Mwala wophedwa (dzina lina ndi "yoyera-yoyamwa") - nyama yaying'ono ya genus marten ya banja la marten a mammen Order. Zili paliponse ku Europe ndipo zikutanthauza mitundu yokhayo ya martens omwe saopa kuyandikana ndi anthu. Achibale apafupi kwambiri a mwala wamiyala ndi mapaini a pine ndi sable, omwe amatha kusokonezeka mosavuta kuchokera kunja. Kusiyana pakati pa nyama izi kuli munjira zina za moyo ndi morphology (kapangidwe ka nyama).
Malo okhala ndi malo okhala
Stone marten amagawidwa pafupifupi ku Europe ndi kumakhala ku Europe konse, kupatula zigawo zakumpoto, Caucasus, Central, Asia Minor ndi Western Asia, Kazakhstan. Itha kupezeka kawirikawiri m'mapiri a Southern Altai, Caucasus ndi Crimea. Pokhala m'mapiri, miyala marten imatha kukwera mpaka 4,5 mamitala kuposa nyanja.
Belodushka amamva bwino m'malo otsika pakati pa zitsamba, m'nkhalango zowonda, m'nkhalango zowerengeka, komanso m'malo otetezeka, m'miyala yamapiri yozungulira malo olimapo ndipo, mwachilengedwe, m'mapiri amiyala, komwe amakhala m'miyala, m'mapanga, ndi m'makona. M'malo mwake, ndioyenera kumadera aliwonse kupatula chipale chofewa (kuphatikizira chodzala chambiri ndi nkhalango zamdima) ndi chigwa.
Woponya miyala samawopa kuyandikira munthu. M'minda yosiyidwa, ndi mlendo yemwe amakonda alendo ambiri, koma popeza ndi nyama yolusa, amakopekanso ndi ziweto zake. Kuphatikiza apo, mayi wa tsitsi loyera, wofunafuna pogona ndi chakudya, amafika pamakomo a nyumba (zomwe zimasiyidwa kale), komanso ma cellars, zingwe, ng'ombe, komwe amakonzekeretsa mabowo ake.
Koma nthawi zina zinthu zosayembekezereka zimakopa chidwi chake. Mwachitsanzo, milandu yolozetsa kwake m'magalimoto ndiofala. Nyama yosinthika komanso yodumphira imakwera pansi pa hood ndikudula kudzera m'm zingwe zamagetsi, mabatani ammiyala, etc. Amakhulupirira kuti miyala yamiyala imakopeka kwambiri ndi fungo la injini. Eni magalimoto omwe amakhala m'malo omwe miyala martens ndi yochuluka kwambiri mpaka amayika zitsulo zapadera pamagalimoto awo.
Zakudya za predator
Mwalawu ndi mdani wolusa. Ndi mdani wachilengedwe wa makoswe onga mbewa, mbalame zazing'ono ndi achule. Ngati atha kukhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, ndiye kuti amakonda kudya nkhuku, nkhunda ndi akalulu. Pokhala popanda miyala komanso m'miyala yosiyidwa, imadya mileme. Chakudya chake chofala kwambiri m'dera lililonse la malo okhala ndi tizilombo, ma invertebrates akuluakulu, ndi mphutsi zawo.
Chimwala sichimakana kuwononga chisa cha mbalame chomwe chimadyamo mazira, ndipo ngati kukula kwa chisa ndi malo ake zikuyenereranso, akhoza kukhalamo.
Chakudya china ndi zipatso (makamaka mapeyala ndi maapulo), zipatso, makungwa ndi masamba a mitengo, mphukira za udzu zamasamba.
Khalidwe
Munthu aliyense amatchula gulu lake, lomwe amaliganiza kuti ndi gawo lake. Kutengera ndi momwe zinthu ziliri, amatha kuyambira 12 mpaka 210 ha. Madera ake amakhudzidwa makamaka ndi nthawi ya chaka komanso kugonana kwa nyama - mwamunayo ndi woposa wamkazi. Mwalawu umakuta malire a gawo "lotumizidwa", kumayika chilemba ndi chinsinsi chapadera.
Ambiri mwa azungu ndi osakwatira, osayesetsa kulankhulana pafupipafupi ndi amuna anzawo powona. Pokhapokha pa nthawi yomwe akukula amakumana ndi munthu wina yemwe si amuna kapena akazi anzawo. Ngati chiweto chikufuna kulowerera pamalowo, chomwe mdaniyo angaganize kuti ndi chake, "kufotokozerana za ubale" sikungalephereke.
Mwalawu umawonedwa ngati nyama zamadzulo komanso usiku, chifukwa mumdima momwemo ndimasaka ndikuyenda mtunda wautali. Nyamayo imangoyenda pansi ndikusankha njira yosuntha, koma ngati pakufunika kutero, imatha kudumpha kuchokera pamtengo kupita pamtengo.
Amakonda kukhala moyo wamiyala m'malo omwe amakhala ndi mwayi wopezera chisa chake - mabowo anyamawa sakumba okha mabowo.
Zinthu za kubereka ndi kukula kwa ana
Ana oyamba a bere loyera amabweretsa atakwanitsa miyezi 15. Mwa amuna, kukhwima kumachitika miyezi 12. Monga lamulo, umuna wa mkazi umachitika mchilimwe. Amamutsogolera ndi masewera omwe akukwatirana, omwe amakhala pachibwenzi chofewa koma cholimba chamtundu wamphongo, womwe ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuphwanya kukana kwa mkazi.
Pambuyo umuna, zomwe zimatchedwa kusungidwa kwa mbewu ndikusungidwa kwake mu chiberekero mpaka masika (kwa miyezi pafupifupi 8) zimachitika. Kumapeto kwa dzinja kapena kuyamba kwa kupuma, mwana wakhanda loyera amabereka mwana mwezi umodzi, kotero kuti mu Marichi-Epulo 3-4 ana amabadwa - amaliseche komanso akhungu. Kuti atsegule maso ndikuyamba kuwona, amafunika mwezi, mwezi wina ndi theka zitatha izi, akupitilizabe kudya mkaka wamawere. Atatha nthawi yotsitsa, anawo amayamba kusaka ndi amayi awo. Kuyimira pawokha kumabwera pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa mwala kumakhala zaka zitatu, ngakhale anthu ena amakhala ndi zaka 7 ndi 10.
Mawonekedwe
Kukula kwa mwala wopangidwa ndi kamphaka kakang'ono, thupi limakhala lodera komanso lothina ndi mchira wautali wopendekera, ndipo miyendo ndiyifupi. Kuphatikizira kwa nyamayi kumakhala kotalikirana bwino ndi makutu akulu. Miyala yamiyala ikhoza kulekanitsidwa kuchokera ku zolimba ndi ma mbewa ndi malo owoneka bwino kwambiri pa chifuwa, yomwe imadutsa mbali ziwiri mpaka miyendo yakutsogolo. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa anthu amtunduwu ku Asia sikutha kukhala ndi malo konse. Chovala chanyama ndi chovuta komanso kupakidwa utoto wamtundu wamtundu wa bulauni komanso bulawuni. Maso amtundu wakuda, womwe usiku amawala mokongola mumdima ndi utoto wamkuwa. Zotsatira za marten wamwala ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwezi ndi mlongo wake "mlongo". Nyama imadumphadumpha, ikumenya kutsogolo kwake pamayendedwe apatsogolo, ikusiyira mbali ziwiri (madontho awiri) kapena zigawo zitatu (madontho atatu). Galu wokhala ndi miyendo iwiri amatha kuwoneka mu chisanu pamene nyamayo isunthira pagulu, ndipo galu wamiyendo itatu amatha kuwoneka pansi kapena kulowetsedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale phokoso laling'ono.
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa oyera-oyamwitsa ndi ma pine marten ndikofunikira. Pine marten amakhala ndi mchira wofupikirapo, malowo pakhosi amakhala achikasu, mphuno zake zimakhala zakuda, ndipo mapazi adakutidwa ndi ubweya. Kuphatikiza apo, mwalawu umalemera, koma wocheperako kuposa mnzake. Kutalika kwa thupi la nyama iyi ndi 40-55 masentimita, ndipo kutalika kwa mchira ndi 22-30 cm. Kulemera kumatha kuyambira kilogalamu imodzi mpaka awiri ndi theka. Amuna, monga lamulo, ndi ochulukirapo poyerekeza ndi achikazi.
Kugawa
Stone marten amakhala kumapiri opanda kanthu (ku Altai ndi Caucasus), m'nkhalango zosefukira (Ciscaucasia), komanso nthawi zina m'mizinda ndi m'mapaki (madera ena akumwera kwa Russia). Kugawidwa ku Eurasia, kumakhala Peninsula ya Iberia, Mongolia ndi Himalayas. Chifukwa chake zimapezeka kumayiko a Baltic, ku Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Crimea, Central ndi Central Asia.
Nyamayi sikhala m'nkhalango, imakonda malo otseguka ndi tchire tating'ono ndi mitengo yazokha. Nthawi zambiri, amasankha miyala yamiyala, chifukwa chake, mtundu uwu wa marten udadziwika. Nyama iyi siopa anthu konse ndipo imakonda kuwoneka pafupi ndi anthu - m'thumbo, zipinda zapansi ndi zipinda zapakhomo.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Pokhala nyama yolusa kwambiri, chakudya chamiyala yamiyala imakhala ndi nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono, mwachitsanzo, makoswe okhala ndi mbewa, ochenjera ndi akalulu, komanso mbalame zazing'onoting'ono, achule, tizilombo ndi mazira a mbalame. M'madera ena, nyama iyi imakumba timadontho-timadontho ndi kuwononga malo okhala mileme. M'chilimwe, miyala ya m'miyeso imadya mitundu yambiri, makamaka kafadala. Nthawi zina chimalowa m'nyumba za nkhunda ndi nkhuku zove, kuthana ndi nkhuku ndi akalulu, kunyamula mbewu ndi zipatso, ndikutsamira zinyalala posaka chakudya. Nyamayi imapha, monga lamulo, imagwira kwambiri kuposa momwe imatha kudya.
Chofunikira kwambiri pakudya kwanyama ndi zakudya zamasamba, zipatso ndi zipatso. Panthawi yakucha zipatso, nyama zokhala ndi bere loyera zimadya mphesa, mapeyala, maapulo, maula, ma rasipiberi, yamatcheri, mabulosi ndi mphesa. Pafupifupi nyengo yachisanu, nyamazo zimadutsira kunthambo, mlombwa, phulusa lamapiri, privet ndi hawthorn. Chapakatikati, amakonda kusangalala ndi inflorescence yokoma ya linden ndi mthethe yoyera. Ngati mwala wothamangitsidwa ndi mwala ukufunika kusankha: zipatso kapena nyama, azikonda zoyambirira.
Kuswana
Nyengo yakukhwima kwa mwala imayambira m'miyezi yachilimwe, kuyambira Juni mpaka Ogasiti, koma chifukwa chokhala ndi pakati motalika, zazikazi zimabala ana mchaka chokha cha Marichi, Epulo-Epulo. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha nthawi yayitali yakukula kwa mluza, motero, ana amapitilira m'mimba amakula kwa miyezi isanu ndi itatu, ngakhale kuti pakati pokha pakokha pamatha mwezi umodzi - nthawi yonse yomwe mbewuzo zimasungidwa m'thupi la mkazi. Pambuyo pobala, ana atatu kapena asanu ndi awiri opanda mphamvu kwathunthu amabadwa, amaliseche ndi maso otseka ndi makutu. Ana amakula mu sabata yachinayi kapena yachisanu, mwezi umodzi ndi theka atabadwa, amamwetsedwa mkaka wa m'mawere, ndikudziyimira pawokha potsatira kugwa. Mukamayamwitsa, azimayiwo amayamwitsa ana ndikuwateteza ku zoopsa zomwe zingachitike, ndipo pambuyo pake amaphunzitsa njira zosakira ana.
Mbalame zazing'ono zokhala ndi mawere oyera zimachoka chisa kumapeto kwa Julayi ndipo sizosiyana ndi anthu akuluakulu, ndipo zitatha molt woyamba - malinga ndi chivundikiro cha ubweya wawo. Wachinyamata wopangidwa ndi mwala amayamba kudzimiratu kumapeto kwa chilimwe, ndipo amatha kufikira chaka chatha, miyezi 15-27.
Nthawi yayitali yomwe nyama zimayembekezera kukhala kuthengo ndi pafupi zaka zitatu (kuthengo) ndi pafupi khumi (m'malo abwino), ndipo ali mu ukapolo - kawiri konse, zaka 18-20.
Masanjidwe
Mpaka pano, magulu anayi amiyala yamiyala amadziwika.
- Whitefinch waku Europe amakhala ku Western Europe komanso m'malo ena a ku Europe komwe kale anali USSR.
- Fishfish yoyera imakhala yodziwika ku Crimea ndipo imasiyana pang'ono ndi abale ake mwa kupangika kwa mano, chigaza chaching'ono komanso mtundu wa ubweya.
- Nyama yoyera ya ku Caucasus yokhala ku Transcaucasia ndiye nyama yayikulu kwambiri (masentimita 54) yokhala ndi ubweya wonyezimira wamtengo wapatali komanso pansi pake.
- Whitefish yoyera ku Central Asia imakhala ku Altai, imakhala ndi malo okhala am'mero otetemera komanso ubweya wokongola kwambiri.