Tonsefe timadziwa bwino njoka wamba, koma sizinamveke konse zokhudzana ndi wachibale wake wapafupi wamadzi. Nthawi zambiri, akachiwona, anthu amalakwitsa chinthu ichi ngati chiphe chakupha komanso chowopsa, chomwe madzi kale nthawi zambiri amavutika. Timaphunzira zambiri za moyo wake, zizolowezi, mawonekedwe ake ndi mawonekedwe akunja omwe amasiyanitsa njoka iyi ndi mnzake wamba.
Kanema: Madzi kale
Njoka yamadzi ilibe maonekedwe achikasu kapena malalanje pamutu pa occipital pamutu, ngati wachibale wamba, wamtundu wina wamtundu wake:
Chochititsa chidwi: Pakati pa njoka zam'madzi pali zotulutsa, zimakhala utoto kwathunthu.
Njoka yamadzi kuchokera kwa wamba imasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe wozungulira, thupi lake limakutidwa ndi kiyubiki. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti dzina lake lachi Latin "tessellata" potanthauzira limatanthawuza "yokutidwa ndi cubes" kapena "chess". Chifukwa chachilendo ichi, anthu adatcha "chess njer". Ambiri, inde, amaganiza kuti uwu ndi mtundu wa njoka.
Madzi kale osati wachibale yekha wamba, komanso mnansi wake, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi, malo okhala oyandikana ndi malo omwewo ndi nyengo. Chofunikira kwambiri pamoyo wake wopambana ndi woyenera kupezeka kukhalapo kwamtsinje wamadzi, kuthamanga ndi madzi oyima.
Kuwoneka m'malo opumula akusamba, munthu wotere nthawi zambiri amabweretsa mantha komanso chisokonezo, kwinaku akuvutika. Mantha onsewa komanso mdani wamadzi wakuthengo chifukwa cha umbuli wa anthu, ndizopweteketsa konse komanso ayi.
Kufalitsa
Madzi okonda kutentha amatenga kale kumwera kwa Europe, ku Central ndi West Asia. Itha kupezeka pafupifupi ku Italy konse, kupatula Sicily.
Amakhala m'madziwe owoneka ngati nsomba kapena m'mitsinje yokhala ndi chotetezekapo pang'ono komanso kupezeka zilumba zotentha. Kuphatikiza pa madzi abwino, imathanso kukhala m'madzi amchere ngati pali malo owuma bwino okhala ndi zipatso.
Amakonda kwambiri njoka zam'madzi pamtsinje, miyala yamiyala yam'mphepete mwa nyanja, yomwe ingakhale yabwino nthawi yachisanu.
Pakadali pano, mtunduwu sukuwopsezedwa ndikuwonongeka, koma kuchepa pang'ono kwa anthu ake kumawonedwabe. Izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala zachilengedwe.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Madzi kale
Pomwepo njoka yamadzi ndi njoka yopanda poizoni ya banja kale komanso mtundu wa njoka zenizeni. Zowawa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolakwika kuti zikhale ndi njoka yoopsa, chifukwa chake, nthawi zina, zimachita nawo nkhanza. Choyamba, mtundu wake umasiyana ndi njoka yamadzi wamba, chifukwa chake ndikulakwitsa kuti njoka yapoizoni.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Madzi a Njoka
Kuphatikiza apo madzi samapatsidwa mawanga owala a lalanje kumbuyo kwake, amakhalanso ndizinthu zina zakunja mwanjira imeneyi. Kutalika kwa thupi la njoka yamadzi kumatha kufika mita imodzi ndi theka, koma anthu kutalika pafupifupi 80 cm nthawi zambiri amapezeka. Akazi ndi okulirapo pang'ono komanso kutalika kuposa amuna. Kutalika kwa njoka wamba kuli ofanana; kumatha kukula kwambiri masentimita angapo.
Poyerekeza ndi njoka wamba, m'mphepete mwa muzzle mumalozedwa kwambiri pamadzi. Monga taonera kale, nthawi zambiri amalakwitsa chifukwa cha njoka chifukwa cha mtundu wake, khungu, komanso kusowa kwa malalanje. Komabe, ngati tingaphunzire za njoka yamadzi mwatsatanetsatane, titha kuona zizindikilo zina zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi zodontha:
- Mutu wa njoka umakhala wofanana ndi utatu, ndipo njokayo imasalala,
- Zidutswa za njoka ndizazikulu, zam'mimba zazing'ono kwambiri,
- mukayang'ana m'maso mwa njokayo, mutha kuwona kuti mwana wa njokayo wakhazikika, pomwe njokayo yazungulira,
- malinga ndi kukula kwake, chowonjezeracho ndi chaching'ono kuposa njoka, kutalika kwake, monga lamulo, sichidutsa 73 cm, ndipo kutalika kwa njoka kumadutsa mita.
Mamba omwe amaphimba kumtunda kwa zodzikongoletsera ali ndi mawonekedwe okhala ndi nthiti, ndipo nthiti zimapezeka kwakanthawi. Tidazindikira mtundu wa kumbuyo kwa njokayo, ndipo m'mimba mwake mumakhala ofiira amuna ndi amtundu wachikasu amtundu wachikazi. Kumbali yamkati, kumbuyo kwenikweni kumachepetsedwa ndi mawanga amdima omwe amapezeka paliponse pa thupi la njoka.
Chinthu chinanso cha njoka yamadzi ndi malo omwe ali pamalo a occipital a mutu mu mawonekedwe a zilembo "V", nsonga yake imatsogozedwa kutsogolo. Mtundu wa nyama zazing'ono zamadzulo ndizofanana ndi mtundu wa okhwima, mimba zawo zimakhala zoyera. Maso a njoka ali ndi ana ozungulira ndi iris wachikasu wokhala ndi madontho otuwa.
Kodi madzi amakhala kuti?
Gawoli la njoka yamadzi ndilambiri. Poyerekeza ndi mgonero wamba, njokayo imatha kuganiziridwa ngati Thermophilic komanso kumwera. Anakhala kudera lakumwera kwa Europe, ndikukhala kumwera kwa Ukraine ndi Russia, atasankha madera a Don, Kuban, Volga, madera a Azov ndi Black Seas.
Ngati tifotokozere za malire akukhazikika kwa njoka wamba, chithunzicho chikuwoneka motere:
- kumadzulo, mtunduwo umakhala kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa France (chigwa cha Rhine),
- kum'mwera, malire amayenda kudera lakumpoto kwa Africa, mpaka Pakistan ndi Persian Gulf,
- kutsogolo komwe kumakhala njoka kumadutsa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China,
- malire a kumpoto kwa masanjidwewo akufalikira pachitunda cha Volga-Kama.
Kuchokera ku dzina lokhalo lachiwonetsero ndizodziwikiratu kuti sungakhale kutali ndi matupi amadzi, imafunikira magwero amadzi m'malo ake. Mwakutero, mumadzi amadzimadzi amagwiritsa ntchito mkango nthawi yake. Madzi amakonda kukhala m'mbali mwa nyanja, mtsinje, dziwe, nyanja. Ngalande zopangidwa mwaluso ndi zotetezeka zimatha kukhalamo. Anthu akunyanja amakonda kwambiri madzi osayenda kapena aulesi, koma amakhalanso m'mitsinje yozizira, yamkuntho. M'mapiri, njoka yamadzi imatha kukumana pamtunda wamakilomita atatu.
Nthawi zambiri, njoka zimasankha mayiwe okhala ndi khomo lolowera kumadzi kuti azikhalamo, malo otsetsereka omwe amaphimbidwa ndi miyala, dothi kapena mchenga. Mimvi imapewera m'mphepete mwa mapiri. Matupi oyipitsidwa ndi njoka amadutsanso ndi njoka, chifukwa zimasaka ndikudya nyama yaying'ono popanda kukwawa kuchokera m'madzi. Malo okondedwa kwambiri pomwe zirombo zopumulirako zimakonda kupuma komanso kupumula ndi miyala ikuluikulu, yosalala yozungulira yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, kapena nthambi zamitengo, zomwe zimayikidwa mwachindunji pamwamba pamadzi. Njoka zake ndizoyang'ana bwino ndikuyenda korona wamitengo, chifukwa chake zimakonda kukwera nthambi za mbewu zomwe zili pafupi ndi posungira.
Kodi chimadya madzi ndi chiyani?
Chithunzi: Madzi omwe adachokera kale ku Buku Lofiira
Sizosadabwitsa konse kuti mndandanda wamakedzedwe amapangidwa makamaka ndi mbale zam'madzi. Amasaka akudya ake omwe amawakonda, onse mumchere komanso m'madzi atsopano.
Zakudya za nsomba zimakhala:
Amamwa nsomba yaying'ono yomwe ili mgulu la madzi, ndipo amayenera kupumira m'madzi ndi yayikulu, motero amachita nayo gombe.
Chosangalatsa: Pa kusaka kamodzi kopambana, imatha kumeza nsomba zazing'ono ndi mainchesi atatu, koma nsomba ndizokulirapo (kutalika kwa 15 cm) zopezeka muzakudya zake.
Kuphatikiza pa nsomba, madziwo samasiyananso kudya achule, ma tadpoles, maads, newts. M'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Azov ndi Crimea, imamwa ng'ombe zamphongo zazing'ombe zambiri, kotero mbadwenso amatcha "ng'ombe yamphongo". Njoka zam'madzi zimakonda kusaka m'njira ziwiri: zimatha kubisala ndikudikirira amene abisala, kenako nkuyigwira mwachangu, kapena kuthamangitsa nyama yomwe ingagwire, ikungoyenda mozama.
Ngati wovulalayo akwanitsa kuthawa nthawi ya nkhondoyi, samupeza, apeza chinthu chatsopano chosakira. Nthawi zambiri, nyama yam'madziyo imamatira pakati penipeni pa nsomba, nyama yayikulu imamangidwa ndi nsagwada zake ndikusambira nayo kumtunda, ndikuyigwira pamwamba pamadzi. Ikakamiza mchira wake pachitsamba china cham'mbali, imakoka katundu wayo kumtunda.
Chakudyacho chimayamba ndi kumeza mutu wa nsomba. Mizere ya nyama ya nyama imatha kukhala yayikulupo kuposa chakudya cham'mutu, chifukwa chake chokwawa chimametsa mothandizidwa ndi mafinya a nsagwada yapansi ndi mafupa omwe amakhala pafupi. Poona izi, zikuwoneka kuti akukwiyira wom'gwirayo.
Chosangalatsa: Ndizodziwika bwino kuti m'mimba mwa imodzi ya njoka mumapezeka njoka zazing'ono wamba.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Madzi kale
Njoka zam'madzi ndizomwe zimadya njoka masana zomwe zimagwira masana masana. Chikutuluka m'phanga lake m'mawa, imawotha kwa nthawi yayitali m'mamawa. Amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi, kutuluka m'mamawa kwambiri, kenako amathawira kunyumba kwake mpaka m'mawa. Njoka sizimakonda kutentha kwambiri, chifukwa chake, nthawi yotentha imabisala m'madzi kapena zitsamba zamchere.
Sizachidziwikire kuti dzina la njoka ndizosambira bwino komanso osambira abwino omwe amadziwa bwino kwambiri zam'madzi ndipo amatha kukhala m'madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Nthawi zambiri, njoka iliyonse imakhala ndi gawo lawolawo, lomwe limamatirira, kusuntha limodzi ndi mazana awiri mpaka mazana anayi.
Chosangalatsa: Masomphenya a njoka zamadzi salephera, ndi owala kwambiri komanso osamala. Popeza tawoneratu kuphulika ngakhale patali pafupifupi mita khumi, malo othamangitsirako amathamangira kulowa pansi komanso kupewa msonkhano wosayenera.
Njoka zimagwera mu stumbor yozizira ndikuyamba kwa chisanu choyamba, chomwe chimakonda kupezeka mu Okutobala-Novembala. Kusunthika kwawo kwatayika kale ndi kuyamba kwa Seputembala, ikayamba kuzizira. Zima nyengo yozizira imatha kukhala imodzi kapena yophatikiza. Zoyatsira zomwe njoka zimapulumuka nthawi yozizira zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi iwo kwazaka zambiri.
Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Nthawi zina, nthawi yachisanu ikaphatikizidwa, kumakhala chakudya chamadzulo pafupifupi mazana awiri. Nthawi zambiri madzi amasambira nthawi yozizira mdzenje lomwelo ndi abale awo wamba.
Kudzutsidwa kwa makanema oimitsidwa kumachitika kutentha kutentha komwe kukutentha mpaka madigiri 10 ndi chikwangwani chowonjezera, nthawi ino kugwera kumapeto kwa Marichi kapena koyambirira kwa Epulo, zonsezi zimatengera dera lokhalamo. Posachedwa kudzuka njoka zimawoneka ngati zaulesi ndikusunthira pang'ono, pang'onopang'ono ndikuchira ndikuyamba kulanda kutayika nthawi yachisanu.
Njira yosungunulira njoka zamadzi imachitika kangapo pachaka. Pali umboni kuti kusungunuka kwa chilimwe kumachitika pamwezi. Ngati tizingolankhula za chilengedwe komanso mawonekedwe a nyama zodabwitsazi, ndiye kuti titha kunena molimba mtima kuti cholengedwa cham'madzi ndi cholengedwa chamtendere, sichinaoneke pozunza anthu. Iyenso amayesetsa kukhala woyamba kubwezera akamaona anthu kuti akhale otetezeka komanso opanga bwino.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Madzi a Njoka
Nyengo yachisanu ya njoka ikadzatha pambuyo pake, imayamba nthawi yaukwati. Kenako njoka zam'madzi zimasonkhana m'magulu onse, momwe awiriawiri amapangidwira, akukonzekera kupakidwa. Zodzikongoletsa zimakhwima pofika zaka zitatu. Pakatha nyengo yamkuntho yamphongo, zazikazi zimayamba kukonzekera kuyikira mazira.
Pakupanga, amatha kuwerengera mpaka magawo 4 mpaka 20, njira yakuzengereza imatenga nthawi yayitali ndipo amatenga mayi aliyense wamtsogolo maola angapo angapo motsatizana. Kuyika kwa mkazi kumayikidwa mu dothi lotayirira ndi lonyowa, pansi pa miyala yayikulu. Mazira omwe anaikidwa kumene amakhala owonekera, motero, mawonekedwe a silika amaonekera kudzera pa chipolopolo.
Kuchulukitsa kumatenga pafupifupi miyezi iwiri. Ma kites opangidwa kumene kuyambira atabadwa ali ndi zochitika zambiri, ufulu komanso kudziyimira pawokha. Amakwawa mwachangu ndikuwoneka chimodzimodzi ndi makolo awo, chachiwiri kwa iwo kukula. Kutalika kwa nkhanu zazing'ono kumayambira masentimita 16 mpaka 19. Nthawi yomweyo, ana amapita kukasaka nsomba yoyamba.
Chosangalatsa: Njoka zam'madzi, monga wamba, zimakhala ndi ndulu zomwe zimapezekamo mazira chikwi.
M'madzi am'madzi, maphikidwe aukwati wa nyundo amachitikanso, pomwe zokwawa zimayambanso kukhwima zisanachitike. Potere, kuyikira mazira kumapitilira ku chirimwe chotsatira.
Chifukwa cha kusadziwa kwawo, ambiri amakhulupirira kuti watermark ndi chifukwa cha mtanda pakati pa njoka wamba ndi chowonjezera, zomwe ndi zolakwika kwambiri. Malingaliro awa ndi olakwika, chifukwa Zoyenera ziwirizi ndi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mabanja ndipo sizingafanane.
Adani achilengedwe a njoka zamadzi
Chithunzi: Madzi a Caspian
Kwa anthu, madzi ndiotetezeka, koma nyama yothira yokha ikudikirira zoopsa zambiri. Njoka zimatha kukhala nyama zodyedwa ndi mbalame. Osauka kwambiri ndi nyama zazing'ono zopanda nzeru. Sizotsutsana konse ndi njoka, muskrats, muskrats, weasel, nkhandwe wamba, hedgehogs, chiwombankhanga chodya njoka, maimvi agalu, nkhanu, akhwangwala. Nthawi zambiri njoka zazing'ono zimayamba kuzunzidwa chifukwa cha nkhanu ndi ma gombe am'madzi.
Ngakhale nsomba yayikulu ngati pike ndi catfish imatha kukumba mosavuta njoka, makamaka yocheperako. Kuphatikiza pa nsomba, anthu ena a njoka amakondanso kudya njoka (ma efa amchenga, njoka zamaso akulu ndi njoka zachikasu). Khwawa ili ndi zida zina zoteteza zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pokayikira. Kuwopseza anthu omwe ali ndi vuto, imayimba kulira ndikuwulutsa chinsinsi cha fetid mothandizidwa ndi ndulu zakugonana. Gawo lamadzi lomweli limasokoneza chidwi cha anthu ambiri omwe amadyera, kupulumutsa moyo wamadzulo.
Chochititsa chidwi: Watery ndi waluso weniweni yemwe amanamizira kuti ndi wakufa podziteteza, waluso wamba ali ndi talente yomweyo.
Ngakhale watermark ilibe poizoni konse, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi vuto laumbuli, chifukwa munthu mosadziwa amamutenga chifukwa cha njoka yoopsa. Anthu ambiri amafa kale pam nkhondo zolakwika ngati izi ndi anthu, chifukwa chake, atazindikira kuti pafupi ndi miyendo iwiri yoyandikira, akufulumira kubwerera, atabisala m'madzi akuya.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Madzi kale
Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa njoka yamadzi ndikochulukirapo, kathiridwe kameneka kamakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zoyipa, chifukwa chake anthu akuchepa. M'dziko lathu, palibe zovuta zazikulu zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa njoka yamadzi, kokha m'malo ena amalembedwa mu Red Book. Ku Europe, zinthu zikuipiraipira: Mtunduwu wayamba kale kutha.
Zowawa zoterezi mmaiko aku Europe ndi chifukwa choti ali ndi gawo laling'ono, kotero uzham alibe pokhazikika, anthu pafupifupi adawadzaza kulikonse. Kuumitsa kwa ma swamp, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, komanso kuyika misewu yayikulu kumakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri pazakudya zam'madzulo, chifukwa chake zimatha kuchokera kumaderawa.
Kuphatikiza pa mavuto onse omwe ali pamwambawa, kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe zakhudzidwa kwambiri, chifukwa matupi amadzi ambiri ndiodetsedwa ndipo samakhala oyenera kudya chakudya chabwino. Njoka zimatha kutengeka kwambiri ndi phokoso lamtundu uliwonse kuchokera kumaboti amagetsi, sitima, malo am'mphepete mwa nyanja, etc. Musaiwale kuti anthu omwe amapha njoka zamadzi chifukwa chofanana ndi njoka yaululu.
Pa gawo la Russia lonse, njoka zamtunduwu sizikhala zopanda tanthauzo, chifukwa chidziwitso chodalirika cha kuchuluka kwa ziweto zamadzulo sichikupezeka. Ngati titha kunena za momwe njoka yamadzi yosungira padziko lonse lapansi imakhalira, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti mitunduyi yazilomboti ndizotetezedwa ndi msonkhano wa Berne.
Kuteteza Njoka Yamadzi
Chithunzi: Madzi omwe adachokera kale ku Buku Lofiira
Tazindikira kale kuti kuchuluka kwa njoka zam'madzi kwachepa kwambiri m'malo a ku Europe, pomwe njoka iyi ikuwopsezedwa kuti idzatha. Zovuta zoyipa izi ndizolumikizana, choyambirira, chifukwa chakuti kulibe kwina kokhala, chifukwa madera onse ozungulira ali ndi anthu. Mkhalidwe wosungira njoka yamadzi pamlingo wapadziko lonse lapansi akuti mtundu wamtunduwu umaphatikizidwanso mundondomeko yachiwiri ya Berne Convention for the Protection of European Species of Wild Fauna ndi ma Habitats awo (nyama zomwe zimafunikira njira zapadera zosungira) za 1979. Mitunduyi imawonedwa ngati yosowa kwambiri, koma kuchuluka kwake sikudziwika.
M'madera adziko lathu, zinthu zomwe zili ndi zoweta zambiri sizoyipa ngati ku Europe, ngakhale kuti pang'onopang'ono m'malo ena anthu akucheperachepera. Zoyipa zake ndi kuipitsidwa kwa matupi amadzi ndi anthu omwe omwe amapha njoka zamadzi, kuwagwiritsa njoka. Pakadali pano, palibe deta pa chiwerengero cha njoka zamadzi, chiwerengero chawo chenicheni ku Russia sichinakhazikitsidwe. Katunduyu wolembedwa mu Red Book la madera ena osiyana: Voronezh, Samara, Saratov.
Mwa zina zoteteza njoka yamadzi, mutha kulembapo:
- bungwe la malo osungira mwapadera,
- kuletsa kugwidwa
- kufalitsa kwa njira zotetezera njoka zam'madzi mwa okhala m'deralo,
- Kuchepetsa kwa kulowerera kwaumunthu pazinthu zachilengedwe.
Pomaliza, zikuwonjezeranso kuti sizinthu zonse zosadziwika zomwe zili zowopsa, komanso madzi am'madzi, omwe ambiri sanalingalirepo, akumangotenga njoka. Moyo wam'madzi a njoka wokonda nsomba wopanda vuto uyu ndiwosangalatsa kwambiri ndipo, mukasanthula mwatsatanetsatane, muphunzira zambiri zatsopano komanso zachilendo zomwe kale zinkabisidwa mwakuzama kapena m'malo owuma, achitsotso,
Feature
Mosiyana ndi njoka wamba (lat. Natrix natrix), madzi alibe malo obiriwira a lalanje-achikasu. Pamalo pawo pali malo akuda a V, akukumana ndi patsogolo. Utoto wake, monga lamulo, ndi maolivi okhala ndi mawanga amdima okonzedwa mu cheke cheke. Nthawi zina pamakhala maolivi okhala ndi maolivi kapena anthu akuda. Kukula kwa njoka yamadzi mpaka 1,6 metres, koma nthawi zambiri 1-1.3 mita. Akazi ndiakulu kuposa amuna. Makala a thupi akhazikika mwamphamvu, kuzungulira pakati pa thupi pali masikelo 19. Ndevu ndimtundu umodzi.
Moyo
Amalumikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi matupi amadzi (onse amchere komanso atsopano), komwe amakhala nthawi yambiri kuposa wamba. Amadyetsedwa makamaka ndi nsomba (60%), ochepera nthawi zambiri. Amakhala usiku pamtunda, m'mawa limatentha ndi dzuwa ndikusaka madzi. Atagwira nyama, imabwerera kumtunda, komwe imameza ndipo mwina imapita kukasaka nsomba yatsopano, kapena ikakola kuti ikabowole. Pa madera a Azov ndi a Crimea nthawi zambiri amasaka ma gogo, pomwe adalandira dzina loti "ng'ombe-zazing'ombe". Komanso nyengo yamvula ikupita kumapeto kwa mwezi wa March - Epulo, komanso nthawi yakukhwima mu Epulo - Meyi. Achinyamata ambiri amapezeka mu Julayi-Ogasiti. Inyamuka nthawi yozizira mu Okutobala - Novembala. Adani akuluakulu a njoka ndi mbalame zomwe zimadyedwa ndi zinyama, komanso njoka, njoka zingapo (mwachitsanzo, njoka za maolivi ndi njoka) ndi ena ambiri.
Watermark sakhala wankhanza, pamaso pa munthu nthawi zambiri amayesa kubisala m'madzi kapena pobisalira. Imadziteteza ndi kutulutsidwa kwa chinthu chovuta kwambiri chosamba, chosimba. Kulumala ndikosowa kwambiri. Kwa anthu, izi sizowopsa. Komabe, izi sizilepheretsa anthu wamba ndi alendo kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito njoka zamadzi, ndikuzitcha "njoka zam'mimba" kapena "njoka za njoka ndi njoka" ndikuganiza molakwika kuwaganizira. Nkhani za anthu omwe amati amapezeka poizoni chifukwa chakulumidwa ndi njoka yamadzi ndizomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusatha kwa anthu ambiri kusiyanitsa njoka yamadzi ndi mphaka wamba. Kuoloka (kusakanizirana) njoka ndi mphiri ndizosatheka, chifukwa njoka izi ndi za mabanja osiyana.
Madera akuluakulu okhala
Watermark amakhala kale ku Central ndi Southeast Europe, komanso kufalikira ku Asia kumadzulo kwa China komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India. Zodzoladzola ndizofala kwambiri ku Balkan, kumwera kwa Russia, Turkey, Afghanistan, komanso ku Nile Delta. Ku Central Europe kumadera ena a Italy, ku Slovenia, Austria, Switzerland, Hungary, komanso ku Czech Republic kuli njoka zazikulu za njoka'zi.
Malo omwe amakonda
Amakonda dera lomwe kuli madzi m'dera lozungulira. Njoka nthawi zambiri imakhazikitsa aliyense pafupi ndi mitsinje, komanso imamva bwino pama nyanja. Makamaka, amakhala ngakhale m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mwachitsanzo, m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda ya Bulgaria ndi Ukraine.
Madera omwe siwo sangawagwire, gombe likadzaphwera mwadzidzidzi madzi amatsatira. Amafuna malo otsetsereka ndi miyala, mchenga kapena dongo.
Amakonda madzi, momwe mumakhala nsomba zambiri, chifukwa nsomba ndiye chakudya chachikulu chodyedwa ndi nyama zodyeka.
Ngakhale atakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi, amaikira mazira pamtunda. Kuti achite izi, amasankha malo ofunda, koma otentha. Mwachitsanzo, mulu wa humus, mu udzu wosankhidwa, masamba, etc.
Pofuna kuwotcha dzuwa, njokayo imakonda kugwiritsa ntchito miyala yotsetsereka mwa misewu, zomata kapena ngakhale zomangira njanji. Amagwiritsa ntchito ming'alu youma ngati pobisalira ndipo kunyumba kuti akakhalitse.
Moyo wamanjoka
Kuti madzi achoke pakukhazikika nyengo yozizira, kutentha komwe kumakhalapo kuyenera kutentha mpaka madigiri seshasi khumi pamthunzi. Ndiye kuti, izi zikutanthauza kuti malovuwo amangochoka mu Epulo kapena Meyi.
Njoka itanyamuka kutuluka m'khola, imakwera m'madzi pokhapokha ngati itentha mpaka 12 C. Imakonda kusambira ndi kulowa pansi. Amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi osaya, kumangomusiya padzuwa kapena kubereka.
Kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, madzi amatenga njoka. Izi zimachitika pakati pa Meyi ndi June. Matenga amapezeka pagombe.
Amayikira mazira kumayambiriro kwa Julayi. Kukula kwachinyamata kumawonekera koyambirira kwa Ogasiti. Amakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 14 mpaka 20 ndipo atangoyamba kuwaswa amayamba kusaka ndi kudya. Ngati adya bwino, ndiye kuti njoka zazing'ono zazing'ono zimatha kukula mpaka sentimita 30 kutalika.
Pakatikati pa Seputembala, wotchi yam'madzi imayamba kale kufunafuna nthawi yozizira, momwe imakhazikika kumapeto kwa Okutobala.
Mtunduwu umagwira makamaka masana. M'mawa nthawi zambiri amakhala akudya dzuwa, ndipo masana njoka imasaka.
Zili m'zakudya zawo?
Alfalfa amadya kale nsomba zochepa komanso zazing'ono. Amakonda kwambiri gudgeon, komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya carp ndi nsomba zina. Nthawi zambiri, njoka imadya nyama yake. Koma ngati chakudya chake chili chachikulu kwambiri, ndiye kuti nthawi zina njoka imakamba kuti idye.
Nthawi zambiri amagwira chakudya chawo pansi pa madzi. Ali pansi pamadzi, amadikirira mpaka nsomba ikasambira pafupi naye ndikumuwombera ndi liwiro la mphezi, kapena kuthamangitsa zomwe azichita mpaka iye atamugwira.
Adani achilengedwe azirombo
Zina mwa zomwe zimayambitsa njoka kukhala choopsa ku njoka ndi nyama zazing'ono monga ma weels ndi muskrats. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame monga heron ndi seagull amadya njoka. Nthawi zina, njoka zimayamba kukhala nsomba zazikulu ngati catfish ndi pike. Komanso, nthawi zambiri nyama zazing'ono zimagwira mallard m'madzi.
Njokayo ikawopsezedwa, imayamba kulira. Kuphatikiza apo, monga wamba, mtunduwu umatha kutulutsa timadzi tosangalatsa ku gonads ake. Madziwo amakhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa lomwe limanyansitsa ambiri omwe amadya. Ngati izi sizikuthandiza, akugwiritsa ntchito kale njira zomwe amakonda monga wamba ndipo amangonamizira kuti wafa.
Udindo wapadziko lonse lapansi
Ku Russia, mtunduwu ulibe mavuto. Ku Europe, ali pafupi kutha. Chowonadi ndi chakuti Europe ili ndi gawo laling'ono, lomwe anthu ambiri amakhalamo. Madambo awuma mokomera misewu yayikulu komanso nyumba zokulirapo, nkhalango zimadulidwa kuti amange mizindayo komanso kulandira zinthu zomanga, ndi zina zambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, njoka imatha kutengeka ndi zosokoneza zingapo. Izi siziphatikizapo ma boti amawu okhaokha, osambira, asodzi, komanso malo okaonera alendo monga misasa kapena ma marinas. Nthawi zina nyama zimangodulidwa ndi omwe amayendetsa zombozo. Nthawi ndi nthawi amakhalanso akugwidwa ndikupha, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwamtunduwu ku Europe.
Khalidwe
Madzi omwe ali kale - wosambira wamkulu yemwe wazolowera kukhala nthawi yayitali pansi pamadzi. Amakonda kusambira m'madzi osaya omwe amatenthetsedwa ndi kuwala kwa dzuwalo ndipo nthawi zina amaikiratu mutu wake pamwambapa.
Atakhala nthawi yayitali mumadzi, njoka ija mosangalala imakwawa pamiyala yotentha ndi dzuwa ndikuwotha. M'mawa kutacha, amkagona kwawo komwe amathawira.
Imadya nsomba, kumawononga zisa za mbalame, imagwira achule ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono.
Chimbaliricho chimakumba ngalande zakuya, khomo loloweka pakati pa miyala. Ophatika kale kunyumba kwawo ndikusintha mosanyinyirika. Mu Okutobala, agwa mu hibernation era balala okutuusa nga kasita. Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa Epulo, njoka zimakwawa pansi ndikubisala padzuwa kwa maola ambiri.
Zisanu
M'nyengo yozizira, njoka zam'madzi zimasowa nthawi yomweyo monga wamba mu Okutobala-Novembala, pomwe zipatsozi zimachitika. Nthawi zambiri mu Seputembala amakhala osagwira ntchito, amabisalira m'maenje, pansi pamiyala yamiyala, pansi pa maziko a nyumba.
Amakonda kubisala m'magulu (nthawi zina mpaka anthu 200) kapena mwayokha. Amatha kukhala yozizira limodzi ndi njoka wamba. Malo omwewo nthawi yozizira (malo owuma pansi pa miyala, ma skigs, burrows) amagwiritsa ntchito njoka zaka zingapo motsatizana.
Kudzuka kumapeto kwa Marichi kapena mu Epulo, kutengera malo, nyengo ndi nyengo yamasika. Amabwera pamtunda pomwe kutentha kwa mpweya kumakwera mpaka kutentha kwa 9-10 ° C, komabe, poyamba sizigwira ntchito. Pobwerera kuzizira, amabisanso m'malo awo okhala.
Kuswana
Nyengo yakukhwima imayamba mu Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi, ndipo kuyikira mazira kumachitika kumapeto kwa Juni - mu Julayi. Mu clutch nthawi zambiri mumakhala mazira 6 mpaka 18. Kuyika kwa mkazi aliyense kumatenga maola angapo. M'mazira owala bwino, mazira amawoneka bwino, omwe amayamba kukula ngakhale mthupi la mkazi.
Mazira amadzazidwa masiku 40-50. Njoka zazing'ono ndizogwira, zachangu mwachangu ndipo mawonekedwe ake sizimasiyana ndi maonekedwe akuluakulu, kupatula kukula. Kutalika kwa matupi awo ndi 16-19 cm.
Kufotokozera kwa njoka yamadzi
Ili ndi njoka yayikulupo: kutalika kwa thupi kumatha kufika 130 cm, koma nthawi zambiri 80-90 cm.
Mutu ndi wakuthwa, wokutidwa ndi zishango zazikuluzikuluzonse. Zosefukira zamkati zamapangidwe atatu. Kusinthana pakati pa ma intermaxillary ndi zofunikira zoyamba zokhala ndi labial ndizitali kwambiri kuposa pakati pa intermaxillary ndi m'mphuno.
Sikelo yophimba thunthu ndi mchira kuchokera kumwamba, ndi nthiti zotanthauziridwa bwino. Nthiti sizikhala pamiyeso imodzi yamiyala yoyandikira m'mimba, ndipo sizowoneka bwino pamzere wamiyala yoyandikana ndi zotchingira za pacudal.
Mtundu waku dorsal umasiyana ndi maolivi akuda bii maolivi kukhala ma bulauni akuda, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi madontho amdima omwe adapangidwa poyang'anira.
Amasiyana ndi njoka yamadzi wamba chifukwa ilibe mawanga achikaso pamutu. Mbali yake ndi malo owoneka ngati V kumbuyo kwa mutu, ndipo nsonga yake yalunjika kutsogolo.
Mbali yam'mimba mwa amuna imakhala yofiyira, ndipo chachikazi imakhala yachikasu kapena lalanje ndipo imakhala ndi mawanga amkati pamimba, pang'onopang'ono ikuyambira mbali yayikulu yam'mimba kuyambira khosi mpaka mchira.
Mitundu ya achichepere ndi yofanana ndi mitundu ya achikulire, koma chakunja kwawo ndi koyera.
Mwana wa njoka yamadzi ndi wozungulira, misozi yamaso ndi yachikasu, ndimaso amaso.
Habitat
Madzi amakhala kale pamtunda waukulu, wopanga danga kuchokera ku Central ndi Southern Europe mpaka Western China ndi Northwest India. Zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda ku Russia ndi Ukraine, ku Crimea, Ciscaucasia ndi Transcaucasia, Central Asia ndi Kazakhstan.
Malo okondweretsa njoka zam'madzi ndi malo pafupi ndi matupi amadzi (atsopano ndi mchere). Zimapezeka pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi zilumba zomwe zili munyanja. Zitha kuonedwa pafupi ndi ngalande zothirira m'midzi, paminda yothiriridwa, pamalo okwanira okhala ndi mabango ndi mitsinje yamapiri yowonekera.
Amakonda makamaka malo omwe mabanki ndi pansi adakutidwa ndi miyala yayikulu, ndipo tchire ndi mitengo zimamera m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Yesani kupewa magawo otseguka ndi otsetsereka pafupi ndi madzi.
Machitidwe a njoka yamadzi
Njoka izi zimagwira ntchito masana. M'mawa, amatuluka m'madzimo ndikukasamba padzuwa nthawi yayitali, ndikubisala usiku. M'nyengo yotentha, nthawi yambiri masanawa amakhala m'madzi, ndipo nthawi yamadzulo amapita kumtunda komwe amagona.
Njoka zamadzi zimasambira zonse pamadzi ndi pansi pa madzi. Atatulutsa chisa pamwamba pamadzi, akumwetulira thupi, monga kukwawa, amasambira mwachangu. Kuthawa kuzunzidwa, amabisala ngakhale m'mitsinje ndi mphamvu yamphamvu, pansi pamiyala pansi pamtunda wamtunda wa 2-3 mamita kuchokera kumtunda. Kuwonekera pakatha mphindi 4-5.
M'chilimwe, amakhala malo otetezedwa pansi pazidutswa zamiyala, milu yamitanda yamitengo, tchire lodzala ndi magombe amadzi, ndi zina zambiri.
Njoka zam'madzi nthawi zambiri zimatsata masamba awo ndipo sizipanga timagulu tambiri. Amasamukira mkati mwa 200-400 m.
Amadziwika ndi masomphenya akuthwa kwambiri. Poona munthu ngakhale mita 10, amathamangira kukabisala m'madzi.
Zakudya Zabwino Komanso Kusaka
Njoka zamadzi zimadya kwambiri nsomba, komanso zochepa - amphibians. Amasaka kwambiri komanso kugwira nsomba, kuziyang'ana pansi. Ngati nsomba isambira ku njoka yosagwedezeka, imagwira nyama ndi mphamvu imodzi, koma ikaphonya, siyiyisunga posambira.
Malinga ndi zomwe wapezeka m'madzi muja, njoka zimameza nsomba zazing'ono zomwe pansi pano. Nthawi zambiri nyama zazikulu zimadyedwa pagombe. Kugwira nsomba nthawi zambiri ndi mchira, njokayo imathamangira kumtunda ndipo, ikagwira mwala ndi thupi, kuyesera kuutulutsa mu madzi.
Adani
Njoka zamadzi zomwe zimapezeka m'madziwe nthawi zambiri zimasesedwa ndi anthu, kuwayesa ngati poyizoni kapena tizirombo.
Mwa nyama, adani a njoka zamtunduwu ndi njoka ya chiwombankhanga, ndipo nthawi zina mbalame zina zakudya. Mwachitsanzo, amadziwika kuti kite wakuda amadya njoka zam'madzi ku Caucasus. Zitsamba ndizowopsa kwa iwo. Kwa anthu ang'onoang'ono, seagull ndi nsomba zolusa zitha kukhala zowopsa. Nthawi zina amakodwa ndi nkhandwe ndi mimbulu.