Takulandirani patsamba 404! Muli pano chifukwa mudalowa adilesi ya tsamba lomwe kulibenso kapena komwe kwasunthidwa ku adilesi ina.
Tsamba lomwe mwapempha mwina lisunthidwa kapena kuchotsedwa. Ndizothekanso kuti mwapanga typo yaying'ono mukalowa adilesi - izi zimachitika ngakhale nafe, kotero fufuzani mosamala.
Chonde gwiritsani ntchito njira yosakira kapena yosakira kuti mupeze zambiri zomwe mukufuna. Ngati muli ndi mafunso, lembani kwa oyang'anira.
Malo ogawa
Banja la ma penguin (lat. Sphenniscidae) ndi gulu lonyamula ma penguin ndipo limakonda kudera la Antarctic, komanso kumadera oyandikira zilumba. Komabe, kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu ya zinthu kumakhala kochepa pano: imperi, papuan (subantarctic), Antarctic ndipo, ochulukirapo, Adelie penguin amakhala ku Antarctica. Mitundu ina imakhala pafupi ndi kumpoto ngakhale pafupi ndi equator, koma imangokhala m'malo ozizira.
Mitundu ina yodziwika bwino kwambiri ya penguin:
Wamng'ono kapena wabuluu,
Otsalira a makolo awo anapezeka ku Peru ndi New Zealand. Pali kuthekera kwakuti ma penguin akale amatha kuwuluka. Kodi mafupa opezeka m'mapiko awo amati chiyani? Ndiwofunda komanso otakata kuposa oyimira amakono, omwe mapiko ake pakusintha kwawo adayamba kufanana ndi ntchentche ndipo sakukonzekera kuwuluka.
Kodi penguin ndi mbalame kapena chinyama?
Thupi la penguin limakulungidwa ndi maula ena apadera omwe amafanana ndi ubweya. Nthenga zing'onozing'ono zimatha ndi nsonga yolimba ndikuphimba khungu pakulingana ndi mamba. Pamodzi ndi mafuta ochokera ku ma glands apadera, izi zimapatsa thupi mphamvu yotsutsana ndi madzi komanso kutchingira mafuta.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma penguin ali ndi njira yapadera yoperekera magazi: m'mipukutu ndi m'miyendo, magazi ochepa amatulutsa kutentha kwa venous, ndikuwabwezeretsa ku thupi. Izi zimathandizira kukhalabe ndi kutentha kwa madigiri 38 ngakhale nyengo yovuta kwambiri.
Mchirawu umakhala nthenga zazitali komanso zolimba, zimapereka chithandizo chodalirika. Mlomo wake ndi wolimba, wautali komanso wowonda. Zonsezi komanso mfundo yoti ma penguins amaikira mazira ngati mbalame zonse, zimasiyira kukayikira kuti sizili m'gulu la nsomba kapena zinyama.
Kodi ndizosiyana bwanji ndi mbalame zina
Mosiyana ndi mafoni ena am'madzi, ma penguin pansi pamadzi samayendetsa miyendo yawo ndikuwasunga. Ntchito yayikulu imatengedwa ndi mapiko osunthira mapewa. Miyendo yake ndi yaifupi, yopindika, makamaka yobisika pakhungu la thupi. Amasunthidwa mowonekera, ndikufanizira ndi miyendo ya mbalame zina, ndichifukwa chake ma penguin amayenda motsimikiza, osasunthika.
Mafupa achikopa alibe mizere yake ndipo amafanana kwambiri pakachulukana ndi mafupa a mamalia. Minofu ya mapiko ndi keel yokhazikika imapangika bwino kwambiri kuposa mbalame zina. Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi imvi yakuda kapena yakuda kumbuyo ndi mimba yoyera. Maonekedwe a thupi ndi ma penguins ali ofanana ndi eider. Pali mtundu wina womwe makolo awo ndi abale a shag yopanda mapiko, yomwe idawonongeka m'zaka za zana la 19.
Zolemba zina za ma penguin
Poyenda amasuntha pang'ono, kuchoka phazi limodzi kupita lina. Njirayi imathandizira kupulumutsa mphamvu. Ngati ndi kotheka, amagona pamimba pawo, ndikukankhira kumbali, mwachangu pansi, kuthamanga mpaka 6 km / h. Pakusambira, pofuna kuthana ndi mafunde amphamvu, nthawi zina amalumpha kutuluka m'madzi ngati ma dolphin.
Malo osungiramo mafuta ochulukirapo omwe ali osanjikiza a 2-3 masentimita amalola kuti penguin ipirire nthawi yozizira komanso yanjala.Monga, mwachitsanzo, nthawi yakusungunuka, chifukwa chophwanya chivundikiro cha madzi, mbalame zimakakamizidwa kukhalabe pamtunda, osatha kupeza chakudya chawo. Pakadali pano, amataya gawo lolemera.
Ma penguins amakhala pafupifupi zaka 15-20.
Ndani amasakidwa ndi kuwopa
Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane zomwe penguins amadya. Omwe akukhala m'madzi am'nyanja mukudya:
· Mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba,
Chaching'ono kwambiri cha iwo, mbalamezo zimadya m'madzi, kuyamwa mkamwa. Amamwa madzi amchere amchere, ngakhale ndi akasupe atsopano. Mchere wambiri umapangidwa kudzera mu ndulu za supraorbital.
Ma penguin okha amakhala chakudya cha nyama zazikuluzikuluzikulu: agwape, anamgumi opha, anyalugwe, zisindikizo za ubweya ndi mikango yam'nyanja. Seagull amabweretsa mavuto ambiri, akuwononga zisa ndikuwukira anapiye ang'onoang'ono.
Chifukwa chakuti adani ambiri amakhala m'madzi, kudikirira omwe akuwathandizira m'madzi osaya, ma pengu nthawi zambiri samayimba mtima kupita kunyanja kwa nthawi yayitali asanamire, akusunthira m'magulu. Pambuyo pa kuluka kolimba, enawo amatsata chitsanzo chake. Vutoli limatchedwa "penguin athari."
Ubale Waumunthu
Munthu wamasiku ano samadya nyama ya penguin. Makamaka chifukwa cha fungo linalake. Koma kumadera ena, amasaka mafuta ndi mazira ake ofunika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mitundu.
Ogwira ntchito m'malo opukutira polumikizana ndi ma penguin amawopa kuti saopa anthu ndipo amachita zinthu zolakwika ngati abale awo. Chifukwa cha chilengedwe cha thupi, ma penguin sangathe kudzimirira okha atagwa. Chifukwa chake, anthu amagwira ntchito kumalo osungira, omwe udindo wawo ndikuthandiza mbalame kuti ziwuke.
Zosangalatsa
Ma penguu ali ndi luntha lokwera bwino, lomwe limawonetsedwa muzikhalidwe zachilendo. Mwachitsanzo, pofuna kusokoneza mdani, atha kukankhira mtundu wina m'madzi, ndi kuwupereka.
Mbalamezi ndi amodzi mwa anthu akale kwambiri padziko lapansi, omwe amati anali achikhalidwe cham'madzi masiku ano.
Penguin ndi mbalame yokhayo yomwe imayimirira.
Kuti afundire, ma Emperor penguins amasonkhanitsana wina ndi mnzake, nthawi ndi nthawi kusakaniza kuchokera kumapeto mpaka pakati kuti aliyense atenthe.
Pofuna kulowa m'madzi akuya pafupifupi 500 m, mfumu penguin imeza miyala yaying'ono.
Utithandiza kwambiri ngati mumagawana nkhani pagulu locheza komanso ngati. Zikomo chifukwa cha izo.
Tumizani ku njira yathu.
Werengani nkhani zina pa bird House.
Makhalidwe wamba
Wamkulu mwa oimira amakono ndi Emperor penguin (kutalika - 110-120 cm, kulemera kwa 46 kg), ochepa kwambiri - oimira mitundu Eudyptula wamng'ono - penguin yaying'ono (kutalika 30-40 cm, kulemera makilogalamu 1-2,5). Kusiyana kwakukulu kotereku kukufotokozedwa ndi lamulo la Bergmann, lomwe ma penguins ndi zitsanzo pafupipafupi. Lamulo la Bergmann likuti nyama zomwe zimakhala m'malo ozizira zimakhala ndi zazikulu zazikulu, chifukwa izi zimapangitsa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa thupi ndi thupi la nyamayo motero zimachepetsa kutentha.
Emperor Penguins ku Antarctica
Kapangidwe ka thupi
Kuchokera ku mbalame zina zonse, ma penguins amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe apadera kwambiri a thupi. Mawonekedwe amthupi a ma penguin amawongolera, omwe ndioyenera kuyenda m'madzi. Kutsogolo kwa ma penguin si zachilendo ayi. Kutupa ndi mapangidwe a mafupawo amawalola kuti azigwira ntchito pansi pa mapiko ndi mapiko okhala ngati zipsera. Mosiyana ndi mbalame zina zopanda ndege, ma penguin amakhala ndi sternum yokhala ndi keel yosiyana, yomwe minofu yamphamvu imalumikizidwa. Kusambira pansi pamadzi kumasiyana ndi kuwuluka mumlengalenga chifukwa mphamvu yomweyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakukweza mapikowo ngati kutsika, popeza kukana kwa madzi kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa kukana mpweya, chifukwa chake masamba a penguin ali ndi malo okulirapo kuposa mbalame zina zomwe mamissature amakhala. udindo wokweza mapiko. Fupa la humerus ndi lakutsogolo limalumikizidwa m'chiuno molunjika komanso osasunthika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapiko ake asasunthike.Minofu ya pectoral imapangidwa modabwitsa ndipo nthawi zina imapanga 30% ya kulemera kwa thupi, komwe kumakhala kangapo kuposa minofu ya mbalame zamphamvu kwambiri. Ntchafu ndizofupikitsa, bondo limakhala kuti siligwedezeka, ndipo miyendo imasunthidwa kumbuyo, zomwe zimayambitsa gitala yowongoka modabwitsa. Mapazi akulu okhala ndi nembanemba yosambira ndi yochepa - ndikakhala pamtunda, nyama nthawi zambiri zimapumira, ndikuyimirira zidendene zawo, pomwe maula osasunthika amawapatsa thandizo lina. Mchira wa penguin udafupikitsika kwambiri, chifukwa ntchito zomwe zimakonda kukhala m'mazenera ena am'madzi mu ma penguin zimachitika makamaka ndi miyendo. Kusiyananso kwachiwiri pakati pa ma penguin ndi mbalame zina ndi kachulukidwe ka mafupa. Mbalame zonse zimakhala ndi mafupa am'machubu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafupa awo azikhala osavuta komanso omwe amawalola kuti aziuluka kapena kuthamanga. Koma mu ma penguins, ali ofanana ndi mafupa a zinyama (ma dolphin ndi zisindikizo) ndipo mulibe mizere yamkati.
Machida
M'malo omwe amakhala, ma penguin amatha nyengo yayitali kwambiri ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana omwe amawathandiza kusintha. Choyamba, wandiweyani - kuyambira 2 mpaka 3 cm - wosanjikiza wamafuta umagwiritsidwa ntchito kutenthetsa mafuta, pamwambapa pomwe pali zigawo zitatu za madzi osakwanira, ofupikira, oyandikana kwambiri ndi nthenga ndikugawana m thupi lonse. Apertia - Malo akhungu osowa nthenga kulibe ma penguin, mosafanana ndi mbalame zina zonse, kusiyanasiyana ndi mitundu ina yotentha, momwe ma aperia ali patsogolo pa mutu. Mpweya womwe umayamwa nthenga umatetezanso bwino kuti kutentha kwa madzi kusamachitike. Ma penguins amakhalanso ndi "dongosolo losinthira kutentha" m'minyewa ndi miyendo: magazi omwe amalowera mkati mwake amapereka kutentha kwa magazi ozizira omwe amabwerera ku thupi, kotero kuchepa kwa kutentha kumachepetsedwa. Njirayi imatchedwa "backflow". Kumbali inayo, nyama zamtundu wa penguin zomwe zimakhala m'madzi otentha zimakakamizidwa kuti zimenyane kwambiri. Zipsepse zake mokhudzana ndi kukula kwa thupi zimakhala ndi malo akulu, kotero pomwe mawonekedwe omwe amasinthira kutentha amawonjezedwa. M'mitundu ina, kuwonjezera pa izi, palinso zopanda zina patsogolo, zomwe zimathandizira njira yotumizira kutentha mumithunzi.
Mapaundi
Nthenga zambiri zazing'ono, zopanda chidwi, koma zowoneka ngati tsitsi zomwe zimapanga maula, pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya penguin imakhala ndi imvi pamtondo, kusandulika mthunzi wakuda, komanso yoyera pamimba. Mtunduwu ndi wonyansa kwa nyama zam'madzi zambiri (monga ma dolphin). Amuna ndi akazi ali ofanana kwambiri, ngakhale abambo ndi okulirapo pang'ono. Chojambulachi chooneka bwino kwambiri pamutu ndicho ma penguin ambiri (Eudyptes). Zambiri mwa ana ake nthawi zambiri zimakhala za imvi kapena zofiirira, komabe, mumtundu wina, mbali ndi m'mimba zimakhala zoyera. Pamapeto pa kuwaswa kwa mazira ndi kulima anapiye, ma penguin amayamba kusungunuka - kusintha kwa manambala. Pakusungunuka, ma penguin amaponyera nthenga zochuluka nthawi imodzi ndipo samatha kusambira m'madzi nthawi ino ndikukhalabe wopanda chakudya mpaka nthenga zatsopano zitakula. Nthenga zatsopano zimamera pansi pa zakale ndipo zimawoneka ngati zikutulutsa. Nthawi imeneyi, yomwe imakhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuyambira milungu iwiri mpaka isanu ndi umodzi, mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito mafuta osungirako kawiri mwachangu. Ma penguins a Subantarctic (Pygoscelis papua) ndi ma penguins a Galapagos (Spheniscus mendiculus) alibe nthawi yosungunuka bwino; m'mitundu imeneyi, imatha kuyamba nthawi iliyonse pakati pa kuwaswa. Mbalame zomwe sizimaswa tiana tating'ono, kusungunula pafupifupi nthawi zonse kumayambira m'mbuyomu kuposa ena.
Kuwona ndi kumva
Maso a ma penguins amatha kutengera kusambira pansi pamadzi, ziphuphu za maso awo ndi osalala kwambiri, chifukwa chomwe mbalame zimatha kuwona pang'ono.Njira ina yosinthira ndikusinthika ndi kufalikira kwa mwana, makamaka wotchulidwa pakati pa ma penguins a Emperor osambira kwambiri. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awa, maso a penguin amasintha mwachangu kusintha kwa magetsi m'madzi akuya mpaka 100 m.Kusanthula kwa kapangidwe kake kamatithandizanso kunena kuti ma penguins amawona mbali yamtambo yowoneka bwino kuposa yofiyira, komanso mwina amawona kuwala kwa ultraviolet. Popeza kuwalako kwa gawo lofiira la sipekitiramu kumabalalika kale m'matamu am'madzi, mawonekedwe a masomphenyawa mwina ndi omwe adachitika chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa kusintha. Makutu a ma penguin, monga mbalame zambiri, samakhala ndi mawonekedwe akunja omveka. Mukasambira, amatsekeka mwamphamvu ndi nthenga zapadera, kuti madzi asalowe khutu. Mu Emperor penguins, kuwonjezera pa izi, m'mphepete mwa khutu lakunja limakulitsidwa kuti ikathe kutseka, kotero kuti makutu apakati ndi mkati amatetezedwa kuti asawonongeke zomwe zingayambitse kumizidwa mwakuya kwambiri. Pansi pamadzi, ma penguin amapanga pafupifupi mawu, ndipo pamtunda amalankhulana kudzera pamfuwu yomwe imafanana ndi mawu a chitoliro komanso tambala. Sizinakhazikitsidwebe ngati amagwiritsa ntchito kumva kuti azitsatira amene wawazunza ndi kupeza adani awo achilengedwe.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Ma penguins amadya nsomba - Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum), anchovies (Engraulidae) kapena sardines (ku Clupeidae), komanso nkhanu, monga krill, kapena cephalopods zazing'ono, zomwe amazisaka, akumeza mwachindunji pansi pamadzi. Ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana imagawana malo omwewo, zakudya zawo, monga lamulo, zimasiyana: Ma penguin a Adelie ndi ma penguin a Antarctic amakonda mitundu yayikulu yosiyanasiyana.
Kusuntha
Kuthamanga kwakukulu komwe ma penguins amakula m'madzi amachokera pamakilomita asanu mpaka khumi pa ola limodzi, koma mitengo yokwezeka imatheka pamtunda wochepa. Njira yothamanga kwambiri ndiyo "kusambira ndi dolphin", pomwe nyamayo imadumphira m'madzi kwakanthawi kochepa, ngati dolphin. Zomwe zimapangitsa izi sizimveka: mwina zimathandizira kuchepetsa kukana kwa zomwe zikuchitika, kapena cholinga chofuna kusokoneza adani achilengedwe.
Mukamadumphira, ma penguin ena amaswa mbiri: Mitundu yaying'ono monga subantarctic penguin (Pygoscelis papua) imatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa kamtunda kamodzi kapena (kocheperako) kupitilira mphindi ziwiri ndikutsamira mpaka pansi kuya kwa 20, koma Emperor penguins amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa 18 Mphindi ndi kulowa pansi pa madzi kupitirira 530 metres. Ngakhale mphamvu zazikulu za Emperor penguins mpaka lero sizimamvetseka bwino, zimadziwika, komabe, kuti, pomizidwa, nyamayo imatsika mpaka gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a kupumula kwa mtima, motero kuchepetsa kumwa kwa mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonjezera nthawi yokhala pansi pa madzi ndi mpweya wofanana m'mapapu. Makina owongolera kupsinjika ndi kutentha kwa thupi mukamizidwa mwakuya kwambiri sakudziwika.
Mukamachoka pamadzi, ma penguins amatha kudumphira m'mphepete mwa nyanja mpaka kutalika kwa 1.80 m. Chifukwa cha miyendo yocheperako pamtunda, ma penguin amasunthira mbali - njira iyi ya mayendedwe, monga momwe kafukufuku wa biomechanics wasonyezera, amapulumutsa mphamvu zambiri. Pa ayezi, ma penguin amathanso kuyenda mwachangu - amatuluka mumapiri, atagona pamimba pawo. Mitundu ina imakhala pamtunda wamakilomita ambiri pakati pa nyanja ndi malo omwe madera awo amakhala.
Habitat
Ma penguins amakhala munyanja lotseguka ku South Hemisphere: m'madzi am'mphepete mwa Antarctica, ku New Zealand, kumwera kwa Australia, South Africa, pagombe lakumadzulo kwa South America kuchokera ku zilumba za Falkland mpaka Peru, komanso ku zilumba za Galapagos pafupi ndi Equator.Ma penguins amakonda kuzizira, chifukwa chake m'malo otentha amawoneka okha ndi mafunde ozizira - Humboldt Current pagombe lakumadzulo kwa South America kapena Bengal Current, yomwe imachokera ku Cape of Good Hope ndikutsuka gombe lakumadzulo kwa South Africa.
Mitundu yambiri imakhala pakati pa 45 ° mpaka 60 ° kum'mwera, gawo lalikulu kwambiri la anthu lili ku Antarctic komanso kuzilumba zoyandikana nayo.
Malo okhala kumpoto kwambiri kumpoto kwake ndi Zilumba za Galapagos, zomwe zili kudera lotere.
Ma penguins ku folks
- Pakati pa okonda Russia pa woyendetsa ndege wa formula 1 Kimi Raikkonen, pali nthabwala kuti pazaka zomwe adasewera timu ya McLaren, ma penguins (mosayembekezereka akudumphira pamsewu kapena atakhala mgalimoto yamoto) ndizomwe zidapangitsa kusokonekera kwaukadaulo komanso zolakwika zoyendetsa ndege.
- Pali nthabwala ina: "Penguin ndindife ameza, koma kwambiri ».
Malingaliro
- Penguin.su Kusankhidwa kwa zolemba ndi zithunzi za ma penguin, chidwi chosangalatsa
- Portal komwe ma penguins amakhala Onse penguin ndi zina zambiri. Nkhani, chidziwitso, zithunzi, zikwangwani, masewera, ndi zina zambiri.
Ndalama yapitayo idandipangira mutu woti ndifunse pa intaneti. Chifukwa chake ndidasankha kuphunzira zochulukirapo za ma penguin, nthawi yomweyo ndikuuzeni.
Ma penguins (lat.Pheniscidae) - banja la mbalame zam'madzi zopanda mbalame, imodzi yokha mwa dongosolo la penguin (Sphenisciformes). Pali mitundu 18 m’banjamo. Komanso ndikuwonetsa onse mwatsatanetsatane.
Pali njira ziwiri zomwe dzina la "penguin" limachokera: kuchokera ku zolemba za Wales (mutu) ndi Gwyn (zoyera) zomwe zimawonetsa wopanda pake wopanda pake (Pinguinus impennis) wochokera ku banja la purebreds. Ndipo oyendetsa sitimawo amatcha ma penguin mwanjira yomweyo chifukwa cha kufanana kwawo. Kuchokera ku liwu Lachilatini "pinguis" - "wandiweyani" izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndikuti m'zilankhulo zambiri zaku Europe liwu loti "penguin" limalumikizidwa ndi liwu loti "wandiweyani"
Omwe akuyimira wamkulu masiku ano ndi Emperor penguin (kutalika - 110-120 cm, kulemera kwa 46 kg), ochepa kwambiri - oimira mitundu ya Eudyptula yaying'ono - penguin yaying'ono (kutalika 30-40 cm, kulemera makilogalamu 1-2,5). Ndipo ndi uyu:
Kuchokera ku mbalame zina zonse, ma penguins amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe apadera kwambiri a thupi. Mawonekedwe amthupi a ma penguin amawongolera, omwe ndioyenera kuyenda m'madzi. Kutsogolo kwa ma penguin si zachilendo ayi. Kutupa ndi mapangidwe a mafupawo amawalola kuti azigwira ntchito pansi pa mapiko ndi mapiko okhala ngati zipsera. Mosiyana ndi mbalame zina zopanda ndege, ma penguins ali ndi sternum yokhala ndi keel yosiyana. Kusambira pansi pamadzi kumasiyana ndi kuwuluka mumlengalenga chifukwa mphamvu yomweyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakukweza mapikowo ngati kutsika, popeza kukana kwa madzi kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa kukana mpweya, chifukwa chake masamba a penguin ali ndi malo okulirapo kuposa mbalame zina zomwe mamissature amakhala. udindo wokweza mapiko. Fupa la humerus ndi lakutsogolo limalumikizidwa m'chiuno molunjika komanso osasunthika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapiko ake asasunthike.
Minofu ya pectoral imapangidwa modabwitsa ndipo nthawi zina imapanga 30% ya kulemera kwa thupi, komwe kumakhala kangapo kuposa minofu ya mbalame zamphamvu kwambiri. Ntchafu ndizofupikitsa, bondo limakhala kuti siligwedezeka, ndipo miyendo imasunthidwa kumbuyo, zomwe zimayambitsa gitala yowongoka modabwitsa. Mapazi akulu okhala ndi nembanemba yosambira ndi yochepa - ndikakhala pamtunda, nyama nthawi zambiri zimapumira, ndikuyimirira zidendene zawo, pomwe maula osasunthika amawapatsa thandizo lina. Mchira wa penguin udafupikitsika kwambiri, chifukwa ntchito zomwe zimakonda kukhala m'mazenera ena am'madzi mu ma penguin zimachitika makamaka ndi miyendo. Kusiyananso kwachiwiri pakati pa ma penguin ndi mbalame zina ndi kachulukidwe ka mafupa. Mbalame zonse zimakhala ndi mafupa am'machubu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafupa awo azikhala osavuta komanso omwe amawalola kuti aziuluka kapena kuthamanga. Koma mu ma penguins, ali ofanana ndi mafupa a zinyama (ma dolphin ndi zisindikizo) ndipo mulibe mizere yamkati.
M'malo omwe amakhala, ma penguin amatha nyengo yayitali kwambiri ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana omwe amawathandiza kusintha.Choyamba, wandiweyani - kuyambira 2 mpaka 3 cm - wosanjikiza wamafuta umagwiritsidwa ntchito kutenthetsa mafuta, pamwambapa pomwe pali zigawo zitatu za madzi osakwanira, ofupikira, oyandikana kwambiri ndi nthenga ndikugawana m thupi lonse. Apertia - Malo akhungu osowa nthenga kulibe ma penguin, mosafanana ndi mbalame zina zonse, kusiyanasiyana ndi mitundu ina yotentha, momwe ma aperia ali patsogolo pa mutu.
Mpweya womwe umayamwa nthenga umatetezanso bwino kuti kutentha kwa madzi kusamachitike. Ma penguins amakhalanso ndi "dongosolo losinthira kutentha" m'minyewa ndi miyendo: magazi omwe amalowera mkati mwake amapereka kutentha kwa magazi ozizira omwe amabwerera ku thupi, kotero kuchepa kwa kutentha kumachepetsedwa. Njirayi imatchedwa "backflow". Kumbali inayo, nyama zamtundu wa penguin zomwe zimakhala m'madzi otentha zimakakamizidwa kuti zimenyane kwambiri. Zipsepse zake mokhudzana ndi kukula kwa thupi zimakhala ndi malo akulu, kotero pomwe mawonekedwe omwe amasinthira kutentha amawonjezedwa. M'mitundu ina, kuwonjezera pa izi, palinso zopanda zina patsogolo, zomwe zimathandizira njira yotumizira kutentha mumithunzi.
Nthenga zambiri zazing'ono, zopanda chidwi, koma zowoneka ngati tsitsi zomwe zimapanga maula, pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya penguin imakhala ndi imvi pamtondo, kusandulika mthunzi wakuda, komanso yoyera pamimba. Mtunduwu ndi wonyansa kwa nyama zam'madzi zambiri (monga ma dolphin). Amuna ndi akazi ali ofanana kwambiri, ngakhale abambo ndi okulirapo pang'ono. Chojambulachi chooneka bwino kwambiri pamutu ndicho ma penguin ambiri (Eudyptes). Zambiri mwa ana ake nthawi zambiri zimakhala za imvi kapena zofiirira, komabe, mumtundu wina, mbali ndi m'mimba zimakhala zoyera. Pamapeto pa kuwaswa kwa mazira ndi kulima anapiye, ma penguin amayamba kusungunuka - kusintha kwa manambala.
Pakusungunuka, ma penguin amaponyera nthenga zochuluka nthawi imodzi ndipo samatha kusambira m'madzi nthawi ino ndikukhalabe wopanda chakudya mpaka nthenga zatsopano zitakula. Nthenga zatsopano zimamera pansi pa zakale ndipo zimawoneka ngati zikutulutsa. Nthawi imeneyi, yomwe imakhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuyambira milungu iwiri mpaka isanu ndi umodzi, mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito mafuta osungirako kawiri mwachangu. Ma penguins a Subantarctic (Pygoscelis papua) ndi ma penguins a Galapagos (Spheniscus mendiculus) alibe nthawi yosungunuka bwino; m'mitundu imeneyi, imatha kuyamba nthawi iliyonse pakati pa kuwaswa. Mbalame zomwe sizimaswa tiana tating'ono, kusungunula pafupifupi nthawi zonse kumayambira m'mbuyomu kuposa ena.
Maso a ma penguins amatha kutengera kusambira pansi pamadzi, ziphuphu za maso awo ndi osalala kwambiri, chifukwa chomwe mbalame zimatha kuwona pang'ono. Njira ina yosinthira ndikusinthika ndi kufalikira kwa mwana, makamaka wotchulidwa pakati pa ma penguins a Emperor osambira kwambiri. Chifukwa cha izi, maso a anyaniwa amasintha mwachangu mikhalidwe yosintha yowunikira m'madzi pakuya kwa 100 m.
Alinso ndi adani achilengedwe. Inde, ndipo awa ndi toothy. Lumikizanani ndi zolemba zambiri za iwo kumapeto kwenikweni kwa nkhaniyo.
Kusanthula kwa kapangidwe ka utoto kumatithandiza kuzindikira kuti ma penguins amawona mu buluu mawonekedwe amawoneka bwino kuposa gawo lofiira, ndipo mwina amawona kuwala kwa ultraviolet. Popeza kuwalako kwa gawo lofiira la sipekitiramu kumabalalika kale m'matamu am'madzi, mawonekedwe a masomphenyawa mwina ndi omwe adachitika chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa kusintha. Makutu a ma penguin, monga mbalame zambiri, samakhala ndi mawonekedwe akunja omveka. Mukasambira, amatsekeka mwamphamvu ndi nthenga zapadera, kuti madzi asalowe khutu. Mu Emperor penguins, kuwonjezera pa izi, m'mphepete mwa khutu lakunja limakulitsidwa kuti ikathe kutseka, kotero kuti makutu apakati ndi mkati amatetezedwa kuti asawonongeke zomwe zingayambitse kumizidwa mwakuya kwambiri. Pansi pamadzi, ma penguin amapanga pafupifupi mawu, ndipo pamtunda amalankhulana kudzera pamfuwu yomwe imafanana ndi mawu a chitoliro komanso tambala.Sizinakhazikitsidwebe ngati amagwiritsa ntchito kumva kuti azitsatira amene wawazunza ndi kupeza adani awo achilengedwe.
Ma penguins amadya nsomba - Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum), anchovies (Engraulidae) kapena sardines (ku Clupeidae), komanso nkhanu, monga krill, kapena cephalopods zazing'ono, zomwe amazisaka, akumeza mwachindunji pansi pamadzi. Ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana imagawana malo omwewo, zakudya zawo, monga lamulo, zimasiyanasiyana.
Kuthamanga kwakukulu komwe ma penguins amakula m'madzi amachokera pamakilomita asanu mpaka khumi pa ola limodzi, koma mitengo yokwezeka imatheka pamtunda wochepa.
Njira yothamanga kwambiri ndiyo "kusambira ndi dolphin", pomwe nyamayo imadumphira m'madzi kwakanthawi kochepa, ngati dolphin. Zomwe zimapangitsa izi sizimveka: mwina zimathandizira kuchepetsa kukana kwa zomwe zikuchitika, kapena cholinga chofuna kusokoneza adani achilengedwe.
Mukamadumphira, ma penguin ena amaswa mbiri: Mitundu yaying'ono monga subantarctic penguin (Pygoscelis papua) imatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa kamtunda kamodzi kapena (kocheperako) kupitilira mphindi ziwiri ndikutsamira mpaka pansi kuya kwa 20, koma Emperor penguins amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa 18 Mphindi ndi kulowa pansi pa madzi kupitirira 530 metres. Ngakhale mphamvu zazikulu za Emperor penguins mpaka lero sizimamvetseka bwino, zimadziwika, komabe, kuti, pomizidwa, nyamayo imatsika mpaka gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a kupumula kwa mtima, motero kuchepetsa kumwa kwa mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonjezera nthawi yokhala pansi pa madzi ndi mpweya wofanana m'mapapu. Makina owongolera kupsinjika ndi kutentha kwa thupi mukamizidwa mwakuya kwambiri sakudziwika.
Mukamachoka pamadzi, ma penguins amatha kudumphira m'mphepete mwa nyanja mpaka kutalika kwa 1.80 m. Chifukwa cha miyendo yocheperako pamtunda, ma penguin amayenda mbali ndi mbali - njira yoyendera, monga momwe kafukufuku wa biomechanics wasonyezera, amapulumutsa mphamvu zambiri. Pa ayezi, ma penguin amathanso kuyenda mwachangu - amatuluka mumapiri, atagona pamimba pawo. Mitundu ina imakhala pamtunda wamakilomita ambiri pakati pa nyanja ndi malo omwe madera awo amakhala.
Gulu
Banja la a Penguin (lat. Spheniscidae) lili ndi mitundu 6, mitundu 18:
Genus Aptenodytes (Imperial)
Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri)
Imakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Antarctica pa ayezi, kumwera kwa 78 ° kum'mwera kwenikweni.
Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi masentimita 110-120. Kulemera - 20-45 kg.
Awiri oyamba amayamba kupanga mu Epulo, patatha masiku 25 kuti dzira loyera laikidwa, lokhalo la nthawi yobereketsa. Kwa nthawi yayitali, njirayo imagwira dzira m'chiuno mwake, ndikuphimba ndi khola lapadera kunsi kwa m'mimba. Pambuyo maola ochepa chimaperekedwa kwa champhongo. Zitachitika izi, zazikazi, wina ndi mzake, amapita kunyanja. Izi zimatenga pafupifupi miyezi iwiri. Mkazi aliyense amapeza wamwamuna ndi mawu. Wanjala miyezi 4, mwamunayo amapatsa bwenzi lake dzira n kupita kunyanja.
Amadyanso nsomba zazing'ono, cephalopods, ndi crankaceic crustaceans, makamaka eufuusiid crustaceans
King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonica)
Amakhala kumpoto, m'malo otentha. Madera a Nesting amapezeka kuzilumba za South Georgia, Kerguelen, Marion, Crozet ndi Macquarie.
Kutalika kwa thupi ndi masentimita 91-96. Zambiri zimakhala pamiyala yolimba. Kubalana kumachitika mchilimwe: mazira amayikidwa makamaka mu Disembala - Januware. Mkazi aliyense amangoyikira dzira limodzi lalikulu. Makolo onsewa amakumbukira mosiyanasiyana. Kutalika kwa masiku 54
Genus Eudyptes (Crested)
Rockhopper Penguin kapena Rock Penguin, Rocky Penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome)
Pali magulu atatu:
Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome
Eudyptes chrysocome filholi
Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi
Amakhala kuzilumba zamiyala zam'mphepete mwa dera, koma nthawi zina imapezedwa kumpoto, kumpoto chakum'mwera kwa Africa ndi America kumwera, komanso kugombe lakumwera kwa New Zealand.
Imafika pamtunda wa masentimita 45-58, kulemera kwake 2-3 kg.
Imakhala m'midzi yayikulu kuzilumba zopanda ana ndi zowawa za Tristanda Kunya ndi Heard Island. M'malo opanda phokoso komanso phokoso, dzira loyambalo nthawi zambiri limasowa mikangano ndi anthu oyandikana nawo.Ana amakanda amasonkhana pa nazale ya tsiku limodzi, koma amabwerera ku chisa makolo atawaitana kuti adyetse. Ma boti amakula msanga ndipo ali okonzeka kupita kunyanja ali ndi zaka 10 milungu.
Victoria Penguin kapena Penguin wotsutsa-Wamphamvu kwambiri (Eudyptes pachyrhynchus)
Imakhala pachimphepo chamchere, kum'mwera kwa South Island ku New Zealand, komanso kuzilumba zazing'ono ziwiri - Stuart ndi Solander.
Imafika 60 cm kutalika, ndi kulemera pafupifupi 3 kg.
Snarie Penguin wopangidwa ndi golide kapena Snack Penguin (Eudyptes robustus)
Misika, tcheni chomwe chili kum'mwera kwa New Zealand, ndiye malo okhala ma penguin amenewa.
Imafika kutalika kwa 63 cm, ndi kulemera kwake pafupifupi 3 kg.
Amakhala m'malo otentha. Madzi a m'mbali mwa Zilumba za Snares ndi otentha, ndipo ma penguin samasambira kumwera kupitilira dera laling'ono.
Schlegel Penguin kapena Macquarie Penguin (Eudyptes schlegeli)
Amakhala pachilumba chopanda kanthu, cha Macquarie, chomwe chili ku Pacific Ocean pafupi ndi lamba la Antarctic.
Kukula, maonekedwe ndi zizolowezi zofanana ndi penguin wokhala ndi tsitsi lagolide.
Imafika kutalika kwa 65-75 masentimita, ndi kulemera kwa 5.5 kg
Great Crested Penguin (Eudyptes sclateri)
Zoyala pazilumba zinayi zochepa kumwera kwa New Zealand. Zigawo zazikulu zimapezeka kuzilumba za Antipode ndi Bounty Island, zazing'ono - kuzilumba za Auckland ndi Campbell.
Imafika pamtunda wa 65 cm, ndi kulemera kwa pafupifupi 2,5-3,5 kg.
Golden Penguin kapena Macaroni Penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus)
Kugawidwa kum'mwera kwa Atlantic ndi Indian Ocean. Nest ku South Georgia, South Shetland, South Orkney ndi zilumba zina zapansi kwambiri.
Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 65-76 cm.
Madera awo ndi ochulukirapo - mpaka anthu 600,000 oswana. Zomera pansi, kukonza zisa zakale kwambiri. Mazira awiri amaikidwa. Kutalika kwa masiku 35, ndikusintha kwa makolo kwa penguin
Genus Eudyptula (Wamng'ono)
Penguin wocheperako, Elf Penguin, Penguin Wocheperako, Penguin Wocheperako (Wam'ng'ono wa Eudyptula)
Imapezeka pagombe lakumwera kwa Australia, m'mphepete mwa Tasmania, New Zealand ndi Chatham Island.
Ili ndi kutalika kwamasentimita 40. Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi 1-2, nthawi zina mazira atatu.
Penguin Woyera wokhala ndi mapiko oyera, Penguin Wocheperako, Wocheperako Kumpoto kwa Mtundu (Eudyptula albosignata)
Kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi 30 cm ndi kulemera 1.5 kg. Zoweta zokha pachilumba cha Motunau, pafupi ndi Canterbury (New Zealand), zili pangozi.
Genus Megadyptes (Zazikulu)
Penguin wamkulu, penguin wamaso achikasu, Penguin, Anthode penguin (antigode Megadyptes)
Imakhala m'mphepete mwa gombe lakumwera kwa zilumba za New Zealand komanso kuzilumba za Stuart, Auckland ndi Campbell mu Seputembara - Novembala.
Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika masentimita 83.
Mbalamezi sizimapanga timagulu tambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'magulu awiriawiri. Ma penguins achichepere (azaka zitatu) amaikira dzira limodzi, pomwe achikulire pafupifupi mazira awiri. Kutalika kwa mankhwalawa kwa milungu inayi. Kukula kwa mbalame kumachitika, mwachiwonekere, mchaka cha 4-5 cha moyo.
Genus Pygoscelis (Antarctic)
Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)
Imakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Antarctic bara komanso kuzilumba pafupi ndi mainland: South Shetland, South Orkney ndi South Sandwich. Kunja, nthawi ya chisacho imayendayenda kwambiri, ndikuyenda makilomita 600-700 kuchokera kumadera awo.
Imeneyi ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri, mpaka kutalika kwa 80 cm. Zigawo zam'tsogolo zimayikidwa pamalo opanda matalala. M'malo amodzi mwa mbalamezi muli mbalame zochuluka kwambiri. Mu clutch nthawi zambiri mumakhala mazira awiri omwe amaikidwa ndikutalika kwa masiku 2-4. Kutalika kwa kuphika kwawo ndi masiku 33-38.
Antarctic Penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)
Imakhala kwambiri kuzilumba zopanda mapiko za dera laling'ono.
Kutalika kumafika 71-76 masentimita ndi kulemera kwa 4 makilogalamu.
Izi ma penguin ndizankhanza kwambiri. Pali milandu yodziwika yomwe mbalamezi zimakumana nazo kwa anthu omwe adayandikira koloniyo. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina, amadyetsa anapiye awo onse.
Pantin Subantarctic, Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)
Mbalamezi zimakhala ku Antarctic komanso kuzilumba za dera laling'onolo, kuphatikizapo zilumba za Falkland ndi zilumba za Crozet. Zingwe zimapangidwa pakati pa udzu wa sod.
Ikani mazira awiri. Achinyamata amafunika kumenyera nkhondo makolo awo kuti awadyetse. Kholo limathawa, ndipo ana amayesetsa kuti am'gwire.Mwana wankhuku wamkulu komanso wamphamvu amakhala amapambana mpikisano, ndipo mwana wankhuku wachiwiri amadyetsedwa pokhapokha ngati pali chakudya chochuluka. Kupanda kutero, amwalira. Pokhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 75-90 ndi kulemera kwa pafupifupi 6 kg, penguinyu ndiye woimira wamkulu wa genus Long-Tailed Penguin.
Genus Spheniscus (Wowonera)
Bulu Penguin, Penguin wa ku Africa (Spheniscus demersus)
Kugawidwa kum'mwera ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Africa.
Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 61-86 cm.
Kubalana kumachitika chaka chonse, makamaka mu Meyi-June.
Galapagos Penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus)
Uwu ndiye chinyumba chokhacho chomangapo malo otentha. Mazira, chiwerengero 2, chachikazi chimagona m'miyala yamiyala nyengo yozizira (Meyi-Juni).
Ichi ndiye choyimira chaching'ono kwambiri chamtundu wa ma penguin ochititsa chidwi, mpaka kutalika kwa masentimita 53, masekeli 2-2,5 kg.
Ngakhale kuti ma penguins a ku Galapagos amakhala kuzilumba, komwe kutentha kumakonda kukwera mpaka 38 ° C, amadzipezera okha chakudya m'madzi ozizira a Cromwell.
Humboldt Penguin, Penguin Peruin (Spheniscus humboldti)
Imakhala kuzilumba zomwe zili kumadzulo kwa South America, gombe la Peru ndi Chile.
Imafika kutalika kwa 55-56 masentimita, ndi kulemera kwa 5 kg.
Pangozi, ochepera mbalame 10,000
Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus)
Amakhala m'mphepete mwa miyala yamphepo, yamphepo kumwera kwa South America ndi zilumba za Falkland.
Imafika kutalika kwa 70 cm ndipo imalemera pafupifupi 4 kg.
M'mphepete mwa nyamayi, mbalamezi zimachita mantha kwambiri ndipo zikaona munthu, zikabisala zisa zawo, m'madzi sizimawopa anthu ndipo zimatha kukhala zankhanza kwambiri. Chiwerengero cha mbalamezi ndi chachikulu (1-2 miliyoni) ndipo chikuwoneka chokhazikika.
Ma penguins amakhala munyanja lotseguka ku South Hemisphere: m'madzi am'mphepete mwa Antarctica, ku New Zealand, kumwera kwa Australia, South Africa, pagombe lakumadzulo kwa South America kuchokera ku zilumba za Falkland mpaka Peru, komanso ku zilumba za Galapagos pafupi ndi Equator. Ma penguins amakonda kuzizira, chifukwa chake m'malo otentha amawoneka okha ndi mafunde ozizira - Humboldt Current pagombe lakumadzulo kwa South America kapena Bengal Current, yomwe imachokera ku Cape of Good Hope ndikutsuka gombe lakumadzulo kwa South Africa.
Mitundu yambiri imakhala pakati pa 45 ° mpaka 60 ° kum'mwera, gawo lalikulu kwambiri la anthu lili ku Antarctic komanso kuzilumba zoyandikana nayo.
Malo okhala kumpoto kwambiri kumpoto kwake ndi Zilumba za Galapagos, zomwe zili kudera lotere.
Ma penguins amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'mizinda yayikulu, nthawi zambiri amakhala makumi awiri kapena awiri. Onsewa makolo amatenga nawo gawo limodzi mukukhathamiritsa mazira ndi kudyetsa anapiye. Nsomba ndi crustaceans amazilowetsa pakati ndikugulitsa ndi makolo awo. Ng'ombe zimabisalira kuzizira m'makola am'mimba mwa kholo.
M'madera ozizira a Antarctic, dzira limodzi limatchinga; m'malo otentha komanso otentha, kumatha kukhala mazira angapo.
ndi mfundo zosangalatsa:
Ma penguins onse amakhala kum'mwera chakum'mwera, nthawi zina amakwera kumpoto kwambiri (ku zilumba za Galapagos, pafupifupi ku equator) kapena m'mizinda yomwe ili ndi anthu ambiri (dera la kumpoto kwa Sydney ku Australia). Kwawo kwa Cody ndi Shiverpool ku Antarctica, koma ndiwosangalala kukhala pachilumba chotentha cha Pen Gu.
Ma penguins amatha kuimirira chifukwa mapazi awo opindika amakhala kumapeto kwenikweni kwa thupi. Zimawathandizanso kusambira mwachangu komanso mwamphamvu, makamaka akaphatikizidwa ndi mapiko oboola. Umu ndi momwe Cody amakwanira kuti apeze nsomba za whale Mikey ndikupeza tikiti yakumapikisano a Big Zee.
Ma penguin ndi mbalame zapadera, gulu longa ma penguin, banja la ma penguin. Mosiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa mbalame, mbalamezi sizouluka, koma zimasambira komanso kuyenda mwamtendere. Pachifukwa ichi, ali ndi mawonekedwe oyenera - mawonekedwe a thupi, nthenga zoyandikira, khosi losunthika komanso mulomo wakuthwa.
Pali malingaliro olakwika wamba ofanana ndi mtundu wawo.Chilichonse chomwe anthu ambiri amadziwa zokhudzana ndi mbalamezi chimatengedwa kuchokera kumafilimu, zojambula, komanso, pang'ono, kuchokera ku ma encyclopedia. Ma penguin amakhudzidwa ndi kuchepa kwawo. Pamtunda, mbalamezi sizimayenda, ndikusunthira koseketsa kuchoka pamiyendo kupita pamtunda. Ndiwokongola kwambiri, chithunzi chawo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zoseweretsa zofewa, zojambula ndi kutsatsa. Mukafunsa anthu khumi za komwe ma penguin amakhala, asanu ndi atatu a iwo ayankhe kuti mbalamezi zimakhala kumpoto. Koma sichoncho.
Mawonekedwe a penguin
Zakhala zikunena kale kuti thupi la penguin ali Yosalala, yosasintha mawonekedwe. Mapiko ake, chifukwa cha chisinthiko, asinthika kwambiri. Akasambira pansi pamadzi, phewa lake limazungulira ngati kanga. Miyendo ya mbalameyi ndi yaifupi, yokhala ndi miyendo inayi. Alinso ndi nembanemba pakati pa zala zake zomwe zimathandizira kuyendetsa posambira. Chinthu chinanso chomwe chimasiyanitsa ndi penguin ndi mbalame zina - miyendo yake imasunthidwa kumbuyo. Chifukwa cha izi, iye akuimirira ndikuyenda pamtunda mokhazikika.
Kuti ikhalebe yolimba, penguin imagwiritsa ntchito mchira wake wamfupi ngati thandizo. Komanso mafupa ake samakhala aubongo, monga mbalame zambiri, koma ochulukirapo ngati mafupa a nyama zapamadzi. Ndipo kwa kutenthetsera kwamafuta, ngati nyama zonse zomwe zikukhala kuzizira, penguin imakhala ndi mafuta abwino otenthetsera. Zowoneka za kuchuluka kwawo zimatetezanso mbalame kuti zisazizidwe kapena kunyowa. Nthenga zimawakwanira zolimba kuyambira kumutu mpaka kumapazi. Mbalame sizitha kudzitamandira za mitundu yosiyanasiyana - Mitundu yonse imakhala ndi msana wakuda ndi mimba yoyera. Mtundu wakuda umasonkhanitsa kutentha kuchokera ku dzuwa ndipo umathandizanso ndi kutentha kwazonse.
Ma penguin amadya nsomba, crustaceans ndi mitundu ingapo ya nkhono. Zida zawo zamkamwa zimakonzedwa mosangalatsa - kuti agwire nyama, mbalame imayamwa ndi madzi.
Nthawi ndi nthawi mbalame zimasungunuka. Pakadali pano, kuwonongeka ndi mawonekedwe osavomerezeka. Ziwetozi sizinasinthidwe nthawi yomweyo, nthenga zakale zimapachikika m'thupi lonse. Komanso, ikasungunuka, mbalameyi idya, imayesa kubisala kuti isasungidwe ndi mphepo ndipo siyimasambira.
Kuti ndi ma penguin angati omwe amakhala zimatengera mtundu wawo. Pafupifupi, mitundu yayikulu imakhala mpaka zaka 25, ndipo mitundu yaying'ono imakhala mpaka zaka 15. Mu malo osungira nyama komanso mosamalitsa, ziwerengerozi zidzachulukira.
Kuswana kwa anyani
Ma penguin ndi mbalame zabwino kwambiri . Amakhala m'matumba ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magulu akuluakulu, atapanikizika mwamphamvu wina ndi mnzake kuti apulumuke nthawi yozizira. Ambiri aiwo amakhala amwano ndipo amapanga gulu limodzi moyo. Zisa zawo zimakhala pagombe lodzala ndi miyala ndipo mitundu ina imapanga mawonekedwe a mwala kutsanzira chisa chozungulira. Komanso, chopumula pathanthwe chimatha kukhala chisa. Nthawi zambiri, pamakhala mazira awiri mu clutch. Pocheperapo 3 kapena 4. Makolo onsewa amawakwatula, nthawi ndi nthawi amasinthana wina ndi mzake kuti adye ndikuwotha.
Mluza umayamba masiku 30 mpaka 100, nthawi yake imadalira mtunduwo. Kenako anapiye. Amakutidwa ndi khungu, wopanda thandizo komanso wakhungu. Makolo akumusamalira mosalekeza, ndipo pakatha milungu iwiri, mwana wankhuku amayamba kuwona ndikudziyimira payekha. Tsoka ilo, pafupifupi 60% ya anapiye amafa chifukwa cha nkhanza zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe - kutentha pang'ono, zilombo zolusa komanso njala.
Mwanayo akangotsegula m'maso , makolo amasiya kumuyang'anira pafupipafupi ndipo amachotsedwa, nthawi zina kumadyetsa anapiye. Chifukwa cha izi, makanda amadzamira pagulu kuti adzicheke kapena kudziteteza ku nkhama. Gawo lonse limayamba kutenga nawo mbali podyetsa ana. Izi zipitiliza mpaka ululu woyamba wa anawo, pambuyo pake amalandila chikuto cha nthenga, chofanana ndendende ndi mbalame yachikulire. Kenako anapiyewo amatha kudumphira m'madzi ndikuyamba kudya okha.
Ambiri a ife timakonda kuonera ma penguin. Mu nkhonya zawo zomwe zimawoneka ngati zosagwirizana, chisokonezo kuyambira kumiyendo mpaka kumapazi, pali china chake chomwe chimakopa chidwi cha anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, ma penguin ndi amodzi mwa mitundu 40 yodziwika ya mbalame zopanda ndege.
Poyamba, anthu omwe amatchedwa ma penguins mapiko opanda kanthu (Pinguinus impennis), omwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Atlantic. Izi sizinayanjane ndi ma penguin omwe amakhala ku Southern Hemisphere, koma amawoneka ngati iwowo ndipo amakhala mu chilengedwe chomwecho. ngati ma penguin.
Chovala chamadzulo chamunthu wotere, monga tuxedo, chitha kupangidwa ndi opanga mafashoni, atayang'ana "zovala" za penguin, panthawi yazomwe anapeza ponse ponse. Kukongoletsa koteroko, malinga ndi akatswiri a sayansi, kumathandiza mbalame kubisala kwa mdani munyanja. Thupi la penguin ndi lofunika kusambira, ndipo mapiko ake ang'onoang'ono okhala ngati zipsepse ndi miyendo ndiabwino kwambiri kuti munthu azitha kuthamanga pansi pamadzi.
Pambuyo pa nkhondo yankhondo yomwe idachitika mu 1982 pakati pa England ndi Argentina, nkhani yongopeka idabuka za ma penguin omwe amakhala ku zilumba za Falkland omwe amagwa pamiyendo chifukwa amakweza mitu yawo uku akuyang'ana ndege zowuluka ndipo sathanso kukwera okha kumapazi anu. Pang'onopang'ono, mphekesera zidakula kukhala "tsatanetsatane", mwachitsanzo, kuti panali "otembenuza ma penguin" - gulu lapadera la asitikali omwe amapulumutsa mbalame zothedwa kuti zisafe. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti chifukwa cha mantha ochulukirapo a anthu achifundo, gulu la asayansi aku Britain mu 2001 lidachita kafukufuku wautali ku Antarctica. Komabe, nthawi yonseyi, sanalembe chikwangwani cha penguin chofikira ndege.
Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti ma penguin amakhala ku Antarctica kapena malo ozizira omwe amakhala pafupi ndi nyanja chakum'mwera chakum'mwera. Koma mosiyana ndi zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira, mtundu wapadera wa ma penguin wotchedwa Galapagos penguin amakhala ku zilumba za Galapagos, zomwe zili pafupi ndi equator. Kutentha kwamadzi pano ndi +22 chaka chonse. +24 ° C, ndi mpweya - +18. +28 ° C. Kuphatikiza apo, ma penguin amatha kupezeka mosavuta ku Australia ku Sydney ndi Northern Harbour. Zinafika kuti pali ma penguin a thermophilic!
Ma penguins a Subantarctic ndiye amadzi othamanga kwambiri, amafulumira kuthamanga kwa 36 km pa ola limodzi. Ma penguins a Emperor amatha kukhala pansi pa madzi kwa mphindi 18.
Emperor Penguin ndi mbalame yokhayo yomwe imayikira mazira pakati pa dzinja. Amachita izi molawirira kuti ana awoneke mwachangu. Kupatula apo, amafunika masika, chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira kuti azitha kulimba ndikukhala okulirapo kuti athe kupulumuka nyengo yozizira.
Ma penguins ama Emperor amakhala ndi zinthu zonse pamodzi. Pofuna kuzilimbitsa nthawi yozizira, amasonkhana pagulu lalikulu, kutentha komwe nthawi zina kumafika mpaka +35 ° C pamtunda wozungulira wa -20 ° C. Mwa "Kutentha kwofananira", mbalame zimasuntha kuyambira pakati mpaka m'mphepete mwake.
Anapiye amtundu wa King penguin (lat.Aptenodytes patagonicus) amakoka mazira opanda kanthu ndikukula nthenga m'milungu yochepa chabe. Mwana wankhuku sangathe kukhala wopanda makolo mpaka nthenga zam'madzi zisadzabwerenso, ndipo izi zimachitika pakangotha miyezi 12 mpaka 13 atabadwa.
Pali zida zachilengedwe zochepa kwambiri kumayiko ozizira choncho, ma penguins a Adelie amapanga zisa zawo poyala ndi kuwaswa mazira kuchokera ku miyala. Awiri oyandikana nawo, ma penguin ena akasokonekera, musazengereze kuba miyala yawo. Ma penguins ena achikazi chifukwa chamiyala amachita "uhule", ngakhale ali ndi mnzake wokhazikika. Akuyang'ana amphongo osakwatira omwe amapanga zisa zawo pamiyala kuti akhale ndi banja lawo, lolani kuti azitha kukwatirana nawo ndipo pambuyo pake amatenga miyala pang'ono kupita nayo ku chisa chawo.
Ali mwana, a Linus Torvalds, ali paulendo wopita kumalo osungira nyama, adalumidwa ndi penguin. Chifukwa chake, Tux penguin (matchulidwe olondola a Chirasha ndi Dachshund) adasandulika mtundu wa makina ogwiritsira ntchito a Linux omwe adapanga.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, asayansi sanathe kumvetsetsa chifukwa chomwe kudera lopezeka magawo munthawi ya chilembo cha mita M pachilumba chimodzi cha Antarctica. Wofufuza wina waku Chile ati "kalatayi" idalembedwa zaka zingapo zapitazo ndi wasayansi waku Chipolopolo wochokera ku chimbudzi cha penguin, polemekeza wokondedwa wake dzina lake Magda.
Penguin ndi mbalame yokhayo padziko lapansi yomwe imatha kusambira koma osawuluka. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi mbalame yokhayo yomwe imayenda pamtunda.
Ndikusintha kuti ma penguin sizi mbalame zosagwa chisanu kwambiri. Abakha ndi atsekwe samachita mantha ndi kuzizira. Amatha kupirira kutsika kwa kutentha mpaka -110 ° C, koma kwakanthawi kochepa. Emperor penguin amatha kupirira chisanu mpaka -60 ° C.
Mtundu wina wa penguin wokhala ndi nthenga zazitali zachikaso ndikuwoneka bwino.
Osambira othamanga kwambiri amitundu yonse ya penguin ndi ma Papuan penguins (Pygoscelis papua). Amatha kukulira pansi pa liwiro lamadzi mpaka 36 km / h. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinyama zamtundu wa Antarctic zomwe zimafotokozedwa koyamba ndi Johann Reinhold Forster, wofufuza komanso wolemba zachilengedwe yemwe adatsagana ndi Captain Cook paulendo wake womaliza wa m'ma 1800. Polemekeza "oyenda" awa adatchulidwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazomwe zimagwira ntchito pa Linux - Gentoo.
Patagonian penguin amatha kusambira kwa milungu iwiri. Nthawi yomweyo imakwirira mtunda wamakilomita pafupifupi 1,500.
Oimira wamkulu kwambiri amitundu yonse ya ma penguin ndi ma penguin amfumu. Kulemera kwa mbalame yachikulire kuli mulifupi makilogalamu 27-41, ndipo kutalika kwake kumafikira mita 1.2.
Ma penguins a Emperor ali ndi udindo wa makolo motere. Yaimuna imasaka mazira, ndipo wamkazi amatenga chakudya. Mwana wankhuku atakwatirana ndi dzira, bamboyo amadya ndi madzi enaake omwe amapangidwa m'dipatimenti ya esophagus yake.
Chaka chilichonse, nthawi yosungunula, yomwe imatenga milungu iwiri, ma penguins amaponyera nthenga, pamalo omwe atsopano amakula. Ma penguins amatha nthawi yayitali kusamalira nthenga zawo kuti asakumane ndi zovuta ndi kuzizira ndikukhala okongola.
Pali malingaliro pa Magellanic Penguin, yemwe adatchedwa Fernand Magellan, yemwe anali woyamba ku Europe kuzizindikira mu 1520. Ma pagein aku Magellanic amakhala m'malo omwe amalekanitsa chilumba cha Tierra del Fuego kuchokera ku South America. Mtunduwu umatchulidwanso kuti Wopeza.
Ma penguin amatha kudumphira pansi kwambiri. Koma akufuna chiyani pakuzama kwa kilomita imodzi ndi theka? Akatswiri azomera zaku Japan adayikiramo makamera kumbuyo kwa nyama izi. Amadziwika kuti kuwala kwa dzuwa kumatha kulowa pansi mpaka mamita 150, motero sizikudziwika zomwe mbalamezi zimachita pakuya kilomita imodzi ndi theka.
Amuna ndi akazi ambiri anyani amtunduwu amasiyana mosiyana. Koma, nthawi yakukhwima, zazimayi zimakhala ndi mawanga amisono kumiyendo yawo yomwe yamphongo imasiyira nthawi yakukonzekera.
Penguin mwala uli ndi chikhalidwe choyipa kwambiri. Mbalame zamtunduwu ndizaphokoso komanso zankhanza.
Kodi zimbalangondo za polar zimakhala kuti ndipo zimakhala kuti?
Zimbalangondo za Polar zimakhala kumadera akumpoto kwa Russia, Canada, USA, m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Barents, Chukchi, Wrangel Island, Greenland, komanso kumayiko a Lapland. Nyengo ikakhala yabwino, nyama zimafika ku North Pole.
Ngakhale chipululu cha Arctic, dera lachipululu cha arctic, pomwe nthawi yozizira matenthedwe amatha kutsikira kufika ku −60 ° C, ndipo munthawi yotentha kwambiri, mu Julayi, imangokwera mpaka +3 ° C, kukhala malo awo.
Nthawi zambiri pachaka pali mafunde amphepo yamkuntho, mafunde osefukira nthawi zambiri, komanso nyengo yozizira kwambiri ya Arctic, pafupifupi 0 ° С, mitambo imvi imakoka thambo ndi chifunga chochokera ku nyanja chomwe chimakwirira dziko lapansi. Mulibe mbewu m'chipululu cha Arctic, kupatula zilumba zachilendo za lichen ndi moss. Palibe nyama kupatula chimbalangondo cha polar, nkhandwe ya polar, mandimu pamtunda, komanso munyanja - walrus ndi chisindikizo.
Kodi zimbalangondo zimapulumuka bwanji m'chipululu?
Amatha kuzolowera nyengo yankhanza!
Chimbalangondo cha polar, chilinso polar, umka, oshku, ndicho malo akuluakulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Asayansi ndi apaulendo amawona nyama mpaka 3 m kutalika ndi oposa 1 tani kulemera.
Chotupa cha mafuta a bere chimakhala chofika 10cm, ndipo limodzi ndi "mkati", monga akunenera kumpoto) mafuta, amapanga pafupifupi 40% ya kulemera kwa thupi. Ndi "potenthetsera" chotere ndipo nthawi yomweyo "chitofu" (mafuta ndiye othandizira kwambiri m'thupi), chisanu chozizira kwambiri cha Arctic, mkuntho wake ndi mphepo sizikuwopa malingaliro.
Kuti mufanane ndi mafuta wosanjikiza ndi ubweya wa polar. Ili ndi kapangidwe kapadera: yoyera ya translucent villi imangotulutsa ma radiyo a ultraviolet okha komanso osatumiza ma radiation oyipa, osalola kuti thupi la nyamayo lizilala. Timachubu tofanana ndi timachubu - timabisala mkati ndipo ndi zipinda zam'mlengalenga, zomwe zimatitchinjiriza ku mpweya wozizira. Ubweya umakula ngakhale pamiyendo ya nyamayo: mu "matumba" oterowo nyamayo sisiterera ndipo sauma.
Kutentha kwapadera kwamtunduwu kumathandiza kuti nyamayi ikhale mwamtendere m'chipale chofewa komanso kuthana ndi zipilala zam'chipululu cha Arctic ndipo, makamaka, ndi madzi oundana a ku Arctic.
Kodi ma penguins amakhala kuti ndipo amakhala bwanji?
Mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya ma penguins - Emperor, Adélie penguin, Antarctic, Royal, tsitsi la Golide, Papuan ndi Crested - adasankha malo awo okhala gawo lalikulupo - Antarctica, zigawo zakumpoto kwa South hemisphere. Ku South Pole, kutentha kwambiri pa Earth kudalembedwa mu Disembala 2013 - −91.2 ° C. Nthawi zambiri, nthawi yozizira kutentha kwa Antarctica ndi −60 ° C, nthawi yachilimwe-30 ° C.
Komatu, zoona, mbalame za mbalame za kumtunda sizikhala m'malo ovuta amenewo. Chifukwa chake, penguin wokonzedwayo amakhala ku Tierra del Fuego, Tasmania, zisumbu za Subantarctic. Kuphulika kwa zisumbu za Snares - Snarsky crested penguin - amakhala m'zilumba zomwe zadzala ndi tchire ndi mitengo. Pantin Subantarctic - pa zilumba za Falkland, South Georgia, Kerguelen, Herda ndi ena.
Mbalame zazikulupo komanso zazikulu kwambiri ndizo Emperor penguins, zomwe zimalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 40, zimafalikira kumwera, kumwera kwa South Pole, kutali kwambiri ndikukhala pa ayezi kuzungulira Antarctica. Kungotaya mazira, amayandama m'malo otentha.
Kodi ma penguin samazizira bwanji ku Antarctica?
Mbalame zopanda mitambo zomwe zimavala "malaya akuda" zimasinthika kuti zizikhala, osati kuzizira kwambiri, monga zimbalangondo, koma "kuzizira" nthawi zonse, nthawi yotentha nthawi zambiri silimakwera pamwamba pa 5 ° C, ndipo nthawi yozizira imakhala −30 ° C.
Amakhala ndi mafuta ambiri - mpaka 3 masentimita, nthenga zowoneka zopanda madzi, pakati pomwe pamakhala mpweya wambiri - "chipinda cha mpweya". Koma chosangalatsa kwambiri ndi ma penguin! Sikuti amaundana, komanso samasungunuka kuzizira, chipale chofewa.
Wamaliseche kwathunthu - wopanda nthenga, miyendo ya fluff - penguin imakhala ndi kutentha kwa +4 ° C kokha. Kukhazikika koteroko kumalola chisanu champhamvu kuvomerezedwa monga zabwinobwino. Kuphatikiza apo, kutentha kwa thupi la mbalameyo ndi 39 ... 40 ° C. Zachilengedwe zanzeru zimapereka ma penguin ndi makina oyenda ozungulira, opangidwa ndi lingaliro la backflow.
Ndi iyo, magazi ofunda owonera poyandikira matako amapita pafupi kwambiri ndi mitsemayo ndikupereka gawo lake la kutentha kwa magazi ozizira kale. Mwazi wamkati umabweza kutentha kumtima, ndipo magazi owundana opita kumanjawo amapita kumapeto, akumangokhala mkati mwa +4 ° C okha. Ngati ma penguin atatentha, amayamba kuzizira kwambiri, koma choyamba amayamba kuzizira kwambiri mu ayezi, ndikupha mbalameyo.
Njira ina yoteteza ku chimfine ndi magulu. Chifukwa chake ma Emperor penguins amasonkhana pagulu lamkati, amatenthetsera mpweya mpaka +35 ° C, kunja kwake kuli -20 ° C. Ma penguins "amayenda" m'gulululi, kuyambira pakati mpaka kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo.
Mwinanso mbalame zodabwitsa kwambiri padziko lapansi pano ndi zikondamoyo. Zosangalatsa zokhudza zolengedwa zokongola izi zomwe tikudziwitsani m'nkhaniyi. Ino ndi mbalame yokhayo yomwe imasambira mokongola, koma osawuluka.Kuphatikiza apo, ma penguin amatha kuyenda owongoka. Iyi ndi mbalame yopanda ndege yomwe ili mu dongosolo la penguin.
Habitat
Madera akuluakulu, makamaka m'malo ozizira a South Hemisphere, ndi malo omwe ma penguin amakhala. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha anthu olembedwa ku Antarctica. Kuphatikiza apo, ali bwino ku South Africa komanso kumwera kwa Australia. Pafupifupi mzere wonse waku South America ndi gawo lomwe ma penguin amakhala.
Mutu
Kumene mayina a mbalamezi ali ndi mitundu itatu. Woyamba amalongosola ndi kuphatikiza kwa cholembera - "mutu" ndi gwyn - "yoyera". Poyamba inali ya wopota wopanda pake (tsopano watsala). Popeza mbalamezi ndizofanana maonekedwe, dzinalo limaperekedwa kwa penguin.
Malinga ndi mtundu wachiwiri, ma penguin adadzipatsa dzina kuchokera ku liwu la Chingerezi kupanikiza, lomwe limamasulira kuti "mapiko a hairpin". Malinga ndi mtundu wachitatu, dzina la mbalameyo limachokera ku Latin pinguis, kutanthauza "mafuta."
Emperor penguin
Mbalame yayikulu kwambiri komanso yolemera kwambiri: kulemera kwamphongo kumatha kutalika makilogalamu 40 ndi kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi masentimita 130. Zowoneka zakumbuyo zakuda ndi zakuda, pamimba nzoyera, ndipo pakhosi mumatha kuwona mawonekedwe achikasu owala kapena lalanje. Ma penguin ama Emperor ndi okhala ku Antarctica.
King penguin
Kunja, ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi achifumu, koma osachepera kukula: kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi 100 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake sikuposa 18 kg. Kuphatikiza apo, mtunduwu umakhala ndi mtundu wina - kumbuyo kumakutidwa ndi imvi yakuda, nthawi zina pafupifupi nthenga zakuda, pamimba pamakhala yoyera, ndipo mawanga owala a lalanje amapezeka mbali za mutu ndi chifuwa. Mbalamezi zimakhala m'madzi amphepete mwa nyanja ya Gulf of Lusitania, kuzilumba za Tierra del Fuego, Kumwera ndi Sandwich, Kerguelen ndi Crozet, Macquarie ndi South Georgia, Prince Edward ndi Hurd.
Penguin Wakumpoto
Mtundu womwe pakali pano ukuopsezedwa kuti udzathe. Iyi ndi mbalame yaying'ono yotalika masentimita 55 ndikulemera 3 kg. Kumbuyo ndi mapiko ake ndi imvi. M'mimba mwayera. Masheya achikasu amasanduka mitolo ya nthenga zachikasu zowala zomwe zili pambali ya maso. Pamutu penguin pali chikwangwani chakuda, chomwe chinapatsa dzinalo.
Gawo lalikulu la anthuwa limakhala kuzilumba za Neprytupny ndi Gough, Tristan da Cunha, zomwe zili kunyanja ya Atlantic.
Penguin wagolide
Kutalika kwa thupi la penguin kameneka kamasiyanasiyana masentimita 76, kulemera kwake - kupitilira 5 kg. Mtundu - wamba wa ma penguins onse, koma ndi mawonekedwe amodzi: pamwamba pa maso pali zingwe zachilendo za nthenga zagolide. Ma penguins okhala ndi tsitsi loyera amakhala kum'mwera kwa Indian Ocean, Atlantic, ndizochepa pang'ono kumpoto kwa Antarctica, komanso kuzilumba za Subantarctic.
Zojambula zakunja
Pamtunda, mbalame yodabwitsa iyi, yosatha kuwuluka, imawoneka yabwinobwino chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a miyendo ndi thupi. Ma penguins amakhala ndi thupi lopendekeka ndi minofu yapamwamba ya chifuwa - nthawi zambiri imapanga kotala ya kulemera konse kwa mbalameyo.
Thupi la penguin limapatsidwa chakudya, limapanikizika pang'ono pambuyo pake, limakutidwa ndi nthenga. Mutu sukulirapo, uli pamakutu osinthika komanso mafoni, koma khosi lalifupi. Mlomo wa mbalamezi ndi wamphamvu komanso wowonda.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za ma penguin ndizogwirizana ndi kapangidwe kake. Munjira yosinthika ndi moyo, mapiko a penguin adasinthika ndikusandulika mapepala: pansi pamadzi, zimazungulira ngati cholembera m'mapewa. Miyendo ndi yotalikirapo komanso yaifupi, yokhala ndi zala zinayi, zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi nembanemba yosambira.
Mosiyana ndi mbalame zambiri, miyendo yamiyendoyo imasunthidwira kumbuyo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbalameyo isungire thupi lake, ikakhala kumtunda, ikuwongoka. Penguin imathandizira kusunga mchira waufupi, womwe umakhala nthenga zovuta makumi awiri: mbalame imapumula ngati kuli kofunikira.
Chosangalatsa china chokhudza ma penguins - mafupa awo sakhala opanda mafupa a tubular, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mbalame. Mafupa awo amatikumbutsa kwambiri mafupa a nyama zapamadzi.Kwa kutentha kwamafuta, ma penguin amakhala ndi mafuta ochuluka; zosanjikiza zake zimafika masentimita atatu.
Zowonjezereka za ma penguin zimakhala zowonda komanso zowonda: zazifupi, nthenga zazing'ono zimaphimba thupi la mbalameyo ngati tayala, kuziteteza kuti isanyowe m'madzi ozizira.
Moyo
Ma penguin ali pansi pa madzi posaka chakudya kwa nthawi yayitali, akukwera mainchesi atatu ndikuzama mtunda wamtunda pafupifupi makumi atatu. Ndizodabwitsa momwe ma penguins amasambira mwachangu - amatha kufikira 10 km pa ola limodzi. Oimira ena mwa mitundu ina amatha kulowa m'madzi akuya mpaka mita 130. Ma penguin sakalowa munthawi ya matching ndipo samasamalira ana awo, amachoka pagombe pamtunda wawutali (mpaka 1000 km).
Pofulumira kuyenda pamtunda, penguin imagona pamimba pake ndipo imasuntha chisanu kapena chipale chofewa, ndikumayenda ndi miyendo. Njira yoyendayenda iyi imalola mbalame kuti izitha kuthamanga mpaka 6 km / h. Mu vivo, penguin amakhala pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu. Muukapolo, ndi chisamaliro choyenera, chiwerengerochi chikuwonjezeka mpaka makumi atatu.
Kodi ma penguins amadya chiyani?
Pakusaka kamodzi, anyani amtunduwu amapanga pansi pa 190 mpaka 900. Chiwerengero chenicheni chimadalira nyengo, mtundu wa penguin, zofunika zodyetsa. Ndizosangalatsa kuti zida zamkamwa za mbalamezi zimapangidwa molingana ndi pompo: imayamwa nyama yolumikizana ndi mulomo wake. Pakudya, pafupifupi, mbalame zimasambira pafupifupi makilomita makumi atatu ndipo zimakhala pafupifupi mphindi makumi asanu ndi atatu patsiku pakuya kupitirira mamitala atatu.
Maziko a zakudya za ma penguin ndi nsomba. Koma kodi ma penguins amadya chiyani (kupatula nsomba)? Mbalame imadya squid, ma octopus ang'ono ndi ma clams ang'onoang'ono mosangalatsa. Ng'ombe zimadyera zakudya zopendedwa m'mimba, zomwe makolo awo amachotsa m'mimba.
Kodi ma penguins amagona bwanji?
Yankho la funsoli ndilosangalatsa kwa owerenga athu ambiri. Ma penguins amagona atayimirira, kuteteza kutentha kwa thupi lawo kugona. Zambiri zosangalatsa za ma penguin zimaphatikizidwanso ndi mtundu wamtunduwu wa mbalame. Nthawi yomwe amagona imatengera kutentha kwa mpweya - kutsika kutentha, kufupikitsa kugona. Mbalame zimagona nthawi yayitali ikasungunuka: m'nthawi imeneyi amadya pang'ono, ndipo kugona kowonjezera kumawathandiza kuchepetsa kuchepetsedwa kwa mphamvu. Kuphatikiza apo, ma penguins amagona kwinaku akuswa mazira.
Zinafika kuti sikuti ma penguin onse ndi zolengedwa zokongola komanso zopanda vuto. Mwachitsanzo, ma penguins amiyala amapatsidwa mkwiyo. Amatha kuukira chilichonse chomwe sanakonde.
Ma penguin safuna madzi abwino - amamwa madzi am'nyanja chifukwa ali ndi zofunikira zina zomwe zimasefa mchere.
Nthawi yakukhwima, akuwonetsa chikondi chake, magalasi anyani amphongo amavula mapiko ake okondedwa pamutu.
Mapazi a ma penguin samazizira, chifukwa amakhala ndi mitsempha yocheperako.
Mbalamezi zimadalira anthu, chifukwa sizinakhalepo ndi adani owerengeka ku Antarctica kwa zaka chikwi. Inde, inde. Ndi za ma penguin . Ndiwo mbalame zokha zomwe zimasambira koma osawuluka.
ZOPHUNZITSA NDIPONSO Ophunzirira
Woyamba wa ku Europe kuti awaone anali Vasco da Gama wodziwika bwino ku Portugal komanso oyendetsa sitima ake mu 1499. Osati ku Antarctica: dziko lino lisanapezekenso, ndikugombe la South Africa, ma penguin ochititsa chidwi amakhalabe komweko. Zowona, m'modzi wa gulu lalikulu la Chipwitikizi adawafotokozera mokweza mawu ake: "Tidawona mbalamezo, ndi zazikulu ngati atsekwe, ndipo kulira kwawo kumafanana ndi kulira kwa abulu."
Ma penguins ama Emperor ndiwoakulu kwambiri
Umboni wotsatirawu wotsalira udasiyidwa mu 1520 ndi Antonio Pigafetta, yemwe adatsagana ndi Fernand Magellan paulendo wake padziko lonse lapansi. Anayerekezeranso ma penguins, omwe panthawiyi amawoneka pagombe la South America, ndi nkhuku: "Atsekwe achilendo amakhala owongoka osadziwa kuuluka."
Mwa njira, anali Pigafetta yemwe adawonetsa kuti mbalame zosayenda bwino ndizakudya zambiri, ndipo izi zidakonzeratu dzina lawo: m'Chilatini, "mafuta" - pinguis (penguis), motero ma penguins.
Pazonse, pali mitundu 18 ya mbalame zomwe zimagona m'ming'alu ya penguin, koma tizingoyang'ana awiri okha - omwe amakhala ku Antarctica. Ndi Emperor penguins ndi Adelie penguins .
Achibale awo ena onse adakhazikika m'mphepete mwa South Africa ndi South America, komanso ku New Zealand ndi Australia. Amakhala mpaka pafupi ndi equator ku zilumba za Galapagos. Koma mwamwambo ma penguin "amadziwika" ku Antarctica, ngakhale alipo awiri okha.
Adelie Penguin Colony
Kuphatikiza kunenepa, kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kumadziwika kuti ndi mawonekedwe a Emperor penguins. Palibe chodabwitsa: kutalika kwawo kumafika masentimita 120, ndipo kulemera kwawo ndi ma kilogalamu 45. Pamtunda, ma penguin amasuntha kwambiri, osasamala mothandizidwa ndi ziphuphu zazifupi.
Mwa njira, iwo, osati paws, ngati pakufunika, amakhala injini yayikulu. Mukafuna kuthamanga, mbalamezo zimagona pamimba yosazizira ndipo mwachangu komanso mwachangu kuthana ndi chisanu kapena pansi. Awa ndi mayendedwe akuda ndi oyera!
Koma m'madzi, ma penguin ndi achikulire kwambiri - ndi osambira komanso osiyanasiyana. Mafunde adadula pamtunda wothamanga makilomita 35 pa ola limodzi, ndipo "atawotcha", poyesera kugwira nsomba mwachangu, adaponya onse 50! Kuphatikiza apo, ma penguins amatha kulowa m'madzi akuya mpaka 20 mita ndikukhala pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi 10.
Adelie penguins amalowerera pansi pamadzi
Kukhala kwakanthawi kochulukira munyanja sikuti chakudya chokha - ndi chipinda chotenthetsera. Mu nyengo yachisanu yozizira kuti Antarctic achulukitse madigiri 50-60 ndi magalasi olimba, madzi amphamvu kwa iwo ali ngati sopo wotentha kwa munthu: pambuyo poti sangathe kuzizira kuposa madigiri zero.
LEMBANI MOTO
Chifukwa chiyani ma penguin amapita pamtunda? Ofufuzawo a Polar afunsa funso limeneli mobwerezabwereza akakumana ndi mbalame kutali ndi gombe la nyanja. Kuyenda kotalika koyamba kudalembedwa ndi katswiri wazowona zanyama ku Britain, Edward Wilson mu 1911: adawona penguin pathanthwe la Ross, makilomita 110 kuchokera pagombe.
Mtunda wojambulidwa ndi omwe azikafufuza zandale ku America dzulo la 1958: anapeza mawonekedwe a penguin makilomita 400 kuchokera kunyanja! Zinanditengera milungu ingapo paulendowu pa liwiro la makilomita 5 mpaka 10 pa ola limodzi.
Zachidziwikire, njira zazitali zoterezi ndizosowa. Koma kuyenda maola ambiri kwa Emperor penguin kwa mtunda wautali m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikuyandikira kumtunda ndi chinthu wamba. Amachita masewera olimbitsa thupi limodzi kapena awiriawiri.
Ma penguu ali achidwi kwambiri
Nthawi yomweyo, amafanana kwambiri ndi anthu omwe amakambirana nkhani zina poyenda - zimawoneka zoseketsa. Mwa njira, zopinga panjira yomwe yakonzedwa kuti ma penguin asakhale chopinga: ngakhale akunja kwambiri, iwo amangogunda apolitikopa mobwerezabwereza kuti akwanitse kukwera mapiri kapena kuthana ndi madzi oundana.
Ochenjera, ndinganene chiyani. Koma nthawi zina amachita zopanda pake: chilimwe chotentha chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyanja, ndipo nyengo yam'mwera-polar nyengo yozizira imagwira pagombe. Komanso, nthawi imeneyi ikuoneka kuti sioyenera kuti akwatiwe ndi kubereka ana.
Ma penguin ama Emperor ndi oopsa: atapeza wokwatirana naye, samayang'ana wina aliyense. Amayang'ana mkwatibwi pamene m'mwezi wa Epulo kuyambira mbalame 5 mpaka 10,000 zimasonkhana pamadzi oundana. Penguin wachichepere, akuyenda m'mphepete mwa gombe, nthawi ndi nthawi amalira mofuula komwe mayiyo amayankha. Nthawi zina mkwati amatenga maola angapo kuti akafufuze, koma nthawi zambiri amapeza banja. Ngati penguin m'mbuyomu anali ndi chibwenzi, amamuyitana ndikupeza iye yekha.
Kusamalira ana ndi nkhani yanokha, yophunzitsa kwambiri. Pakupita mwezi pambuyo paukwati, Emperor wachimayi amaikira dzira limodzi (lolemera 500 magalamu kutalika kwa masentimita 12!), Kenako okwatirana ake sanawaike iwo pa ayezi - amapanga zikopa nthawi zonse (zitatha izi, samapeza zisa za banja).
Kuphatikiza apo, miyezi iwiri yoyambirira yozizira kwambiri yomwe dzira limabisala, kapena,, penguin imakanikizira pachifuwa. Nthawi yonseyi samadya - amakhala ndi mafuta odzikundikira pachilimwe ndipo amachepera hafu ya kulemera kwake.
Kenako amasinthidwa ndi wamkazi, yemwe adayenda mafuta m'miyezi iwiri.Zowona, samadandaula ndi dzira lalitali kwambiri: mwana wakhanda amabadwa, yemwe amayi ake amadyetsa kwa pafupifupi mwezi. Pambuyo pake pamabwera bambo wopumula, kumasamalira mwana nthawi yonse yotsala mpaka atakula.
Mitundu yachiwiri ya Antarctic, ma penguins a Adélie (ndiocheperako: mpaka masentimita 80), ili ndi njira ina. Samayang'ana mkwatibwi ndi kulira, koma kupereka mwala kwa wokondedwa wake. Ngati samupatsa chilolezo, amachoka, ndipo mkwati wopanda vutoyo amasaka mkwatibwi wina.
Atalenga banja, ma penguin amamanga chisa - mwala womwewo umakhala chida chomanga choyamba. Awiriwa alibe imodzi, koma mazira awiri. Amangidwidwa mosinthana - milungu iwiri iliyonse.
Anapiyewo amadyetsedwanso limodzi - pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, ndipo ma penguin amatumizidwa ku nazale: ana onse obadwa koloni amatengedwa papulogalamu. Chifukwa chake amagwirira limodzi, ndipo makolo awo amawabweretsa chakudya. Khola limatseguka pamene ma penguins achichepere amatha kupeza chakudya chawo.
Ma penguin a Adelie ndi ochulukirapo kuposa amfumu. Amachita chidwi ndi anthu komanso ochezeka. Nthawi ina, pamasewera a mpira pakati pa akatswiri ofufuza polar ku station ya Mirny, penguin m'modzi adathamangira kumunda ndikuyamba kuthamangira mpira - zidali zovuta kuletsa wosewera mpira wosadziwika bwino. Mchimwene wake adadzipatula mosiyana: adapanga zoyenda padenga la thirakitara ndipo sanafune kusiya chilichonse.
PEMPHO KWA MLANGIZI
Pang'ono pang'ono pazachisoni. Ena amafunsa: chifukwa chiyani pali ma penguin ambiri ku Antarctic, ndipo palibe china chofanana ndi nyengo yofananira ya Arctic? Zowonadi, kodi chilengedwe chimaperekadi "zoyandama, koma chosawuluka" kokha ku Chigawo Chakumwera?
Nthawi inayake, mbalame yayikulu koma yokhala ndi mapiko owala bwino idayendayenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikusambira mosazindikira m'madzi a Arctic. Ngakhale utoto wofanana ndi penguin ndi wakuda ndi woyera, kupatula kuti mulomo wopitilira kutsogolo unali wamphamvu kwambiri. Mbalameyi - lopanda zingwe .
Kufika zaka za zana la 17, kuweruza ndi zolembedwa zakale za oyendetsa sitimayo, kumpoto kwanyengo inali imodzi yodziwika bwino - mamiliyoni aanthu. Koma pofika pakati pa zaka za zana la 19, palibe mbalame imodzi yomwe idatsala: yotsalazo idawonedwa pafupi ndi Great Newfoundland Bank mu 1852.
Ndikosavuta kulingalira kuti ndi ntchito yanji: nyama yokoma komanso yofewa kwambiri padziko lapansi yapangitsa kuti eelless wopanda zingwe agwiritse ntchito yosaka kwa osaka. Koma ngati wakale anali wochepera ndi kuchuluka kofunikira kwambiri kwa mbalame, ndiye kuti asodzi aku Europe omwe adafika ku North North adathetsa mbiri ya kumpoto kwa ma penguins.
Zotsirizirazi zinali zabwino: Antarctic idapezeka ndi anthu otukuka kwambiri omwe adatsimikiza mwanzeru zomvetsa chisoni za wopanda pake. Pang'onopang'ono tikuphunzira kuteteza chilengedwe. Komabe, mitundu itatu yomwe imakhala kutali ndi kampani ya chisanu ndi chimodzi (yozama, yokongola ndi ma penguins aku Galapagos) idadziwika kuti ili pangozi koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 21, ndipo ina isanu ndi iwiri imayesedwa kuti ili pachiwopsezo.
Pokumbukira za wopanda mawondo - woyamba wa mbalame zaku Europe ndi America zomwe zidawonongedwa ndi munthu - mtolankhani wa American Society of Ornithologists adatchedwa The Auk - "The Eider".
Penguin ndi mbalame yokhayo yomwe imatha kusambira koma yosakhoza kuwuluka. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi mbalame yokhayo yomwe ikuyenda. Mu ulusi uwu ndikuuzani za zolengedwa zodabwitsa'zi. Ma penguin ndi mafoni opanda madzi opanda mapiko omwe amakhala m'malo achilengedwe okha kumayiko akum'mwera chakum'mwera. Ma penguins ambiri amathera theka la moyo wawo kunyanja ndi theka lina pamtunda. Kwenikweni, mitundu yambiri ya penguin imakhala ku Antarctica ndi madera ena ozizira kwambiri padziko lapansi. Mitundu yocheperako imatha kukhala m'malo otentha komanso otentha kwambiri. Mwambiri, ma penguin amapangidwira m'nyanja. Mitundu ina imakhala pafupifupi 75% ya moyo wawo m'madzi; pamtunda amasankhidwa kuti angoyikira mazira ndikudikirira ana.Mafupa olemera, olimba amakhala m'madzi ngati lamba wonyamula katundu, kuti ma penguin akhale pansi pamadzi. Mapiko awo, ooneka ngati zipsepse, amawathandiza "kuwongolera" kayendedwe pansi pamadzi akuthamanga mpaka 15 mph. Thupi lokhazikika, ngati tchizi, mafuta othinana ndi mafuta ndi nthenga zoteteza kumadzi - zonse zimagwira ntchito pansi pa madzi. Alinso ndi luso lotha kusenda mozama (zina pambuyo pake). Kuphatikiza apo, kuti asatenthe, ma penguin amakhala ndi nthenga zolimba, zophatikizika (mpaka 70 mu sq. Cm), zopatsa madzi.
Ma penguin amaphimba nthenga zawo ndi mafuta a gland pafupi ndi mchira kuti azitha kulowa. Mitundu yakuda ndi yoyera imapangitsa kuti izioneka ngati yosawoneka bwino kwa adani omwe ali pamwamba komanso pansi. Monga mbalame zambiri, ma penguins ali ndi fungo lofooka kapena samamva fungo (labwino kwa iwo m'magulu awo odzala). Monga mbalame zina, ma penguins ali ndi masamba owerengeka ochepa. Amakhulupirira kuti kupenya kwawo kumakhala kwabwino ndikakhala pansi pamadzi. Asayansi akukayikira kuti ma penguin amatha kuwona pang'ono padziko lapansi. Ma penguins, asayansi akukhulupirira, ndi mbalame zachikhalidwe kwambiri. Zambiri zingakhale ndi anthu masauzande ambiri. (Ma penguin pafupifupi mamiliyoni 24 amabwera ku Antarctica!) Ngakhale kunyanja, amakonda kusambira ndikudya m'magulu. Mitundu yambiri ya penguin imamanga zisa, koma zisa zimatha kukhala ndi milulu yamiyala, yosesa, kapena yopanda matope m'matope. Ma penguins ama Emperor samamanga zisa; amasunga dzira pakati pa miyendo yawo pansi pa khungu lopanda kanthu.
Thupi lonse la penguin limakutidwa ndi nthenga zazing'ono ngati scaly, zambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi ndodo zokha, zopanda mafani. Mutu wamtundu wina umakongoletsedwa ndi nthenga zazitali, zokhala ngati mabowo, pomwe zina zimakhala ndi nthenga zazitali komanso zazitali.Mutu umakhala wocheperako, mulomo umakhala wamtali, wolunjika, wolimba, wolimba, wopindika pambuyo pake, khosi ndi wa kutalika kwapakati, umadutsa pafupifupi thupi lofanana, miyendo ndiyifupi, pafupifupi atsekeredwa kwathunthu pakhungu la thupi, chifukwa chololeza njira zazifupi zokha, zala zimapangidwa mwamphamvu, zonse zinayi zimatsogozedwa kutsogolo, koma zitatu zokha ndizolumikizidwa ndi nembanemba. Pansi, mbalameyo imapumula, ndikutsamira kumbuyo kwa metatarsus, koma poyenda yotsirizira imayima pafupifupi. Ma penguin amayenda movutikira kwambiri, akumanjenjemera, kufuna kupewa ngozi, kugona pamatumbo awo ndikuyandama mothandizidwa ndi mapiko ndi miyendo mwachangu kwambiri kotero kuti nkovuta kuwagwira, makamaka pamtunda wokutidwa ndi chipale chofewa. Zikumba zimasambira ndikuyamba kulowa pansi kwambiri komanso modabwitsa zimagunda mafunde amphepo yamkuntho - malo awo enieni. Mosiyana ndi mbalame zina, ma penguins amasambira mothandizidwa ndi mapiko okha, ndikuwayika mbali imodzi, miyendo imangokhala ngati chiwombankhanga ndipo imawongoka molunjika. Chakudya cha ma penguin chimakhala ndi nsomba, crustaceans ndi athanzi opepuka. Ma penguins amatenga gawo lalikulu pachaka kuswana, ndipo panthawiyi, makumi ndi mazana masauzande amasonkhana kuzilumba zazitali kwambiri za nyanja ya Antarctic. Pakadali pano, mbalame zosaswa sizikhala pamtunda. Zimakhala chisa, monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zambiri - m'magulu. Amayikira mazira awiri oyera kapena obiriwira, omwe makolo onse amawayang'anira, chifukwa ma penguin amakhala ndi chizolowezi chobera mazira a anthu ena. Izi zikufotokozera pafupipafupi za kukhalapo kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anapiye pachisa chimodzi. Anapiye amakulungika kwambiri ndi zokutira ndipo amakula msanga, chifukwa cha chakudya chochuluka chomwe makolo awo amapereka mosalekeza. Kukhetsa, kuweruza powona zomwe ali mu ukapolo, kumapita mwachangu kwambiri, kutha mu masabata awiri. Nthawi yomweyo, ma penguin samalowa m'madzi ndipo, chifukwa chake, osadya, zomwe mwachidziwikire amatha kulekerera, chifukwa cha mafuta ambiri.
Nyama ya penguin ndiyopanda pake.Gawo lakumpoto kwenikweni kwa magawo a penguin limafalikira ku Atlantic Ocean kudutsa pachilumba cha Tristan d "Akunya, ku Indian Ocean kudzera pachilumba cha Amsterdam, komanso ku Pacific kudzera ku Islands ya Galapagos, amapezekanso kugombe la New Zealand, South Australia, kumpoto chakumwera kwa Africa ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja yaku Pacific ku South America. Banja limatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu, omwe amadziwika bwino osati ndi akunja okha komanso mawonekedwe a anatomical. Aptenodytes ndi Pygoscelis, omwe amaphatikiza Patagonian penguin (A. patagonica) ndi penguin yemwe amatsatsa nthawi yayitali (A. longirostris). Gulu lachiwiri, mtundu wa Eudyptes, lili ndi mulomo wafupikitsa, koma ndi wamtali komanso wodziwika mosavuta chifukwa cha nthenga za nthenga zake zachikasu. Penguin wokhala ndi mutu wagolide (E. chrysocome) Mu gulu lachitatu, mulomo ndi waufupi kwambiri, wopanikizika mwamphamvu kuchokera kumbali, nsagwada yapamwamba ndi yopindika, nsagwada yam'munsi yakhotedwa, palibe chikhulupiriro. kumpoto kwa mitundu yonse ndi Spheniscus mendiculus wochokera ku zilumba za Galapagos. Penguin zotsalira ndizosowa, koma mawonekedwe akulu a P. (Palaeeudyptes antarcticus) amadziwika kuchokera kumtunda wa Upper Eocene ku New Zealand, kutsimikizira kuti gulu lakale la mbalamezi ndi lakale kwambiri.
Penguin wa ku Africa, Spheniscus demersus, amatchedwanso Blackfoot Native American Penguin. Penguin iyi imapezeka m'mphepete mwa gombe lakumwera kwa Africa. Ma penguins aku Africa amatha kusambira mothamanga pafupifupi 4.3 mpaka 15 mph (7-24 km / h), ndipo amapanganso mawu ofanana ndi abulu .. Chiwerengero cha ma penguin aku Africa (achule) chatsika kwambiri mpaka nthawi yoti achitepo kanthu mwachangu. Chaka chatha, kudali ma penguin okwana 26,000 okha ku South Africa, poyerekeza ndi 121,000 mu 1956, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapitazi chiwerengero cha mbalamezi chinafikira anthu mamiliyoni awiri. Asayansi akufuna kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu - njira yokhayo yoyimitsira kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, akatswiri ayenera kukhazikitsa zomwe zimayambitsa kutsika kwakuthwa kwambiri kwa chiwerengero cha ma penguin. Malinga ndi a Bar Barham, woimira University of Bristol (UK), chinthu chachikulu pano chikhoza kukhala kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Makamaka, ndizotheka kwambiri kuti kuwonjeza kwa sardine ndi anchovies kapena kusuntha kwa nsomba kumalo ena chifukwa cha kutentha kwadziko kwapangitsa izi. Ndizothekanso kuti ma penguin amangokhala ofooka chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, zomwe zimakhudza kuthekera kwawo pakupeza chakudya. Zina mwazinthu zopanda pake zimaphatikizira zisindikizo za ubweya wa penguin, kutaya kwa mafuta, komanso kuchepa kwa malo abwino ozizirako m'mazamba, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo.
Ma Fenguland Islands Penguins
Magellanic Penguin ndi nzika zokhalamo zilimwe (zoyerekezedwa ndi awiriawiri), zomwe zimabereka kuzilumbazi mu Seputembala. Ma penguins amenewa amabzala m'makitape omwe amakumba mpaka akuya kuya mpaka 6 mapazi. Adalandira dzina loti "bulu" m'deralo chifukwa chofuula kwambiri komanso mokuwa, nthawi zambiri amalankhula pakhomo la dzenjelo, komanso amamva kuchokera kwa mbalame zikusambira munyanja kutali ndi gombe. Mtunduwu umadyera cr craceans ang'ono, nsomba zazing'ono ndi mitundu yaying'ono ya squid kuposa yomwe imagwidwa ndi anthu kuti igulitse. Komabe, zakudya zawo zimatha kukhala chifukwa cha mikangano yomwe ingachitike chifukwa cha malonda asodzi ndi ntchito zina zam'madzi. Ma pagein aku Magellan amachoka zisa zawo m'mwezi wa Epulo, ndipo nthawi yoyamba kunyamuka nthawi yozizira kumadzi a shelufu ya Patagonia, kapena mwina amasamukira kumpoto kwambiri ku Brazil. Apa akukumana ndi mavuto monga kupha nsomba komanso kuwononga mafuta. Akuyerekeza kuti akuluakulu 20,000 ndi achinyamata 22,000 amafa chaka chilichonse pagombe la Argentina.Kafukufuku ku zilumba za Falkland posachedwa adawonetsa kutsika kwa 10% kuchuluka kwa ma pagein a Magellan pachaka chilichonse, koma popeza mtunduwu umakhala ndi malo obisalirako anthu awo, kuchuluka kwawo ndizovuta kwambiri kuwerengetsa. Zilumba za Falkland ndichimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri padziko lapansi ndipo, chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe oyimilira amtunduwu amapanga ku Chile ndi kuArgentina, kupulumuka kwa malo okhala bwino a zilumba za Falkland kungakhale kofunikira mwadzidzidzi kupulumuka kwa anthu amtunduwu.
Penguin ya Galapagos ndi yapadera pakati pa ma penguin ena chifukwa malo ake si Antarctic ndi Subantarctic, ngakhale ochepa, koma ili makilomita ochepa kuchokera ku equator ya zilumba za Galapagos. Kutentha kwa mpweya kumalo komwe amakhala kumachokera ku + 18- + 28 ° С, madzi - + 22- + 24 ° С. Pafupifupi 90% ya penguins amakhala kuzilumba za Fernandin ndi Isabela. Akuluakulu amafika kutalika pafupifupi 50 cm ndi kulemera pafupifupi 2.5 kg. Chakudya chachikulu ndi nsomba zazing'ono, crustaceans. Ma penguins a Galapagos ali ndi mitu yakuda ndi kumbuyo; pali lingwe loyera kuchokera kummero mpaka kumutu ndikufikira m'maso; kutsogolo, ma penguin ndi oyera. Zovomerezeka ndi nsonga ya mandible ndi zakuda, zofunikira komanso khungu kuzungulira maso ndi pinki. Mbalame zimaswa mazira nthawi zambiri masiku 38 mpaka 40, mosiyanasiyana wamwamuna ndi wamkazi. Ali ndi zaka 60-65, anapiye amapita kunyanja ndi achikulire. Chiwerengero cha anthuchi chikuyembekezeredwa mbalame zazikulu 1500-2000. Onani PENGUIN GALAPAGOSSKY olembedwa mu International Red Book.
Penguin ndi wokongola. Penguin wokongola kwambiri amatchedwanso chikasu. Ndi banja la a penguin. Amadziwikanso kuti Antipodes Penguin ndi Hoijo.
Emperor penguin ndiye mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya penguin. Akangoyima panthaka itasunthidwa, ndiye kuti kukula kwake kudzakhala kofanana ndi sentimita 90. Ngati amasuntha, ndiye kuti kukula kwake kuli pafupifupi masentimita 110-120. Kulemera kwa penguin kumeneku kumafika pa kilogalamu 20-45. Ma penguin ama Emperor ali ndi zosiyana zotsatirazi: kumbuyo kwake kumakhala kwakuda kapena kwamtambo wamtambo, pamutu mtundu uwu nthawi zambiri umasanduka wakuda. Pafupi ndi makutuwo pali malo owoneka achikasu achikasu omwe amapita kumapeto kwa khosi, komwe kumakhala koyera. Pakakhala Emperor penguin. Thupi lake limakutidwa ndi loyera kapena loyera. Emperor penguins chisa m'mphepete mwa Antarctica, kum'mwera mpaka 78 madigiri kumwera latitude. Zidole za Emperor penguins, mosiyana ndi zina, zimachitika mu nyengo yovuta kwambiri - nyengo yozizira ya Antarctic, ndipo kumapeto kwa chilimwe kwa Antarctic penguins yoyamba ya Emperor imabadwa. Nthawi zambiri poyamba amakhala osagwira, kugona. Amakhala moyo wongokhala, koma zinthu zimasintha, ndipo m'mwezi wa Epuloin a Epulo akuyamba kupangika.
Penguin wagolide (lat.Eudyptes crysolophus) - mtundu wa penguin wokhulupirira. Khalidwe. Pokhala, monga momwe amachitira ma penguins onse, mbali yakuda yakumaso yokhala ndi mutu wakuda komanso m'mimba yoyera, zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa zigamba za nthenga zachikasu zagolide zomwe zimapanga mawonekedwe pamwamba pa maso. Kutalika kwa thupi kwa ma penguins opangidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali ndi masentimita 65-76. Ma penguins omwe ali ndi tsitsi lagolide ali ponseponse kuzilumba zakumwera kwa Atlantic ndi Indian. Ma penguins okhala ndi tsitsi lagolide ku South Georgia, South Shetland, South Orkney ndi zilumba zina zapansi. Madera awo ndi ochulukirapo - mpaka anthu 600,000 oswana. Mwambiri, pali ma penguins osachepera 2 miliyoni okhala ndi tsitsi lowoneka bwino m'mphepete mwa Zilumba za Macquarie yekha. Ma penguins okhala ndi tsitsi loyera pansi, akukonzekera zisa zakale kwambiri. Mazira awiri amaikidwa, lachiwiri masiku anayi pambuyo woyamba. Mazira onse awiriwa amakumana ndi umuna, koma woyamba amakhala wocheperako kuposa wachiwiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri mbalameyo sichiyambitsa.Kutalika kwa makulitsidwe ndi masiku 35, ndikusintha kwa makolo a penguin. Mbalame zazikulu zimakweza anapiye ake kwa milungu iwiri kapena itatu, pambuyo pake "ana oyamwa ana" amapangidwa, kenako ndikusungunuka ndikusiya kunyanja kumatsatira kumapeto kwa Januware. Chizindikiro china cha ma penguins okhala ndi tsitsi labwino ndi fungo lamphamvu, lotikumbutsa kununkhira kwa nsomba zowola, zomwe zimatha kumveka pamtunda wa makilomita angapo kuchokera koloni. Mitundu Penguin Wagolide wokhala ndi tsitsi lomwe lidalembedwa mu Buku Lofiira Lapadziko lonse.
Humbolt Penguin. Mtundu wa penguin uwu umapezeka kokha pagombe lakumadzulo kwa South America, mu gawo la mphamvu ya Peruvian yamakono (Fock Island). Zina mwa ma penguin amenewa zilipo kuzilumba za Puniuil. Mwathunthu, pafupifupi 12,000 awiriawiri amakhalabe mdziko la anthu amtunduwu. 8 mwa iwo chisa ku Chile, 4 ku Peru. Humboldt Penguin adalembedwa mu Red Book ngati amodzi mwa mitundu yomwe ili pangozi. Chifukwa choti nsomba zikuwedwa, kukula kwa chiwerengerochi kumachepetsedwa kwambiri. Komanso kuchepa kwa anthu kumathandizidwanso chifukwa chakuti mbalame zina zimangolowa mu maukonde asodzi ndikufera pomwepo. Kukula kwa Humboldt penguin kuli pafupifupi masentimita 70. Kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi kilogalamu zinayi. Humboldt Penguin amafanana kwambiri ndi Magellanov Penguin. Mtundu wa ma penguins achikazi a Humboldt ndi wofanana ndi amphaka, koma zazikazi ndizocheperako pang'ono kuposa zazimuna. Ma penguin amtunduwu amaikira mazira kuyambira March mpaka December. Kutengera ndi komwe gululi lilipezeka, nsombayo imatha kuchitika mu Epulo-Meyi, kapena mu Seputembala - Okutobala. Izi ndizotheka. Pamene ma Humboldt Penguins amatulutsa tiana tating'ono pachaka, ngati izi zikuthandizidwa ndi chilengedwe.
King penguin (Latin: Aptenodytes patagonicus) ndi mbalame yopanda ndege yochokera ku banja la ma penguin (Spheniscidae). Mfumu penguin ndi yofanana ndi Emperor penguin, koma yaying'ono pang'ono kukula komanso yowoneka bwino. Kutalika kwa penguin ya mfumu kumayambira masentimita 91 mpaka 96. Mbalame zachikulire zimakhala ndi imvi kumbuyo, malo owala akulu a lalanje pambali ya mutu wakuda ndi chifuwa. Mimba ndi yoyera. Ana amphaka. Kugawa. Zidole za King penguin pazilumba pafupi ndi Tierra del Fuego: South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands, Marion, Crozier, Kerguelen (chilumba), Hurd, Macquarie.
Penguin imatha kutchulidwa ngati nyama pamlingo wapamwamba komanso wosazolowereka, chifukwa chake sizodabwitsa kuti imakopa chidwi cha anthu ambiri. Chifukwa chake ma penguin amatha kupezeka m'mabuku ambiri, kuphatikizapo Gorky ndi Semenov-Spassky. Komanso, makanema angapo amajambula adawomberedwa, mwachitsanzo, "Adventures of the Lolo Penguin" ndi "Catch the Wave!", Chifukwa ma penguins ankakondwera ndi ana. Mwa zina zosangalatsa, ziyenera kudziwidwa kupezeka kwa timu ya Pittsburgh Penguins hockey, kusewera mu masewera olimba kwambiri a hockey padziko lapansi, komanso penguin ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro zazikulu za Linux.
Zosangalatsa Zokhudza Ma penguins:
Ma penguins onse amakhala kum'mwera chakum'mwera, nthawi zina amakwera kumpoto kwambiri (ku zilumba za Galapagos, pafupifupi ku equator) kapena m'mizinda yomwe ili ndi anthu ambiri (dera la kumpoto kwa Sydney ku Australia). Kwawo kwa Cody ndi Shiverpool ku Antarctica, koma ndiwosangalala kukhala pachilumba chotentha cha Pen Gu.
Ma penguins amatha kuimirira chifukwa mapazi awo opindika amakhala kumapeto kwenikweni kwa thupi. Zimawathandizanso kusambira mwachangu komanso mwamphamvu, makamaka akaphatikizidwa ndi mapiko oboola. Umu ndi momwe Cody amakwanira kuti apeze nsomba za whale Mikey ndikupeza tikiti yakumapikisano a Big Zee.
Ma penguins a King - monga Jick - ndi osiyanasiyana. Pofufuza nsomba ndi chakudya china, nthawi zambiri amadziphira m'madzi akuya kwa mamita 100, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale 200. Komabe, Jick ndi waulesi ndipo amayenera kudikira mpaka Lani amubweretsere nkhomaliro.
Cody ndi amitundu yamiyala yamiyala yamiyala, yodziwika ndi kutentha kwapadera komanso nthenga zazitali zachikaso m'maso mwake.Amakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amadumpha pamiyala - kotero adatenga dzina!
Ma penguan a papuan, omwe Lani ndi ake, amasambira mwachangu kwambiri kuposa ma penguin ena onse, nthawi zina amafulumira mpaka 36 km / h. Kuthamanga uku kumathandiza Lani kukhala woteteza kwambiri.
Anapiye ampira a King penguin - monga Katie ndi Chumaz - kuwaswa m'mazira awo maliseche ndikukula nthenga kwa milungu ingapo. Mwana wankhuku sangakhale opanda makolo mpaka nthenga zosavomerezeka ndi madzi zibwerere, ndipo izi zimatha miyezi 13 itabadwa.
Ndimatha kusambira, koma sindimatha kuuluka. Penguin ndi mbalame yokhayo yomwe imatha kusambira koma yosakhoza kuwuluka. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi mbalame yokhayo yomwe ikuyenda.
Nthenga za mbalamezi zimakula chimodzimodzi. Nthenga zochepa chabe za mbalame zimamera chimodzimodzi thupi lonse, nthawi zambiri zimakhala mitundu yopanda ndege, monga ma penguins.
Ndi miyendo iti yoyenda pamadzi? Mbalame zomwe zimayenda m'madzi osaya, monga ma heron ndikukhazikika, zimakhala ndi miyendo yayitali. Kwa mbalame zomwe zimayenda pama carpent of masamba oyambira ndi ma bogi, zala zazitali ndi zikhadabo zili ndi chikhalidwe, kuti zisadutse. Ma penguins ali ndi miyendo yayifupi komanso yopyapyala yomwe ili kumbuyo kwenikweni kwa mphamvu yokoka. Pachifukwachi, amatha kuyenda amangolunga thupi molunjika ndi masitupi afupi. Ngati kuli kofunikira kusuntha mwachangu, amagona pamatumbo awo ndikuyandama ngati mkono, ndikutalikirana ndi chisanu ndi mapiko ndi miyendo.
Zabwino kwambiri. Kodi ma penguins amatani pakuzama kwa kilomita imodzi ndi theka? Akatswiri azomera zaku Japan aika makamera kumbuyo kwa nyama zomwe zimakhala nthawi yayitali kunyanja yakuya. Monga momwe olemba polojekitiyi amafotokozera, maimiro a dzuwa amalowera mkati mwa nyanja 150, motero sizikudziwika kuti amachita chiyani hafu ya kilomita, mwachitsanzo, ma pinguins ama Emperor phula kapena njovu za njovu zomwe zimatha kudumphira kilomita imodzi ndi theka.
Ndimatha kusambira kwa milungu itatu. Patagonian penguin amatha kusambira milungu iwiri kapena itatu ndikupanga mtunda wamtunda wa 1,500 km.
Wosambira mwachangu kwambiri. Papuan penguin (Pygoscelis papua) amatha kusambira mothamanga kwambiri mpaka 27 km / h.
Tsitsani kuchokera pamadzi. Ma penguins, loons Gavia immer, ma grebes, abakha akunyumba Clangula hyemalis ndi mbalame zina zambiri zimatsika pansi pamadzi. Popeza alibe kolowera m'malo osiyanasiyana, amagwiritsa ntchito kumiza miyendo ndi mapiko awo. Mumtundu wotere, miyendo nthawi zambiri imakhala kumapeto kwenikweni kwa thupi, ngati chopindika pansi pa nsanja ya chombo. Mukamizidwa, amachepetsa kuyamwa pogwira nthenga mwamphamvu komanso kufinya matumba amlengalenga.
Penguin wokwiya kwambiri. Ma penguin amwala amakhala okwiya kwambiri, amphokoso komanso amwano.