwino ngati nthenga zazikulu zobvala zokhala ndi mapiko, koma sizimawonetsedwa konse ngati pakati. Mutu wachinyamata wapakatikati skua ndi woderapo, wopanda khosi lopepuka, ngati lalifupi. Zovala zamkati mwake ndizopepuka, zokhala ndi mitsitsi yakuda ndi yoyera. Pamwamba pamakhala bulauni, nthenga za suprahung zimakhala ndi malire ofiira. Komanso skuas yayifupi, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tapamwamba timakhala ndi matumba oyera atatu mpaka asanu ndi atatu a nthenga zakunja. Mosiyana ndi zazing'onoting'ono, nsonga za nthenga zoyambirira za skuas yapakati ndi zofiirira zakuda, zopanda malire, kapena malire osawoneka. Ana skuas amakhala ndi malire kumapeto kwa nthenga zoyambirira. Nthenga za mchira wake ndi zakuda, ndi maziko opepuka. Nthenga zapakati pamimba zimatuluka pang'ono m'mphepete mwa mchira, zomwe sizimawoneka patali. Mwana wankhukuyo amakhala woderapo, pansi ndi opepuka, komanso wotuwa laimvi. Mlomo ndi imvi ndi mathero amdima. Miyendoyo ndi yoyera.
Voterani osiyanasiyana. M'maderamo amapanga mawu osiyanasiyana okwera, ositha, komanso kulira kwakanthawi komanso kotsika "keke-kekeNdi nkhawa.
Mkhalidwe Wogawa. Malo osungirako ziwetowo amakhala kum'mwera kwa Arctic ku Eurasia ndi North America; ku Europe ku Russia, amakhala m'malo otentha kwambiri kuchokera ku Peninsula ya Kanin mpaka kum'mawa. Kunja kwa nthawi ya chisa, nthawi zambiri imayenda moyo wam'madzi ndipo kawirikawiri imawuluka kutali ndi nyanja, imapezeka m'mphepete mwa South Africa ndi Australia.
Moyo. Mwachangu komanso mwamphamvu amateteza gawo lake kuchokera kwa skuas ena ndi kwa adani ena, pomwe nthawi zina limawopseza anthu. Wamphongo amakopa chidwi cha akazi ndi ndege zowonetsa malo oswanirana. Kuchulukana kwa madera kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa mandimu. Yaimuna ndi yaikazi pamodzi zimamanga chisa, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala kabowo popanda malire. Mmenemo, monga lamulo, mazira awiri, ochepa nthawi zambiri 1 kapena 3, omwe amakhala ndi mawanga a bulauni kapena abulauni pabulawuni kapena azitona. Amayikira mazira makamaka mu June; makulitsidwe kumatenga masiku 25-27. Makolo onsewa amathandizira anapiyewo. Nkhuku zimakhalabe chisa kwa sabata limodzi, kuyamba kuwuluka ali ndi zaka 4-5 milungu.
Mu nthawi ya nesting, imamadya makoswe ochepa, makamaka lemmings ndi ma voles. Kupambana kwa nesting kumadalira kuchuluka kwa mandimu. Kusaka, kuchoka kutalika kulikonse mu tundra, kapena kufunafuna nyama yakuuluka. Kuphatikiza pa makoswe, chakudyacho chimaphatikizaponso mbalame zazing'ono, mazira, nsomba, tizilombo ndi zovalazo. Kunja kwa nthawi ya chisa, imadyanso nsomba kwambiri, nthawi ndi nthawi imatenga nyama kuchokera kwa mbalame zina.
SkuasStercorarius pomarinus)
Maonekedwe a skuas
Ma South Polar skuas amakula mpaka masentimita 55. Ndi ochepa masentimita 10 kuposa skuas zazikulu, zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri m'malo oyandikana ndi Antarctic.
Mapiko a mbalame zomwe zikufunsidwa ndi masentimita 135. Mlomo wa mbalameyo ndi wolimba, wokutidwa kumapeto kwake ndi konse konse konse. Nthenga zimapakidwa utoto wakuda, pafupifupi ndi wakuda ndi tint brownish.
Pali anthu amtunduwu omwe ndi amvi m'mutu ndi pachifuwa, komanso amtundu wakuda m'thupi lakumtunda. Kuphatikiza apo, nthumwi zina za South South Polar skuas zimakhala ndi mbewa wachikasu. Anapiye a mbalamezi nthawi zambiri amakhala amvi, nthawi zina amakhala ndi nthenga zachikasu kumbuyo kwawo. Kukhetsa kwa anapiye kumachitika m'chilimwe.
Skuas ndi mbalame zazing'onoting'ono.
Khalidwe la Skua komanso zakudya
Pakatha nthawi yochezera, nyengo yachisanu imayamba. M'mwezi wa Marichi-Epulo, mbalame zimayamba kusiya magulu awo. Skuas kulowera kumpoto. Mbalame zambirimbiri zimadutsana ndi equator ndipo zimapezeka m'malo otentha. Apa, South Polar skuas amayang'ana malo ozizira komanso amakhala miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yozizira kumpoto kwa Pacific ndi Atlantic Ocean. Skuas panthawiyi amawuluka ku Kuril Islands, Newfoundland ndi malo ena amitunda iyi.
Mbalameyi imakhala kunyanja.
Zigawo zina za mbalamezi zimakonda nthawi yozizira pafupi ndi Antarctic wawo wokondedwa. Zimasamukira, zimawulukira ku gombe la South Africa, moyenera, kupita ku South Tropic. M'malo awa, mbalame zimadikirira nthawi yozizira.
Skuas yakum'mwera amadya nsomba. Komabe, mbalamezi sizidziwa kuyenda m'madzi, motero sizigwira nyama. Skuas amachita zakuba - amatenga nsomba kuchokera kwa mbalame zina. Nthawi zina imagwira nsomba yomwe imayandama pansi.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Malo okhala chisa cha Skuas amapezeka mwachindunji ku Antarctica komanso kuzilumba zoyandikana ndi kontinentiyo. Malo okondweretsa a South Polar skuas ndi awa: South Orkney, South Shetland Islands, zilumba zam'mphepete mwa Ross Nyanja, gombe la Queen Maud Land makamaka Princess Ragnhill Beach. Madera a Skuas adawonedwa m'dera la gombe la Princess Martha's Shore.
Nthawi yakuswana, anyani amawulukira kumalo osungira nyama. Kenako zazikazi zimaziyang'anira. Skuas ndi amodzi, mabanja amakhala amoyo. Masewera achikulire amakhudza achinyamata okha. Achinyamata a ku South Polar skuas amasonkhana pafupi ndi malo odyera ndipo amagawika awiriawiri. Madera a Skuas nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mbalame zingapo. Chisa cha gulu lililonse chimakhala pa mtunda wa 20-30 metres kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Mbalame zimayala malo pansi ndikuchita bowo laling'ono - uwu ndi chisa cha skuas.
Skuas amakhala ndi zaka 40.
Zachikazi zimayikira mazira awo kumapeto kwa Novembala ndipo njirayi imapitilira mu Disembala. Nthawi zonse pamakhala mazira awiri; ma skuas achikazi amawayika ndi masiku awiri. Amayi ndi abambo amasinthana kuwaswa mazira. Mu theka lachiwiri la Januware, anapiye oyamba amabadwa - awa ndi ziphuphu zazing'ono za fluff zomwe zimalemera 70 g. M'miyezi iwiri, achinyamata amakula.
Pakatha miyezi iwiri, anapiyewo amapita kuphiko ndikuyamba moyo wawo wodziyimira pawokha. Kutha msinkhu mwa achinyamata kumachitika pazaka zapakati pa 6-7. South Polar skuas m'malo achilengedwe amatha kukhala ndi zaka 40.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Makhalidwe ndi malo okhala skuas
Yabwinobwino kapena Yapakati skua a banja la skuas. Imeneyi ndi mbalame yakumpoto, chifukwa cha malo ake osungira, imasankha malo mu Arctic tundra, yomwe ili pafupi ndi nyanja ya Arctic, m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Kuphatikiza pa kufunafuna Arctic, amakhalanso womasuka pamalo am'malo otentha, amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi nyanja. Kugawidwa ku Europe, Asia ndi North America. Mbalameyi ndi yayikulu kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mwachitsanzo, pali skua yopitilira muyeso mu Atlantic skua wamkulu.
Zowona, kulumikizana ndi siliva kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri. Koma kutsika kwa mtsinje kapena nyanja kumakhala kocheperako. Kutalika kwa thupi la skuas wamba kumafika 78 cm, ndipo mapiko amafika masentimita 127. Nthawi yomweyo, mbalame imalemera pang'ono kuposa kilogalamu. Kumbuyo kwa mbalameyo kumakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni, koma pali nthenga za mthunzi wopepuka m'khosi, mutu ndi m'mimba.
Chithunzipa ndi skua yayikulu
Khosi ndi chifuwa ndi choyera kwathunthu, koma mutu wake ndi wakuda wokhala ndi mawanga achikaso. Koma skua amakhala munthu wokongola pokhapokha wamkulu, achinyamata amapentedwa modzichepera. Mbalameyi imawuluka, nthawi zambiri, mzere wowongoka, ikukupiza mapiko akulu. Skuas sazungulira, kuwuluka kwawo kosalala kumakwaniritsidwa mothandizidwa ndi ma infrequent, koma mafunde akuya.
Nthawi yomweyo, skuas imatha kuchita mwaluso kwambiri pamtunda. Imodzi imangofunika kuzindikira mbalameyi mbalame ina ili ndi chakudya pamlomo wake, pomwe imawulukira nthawi yomweyo, ndipo sku imathamangira kwa mbalameyo kuti ikasankhe nyama. Amatha kusintha molunjika, kuyenda, ngakhalenso kugudubuzika pansi.
Mbalameyi inkasambira kusambira modabwitsa. Mukamasambira, thupi limakhala pafupi ndi madzi pamwamba pamadzi. Padziko lapansi, akumvanso bwino, kwa iye kuyenda pamtunda si vuto. Zosangalatsa skua mbalame osati "wolankhula" konse, sakonda kufuula pachabe. Komabe, m'magulu ake omenyera zida zamitundu zingapo.
Nthawi zambiri, munthu wokonda kuzizira uyu amasokonekera nthawi yakukhwima. Zowona, mawu amtunduwu amatha kutchedwa ma roulade movutikira, koma izi sizikudandaula kwambiri mbalame. Amatsanulira nyimbo zake nthawi ya kuthawa, ndipo ngati muyenera kuimba pamtunda, ndiye kuti woimbayo amadzaza kwambiri chifuwa chake ndikukweza mapiko ake - kuti akhale wokongola kwambiri.
M'chithunzichi, skua anakonzekera kuimba
Mbalame ikaona ngozi, imachenjeza abale ake za izo ndi mawu achidule komanso otsika, koma skua ikaukira, nyimbo yake imakhala yaphokoso komanso yamphamvu. Anapiyewo, mpaka atakula, amatha kungowimba likhweru.
Khalidwe la Skua ndi moyo wawo
Zachidziwikire, koposa zonse, skua amakonda kusambira kwa ndege. Iye ndiwouluka wodabwitsa ndipo amatha kukhala motalika mu mafunde a mafunde amlengalenga. Ngati akufuna kupuma, amasambira mosavuta pamafunde am'madzi (chifukwa cha mapazi ake, akumva bwino m'madzi), akuwuluka, kenako ndikubwera.
Skua sakonda makampani akuluakulu. Amakonda kukhala payekha. Ndipo mbalameyi sichidandaula kwambiri ndi zoyenera - skuas samasaka nthawi zonse, nthawi zambiri amangotenga mbalame ina.
Chithunzi chojambulidwa skuas
Ndipo mbalame zikayamba kupangika mazira ake, skuas imawoneka ngati pirate. Amangolowa mchisa ndikukutulutsira mazira kapena mazira kuchokera pamenepo, makamaka kuchokera ku ma penguin achichepere, osadziwa. Ana a Skuas ali ndi mitundu ingapo, ndipo mtundu uliwonse wamadzi umakonda kuchita zokha. Mwachitsanzo, skuas kuposa ena, imakumana ndi ma tern, kittiwakes ndi malekezero akufa.
Mzika wakumwera kwa mapiri umakonda kuukira ma petrel ndi ma penguin. Kodi pali zina skuas, ndi wodabwitsa chifukwa chokhala ndi mchira wautali kwambiri. Palinso mitundu ina yomwe ilinso ndi mawonekedwe ake mawonekedwe, okhala ndi mawonekedwe.
Komabe, skuas onse amadziwika kuti ndi olusa, ndipo izi sizingangoonongera kamvedwe kake ka machitidwe ake. Skuas imatha kuwoneka pamwamba pa phompho lamadzi, mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi moyo wosadukiza. Ndipo zonse kuchokera poti akufuna malo omwe kuli makoswe ambiri.
Skuas
Ngakhale ndichizolowezi kuganizira skuas ngati pirate wanyanja, komabe, chochuluka cha chakudya chake ndi mandimu. Amapanga 80% ya zonse zomwe mbalame imatha kugwira. Komanso, ngati pali mandimu ambiri, skuas sanyamuka, ali pafupi ndipo amadya makoswe awa. Pitani bwino nkhomaliro ndi chakudya cham'munda.
Inde, skuas saletsa kuthana ndi ma penguin komanso zisa zowoneka bwino. Komanso samadya nsomba ndi mbalame zazing'ono. Skuas samasankha chakudya. Ngati kulephera kudachitika ndi kusaka, mutha kuluma ndi tizilombo, monga pterostichi. Ngati pa ndege palibe kanthu koyenera, ma skuas amadya zovunda.
Posachedwa, mbalamezi zazindikira kuti pali chakudya chochuluka pafupi ndi munthu, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri zimatha kuwonedwa pafupi ndi minda yophera nsomba kapena mafamu a nyama. Sanyalanyaza zotayira za nsomba pazombo zosodza. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti m'malo otentha, mbalamezi zimakonda kusaka nsomba zowuluka, siziyenera kusaka makamaka, zilombo zizidumphira kunja.
Voterani
Zambiri ngati mbalame yokhala chete. Chizindikiro chachikulu panthawi ya chibwenzi, kuwuluka kachiwonetsero, kusamvana kwa intraspecific ndizotsatira zamkati zopanda phokoso, zomwe zimamasuliridwa kuti "heheeeheeeeeheeehehehehehehehe" kapena ". Mbalame itaimirira pansi pamaliripiti imakweza mapiko ake ndikupukusa pachifuwa chake, pomwe mlengalenga imawuluka, ndikupanga yachilendo, "yopanda mantha", ikuwomba mapiko yomwe idakwezedwa pamwamba pa ndege yopingasa. Mukakhala ndi nkhawa, imakhala ndi "gecko" wotsika kapena kuwononga "wii-wiff", imazunza enanso okhala ndi mbewa komanso mokweza mwamphamvu "aya-ya-ya-ya ..." kapena "wa-wa-wa-wa-wa-wa ...". Anapiye akuwuluka amapanga nyimbo yoyimba, yanjenjemera.
Mitengo yazokongoletsa
Chisa chodziwika bwino cha skuas mozungulira mozungulira, koma osapanga mbali zazikuluzikulu zamtunduwo.M'madera a polar a Russia, ndikudziwika bwino za malo omwe mbalamezi zimagona ku North Island ya Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Yamal, Taimyr, Novosibirsk Islands, ku Chromo-Indigir interfluve, pa Wrangel Island ndi Chukotka kum'mawa kwa Chaun Bay. Olemba ena amati zisa za mbalame ku Commander Islands, koma zolembedwa zina zimatsutsa izi, poganiza kuti ndizokayikitsa. Kumpoto chakumadzulo, skuas zodzala zinajambulidwa pagombe lakumpoto la Alaska, zilumba za Canada Arctic archipelago, ndi Greenland chakumadzulo. Njira yamoyo yosasunthika imakhala yofananira ndi mbalame posaka kugwirira ntchito - pazifukwa izi nthawi zina zimapezeka mopitilira malire a malo omwe ali pamwamba.
Mtengo wozizira
Kuyambira nyengo yakuswana, skuas imakhala nthawi yayikulu munyanja. Kujambulidwa kwakukulu kwambiri kwa mbalamezi kudalembedwa m'mphepete mwa nsomba zolemera kwambiri - m'malo omwe madzi aku nyanja amasakanikirana ndi mafunde ozizira. Ku Atlantic, madera ambiri amapezeka pakati pa 60 ndi 10th ndikufanana: kuchokera pagombe la Central America pakati pa Florida ndi Venezuela kumadzulo kwa 60 ° W. e., gombe la Africa pafupi ndi Bengal Current, makamaka m'malo osakanikirana ndi mafunde otentha a ku Guinea ndi Canary. Madera ang'onoang'ono a nyengo yozizira amadziwika kumadzulo kwa Mediterranean kum'mawa kwa Italy. Ku Pacific Ocean, mbalame zambiri zinajambulidwa mu Nyanja ya Bering, pagombe lozizira la Peru lomwe lili kugombe lakumadzulo kwa South America, m'madzi pakati pa New Guinea ndi gombe lakumwera chakum'mawa kwa Australia. Ku Indian Ocean, malo ozungulira mbalame ku Gulf of Aden ndi Oman, komanso gombe lakummawa kwa Africa kumwera kupita ku equator. Pakusamukira, nthawi zambiri imakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, nthawi zambiri imasunthira kumtunda, komwe imapezeka m'malo osadziwika, mwachitsanzo, kumwera kwa Siberia, Central Asia ndi dera la Black Sea-Caspian.
Habitat
Zochitika zikuwonetsa kuti skuas samakonda kudumphira kumtunda, nthawi yakubzala, yomwe imatsala m'malire a moss-lichen ndi Arctic tundra. Imakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana a tundra, koma yopanda phokoso - malo opanda phokoso, malo otsetsereka komanso malo ena otsetsereka, komanso pakakhala kuti pamakhala matalala. Pachilumba cha Wrangel, amasankha madera owuma komanso okwera. Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo otentha a burashi-moss, sedge-moss, shrub-moss tundra, marsehes marshes, zigwa zamtsinje, malo am'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mitundu yofananayo ya biotopes imadziwikanso ndi kuphatikizika kwa mitsinje ya Khroma ndi Indigirka. M'malo otsika a Lena, Khatanga ndi Yamal, imakonda moss-lichen tundra m'zigwa zazikulu zamtsinje.
Mitundu yayikulu ya skuas, malo okhala
Gulu lalikulu la awa a Charadriiformes lero ali ndi mitundu isanu ndi inayi. Koma popeza skuas imapezeka mobwerezabwereza m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi, imakhala yayikulupo.
Asayansi sanasankhebe ngati anganene kuti ndi a Charadriiformes kapena, komabe, kuti angobwerera kumene. Nchiyani chimagwirizanitsa onse skuas? Amasilira madzi amchere amchere kapena nyanja yamchere, samakhala m'madzi opanda madzi.
Zowoneka ngati skuas
Chosangalatsa kwambiri cha skuas onse ndi mulomo wawo. Imakutidwa ndi zikopa, kugwada pansi, kuphimbidwa pamwamba ndikukulitsidwa kumapeto. Ena skuas amakhala ndi mlomo wamfupi. Ena amakhala motalika. Koma kwathunthu aliyense ali ndi mawonekedwe owoneka ngati mbedza. Mphuno yake ndi yayikulu, yowonekera bwino ndipo ili pafupi ndi kumapeto kwa mulomo.
Mapiko a Skua ndi aatali komanso akuthwa kumapeto kwake, ndipo mchirawo, mosatengera nthawi yayitali mitundu yosiyanasiyana, umakhala ndi nthenga 12.
Mitundu ya nthenga mu skuas ikhoza kukhala yosiyana kwambiri. Kuyambira pamiyeso yaimvi mpaka yoyera-yoyera ndi chipewa chakuda pamutu pake. Koma pakasungunuka komanso nthawi yakukhwima, mtundu wa mbalame sukusintha konse.
Zosangalatsa skua kuthawa
Skuas imawuluka ndikusambira, ndikuyenda pamtunda, ngakhale miyendo yopyapyala komanso yowoneka ngati yopanda mphamvu, yabwino. Koma chinthu chachikulu cha mbalameyi ndi ndege. Skuas zonse ndi ntchentche zopanda magetsi ndipo zimatha kuwuluka mumayendedwe amlengalenga kwa nthawi yayitali. Zinaonedwa kuti skuas imatha kuchoka kumtunda kwambiri ndikupita maulendo owonekera munyanja kwa tsiku limodzi kapena kupitilira.
Skuas siziwuluka kwambiri, amapanga malupu ozizira mlengalenga. Imatha kukula kwambiri ndikugwetsa pansi, ndikuyang'ana pansi.
Zomwe ndi skuas amadya
Skuas amadziwika kuti ndi adani osokoneza bongo. Nsomba, anapiye ndi mazira, makoko ang'onoang'ono - chilichonse chimadyedwa ndi chidwi chachikulu. Pokhala ku Arctic m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mbalamezi sizikana nsomba zam'nyanja, ndipo zimasaka mandimu. Komanso anapiye amaba, mazira a mbalame zoyandikana nawo m'gawolo.
Ngati skuas itaona kuchuluka kwa makoko pagombe, ndiye kuti amasintha kuti awadyetse popanda kuwuluka kupita kunyanja.
Ngakhale pankhani ya zakudya, skuas ali m'gulu la otchedwa kleptoparasites. Nthawi zambiri, akamaona nyama ya mbalame ina m'milomo yake, imathamangira ndi kuigwira mlengalenga.
Zadziwika kale kuti mbalamezi ndizanzeru komanso zanzeru. Kulikonse komwe skuas imakhala, ngati kuli malo ogulitsa kapena famu yaubweya pafupi - adzakhalako.
Zokongoletsa kuchokera pakupanga kwamafamu achinyama, kupezeka kwa chakudya pafupi ndi sitima ya nsomba ndi "bonasi" wabwino pakudyetsa skuas pamenepa.
Skuas nthawi zambiri amasinthana ndi chakudya ndikusankha njira yosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, m'madzi otentha amayang'ana kwambiri nsomba zowuluka, zomwe zimadumphira m'madzi kupita kwa mdani.
Skuas sakudziwa kuthira pansi. Ngati asodza nsomba m'madzi, ndiye okhawo amene amasambira pafupi ndi pamwamba.
Nesting, unamwino wa anapiye, skuas
Skuas samawuluka konse m'mgulu. Kulikonse komwe amakhala, kumpoto kwenikweni kapena kumwera, nthawi zina amayendayenda mlengalenga kwa awiri kapena atatu, osatinso. Skuas, osagwirizana kwambiri ndi abale awo, panthawi yakukalamba, amakumananso m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndikumanga zisa limodzi.
Mbalamezi zimapanga banja banja. Nazi mfundo zina zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi ukwati wawo. Mwana wamwamuna wa skuas amasamalira mwachangu komanso mokongola. Imatambasulira chifuwa chake, ndikutambasula mapiko ake, ndikukweza mutu wake ndikutsegula mulomo wake, ndikupanga mawu okopa okwera. Onse skuas ndi oyimba oyipa, kufuula kwawo sikosangalatsa kumva.
Koma ngati mbalame zingapo zakhala limodzi kwa nthawi yoposa chaka chimodzi, ndiye kuti bambo wamtsogolo sangadandaule ndi mating'i. Kufulumira mwachangu kumachitika ndipo kumanga chisa kumayamba nthawi yomweyo.
Skuas imamanga zisa zonse. Anapiye nawonso amakumana, nkumawabweretsera tizilombo poyamba, kenako tinthu tating'ono ndi anapiye a mbalame zina.
Ngakhale kuti kumapeto kwa chilimwe, achinyamata amakhala atachoka kale pachisa ndikuyamba kudzipezera okha zakudya, skuas amatha kukhwima pokhapokha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Kuzindikira mochedwa, mbalamezi zimakhala nthawi yayitali, mpaka zaka forte.
Onerani kanema wonena za momwe skuas amawonekera.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Dzinalo skuas lingatanthauzidwe kuti ndikukhazikika ndikukhala "kunyanja." Ndipo awa ndi mawu owona. Malo omwe amakonda kwambiri kuti skuas ikhale ndi kufalikira ndizitali za kumpoto, zomwe ndi nyanja za Arctic ndi Antarctic. Mbalameyi ndi ya banja la charadriiformes, chifukwa chake ilibe chochita ndi titmouse ndi mbalame zina.
Mbalameyi imakopeka ndi madzi a Nyanja ya Arctic, koma mitundu ina imakonda kugwira malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja pafupi ndi nyanja. Mitundu ina ya skuas imatha kupezeka ku Asia ndi North America, komanso ku kontinenti ya Europe.
Skuas ndi nthumwi yayikulu kwambiri ya zilombo. Kutalika kwa thupi lake kuyambira kumapeto kwa mlomo mpaka kumapeto kwa mchira kuli pafupifupi masentimita 80, mapiko ake ali oposa mita, koma kulemera kwake sikoposa ma kilogalamu awiri.
Mbali yodziwika bwino ya skuas ndi mulomo wofupikitsa, womwe umakutidwa pakhungu. Pamapeto pake, mulomo ndiwolumikizidwa ndikuwombedwa. Pali dzenje pansi pa mulomo. Pamwamba pang'onopang'ono. Kapangidwe kameneka ndi kotheka kwambiri kwa skuas posodza nsomba zazing'ono ndi zina zazinyanja.
Mawamba ndi owonda komanso aatali, zomwe zimakonda mbalame zomwe zimakhala mu ayezi, zokhala ndi zala zazing'ono kwambiri, zazitali, zokhala ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa kwambiri. Mbalame zamakhwala zimamatirira kwambiri ndi ayezi kapena ayezi. Mapikowo ndi otambalala, otanthauza kumapeto. Mchirawo ndi waufupi, wozungulira. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mchira pali nthenga khumi ndi ziwiri zokha. Komanso, mitundu iliyonse yoyimira. Zomwe zidapangitsa izi, asayansi sakudziwa.
Skuas mu chithunzi chikuwoneka bwino kwambiri. Mtundu wake ndi woderapo, nthenga za mtundu wopepuka zimawoneka pakhosi, pamimba komanso pamutu. Kuyambira pansi pa mulomo mpaka pansi penipeni pa bere, kuchuluka kwake kuli koyera. Malo akuda ndi achikaso amatha kuwoneka pamutu. Mitundu yamapulogalamu imasungidwa nthawi zonse, ikasungunuka komanso nthawi yakukhwima.
Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndipo imakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya North Hemisphere, komanso m'mphepete mwa mchere wa Arctic. Amakhulupirira kuti skuas ndi mbalame yosamukira, momwe imakhazikika pafupi ndi madera akumwera nthawi yachisanu, ndipo ndikayamba kwa miyezi yophukira imabwereranso ku ayezi. Mitundu yodziwika komanso yophunziridwa kwambiri ndi iyi: yayitali, yocheperako, yocheperako, yapakatikati, yayikulu, yakumwera, Polar, Antarctic ndi bulauni.
SkuasOyimira mtunduwu ndi ochepa kukula, kutalika pafupifupi 55 cm, kulemera kwa magalamu 300. Skuas imakhala ndi kapu yakuda komanso khosi. Pa chifuwa ndi khosi kutsogolo, mtundu wachikasu, nthenga pamapiko pamwamba adazijambulapo zakuda ndi zobiriwira. Zina mwa ma plamu ndizimvi kapena zofiirira.
Chochititsa chidwi ndi zoyerekeza izi ndi mchira wautali. Komwe skuas amakhala zamtunduwu? Malo ogawa mbalame ndi mayiko aku North America, m'mphepete mwa nyanja za Pacific ndi Atlantic, komwe nthawi yozizira. Zakudya zazikulu zimayimiriridwa ndi makoswe ochepa komanso tizilombo. Amakhala moyo wamtendere.
Skuas. Ndiwofanana kukula ndi kubadwa nako, skuas yayitali. Koma nzosadabwitsa kuti chifukwa chokhala ndi kulemera pang'ono komanso thupi lalifupi limakhala ndi mapiko olimba mpaka mita 1.25. Woyimira wamtundu waufupi ali ndi mtundu wodabwitsa, womwe umasintha pakukhwima ndi nyengo yachisanu.
Pakukhwima, mutu umayamba kuda. Kumbuyo, pansi pa mchira ndi kumbuyo kunsi, mtundu wake ndi woderapo. Kutsogolo pansi pa mulomo, pakhosi ndi pachifuwa pali mithunzi yachikasu. Mlomo ndi miyendo zakuda.
Panthawi yozizira, mawanga amdima amawoneka m'mbali ndi khosi, ndipo mikwingwirima yakuda imawoneka kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo. Imakhala m'malo akulu a tundra ndi nkhalango-tundra ku Eurasia, ndipo imapezekanso ku North America. Masamba pafupi ndi equator.
Kati skua. Mtunduwu umayimiriridwa ndi anthu akulu kwambiri, mpaka kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 80 masentimita ndi kulemera pafupifupi kilogalamu. Amasiyana ndi mitundu ina yokhala ndi mlomo wapinki ndi nthenga zopindika. Pa kuthawa, malo oyera amatha kuwoneka mkati mwa mapiko. Pamapulogalamu onse pali mitundu ina yowala, komanso ya bulauni.
South Polar Skuas. Mbalame yokhala ndi mbeuyo imakhala ndi thupi lowoneka bwino, lalitali masentimita 50, kulemera kwa 1.5 makilogalamu, koma ndi mapiko otambalala kwambiri, ofika mpaka mamitala 1.4 Mapikowo ndiotalika, akukokera pansi pamene akuyenda. Mchira, mmalo mwake, ndi waufupi, nthenga zake zimakonzedwa m'njira. Ili ndi miyendo yayitali ndi zala zolumikizidwa ndi nembanemba.
Antarctic skua. Skuas aku Antarctica ndi nthumwi zazikulu zamtunduwu. Amakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni, pamwamba pa nthenga ndizowala pang'ono kuposa pansi. Chifukwa cha zomwe malo ozungulira maso ndi mlomo zimawoneka pafupifupi zakuda. Malo omwe amakhala ndi zilumba zakumpoto: New Zealand, Tierra del Fuego, kumwera kwa Argentina.
Great Skuas.. Ngakhale dzina, iyi si mbalame yayikulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwake konse kumafika 60 cm ndi mapiko mpaka masentimita 120. Skuas ali ndi kapu wakuda ndi mikwingwirima yofiyira pazomwe amapanga, zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi mitundu ina. Amakhala m'dera la Iceland ndi Norway.
Moyo & Habitat
Skuas amakhala moyo wawo wonse amathawa, ndichifukwa chake amapatsidwa mapiko amphamvu ndi akulu. Amatha kukhala mumlengalenga kwa nthawi yayitali, akuwuluka makilomita angapo. Kuphatikiza apo, adalandira ulemu wa aerobatics.
Akukwera, amagwa pansi ndi mwala ndi nthaka bwino pamadzi, pomwe akumva bwino kwambiri, ndikusunthira pamafunde. Skua ikasambira, imakhala yofanana ndi bakha. Chifukwa chake amawononga tchuthi chawo. Kuphatikiza apo, ali ndi zibwano zokulirapo, motero amafika pang'onopang'ono pakusunthira pansi pa madzi oundana ndi madzi oundana.
Skuas amakhala tundra kapena m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Arctic. Anthu okhala kumpoto ndi nyama zodya zachilengedwe. Amatha kutenga nyama kuchokera ku mbalame ina mlengalenga. Nthawi yomweyo, amatembenukira mozama kuti akwaniritse cholinga chawo.
Skuas amatha kutchedwa chete. Nthawi zambiri ndimangokhalira kulira, kaya pakulimbana kwa malo ndi nyama, kapena nthawi yakukhwima. Mawu ake alilidwa ndi unyinji wazithunzi. Chithunzi chosangalatsa ndichakuti wamwamuna akamayenda m'mphepete mwa gombe, amadzitsitsa chifuwa chake ndikumayankhula mokweza mawu kwambiri.
Oimira onse a skuas mwachilengedwe amakhala osungulumwa, sangayanjane kuti akhale ndi ana. Pakudya, abambo a skuas amasankha mazira ndi anapiye a penguin. Ataukira penguin yomwe ili pa ntchentche, amagwira nyama, kenako napita.
Skuas, mapera, ma penguin ndi ma puffin amatsogozedwa ndi skuas. Osanena kuti penguin ndiyocheperako, koma nyamayi imatha mwachangu, makamaka ndi anapiye ndi mazira. Koma adani a skuas okha amatha kukhala mbalame zazikulu. Chifukwa chake amatha kuvutika ndi mulomo wa anyani, koma zimawoneka ngati nthenga zochepa zokha.
Ara parrot
Dzina lachi Latin: | Stercorarius |
Chizungu: | Ikufotokozedwa |
Ufumu: | Nyama |
Mtundu: | Chordate |
Gulu: | Mbalame |
Kufikira: | Charadriiformes |
Banja: | Skuas |
Chifundo: | Ikufotokozedwa |
Kutalika kwa thupi: | 80 cm |
Kutalika kwa mapiko: | Ikufotokozedwa |
Wingspan: | 130 cm |
Kulemera: | 1000 g |
Kufotokozera kwa mbalame
Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika masentimita 80, mapiko ndi pafupifupi masentimita 130. Kulemera kwa mbalameyo sikupitirira kilogalamu.
Skuas zonse zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mulomo waufupi, wamkulu, wokutidwa khungu. Msongowo wakhazikika, ndipo maziko amazunguliridwa. Pamwamba, mulomo wawerama ngati mbedza, ndipo pansi pamakhala kupsinjika kakang'ono. Malamba a mbalameyi ndi lakuthwa komanso lopindika. Mapikowo ndiwotalikirapo. Mchira wake ndi wozungulira.
Zowawa kumbuyo kwa skua ndizodera zakuda; nthenga zopepuka zimakhala pakhosi, kumutu komanso kumimba. Khosi ndi chifuwa ndi choyera kwathunthu, mutu ndi wakuda ndi mawanga achikaso. Uwu ndi mtundu wa achikulire, mbalame zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimawoneka zowoneka bwino.
Zolemba za skuas zakudya
Njira zazikulu za skuas pamtunda ndi mandimu, komanso maimvi amtundu ndi nkhalango, anapiye onyentchera ndi ma sandpiper omenyera, mazira a loon, bakha, gull, ndi partridge. Kunyanja, mbalamezi zimatha kugwira nsomba ndi ma invertebrates, omwe amapezeka pamwamba pa madzi. Skuas okhala m'malo otentha nthawi zambiri amasaka nsomba zouluka, zomwe zimadumphira m'madzi. Mu kasupe ndi nthawi yophukira, skuas imawonjezera tizilombo ku chakudya chawo, zakudya zamasamba - zipatso (crowberries, lingonberries, blueberries), komanso zinyalala ndi zovunda, popeza mbalamezi ndizosankha bwino m'zakudya.
Skuas nthawi zambiri amatchedwa achifwamba aku nyanja, pamene amatenga chakudya kuchokera kwa mbalame zina: mkaka, ma puffins, ma tern, zikwangwani, ndi ma eel, akuukira mbalamezi m'magulu aanthu awiri kapena asanu.
Posachedwa, mbalame nthawi zambiri zakhala zikufunafuna chakudya pafupi ndi anthu, mwachitsanzo, pafupi ndi asodzi kapena mafamu a nyama.
Kufalikira kwa mbalame
Mitundu yambiri ya skuas imapezeka ku Arctic, m'malo a polar pafupi ndi matupi amchere amchere. Mbalame zimakhala kumayiko aku Europe komanso North America. Kusamukira kumadalira malo omwe gulu lililonse limakhala.Kwa nyengo yozizira, skuas amasamukira kumadzi aku nyanja ndi nyanja zamchere.
Skuas amakhala awiriawiri kapena oyimba. Makolonu amapanga nyengo yokhazikika, yomwe zisumbu zamiyala zimasankhidwa.
Skua skuas (Stercorarius longicaudus)
Mtunduwu ndiwoyimira waung'ono kwambiri m'banja. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi kuyambira 40 mpaka 55 cm, kulemera kwa 220-350 g.
Pamwamba pamutu ndi khosi kumbuyo kuli utoto wakuda ndi kuwala. Cifuwa ndi khosi loyera, ndikutchimbirira pang'ono. Kumbuyo ndi mapiko ake ndiwobiriwira pamtunda wakuda. Mbalameyi imakhala ndi mchira wautali wokongola.
Mitunduyi imakhala yachilengedwe ku Arctic dera la Eurasia komanso ku North America. Mbalame za nthawi yozizira zimakhala kumwera kwa Atlantic Ocean komanso Pacific Ocean. Skuas ndi mbalame yamtendere yomwe imadya kwambiri makoswe ndi tizilombo.
Skua Skuas (Stercorarius parasiticus)
Kutalika kwa mbalameyo ndi 44-55 cm, mapiko mpaka 125 cm.
Zovala zaukwati, khungu la mutu kuchokera kumwamba ndi lakuda, lakuda kapena laimvi, kumbuyo, kutsikira kumbuyo, tummy, ndi undergrowth ndi laimvi. Mutu m'mphepete, kumbuyo kwa khosi, khosi ndi chifuwa ndi zoyera, maula m'mbali mwa khosi ndi achikaso chagolide. Mlomo ndi wakuda, wobiriwira kapena imvi m'munsi, miyendo ndi yakuda. Zovala zachisanu ndi zopepuka kuposa ukwati. Malo amtundu wakuda amaboweka mbali ndi khosi la mbalameyo, ndipo mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yopepuka yokongoletsera kumbuyo ndi m'mimba. Mawu ndi osiyanasiyana.
Ming'alu imapakidwa utoto, wonyezimira, wamaso otuwa kapena amaso achikasu, wokhala ndi msana wakuda ndi nape. Malipawo ndi a pinki-imvi-buluu, nsonga ndi yakuda, miyendo ndi imvi.
Mitunduyi imakhala m'chigawo cha tundra ku Eurasia ndi North America. Amapita kumadzi am'nyanja a North Atlantic, South America, South Australia, Africa ndi Asia nyengo yachisanu.
South Polar Skuas (Catharacta maccormicki)
Chamoyo chachikulu. Kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira 50 mpaka 55 cm, mapiko mpaka 140 cm, kulemera kuchokera 0,9 mpaka 1.6 kg. Mapikowo ndiwotalikirapo. Mchirawo ndi waufupi, wopindika. Zilayi zokhala ndi nembanemba ndi zibwano zopindika.
Pali magulu atatu a South Polar skuas: opepuka, amdima komanso osinthika. Mbalame zonse zimakhala ndi utawaleza wakuda, mlomo ndi miyendo zakuda.
Mu mbalame zowala, mtundu wamafuta ndizosiyana, mutuwo umachokera ku pinki-bulauni mpaka loyera-brownish-whitish. Khosi, mbali ndi m'mimba zimakhala zofiirira. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kofiirira komanso kotalikira kotetemera.
Mbalame zakuda zili ndi utoto womwewo, mutu wawo ndi dumu lake ndi la bulauni, kumbuyo ndi mapiko ake ndi ofiira. Sashek kuwala.
Mapulogalamu apakatikatiwo amakhala a monophonic, kwenikweni popanda zidutswa.
Mitunduyi imapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Antarctica, komanso ku South Shetland ndi South Orkney Islands. Anthu akuluakulu nthawi yozizira ku Pacific Ocean, ndipo mbalame zazing'ono zimasamukira ku Northern Hemisphere.
Antarctic skuas (bulauni, bulauni) - (Catharacta antarctica)
Utoto wa mbalameyo ndi wofiirira komanso wamtambo wowala. Nthenga pafupi ndi maso ndi mchira kuchokera pa bulauni mpaka bii. Kansalu kansalu koyera kumaoneka mkati mwa mapiko kuthawa. Mlomo ndi wakuda, wakuthwa, wopindika.
Mitunduyi imakhala kumwera kwa Argentina, kuzilumba za Tierra del Fuego, New Zealand, kuzilumba za Falkland.
Great Skuas (Catharacta skua)
Kutalika kwa thupi kuchokera pa 50 mpaka 58 cm, mapiko a 125-140 cm.Tizilombo tili ku Iceland, Norway, zilumba za Scotland ndi Islands Islands.
Zambiri zamtundu wamtambo wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yofiira ndi chifuwa chakuda pamutu. Mchira wake ndi wakuda bii wokhala ndi utoto wokhala ndi nthenga ziwiri zazitali pakati. Mlomo ndi miyendo zakuda.
Kubala kwa Skuas
Skua ndi mbalame yolowerera. Imawulukira kumadera ake okhala malo obzala pomwe masamba oyambirira adayamba kuwonekera pachikuto chofewa mu theka lachiwiri la Meyi - koyambirira kwa Juni.
Amakhala awiriawiri nthawi ya kuthawa kapena sabata yoyamba atafika. Nthawi yomweyo, mbalame zina zimapitilizabe kukhala moyo wosakhazikika ndipo sizipanga awiriawiri.
Bili lililonse la zisa za skuas payokha. Ngati mbalame yamtundu wake kapena yamtundu wina iwuluka m'magawo ake, mwachitsanzo, nkhandwe za arctic, zimachita nkhanza kwambiri, imakodumphira pamalowo ndikufuula kwambiri, ikufuna kugunda. Amawopa anthu ndikuyesera kuuluka, ndikufuula mwakachetechete.
Skuas zisa pamalo owuma komanso opanda chimbudzi, nthawi zambiri pamabampu kapena pazokwera pakati pama swamp. Uku ndikutaya mtima kwa dothi laudzu, 15-17 masentimita 3-5 cm. Mbalame sizikhala ndi mzere nkomwe, kapena kuyika masamba owuma, zidutswa za mbewa kapena nyemba, kapena zinthu zina.
Mu clutch nthawi zambiri 1 kapena 2, nthawi zina mazira atatu. Ndi maolivi akuda mumtundu wokhala ndi ma brownish-violet ndi mawanga a bulauni akuda osiyanasiyana. Mazira onse achimuna ndi achimuna, kuyambira masiku 25 mpaka 28, kuyambira pomwe dzira loyamba limawonekera.
Anapiye obadwa kumene amakutidwa ndi burashi lofiirira lomwe limada kwambiri kumbuyo. Ali ndi zaka 30 mpaka makumi atatu, mbalame zazing'ono zimayamba kuwuluka, koma kwa masabata angapo zimakhala pafupi ndi makolo omwe amawadyetsa, kenako mbalame zimayamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za mbalame
- Skuas akumva bwino kumtunda komanso kunyanja. Pakusambira, thupi la mbalameyo limayang'ana pamwamba pa madzi.
- Nthawi zina amazunza nkhosa, ma penguin ndi zisindikizo za ubweya.
- Ma skuas onse amakhala ndi mawu osiyanasiyana komanso osangalatsa, koma nthawi zambiri mbalame zimangokhala chete, ndipo zimangoyimba nthawi yakukhwima panthawi ya kuthawa.
- Skua ikaona zoopsa, imadziwitsa abale ake ndi mawu achidule komanso ocheperako, koma ikakumana ndi mbalame zina, m'malo mwake, imamveka mawu osokosera. Anapiyewo amapereka mawu apadera amene amveka ngati phokoso la phokoso.
- Pa Chilumba cha Thule (Scotland), malo ankhama zamtchire akhazikitsidwa, pomwe skuas ndi mitundu yotetezedwa.