Dziko lasayansi lachitanso chiphunzitso china chofotokoza zomwe zimachititsa kuti mitundu ya zinthu zachilengedwe ichitike padzikoli. Malinga ndi mtundu womwe umayikidwa patsogolo ndi ogwira ntchito ku National Center for Science Science (France), zitsulo zolemera zidawonongedwa ndi nyama zakale.
Zotsatira zakufufuza zomwe zidafalitsidwa mu magazini ya Nature Communication zikuwonetsa kuti mzaka 420 - 485 miliyoni zapitazo, padali chiphe chachikulu cha zolengedwa zokhala ndi ziphe zamphamvu. Malinga ndi asayansi, anthu okhala m'madzi a padziko lapansi (kuchuluka kwa omwe amaposa ena onse) sanamwalire chifukwa cha kusintha kwakukulu kwa nyengo mdziko, koma chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwazitsulo zolemera m'chilengedwe, i.e. - m'madzi.
Zinyama zamiyala zakale zidatha chifukwa cha zitsulo zakupha.
Ataphunzira mosamalitsa zakale za nyama zomwe zinasowa, ochita kafukufukuwo adawona kuti panali mkuwa owonjezera, komanso lead, zeb, ndi iron m'madzi nthawi imeneyo. Pa milingo yaying'ono kwambiri, zinthu izi sizili zovulaza zamoyo, koma zovuta zazikulu zimatha kupha.
Komabe, chomwe chimapangitsa "kutulutsidwa" kwa zinthu zochulukazo kuzilowetsa m'nyanja, asayansi sanakonzekere kufotokoza.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyama zizitha
- - Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Kwenikweni, tikutanthauza kuwononga mpweya komanso kuwonongeka kwa madzi, chifukwa izi ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kwambiri chilengedwe.
- Zochita za anthu. Mwachitsanzo, zomangamanga, kapena migodi. Mutha kukumbukiranso zopanga moto ndi malo owotchera.
- Kusaka ndikusodza. Nthawi zonse, anthu amasangalala kupha nyama. Koma ngati m'mbuyomu cholinga chake chidalinso chowonjezera cha chakudya, tsopano anthu amachita izi pongosangalatsa.
Zotsatira zowonekera kwambiri
- - Kutaya kwa kudzichiritsa kwina kwa chilengedwe. M'malo mwake, izi zikutanthauza kufa kwa nyama ndi zomera zambiri.
-Kuphwanya kwamphamvu maunyolo a chakudya, komwe kumathandizanso kuti tife.
Pomaliza
Kuwonongeka kwa chamoyo chamtundu uliwonse kumatha kuyambitsa dongosolo lonse. Izi zichitika pachifukwa chophweka kuti zonse zachilengedwe zimalumikizana, ndipo kuwonongeka kwa umodzi wa ulumikizano wamtunduwu kumatha kubweretsa kuwonongeka kwa tcheni chonse. Koma, mwamwayi, chilengedwe sichothandiza. Zamoyo zamoyo zimatha kusintha ndikusintha. Izi ndi zomwe tsopano akupulumutsa ku chiwonongeko.
Kudula mitengo
Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndi vuto lalikulu kwachilengedwe. Zowonadi, pamene dera la nkhalango limacheperachepera, kuthekera kwawo koyeretsa mpweya kumacheperanso.
Zoyeserera
Ma virus akutuluka, ndipo nthawi iliyonse amakhala olimba. Chifukwa chake, miliri yatsopano ya miliri imakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu.
Kuchulukitsa
Ku Africa, 16% ya mitundu yomwe ilipo ya megafauna idafa (8 mwa 50), ku Asia 52% (24 mwa 46), ku Europe 59% (23 mwa 39), ku Australia ndi Oceania 71% (19 mwa 27) ku North America 74% (45 kuchokera pa 61), 82% ku South America (58 mwa 71). Ku America konse, pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya nyama yokhala ndi unyinji woposa tani, yomwe idakhala pano mpaka kumapeto kwa Pleistocene, idatha. Asayansi akuwona kuwonjezeka kwa mitundu yachilengedwe yochokera ku Africa kupita ku America, kulumikiza izi ndi njira yolowera anthu.
Mosiyana ndi Australia, South ndi North America, ku Africa mtundu wa Homo unadutsa ndi nyama zam'deralo kwa zaka mamiliyoni, ndikupanga pang'onopang'ono. Ndipo nyama za ku Africa zidaphunzira kuopa anthu, ndikupanga chidwi komanso kusamala. Ma Drontov omwewo adanyongedwa izi, zomwe zidasowa zomwe zidalembedwa m'mbiri yaposachedwa kwambiri. Kutsimikizika kwa mbalamezi mpaka kuti adaphedwa ndi ndodo, kumangobwera ndikugunda mutu.
Kutha kwa nyama zomwe zimabweretsa ndikusintha kwadzaoneni kwamasamba obiriwira. Pomwe ma buluzi amangochira ndi nyama yodutsayi itatha, malirowo anasintha pambuyo pawo - mapiko a tundra omwe adadyapo adakulirakulira. Izi ndichifukwa choti ziweto za ma rhinos ndi mammoni zimadya zipatso zazing'onoting'ono, kuzilepheretsa kukula kwambiri.
Kuyerekezera kumeneku kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mfundo yoti kuzilumba zopatula anthu, kutha kwa nyama megafauna kudachitika zaka masauzande pambuyo pake, zomwe zimachepetsa kulemera kwa malingaliro a nyengo.
Ng'ombe ya Steller idakhala pachilumba cha Commander kwa zaka 10,000, zitatha zonse pafupi ndi mayiko, mtunduwu udawonongedwa ndi anthu zaka 27 zokha zitapezeka. Nyama zazikuluzikulu zaubweya za Wrangel Island ndi St. Paul Island zidapulumuka zaka 6,000 zapitazo. Slots a mitundu ya Megaloknus adakhala pa Antilles ndipo adawonongedwa zaka 4,000 zapitazo, atangoonekera anthu pazilumbazi, pomwe mitundu yonse yazitsulo zazikuluzikulu zomwe zidakhala ku America zidawonongedwa zaka 7,000 zapitazo.
Peresenti yathunthu ya zolengedwa zonse zatha:
- Kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, 8 mwa 50 (16%)
- Ku Asia, 24 mwa 46 (52%)
- Ku Europe, 23 mwa 39 (59%)
- Ku Australiaalasia, 19 mwa 27 (71%)
- Ku North America, 45 mwa 61 (74%)
- Ku South America, 58 mwa 71 (82%)
- Nyama zidasowa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kukwezedwa ndikuchotsedwa kwa zisoti zazikulu kapena ayezi, kenako nkusintha kwa masamba.
- Nyama zidawonongedwa ndi anthu: "hypothesis of prehistoric owonjezera"
Africa ndi Asia
Africa ndi Asia sizinakhudzidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa Quaternary, kutaya 16 peresenti yokha ya zinyama ndi megafauna. Awa ndi madera okhawo omwe adasunga megafauna, nyama zomwe zimalemera kuposa kilogalamu 1000. M'mayiko ena, megafauna wotereyu watayika kwamuyaya.
Nthawi yomweyo, kudalira kwa kuyambika kwa mitundu ya nyama ku Africa zaka 2 miliyoni zapitazo, ndikuwoneka kwa mitundu yakunyumba kumeneko, Homo habilis ndi Homo erectus. Ku Asia, atawonekera kumeneko Homo erectus Zaka 1.8 miliyoni zapitazo. Njira yotsatirayi imawonedwa - kuyambira kumapeto kwa Pleistocene, megafauna adayamba kutaya mitundu yomwe siyidaloledwe ndi mitundu ina yazinyama zofanana. Ndikusintha kwanyengo, izi sizichitika, pang'onopang'ono kumasula mphuno kuti mulowe nyama zina zazikulu. Koma pochitika kuti chiwopsezo cha anthropogenic chikhoza kuchitika, izi sizinachitike, megafauna analibe nthawi yoti azolowere kukhudzana ndi umunthu ndikuyamba kukhala pansi pamikhalidwe yatsopano.
Megafauna yomwe idasowa mu Africa ndi Asia pa nthawi ya Pleistocene yoyambirira ndi Middle
Kuyerekeza kukula kwama homotherium ndi anthu
Man motsutsana ndi Gigantopithecus wakuda ndi Gigantopithecus giganteus
Kumangidwanso kwa Homo habilis
Kukula kofanana ndi Pelagornis sandersi amakono Andean condor komanso albatross yoyendayenda
Sinomastodon - achilendo achibale a njovu poyerekeza ndi anthu
Megafauna amene anasowa ku Africa ndi Asia kumapeto kwa Pleistocene
Chimbalangondo chachikulu cha polar
Kukonzanso Leptoptilos robustus ku National Museum of Natural and Science, Tokyo, Japan
Miyeso Leptoptilos robustus ndi munthu wamakono
Kukonzanso nkhope ya munthu
Neanderthal from the Mustier Cave (chikhalidwe cha Mousterian), anatomist Solger, 1910
Kuyerekeza kukula kwa stegodone ndi munthu.
Kuyerekeza kukula kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya proboscis ndi anthu
Kuyerekeza European Mammoth ndi North American Mastodon
Kukonzanso nyambo ya stepep
Pacific Ocean (Australia ndi Oceania)
Zambiri zomwe zimapeza zimatsimikizira kuti kutha kwa Quaternary kudayamba atangofika anthu ku Australia. Panthawiyo, Australia idakali Sahul - kontinenti imodzi ndi New Guinea. Kuchulukitsa kunayamba zaka 63,000 zapitazo, ndipo chiwonjezerochi chikuwoneka zaka zoposa 20,000. Pakadali pano, munthu adakulitsa, kuphunzira madera atsopano omwe kale anali osakhala ndi anthu okhala. Njira zofananazo zidachitika pazilumbazi, zomwe zidakhalapo mpaka Holocene -> kubwera kwa anthu -> kuzimiririka kwa mbali zina za ziphuphu.
Zotsatira zake, zaka 60,000 ndi 36,000 zapitazo, Australia ndi Oceania adataya megafauna yonse. Mpaka pano, m'maderawa kulibe nyama zomwe zimalemera kuposa ma kilogalamu 45 (kupatula mtundu wa kangaroo ku Australia wolemera mpaka makilogalamu 60), omwe sakanatengedwa kuchokera kumayiko ena. Komanso, zaka mamiliyoni angapo zachitukuko ndi kusinthika, megafauna m'maderawa adakumana ndi chilala, kuwonongeka kwa nyengo, kusintha kwa kutentha, koma sikufa.
Izi zikuwonetsa kuti chomwe chinapangitsa kuti megafauna atheretu, ndiye anthropogenic factor. Zotsatira zake zonse kunali kusakhalapo kwanyama zonse zodetsedwa m'malo ano - anthu onse ochita kusokonekera anawonongedwa ndi iye mwini, ndipo panalibe amene akanadzawononga. Komanso ku Australia, akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja anapeza midzi, kuchuluka kwa nyumba zamiyala momwe anafikira 146, mitu ya mivi inapezeka. Izi zikuwonetsa anthu oyamba omwe amabwera. Komabe, patapita nthawi, kuwonongedwa kwa megafauna, anthu adataya maluso awa - kumanga nyumba, mauta.
Europe ndi North Asia
Tanthauzoli limaphatikizapo kontinenti yonse ya ku Europe, North Asia, Caucasus, Northern China, Siberia ndi Beringia - Bering Strait, Chukotka, Kamchatka, Nyanja ya Bering, Nyanja ya Chukchi komanso gawo la Alaska. Pakumapeto kwa Pleistocene, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama ndi mabanja, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mayanjidwe awo, kayendedwe amadziwika. Chodabwitsa chazomwe zimachitika kukugwa kwa nthanda komanso thawa ndi kuthamanga kwambiri komwe kunachitika - m'zaka zana zam'mbuyomu, matenthedwe amatha kukhala ndi kuthamanga kwamphamvu, izi zidapangitsa kuti nyama zizisunthidwa kwambiri pofunafuna malo osavuta okhala, zomwe zidakwiyitsa kudutsa kwamtundu wamitundu.
Mulingo womaliza kwambiri wam'madzi unakwaniritsidwa zaka 25,000 ndi 18,000 zapitazo, pomwe chipale chofewa chidafalikira kwambiri kumpoto kwa Europe. Madzi oundana a Alpine adaphimba gawo lalikulu ku Central South Europe. Ku Europe, makamaka ku North Eurasia, matenthedwe anali otsika kuposa lero, ndipo nyengo inali yowuma. Malo akuluakulu adakutidwa ndi otchedwa Mammoth Steppe - Tundrostep. Masiku ano, nyengo yofananayi imasungidwa ku Khakassia, Altai ndi madera ena ku Transbaikalia ndi Pribaikalye. Dongosolo ili limadziwika ndi zitsamba za msondodzi, zitsamba zazitali zopatsa thanzi. Zambiri zochokera ku tundra steppe zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zothandizira moyo ndi kutukuka kwa nyama zambiri zoyamwitsa, kuyambira mammoths ndi ng'ombe zazikulu zamkati ndi mahatchi mpaka makoswe. Kutalika kwa chipale chofewa kumapangitsa kuti herbivores adye zitsamba zouma pamtengo ngakhale nthawi yayitali. Dera lake lidaphatikizapo dera kuchokera ku Spain kupita ku Yukon ku Canada. Mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwawo, tundra steppe inali yotsika kuposa ma savannah aku Africa omwe ali ndi gulu lawo lalikulu la anyani ndi mbidzi.
Nyama za Tundra-steppe zikuphatikiza nyama zoweta zaubweya, ndulu zaubweya, njati zopondera, makolo a akavalo, ngati akavalo amakono a Przhevalsky, ng'ombe za musk, agwape, abambo. Predators - chimbalangondo, mkango wamphanga, nkhandwe, nkhandwe imvi, nkhandwe za arctic, hyena wamphanga. Panalinso akambuku, ngamila, mphalapakati, njati, mimbulu, anyani, akambuku, mimbulu yofiira ndi zina zotero. Nthawi yomweyo, kuchuluka kwa nyama kunali kokulirapo, mitundu yamitundu mitundu inali yokwera kwambiri kuposa masiku amakono. M'madera mapiri a tundra-steppe munkakhala ma araliali, nyalugwe wa chipale chofewa, mouflons, chamois.
Panthawi yolumikizana - kubwezeretsedwa kwa madzi oundana, malo omwe amagawikirako nyama zakumwera anasunthira kumpoto. Makamaka, mvuu zinkakhala ku England zaka 80,000 zapitazo, ndipo njovu zinkakhala ku Netherlands zaka 42,000 zapitazo.
Kuwonongeka kunachitika m'magawo awiri akulu. Nthawi yoyamba, pakati pa zaka 50,000 mpaka 30,000 zapitazo, njovu yowongoka yowongoka, m'chiuno ku Europe, njati yamadzi ku Europe, homeotheria, Neanderthals idatha. Mafupa a njovu zokhala ndi minyanga yowongoka nthawi zambiri amapezeka pafupi ndi zida zamiyala ya anthu akale omwe ankazisaka. Gawo lachiwiri linali lalifupi kwambiri komanso losakhalitsa, pakati pa zaka 13,000 ndi 9,000 zapitazo, mitundu yotsala ya megafauna, kuphatikiza nyama ya ubweya ndi ubweya waubweya, inatha.
Mitundu ina yanyama yazinyama
Mtondo wowongoka wamtchire (womanganso)
Njovu yam'madzi yaku cypriot - Amakhulupirira kuti njovu yam'madzi yaku Kupuro imachokera ku njovu zowongoka. Njovu imeneyi inkakhala ku Kupuro komanso kuzilumba zina za Mediterranean ku Pleistocene. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera, unyinji wa njovu yakalawo inali makilogalamu 200 okha, omwe ndi 2% yokha ya unyinji wa omwe adatsogola, mpaka matani 10.
- Elephas falconeriNjovu yam'madzi yaku Sisera - mtundu wamtchire wa ku Sisera-Malta womwe udalipo ku Pleistocene.
- Chulu chachikulu chokhala ndi nyanga yayikulu ndi chinyama cham'madzi chotchedwa artiodactyl chinyama chamtundu wa Giant Giant (Megaloceros) Kunja kofanana ndi kabulu, koma zokulirapo. Unalipo mu Pleistocene ndi Early Holocene. Inasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwakukulu komanso nyanga zazitali (mpaka 3.6 m).
- Mbuzi ya Balearic ndi nyama yodziwika bwino ya artiodactyl ya mbuzi yowoneka bwino yomwe inkakhala kuzilumba za Mallorca ndi Menorca pafupifupi zaka 5000 zapitazo.
- Njati za steppe ndi mtundu wachikale kuchokera ku mtundu wa njati za ma bovid. Kunakhala mapiri a ku Europe, Central Asia, Beringia ndi North America nthawi ya Quaternary. Amakhulupirira kuti mitunduyi idachokera ku South Asia, nthawi yomweyo komanso kudera limodzilo.
- Mvuu ku Europe ndi mtundu womwe wafala wamtundu wa mvuu womwe unkakhala ku Europe ku Pleistocene. Madera ake anali ndi gawo lochokera ku Iberian Peninsula kupita ku Britain Isles ndi Rhine River.
- Mvuu ya kuCypriot pygmy ndi mtundu womwe sutha womwe unkakhala pachilumba cha Kupro kuyambira nthawi ya Pleistocene mpaka Holocene yoyambirira.
- Panthera pardus spelaea ndi nyalugwe wakuda, yemwe anali ofala ku Europe. Oimira oyambirira a subspecies adawonekera kumapeto kwa Pleistocene. Maonekedwe ndi kukula kwake amafanana ndi nyalugwe wamakono wa Near-Asia. Zinthu zakale kwambiri zaka 24,000 zapitazo. Kutha kumapeto kwa Pleistocene, zaka 10,000 zapitazo.
- Cuon alpinus europaeus ndi mtundu wina wachilendo wa ku Europe wolusa wofiira. Idapezeka kumayiko ambiri azungu ndi Central Europe nthawi ya Middle and Late Pleistocene. Sichizindikirika ndi nkhandwe yamakono, koma yayikulu kwambiri. Kukula Cuon alpinus europaeusanali kuyandikira nkhandwe yaimvi.
- Homoterias ndi mtundu wamtundu wa amphaka oweta omwe amakhala ku Eurasia, Africa ndi North America kuchokera ku Middle Pliocene (zaka 3 miliyoni ndi 3,5 zapitazo) mpaka kumapeto kwa Late Pleistocene (zaka 10,000 zapitazo). Kutha kwa zochizira panyumba kumayambira ku Africa, komwe amphaka awa anasowa pafupifupi zaka 1.5 miliyoni zapitazo, ku Eurasia mtunduwu unamwalira zaka pafupifupi 30 zapitazo, ndipo mtundu wa Homotherium serum unakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri ku North America - mpaka kumapeto kwa Pleistocene, zaka pafupifupi 10,000 zapitazo.
- Chimbalangondo cha Etruscan tsopano ndi mitundu yosakhalitsa ya chimbalangondo, chomwe oimira ake adakhala padziko lapansi pafupifupi miliyoni ndi theka - zaka mazana angapo zapitazo.
- Cave chimbalangondo - mtundu wa zimbalangondo (kapena zokhala ndi chimbalangondo chofiirira) zomwe zinkakhala ku Eurasia ku Middle ndi Late Pleistocene zidatha zaka 15,000 zapitazo. Zikuwoneka zaka 300,000 zapitazo, zikuwoneka kuti zimachokera ku chimbalangondo cha Etruscan (Ursus etruscus).
- Cave hyena ndi mtundu wakale wa mitundu yamakono yamawanga (Ngala), adawoneka ku Europe pafupifupi 500,000 zapitazo ndipo anali wofala ku Pleistocene of Eurasia, kuchokera kumpoto kwa China mpaka Spain ndi Britain Isles.Cave hyenas idayamba kuchepa pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha kusintha kwachilengedwe ndipo anthu ambiri, komanso anthu, pafupifupi zaka 20,000 zapitazo, adasowa ku Western Europe pafupifupi zaka 14-11 zapitazo, komanso m'malo ena kale.
- Mkango waku Europe ndi mitundu yachilendo. Zinkawoneka ngati mawonekedwe amchigawo cha Mkango wa Asiatic kapena subspecies ya Cave Mkango.
North America ndi Pacific
Zambiri zotayika, pambuyo pofufuza ndi kuyerekezera kwakukulu kwa ma radiocarbon, akuti zidachitika kanthawi kochepa pakati pa zaka 11,500 - 10,000 BC. Nthawi iyi ya chikwi chimodzi ndi theka ikugwirizana ndikufika ndi kutukuka kwa anthu achikhalidwe cha Clovis m'chigawo cha North America. Gawo laling'ono lazinthuzi zidachitika mtsogolomo komanso nthawi yakale kuposa nthawi iyi.
Kutha kwa North America komwe kunachitika kumapeto kwa glaciation, koma osati ndi tsankho kwa nyama zazikulu. Ndikofunikanso kudziwa kuti kuchulukitsa komwe kudalipo kale, komwe kudali ndi zifukwa zoyambira, sikunali koyambira, sikunali kwakukulu, koma pang'onopang'ono. Achibale a njovu - ma mesodons, omwe adamwalira ku Asia ndi Africa zaka 3 miliyoni zapitazo, ku America, adapulumuka kufikira anthu amakono. Nthawi yomweyo, zachilengedwe za nyama zachilengedwe zomwe zimatha, chifukwa chosalala, zimatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi mitundu ina yomwe idazolowera nyengo yatsopano.
Monga ku Epasia, mothandizidwa ndi anthropogenic ku North America, kufalikira kunachitika moseketsa, m'njira zambiri mwachisawawa, mwachangu, mwanjira zachilengedwe komanso malingaliro achilengedwe sanakhalire osagwirizana, zomwe zinayambitsa kusayanjananso kwamtundu wina ndi zomera.
Malo oyamba, okhala mokhazikika ku Alaska, kumpoto kwa North America, adapezeka zaka 22,000 zapitazo, pomwe anthu adachoka ku Asia kupita ku Beringia. Pambuyo pa kuthawa kwa madzi oundana ku Alaska zaka 15,000 zapitazo, anthu mwachangu, mkati mwa zaka 1 - 2, 000, adatha kudutsa North America ndi South America monse.
Chithunzi chomaliza chikuwoneka chonchi. Extinct 41 genera ya herbivores ndi 20 genera a adani. Zazikulu kwambiri, zomwe zatha zaka 11,000 zapitazo, mabanja ndi mitundu ya nyama megafauna aku North America: mammoths, American mastodon, homefoterium, ngamila zaku Western, njati za steppe, mkango waku America, zimbalangondo zazifupi, nkhandwe yoyipa, kavalo wakumadzulo.
Nyama zomwe zidapulumuka chiwonongekerocho ndi njati, nkhandwe yaimvi, lynx, chimbalangondo chachikulu, chimbalangondo chakuda cha ku America, nguluwe za mtundu wa Caribou, mphalapala, nkhosa za chipale chofewa, ng'ombe zamkati, mbuzi zamapiri.
Lingaliro losangalatsa la Vilorog ndilakuti ndiye nyama yothamanga kwambiri padziko lapansi, pambuyo pa nyengoyi. Lero, uyu ndiye yekha woimira mtundu wa Hornbill. Monga momwe zimayembekezeredwa, inali kuthamanga kwambiri kwamayendedwe komwe kumamupangitsa kuti akhale ovuta ndipo adatha kupulumuka mpaka lero.
Nthawi yomweyo, pali nyama yomwe, poyang'ana koyamba, sinafanane ndi lingaliro lakutha kwa mitundu ya anthropogenic. Ichi ndi njati. Mtunduwu sunawonekere ku North America, udasamukira ku Beringia ndipo zaka 200,000 zotsatira zidalekanitsidwa ndi anthu ndi ayezi. Malinga ndi akatswiri azikhalidwe, nyama zaka 200,000 ziyenera kuti zinali zopanda pake ngati nyama zaku Australia, koma zikuwoneka kuti izi sizinachitike chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa zilombo zikuluzikulu (zimbalangondo, nkhwangwa, mimbulu) ndipo njati zimakhalabe zochenjera, kapena zinayandikira kwambiri komanso owopsa kwa anthu akale, ngati ma buffaloes a kaffir, chifukwa chake sanathetsedwe. Amwenyewo, azungu asanafike, analibe mahatchi ofunikira kutsatira njati. Pali nthawi zina pamene njati za njati zimapondera anthu omwe analibe akavalo ndi mfuti. Ng'ombe za Musk, osayesera kuthawa munthu akamayandikira, adangokhala ochepa pazilumba zochepa chabe za North America, ndipo zidapezeka ku Europe kumapeto kwa zaka za XVII.
Chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe adalumikizana ndi kusefukira kwamphamvu kwambiri - Clovis, ali ndi mbiri yakale ya Native American. Adasaka proboscis yayikulu (mammoths, mastodons, Homfoterium) mothandizidwa ndi nthungo zomwe adaponyedwa mothandizidwa ndi atlate. Chifukwa chokhulupirira anthu azitsamba akuluakulu omwe analibe adani achilengedwe ndipo sanawone anthu ali pachiwopsezo, kusaka nyama izi sizinali zovuta kwa anthu. Ofufuzawo samakana kusakanikirana kwa zinthu ziwirizi zomwe zidapangitsa kuti kuzimiririka - kutha kwa nyengo yachisanu 14 - 12000 zapitazo posintha kwanyengo komanso kuchepa kwa zokolola, ndikuphatikizidwa ndi izi, kusaka mokulira kwa anthu achikhalidwe cha Clovis, omwe adakakamizidwa kuti azingoyang'ana kwambiri nyama chakudya cha nyama, chifukwa cha nkhanza zakumalo kwa zaka chikwi chimodzi ndi theka. Zotsatira zake, izi zitha kusintha kukhala njira yabwino kwambiri ndikuchepetsa kwambiri mitundu ya mitundu pazilumbazi.
South America
Chifukwa chodzipatula kwazaka zoposa mamiliyoni angapo, kontrakitala iyi sinali ndi nthumwi zamitundu yambiri poyerekeza ndi Eurasia kapena North America. Chochitika chosangalatsa chinachitika pakati pa America - Great Inter-American Exchange - zaka 3 miliyoni zapitazo, zigawo za seabed zidanyamuka ndikupanga sethmus yamakono ya Panamani. Izi zinayambitsa yoyamba, yotsimikiziridwa ndi kufukula, kuchuluka kwakukulu ku South America, pamene mitundu yochokera ku North America idayamba kusamukira kudziko lina latsopano. Izi zisanachitike, South America inali ndi nyama zapadera - pafupifupi nyama zonse zinali zongokhala, zokhazokha kondinayi.
Zotsatira za kutha koyambirira, zinali zachilengedwe, zachilengedwe zamtunduwu sizinaoneke zachilendo kuposa mitundu yomwe imachokera ku North America, kupatula mitundu yochepa ya anyani akuluakulu omwe amasamuka ku South kupita ku North America.
Ku Pleistocene, ku South America sikunachitikepo kanthu chifukwa cha kukongola, kusiyapo mapiri a Andean. Pakuyamba kwa Holocene, zaka 11,000-9,000 zapitazo, zaka 3,000 zapitazo atayamba kukhazikika kwa anthu, pafupifupi mitundu yonse yayikulu ya megafauna idatha. Munthawi imeneyi, Homfoterium (abale a njovu), zikuluzikulu zankhondo zolemera mpaka matani awiri - odzipereka ndi ma glyptodons, malo ogona akuluakulu omwe amafikira matani 4, South America undulates - macrauchenia ndi ma toxodons kukula kwa chipembere. Ma armadillos ang'onoang'ono adalipobe mpaka pano. The phenum niche inali itagwidwa ndi aamu. Zoyipa zomaliza kuzilumba za Cuba ndi Haiti zidatha mpaka zaka za 2000 BC, zinazimiririka patangopita nthawi pang'ono kuchokera ku zisumbu za anthu.
Mpaka pano, zolengedwa zazikulu kwambiri zam'madzi ku South America ndi mitundu ngamira - guanaco ndi vicuna, komanso Central American tapir - ikufika kulemera kwa 300 kg. Otsala ena omwe alipobe, omwe ndi oimira kwambiri zakale ndi ophika mkate, mikanda, nsangalabwi, zimbalangondo zazikulu, zozizira, ma capybaras, anacondas.
Mitundu yowonjezera
Pakadali pano, palibe lingaliro wamba lomwe lingasiyanitse kuwonongedwa kwa Holocene, ndiko kuti, kuwonongedwa chifukwa cha zinthu zachilengedwe kapena kutha kwa anthropogenic - kufalikira kumene ntchito za anthu zikuyenera kutsutsidwa. Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, kusintha kwa nyengo ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale wolumikizana, akatswiri ena amalimbikitsa chiphunzitso chakuti ndikofunikira kupatula izi m'malo azambiri zakale.
Nthawi yomweyo, asayansi ena amagwirizanitsa kutha kwa nyama zazikulu mu Africa ndi Europe, kotero kuti zaka 200-100 zapitazo anthu amtundu wamakono anayamba kukulira kwambiri, anaphunzira kusaka ndi miyala, nthungo, ndi zina zotero, mwakutero anawonjezera mphamvu yawo ngati asaka ndipo nthawi yomweyo kuthekera kwake kuwononga kubala nyama. Kwa zilumba za New Zealand ndi Madagascar zolekanitsidwa ndi ma Hominids, nyama za ku South America, Australia ndi North America, ngakhale kuchuluka wamba kwa nyama zodya zatsopano kunali kokwanira kuyamba kutaya mitundu yayikulu ya nyama. Zomwe chilengedwe chimakhudza pakubwera kwa zinthu zimangokulira; kenako, chinthu cha anthropogenic chinapangitsa kuchepa kwa mbewu, kuipitsa komanso makutidwe ndi mpweya ndi mpweya.
Kungoganizira kosaka ndi kuwononga malo okhala nyama
Izi zimagwirizanitsa kusaka nyama kwa nyama zazikuluzikulu ndikuti atagulitsidwa ndikusowa nyama, zilombo zomwe zimakonda kusaka nyama zazikulu zimafa pambuyo pawo. Malingaliro awa amathandiziridwa ndi zopeza pomwe kuvulala kodziwika bwino kuchokera ku mivi, nthungo, kuthamangitsa ndi kudula mitembo, momwe kuvulala kumayikidwa mafupa, kumapezeka pamafupa a nyama. Zithunzi zambiri zapezeka m'mapanga aku Europe, omwe akuwonetseratu kusaka nyama yayikulu.
Komanso, pali kudalirana koteteza nyama komanso koyambirira kwa kufalikira kwa anthu. Ku Africa, nyama, pokhala pafupi ndi makolo a anthu, pang'onopang'ono zidatha kuphunzira kuopa anthu. Anthu sanakhale osaka maluso nthawi yomweyo ndipo analakwitsa; poyamba iwo analibe zida, maluso ndi luso lomwe adapanga pang'onopang'ono. Zotsatira zake, nyama za ku Africa komanso makamaka nyama zazikulu, ngakhale zidavutika, nditataya mtundu ndi mitundu, koma atatha kusintha, adaphunzira kuthawa, kapena kubisala, kapena kuukira ndikuthamangitsa kuzunza kwa anthu.
Chifukwa chake, nyama zowopsa pamapeto pake zidali njovu, mikango, mvuu ndi njuchi. Mpaka pano, ku Africa, nyama zoopsa kwambiri, malinga ndi ziwonetsero zakupha, ndi mahipu, omwe, pang'onopang'ono chifukwa chawo, amatha kuteteza gawo lawo, komanso kwambiri ana awo. Izi ndichifukwa choti mvuu zinali zozizwitsa kwa anthu - ndizazikulu komanso zooneka kuti zilibe vuto lililonse. Kusintha kwakutali, komwe kukukulira anthu pang'onopang'ono, kunapangitsa mavu ndi ma rhinos kukhala otsutsa oopsa, malo omwe anthu pambuyo pake adayamba kupewa. Ngati mumayang'ana zopanda pake, amadziwanso momwe angadziyimirire ndikuchita modzipereka - mbidzi zimatha kumenya ndi miyendo yonse ndi mano awo. Mbawala zamtunduwu zimakumana ndi zoopsa zamkango, zomwe zakhala zikujambulidwa kangapo konse ndi akatswiri, mpaka ma antelopes amasamukira m'magulu ankhondo achimuna ndi kuwombera kuwatsogolera motsogozedwa ndi abambo akuluakulu a mikango. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti ngakhale herbivores ku Africa adazolowera kudziteteza okha.
Kuphatikiza apo, Africa yotentha ndi malo omwe amafalitsa matenda ambiri owopsa komanso majeremusi omwe adapha anthu ndi ziweto posachedwapa: trypanosomes ("matenda ogona"), tsetse ntchentche, malungo, zovuta zingapo zotentha, matenda a nkhumba ku Africa, ndi zina. Nyama zaku Africa zayamba kutetezeka koposa zaka mamiliyoni, koma anthu ndi ziweto sizinatero. Zonsezi, mpaka posachedwa, zidalepheretsa kukula kwa malo otentha aku Africa kuti pakhale msipu ndi zokolola ndikupulumutsa malo okhala nyama zazikulu kwa anthu.
Njira yayikulu komanso yosavuta yosakira gululi inali kutenga nyama yomwe yaphedwa kale ndi zilombo zazikulu. Zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zochulukirapo zingapo za akatswiri osamalira nyama - ambiri omwe amadyera amatha kuponyera nyama ngakhale atangoyizungulira. Chomwechonso, zabodza, nyengoyi. Anthu akale adagwiritsa ntchito njira zofananira - adazungulira nyama yolusa, kufuula, kuponya miyala, kuwopa ndi ndodo ndi nthungo. Nyamayo idachita mantha ndipo idasiya nyama yatsopano. Komabe, njira imeneyi iyenera kuti yathandizira kuti mitundu yambiri ya majini apangidwe, kuphatikizapo yayikulu.
Pambuyo pake, anthu adatha kusaka ngati gulu, pomwe anthu ena amasokoneza chinyama chachikulu, pomwe ena amayesa kuvulala miyendo ndi m'mimba. Kusaka njovu, kuphatikiza mammons, kunayambitsanso kuwonekera kwa njira zoyambirira. Mwachitsanzo, anthu adayamba kupanga miseche yaying'ono, kungoti phazi la njovu kapena mamilon idagwera pang'ono m'dzenje. Pamunsi pa dzenje anaikapo - anavulaza phazi la nyamayo. chifukwa cha kulemera kwake kwakukulu komanso miyeso yake, njovu imalephera kuyimirira ndikuyenda miyendo itatu kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo patangopita maola ochepa idakakamizidwa kugwa. Kenako anthu anapha nyama. Njirayi imakulolani kuti musagwiritse ntchito mphamvu zambiri kuthamangitsa nyama - nyamayo siitha kuthawa, imakulolani kuti musayike moyo wanu pachiwopsezo, kukuzembera nyama yowopsa kuchokera kwa yobisalira. Komabe, izi zinathandizanso kuphulika mwachangu kwa proboscis ambiri, kuphatikizapo mammor ndi ena angapo.
Nthawi yomweyo, kuma kontinenti ena, makamaka komwe munthu uja amabwera pambuyo pake, nyama, kuphatikiza zazikulu, zinali zowonekera, zopanda nzeru, sizinawone zoopsa zazilombo zazing'ono kwambiri. Anthu amabwera ku Australia, North ndi South America komweko, kumpoto kwa Eurasia ndi zilumba, ali ndi luso kwambiri. Anali ndi mauta, nthungo, nthungo, amadziwa kugwira ntchito pagulu, kuwukira nyama nthawi imodzi. Mammoths, mastodons ndi Homfoterium, ma sloth akuluakulu ndi omwe anathamangitsidwa ku America kokha zaka 2,000 kuchokera pomwe anthu anali zaka 15,000 zapitazo, chifukwa anali osazolowereka ndi munthuyo, sakanatha kapena sakanakhoza kumukana. Nyama zonsezi zinkakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana kwanthawi yayitali, koma zinafa nthawi yomweyo ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa anthu. Mwamuna adabwera ku Australia ali ndi moto ndipo amatha kuyatsa tanka - amayatsa moto udzu wouma. Kukonzekera koteroko kumapeto kwa zoyipa - zolengedwa zoyenda pachilumbachi zinali pachiwopsezo chochepa kwambiri - chitsanzo chowoneka bwino ndi chosawuluka komanso chosayenda pang'onopang'ono, moa kapena epiornis, omwe nthawi zambiri sanathe kudziteteza kwa mdani wamkulu, kuphatikizira anthu, mosiyana ndi azungu omwewo ku Africa .
Mafuko aku Australia omwe ali ndi njira iyi adawotcha udzu ndi udzu pafupifupi konsekonse. Kusaka ndikuyendetsa nyama ndi moto kunapangitsa kuti chilengedwechi chiziwononga kwambiri ndipo chinakhala chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu zothandizira kuti nyama zapadziko lonse lapansi zizipezeka komanso kuti zizomera.
Nthawi yomweyo, kulumikizana pakati pakubwera kwa anthu ndi kutha kwa megafauna kuli pafupifupi mwachindunji, popanda kukonza. Nyama yamadzi yopaka ubweya inkapulumuka pachilumba cha Wrangel ndi Pribylov sichitha kufikiridwa ndi anthu mpaka 1700 BC (zaka 5000 atatha kutha kwa dziko), pomwe kusintha kwa nyengo (kutha kwa glaciation ndi kutentha kwambiri) sikunathetse kwazaka zambiri. Giant sloths megalocnuses adakhalako pafupifupi. Cuba ndi Haiti zaka zina 2000, BC, zaka 7,000 zitatha pa dziko la America, koma zidatha patangopita nthawi pang'ono kuchokera kuwonekera kwa anthu oyamba kuzilumba izi.
Mphepo yamkuntho kwathunthu ku Australia zaka 50,000 zapitazo sizinalumikizidwe ndi nyengo - kunalibe kusintha kwakukulu, koma kulumikizana mwachindunji ndi kubwera kwa anthu pa kontrakitala.
Kafukufuku wochokera ku 2017-2018, munyuzipepala Sayansi , imatsimikizira kulumikizana mwachindunji pakati pa kubwera kwa anthu a Homo Sapiens ku kontinenti inayake ndikuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa megafauna. Zinawululidwa kuti nthawi ya Cenozoic, kuchulukana kunayenda bwino komanso padziko lonse lapansi, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono zomwe zimafa zomwezo. Zaka 29 miliyoni zapitazo, vuto lidachitika pakukula kwa zolengedwa zazing'ono, pokhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa nkhalango ndi kuchuluka kwa gawo la savannas ndi steppes.
Mkhalidwe wosiyana kwambiri womwe unayambika mu nthawi ya Quaternary ndipo, makamaka, pakutha kwa Quaternary. Pakati patadutsa zaka 2000-70 zapitazo, kumapeto kwa Pleistocene, kutha kwa nyama kunapita njira zazikulu. Izi zikuchitikanso mpaka pano - ndi oimira megafauna omwe amawonongedwa kwambiri kenako nkufa. Nyama zomwe zimakhala ndi kulemera pang'ono sizikhala pachiwopsezo ndipo sizikuyimira nyama zosavuta zotere, zimaswana mwachangu komanso zimagwirizana ndi zofuna za anthu, komanso kusintha maonekedwe akunja.Mwachitsanzo, njovu, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mammons, kutha msambo kumachitika pazaka zapakati pa 10-15, m'malo ovuta ngakhale pambuyo pake, wazaka 17-20, pomwe moose amayamba kubereka ali ndi zaka 2, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchuluka kwa mammoth kwambiri kukhala pachiwopsezo kwambiri kusaka kwambiri m'malo ovuta. M'malo ovuta kwambiri a ku Arctic, munthu woyamba sanakhale ndi chisankho chotere cha chakudya monga anthu okhala m'malo otentha pomwe masamba amakhala chaka chonse, chifukwa chake, kuti apulumuke, bambo ku Arctic adayenera kusaka nyama iliyonse, makamaka yayikulu ngati mammoth . Nthawi yomweyo, ku Holocene, kusinthaku kudakonzedweratu, ndipo nyama zazing'ono zimayamba kufa, koma izi zidachitika chifukwa chakuwonjezeka kwa vuto la anthropogenic, pomwe malo omwe anthu opanda nyama zakuthengo, nkhalango, ndi malo achilengedwe adayamba kuchepa.
Izi zikuwonetsa kuti kutha kwa nyama mu nyengo ya Quaternary ndizosiyana kwa nthawi yonse ya Cenozoic ndipo alibe mawu ofananizira ndi kusankhana, pomwe zolengedwa zazikuluzikulu - megafauna - zidavutika kwambiri. Kukondera kotereku pakutha kwa megafauna sikunawonedwe munthawi zina pomwe panali zochulukirapo.
Zatsimikizidwanso kuti kusintha kwakukulu kwanyengo sikutha kusankha kutsogoloku kwa megafauna.
Zotsatira zake, asayansi akupeza umboni wowonjezereka woti kusinthika kwa munthu wa mtundu wa Homo Sapiens kukhala mtundu wa nyama yolusa kwambiri, yemwe amadziwa kusaka mosiyanasiyana, amenenso anali ndi luntha lotukuka, ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chakutha kwa nyama zazikulu mu nthawi ya Quaternary. Chifukwa cha mkhalidwe wokasaka komanso luso la munthu woganiza bwino, pazaka 125,000 zapitazi zolengedwa zaphwanya kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, mphamvu zakuchulukirachulukira kwa mitundu ikuluikulu ndi kontinenti ikufanana ndendende ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa anthu amtundu wa Homo kumayiko awa.
Europe, kumwera ndi pakati Asia, kusowa kwa megafauna pakati pa zaka 125-70 zaka zapitazo - kuyambiranso kwa zikhalidwe za Middle Paleolithic, kuphatikizapo Neanderthals, Denisovans, mafunde oyamba a sapiens.
Australia - Kutha kwakukulu kwa megafauna pakati pa zaka 55 mpaka 40,000 zapitazo - anthu oyamba kubwera kudzikoli zaka 60,000 zapitazo.
North Eurasia - 25 - 15,000 zapitazo, pomwe kutentha kwanyengo ndi kubwerera kwa madzi oundana kunalola anthu kuti azitha kukhala malo osafikapo kale.
Nthawi yomweyo, South ndi North America, nthawi yamatayidwe amenewa, inali malo osungirako nyama, pomwe nyama sizinachepetse kwambiri mitundu yake yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo nyama zazikulu. Izi zimakhudzana mwachindunji ndikuti anthu sanasamuke kumayiko amenewa. Koma pakati pa zaka chikwi 15 - 11 zapitazo, pamakondomu awa, kunapezekanso kutha kwa megafauna, komwe kumakhudzana mwachindunji ndi kubwera kwa anthu m'maiko amenewa. Anthu adatha kusamukira ku North America kudutsa Beringia ndikukhazikika komweko zaka 15,000 zapitazo.
Zojambula pamakompyuta zomwe zidachitika mu 2015 pamitundu ya Mosmann ndi Martin ndi Whittington ndi Dyke adatsimikizira izi. Zambiri zanyengo zinaikidwa m'maiko onse pazaka 90,000 zapitazo, kuchuluka kwa mitundu pachaka, komanso nthawi yomwe anthu amafika kumayiko osiyanasiyana. Nthawi yakutha kwa nyama idagwirizana ndikufika kwa anthu onse awiriwa. Nthawi yomweyo, nyengo sinali yomwe inachititsa kuti ziwonongedwe, koma mothandizidwa ndi anthropogenic, zimachulukitsa nyama. Zinadziwikanso kuti kuwonongedwa kunali ndi liwiro lotsika kwambiri ku Asia, poyerekeza ndi Australia, zilumba, ndi America. Izi zimakhudzana ndikuti poyamba anthu amabwera ku Asia ndipo anali osakwaniritsidwa, poyerekeza ndi nthawi yomwe amasamukira kumayiko ena, ndipo nyamazo, gawo, koma adatha kuzolowera mtundu wina wadyera.
Mapeto ndi zotsutsana ndi lingaliro la kusaka kwachinyengo
- Anthu komanso nyama zanyama za kum'mwera kwa Siberia zinkakhala moyandikana kwa zaka zopitilira 12,000, kuchokera zaka 32,000 mpaka 20,000 zapitazo, nyengo isanayambike, zomwe zidachepetsa dera la mbeu zoyenera kukhalamo. Anthu, panthawiyi, anali chifukwa chachiwiri cha kutha, mwina kumaliza masamba omwe anali kale akusuntha.
- Ziwopsezo zachilengedwe sizingasake nyama yambiri kapena imeneyi, chifukwa ndalama zothamangitsa nyama zomwe zasowa posachedwa zimasiya kubweza mtengo wake. Wotsogola ayamba kufa ndi njala, sadzathamangitsanso amene akuponderezedwayo komanso kuwabweza mpikisano. Choyamba, munthu, ngati nyama iliyonse, amakhala akusaka nyama yotsika mtengo kwambiri, yomwe imakhala ndi mtengo wokwanira wathanzi - kwa ma herbivores akuluakulu, osayenda pang'onopang'ono omwe anali osavuta kuwathamangitsa: mammoth, mastodons, sloths akuluakulu, Giomadillos akuluakulu, agulugufe akuluakulu. M'mbuyomu, nyama zotere sizinakhale ndi adani m'chilengedwe chifukwa cha kukula kwawo komanso mphamvu zawo, zomwe zinali zowopsa kwambiri. Munthu amatha kumenyera nyama zotere kwa mphindi 10-15, kuwaponya ndi mikondo kuchokera patali ndi pomwe malembedwe ndi mano ake. Chifukwa chake, nyama zoterezi zidasowa koyamba. Koma anthu nthawi zonse amakhala ndi mwayi wosankha zinthu zina, kuphatikiza chakudya chokhazikika pamalo otentha, ngati masewera kapena masewera ena atakhala osowa. Chifukwa cha miliri yamatenda otentha, tizilombo tomwe timayamwa magazi (zonyamula matenda ndi majeremusi), zilombo zazikulu komanso zachangu (tiger, mikango), komanso kusowa kwa zida zamoto, mpaka m'zaka za zana la 19 madera ambiri a nkhalango ndi ma savannah aku Asia ndi ku Africa anali osagwira komanso oopsa kwa anthu ndi ziweto. . Chifukwa chake, kufikira posachedwapa, mitundu yambiri ya nyama zamtchire imatha kukhalabe ndi zochulukira kumeneko, ngakhale itadziwika ndi anthu.
- Nyama zina ku North America sizinafe, kuphatikizapo njati. Kuphatikiza apo, nyanjayi idasiyanitsidwa ndi anthu kwazaka 240,000 ndipo idasiya kuchenjera ndi anthu, koma idakhala yopanda nzeru ngati nzika za ku Australia, popeza zilombo zazikulu komanso zothamanga zidatsalira ku North America - mimbulu, miyala yamkuntho, modabwitsa. Oyera okhaokha opita ku America anapeza njati zazikulu. Mpaka mahatchi ndi mfuti zopititsidwa ndi azungu adatulukira pa amwenye otchuka, sakanatha kutsatira njati, zomwe zinali mwachangu mokwanira komanso zowopsa kwa osaka ng'ombe. Amwenye, asadafike azungu, adalibe ziweto (kupatula A Lama ku Andes), kuthamangitsa ziweto za anthu osakhulupirira.
- Chiwerengero cha anthu osaka nyama chinali chambiri, chifukwa kunalibe kulera. Komaimfa yachilengedwe m'mbuyomu idali yakukula (kuyambira matenda, njala, nkhondo zamayiko, kuvulala ndi kuvulala) - anthu amakhala osapitilira zaka 30. M'mitundu yakale (eni malo owotcha moto, amwenye), kuwonongeka ndi khanda lomwe linkachita nthawi zambiri pakakhala njala. Nthawi yomweyo, kusaka nyamayi yomweyo kunapatsa nyama ndi mafuta ochulukirapo ndipo pakadakhala kuti panali nyama yambiri kuti ikhale yofunikira kupitiliza kusaka, mpaka nyamazo zinathetsedwa kwathunthu. Izi zidapangitsa anthu kufa ndi njala ndikuyang'ana magwero okhazikika azakudya, amasamalira chitetezo cha zinthu zawo zosaka.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kusiyana kwakukulu mumalingaliro a osaka zakale komanso zamakono zamasiku ano. Akasaka, amwenye omwewo a fuko la Lakota, Chukchi, Nenets, Yakuts, sanaphe nyama yambiri kuposa momwe amafunikira chakudya komanso zakudya zofunikira, amateteza malo awo osaka nyama kuti asazingidwe. Amwenye a Lakota adapha njati zamalo ambiri, pomwe nyama yonseyo idkagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda zotsalira, zomwe chikhalidwe chamakono chazinthu zamakono sizingadzitamande, zomwe zimasiya zinyalala zambiri. Lakota anali ndi mwayi wopeza mitundu yambiri ya njati, koma sanatengepo zochulukirapo. Chukchi mdera la Chukotka nawonso amatsatira mfundozo - nyama yofunikira yokha. ndendende momwe anamgumi ambiri nthawi zonse amaphedwa kuti adyetse aliyense ndikupanga masheya mu madzi oundana, koma osatinso. .
Munkhondo zankhondo, matenda ndi njala, anthu osaka nyama zakale atha kufa ngati chilengedwe sichingadyetse aliyense. Kwa zaka zikwizikwi, mibadwo ya osaka idadziwa kale kusaka kwamtunda wawo - kufikira pomwe okhala oyera okhala ndi mfuti, ng'ombe sizinawononge zotsalira.
Anthu ochokera ku Europe omwe adasamukira ku United States, ndi mfuti, adagwedeza njati masauzande ambiri kuti asangalale, kapena kuti athetse chakudya cha amwenyewo, ndikuwonongeratu ziweto mamiliyoni ambiri, magulu mabiliyoni a njiwa zosazungulira ndi mitundu ina yayikulu kwa zaka 50.
Kusintha Kwanyengo
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, asayansi adazindikira kutalika kwa kupendekeka kwa mitundu, komanso momwe nyama zimasinthira, mitunduyi idafa ndipo nyama zatsopano zimakhala misozi. Izi zidabweretsa lingaliro la mgwirizano wamakhalidwe ndi kapangidwe ka nyama ndi maluwa.
Komabe, otsutsa amati panali zambiri zotentha ndi kutentha, koma nthawi yomweyo zilombozi sizinachepetse kwambiri ndipo nthawi yomweyo zinathetsa mitundu yatsopano ndi mitundu yatsopano. Inali nthawi yapakati pa zaka 20 - 9 zapitazo pamene kulephera kwakukulu kwa megafaunal kunachitika, mitundu yambiri ya nyama zazikulu idafa, ndipo izi zikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa magulu a anthu, kuphatikizapo kupezeka kwa mtundu wamakono wa munthu - Cro-Magnon, yemwe anali wanzeru ngati ndi anthu amakono, ndipo adatha kupanga kusaka nyama iliyonse yomwe akufuna kupeza.
Kafukufuku wodziwika bwino wa ma mastodons a mdera la Great Lakes akuwonetsa kuti zaka masauzande angapo asanachitike, ma mastodons adamwalira kale ndikusiya ana ochepa. Izi sizogwirizana bwino ndikusintha kwanyengo, komwe kumayenera kufupikitsa moyo, koma ndizomveka ngati tingaganizire kuti anthu osaka adachepetsa chiwerengero cha mammara zaka zana zapitazo komanso kuti mitundu yotsalayo idachepetsa mpikisano wawo wamtunduwu, sizinakhale pachiwopsezo cholimbana ndi akazi ndi msipu. . Asaka a Clovis poyamba amenya ana amphongo osafunikira a mayi wamba, kuchotsedwa pagululo atangokwatirana, monga momwe zimakhalira njovu (ndizosavuta ndikusaka nyama imodzi kuposa gulu lonse), potero kumachepetsa matendawa nyama.
Kuchuluka kwa kutentha
Zotsatira zowonekera kwambiri zakutha kwa glaciation yotsatira ndikuwonjezereka kwa kutentha. Pakati pa zaka 15,000 ndi 11,000 zapitazo, kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwapadziko lapansi ndi madigiri 10-12 Celsius. Malinga ndi chiphunzitsochi, kutentha kwanyengo kotereku kudapangitsa kuti nyamazo zizikhala mozizira, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa masamba, komwe kudyedwa ndi herbivores ku megafauna. Chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwa chidutswa cha ayezi, mulingo wamadzi padziko lonse lapansi unakwera ndi mamitala makumi ambiri, kusefukira pansi. Kuchuluka kwa chinyezi ndi matalala m'nyengo yozizira kunachulukirachulukira madera akumpoto, zomwe zidapangitsa kutha kwa mapiri a tundra ndipo zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti herbivores azitha kupeza chakudya kuchokera pansi pa chipale chofewa, madera akumwera kwa tundra steppes adakulirakulira ndi coniferous taiga, ndi mapiri am'mwera (matamando) kumwera chilimwe. kulimbikitsa nyengo zanyengo.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa DNA ndi zofukula za m'mabwinja, kutentha kwake kunali ndi mphamvu pa kuchulukana, kutha kwa zinyama zina ndi zomerazo ndi zina ndi zina. Nthawi yomweyo, munthu amatha kukhala chinthu chomwe chimasokoneza chilengedwe chobwezeretsa, ndikuchotsa kuchuluka kwa nyama zazikulu zomwe zitha kusintha kale kapena kuzimiririka, mwakutero kuzikulitsa kuzimiririka.
Zosintha Masamba: Zachilengedwe
Zatsimikiziridwa kuti mbewu zasintha kuchoka ku nkhalango-steppe, ndikulekanitsidwa momveka bwino - malo ndi nkhalango [ gwero? ]. Mwina kulekanitsidwa kwakuthwa kunakhudza mitundu ndipo nyama zambiri sizinathe kusintha. Mitengo yofupikitsa ya udzu ikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana pa zolengedwa zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, njati ndi zounikira zina zimamverera bwino kuposa mahatchi ndi njovu. Njati ndi zina zotero, kuthekera kwa kugaya CHIWALO CHIMODIMA, CHIMODIMA CIMODZI, komanso kuthana ndi poizoni wazitsamba zimapangidwa bwino. Zotsatira zake, nyama zomwe zidasankhidwa mwamagulu amtundu wa chakudya zimakhala pachiwopsezo posintha masamba. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu yodziwika kwambiri - panda yayikulu - imadya mitundu inayake ya msungwi, monga maziko a chakudya chomera komanso chakudya chochepa cha nyama. Koma ndi bamboo ndi mphukira zake zomwe zimakhala chakudya chachikulu cha pandas, ndipo ikafa bamboo akuwombera, pandas amafa ndi njala. Nthawi yomweyo, ng'ombe ndi chitsanzo cha zolimba pamtundu uliwonse wa zakudya zam'mera, kuphatikiza zokometsera, zitsamba zofewa ndi mphukira za zitsamba ndi mitengo yaying'ono ndi udzu wouma, wowuma bwino.
Kusintha kwamphamvu
Kuchulukana kwa nyengo yamkuntho kwadzetsa mvula yambiri. Izi zinayamba kukhudza mwachindunji zomera - udzu ndi mitengo, chifukwa chake chakudya. Kusintha kwanyengo yamvula kumakhala ndi nyengo yochepera kubereka komanso thanzi. Kwa nyama zazikulu, kusintha kotereku kumatha kupha, kuphatikiza pazinthu zina zovuta. Poona kuti nthawi yakutha msinkhu komanso msanga muzolengedwa zoterezi ndizochulukirapo, nyama zazing'onoting'ono zilinso m'malo opindulitsa - zimakhala ndi nthawi yosinthika, nthawi yakutha msambo komanso kubereka, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndizosavuta kubereka, mwachangu komanso moyenera kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwawo. Chifukwa chake, nyengo zakusintha kwanyengo, ndikupsinjika kowonjezereka kwa asaka, mitundu ya nyama yayikulu imakhudzidwa kwambiri.
Kafukufuku wazaka wa 2017 ku Europe, Siberia ndi America pakati pa 25,000 ndi 10,000 zapitazo adawonetsa kuti kutentha kwanyengo yayitali, komwe kudapangitsa kuti madzi asungunuke ndikuwonjezera mvula, kunachitika zaka zam'mbuyomo zisanachitike. Izi zisanachitike, malo odyetserako ziweto anali okhazikika mothandizidwa ndi madambo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malo owotchera akhalepo. Chifukwa cha chinyezi chambiri komanso kuchuluka kwa CO2 m'mlengalenga, kutalika kwa chipale chofewa kumawonjezeka nyengo yachisanu kumadera akumwera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapiri a tundra atheretu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa herbivores (mammoths, maubweya wachikuda) kupeza chakudya kuchokera pansi pa chipale chambiri.
Momwe mpweya wabwino utasinthira, nthaka yakale yopanda kanthu inazimiririka ndipo megafauna inayamba kuukiridwa. Komabe, malo oyenda mosiyana ndi anthu ku Africa adakwanitsa kusunga malo odyetserako ziweto pakati pa nkhalango ndi nkhalango zapakati, motero mu Africa, megafauna idakhudzidwa pang'ono ndi kusintha kwanyengo.
Zotsutsana ndi Climate Warming Hypothesis
- Otsutsa chiphunzitso chakuti matenthedwe amatentha kwambiri, monga chifukwa cha kutha, akuwonetsa kuti kusefukira kwamoto ndi kutentha kwotsatira ndi njira yoyendera, yomwe padziko lonse lapansi yakhala ikuchitika padziko lapansi kwazaka mazana ambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, nyama zambiri zazikulu zimasinthasintha mwazizungulire kuzizira. Chifukwa chake, kungokweza kutentha sikokwanira pazinthu zazikulu zoterezi.
- Chifukwa chake, mammony adapulumuka kwa nthawi yayitali ku Wrangel Island ndi St. Paul Island (Alaska), zaka 5000 atatha kutentha, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa anthu pazilumba izi. Zimadziwika kuti ndi anthu ochepa omwe nthawi zambiri amatha kuwonongeka chifukwa cha kusintha kulikonse. Koma izi sizinachitike ndi mammmms motsutsana ndi kusinthasintha kwa kutentha.
- Kutentha kwanyengo ndi kubwezeretseka kwa madzi oundana kunathandizira kuti nyumba za anthu osaka zikhale m'malo omwe kale anali osatheka kufikako ku Arctic zaka 20,000 mpaka 15,000 zapitazo.
- Nyama zosowa ziyenera, m'malo mwake, ziyambe kukula.Makamaka, herbivores amakhala ndi udzu wambiri. Kwa amayi ndi mahatchi, zikondwerero, malinga ndi malingaliro onse, siziyenera kukhala zocheperapo kuposa momwe zidalili kale.
- Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mammoths, American mastodons, homefoterium, toxodons, giant sloths, giam armillill - glyptodons ankakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana nyengo ya North ndi South America (ku tundra, steppe, nkhalango zotentha, nkhalango zotentha), koma onse anamwalira atangochitika kumene anthu aku America mpaka 15 zaka 12 miliyoni. kubwerera. Nthawi yomweyo, mdera lalikululi monga dziko la America, nkhalango, nkhalango, mapiri, tundra sizidathere panthawiyi, ngakhale kusintha kwanyengo konse, ndipo kudalipobe mpaka pano, ndipo megafauna wasowa.
- Akavalo aku Western anasowa ku North America zaka 11,000 zapitazo, koma akavalo atabwezeretsedwa kutchire m'zaka za zana la 16 ngati maulange (asangs) olusa, sanathenso kufa. M'malo mwake, adaphunzira kupeza chakudya nthawi iliyonse pachaka. Nthawi yomweyo, mahatchi amazolowera zitsamba zomwe zimakhala ndi poizoni; nthawi ya mayeso siziletsa mahatchi kubereka, ngakhale nyengo yayitali komanso kuchuluka kochepa komanso udzu wambiri.
- Nthawi zambiri, zolengedwa zazikulu zoyamwitsa zimasuntha bwino kufunafuna msipu, zomwe zimawonetsedwa bwino ku Africa yamakono ndi kusamuka kwakukulu kwa anyani ndi njovu. Kutentha kwanyengo sikunachitike nthawi yomweyo, koma kwazaka mazana ambiri, zomwe zimalola nyama zazikulu kusamukira kumadera abwino nyengo. Udindo wokomera dziko la America lololeza izi kuchitika, koma chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa anthu ku America zaka 15,000 mpaka 12 zapitazo, megafauna aku America sanathenso nthawi yoti azolowere zilombo zapamwamba zapadziko lonse, ndipo zinatsala pang'ono kutha.
- Nyama zikuluzikulu zimakhala ndi malo ochulukirapo amafuta, izi zimayenera kuwathandiza kupulumuka chilala, chisanu ndi nyengo yovuta.
- Alaska ili ndi dothi lofunikira kwambiri michere nthawi imeneyi. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kuchotsedwa kwa megafauna ndi munthu kudapangitsa kuti mapiri a kumpoto awonongeke ndikuwonjezereka kwa pang'onopang'ono kwa gawo lowopsa la taiga, osati kusintha kwa nyengo. . Monga momwe mbiri yoonera njovu m'mapaki amtundu ku Africa ikusonyezera, njovu ndi nyama zamtchire zimaletsa mwachangu zitsamba kuti zisakololedwe ndi kudya zitsamba.
- Ku Australia, kutha kwa megafauna kudayamba zaka 50 - 45 zapitazo, zisanachitike nyengo yamapeto kumapeto kwa Pleistocene, koma atawonekera anthu kumeneko.
Chiphunzitso cha matenda, miliri
Kutengera lingaliro loti nyama zotsata zoweta - agalu apakhomo - anali onyamula matenda opatsirana kwambiri, opha tizilombo. Kwa zolengedwa zomwe sizinadwale, matendawa adayamba kufa. Njira yofananira idachitika m'nthawi yamakedzana - ku Hawaii, mbalame zamtchire zidadwala ndi matenda omwe adayambitsidwa ndi anthu.
Koma pamlingo womwewo womwe kutha kwa nyama zochuluka kwambiri, kuphatikiza zazikulu, madera akuluakulu, pafupifupi kukula kwa Eurasia, matendawa ayenera kukwaniritsa zambiri. Choyamba, ziyenera kukhala ndi malo owonekera pena paliponse pomwe matendawa apitiliza, ngakhale ngati palibe nyama zatsopano zomwe zili ndi vuto m'malo ena. Kachiwiri, kuchuluka kwa matenda kuyenera kukhala kokwanira - mibadwo yonse ndi yayikulu, abambo ndi akazi. Kachitatu ,imfa iyenera kupitilira 50 - 75 peresenti. Chachinayi, matendawa amayenera kupatsira mitundu ingapo ya zinyama, osakhala akupha anthu.
Komabe, poganiza kuti matendawa adafalikira ndi agalu apakhomo, kutha kwa mitundu ku Australia ndi Oceania sikukufotokozeredwa motero. Agalu adawonekera m'malo awa zaka 30,000 zokha atachotsa kwathunthu megafauna aku Australia ndi Oceania.
Komanso, nyama zamtchire zambiri - mimbulu, ngamila, mammoni, akavalo, nthawi zonse amasamukira, komanso ngakhale kusuntha pakati pa makontrakitala. Chifukwa chake, equine, monga banja, adachokera ku North America (onani - kusintha kwa Akavalo) kenako adasamukira ku Beringia kupita ku Eurasia ndi Africa. [ osati gwero ]
Zotsutsana ndi miliri ngati zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke
Choyamba, ngakhale matenda oopsa kwambiri monga West Nile fever samachititsa kuti ziwonongedwe motero ndipo angangowononga anthu wamba. Anthu omwe samalumikizana ndi omwe ali ndi kachilombo, olekanitsidwa ndi zotchingira zachilengedwe, sangatenge kachilomboka. Kachiwiri, matendawa ayenera kusankha kwambiri, kupatsira mitundu ya megafauna, osakhudza mitundu yaying'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, matenda oterewa amayenera kukhala ndi malo ochulukirapo (mamiliyoni a ma kilomita) okhala ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana, madzi ndi chakudya, komanso maulalo muunyolo wa chakudya wopangidwa ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana mwa mitundu ndi mawonekedwe a zakudya. Nthawi yomweyo, matendawa ayenera kupha mbalame zopanda ndege, ndipo pafupifupi osakhudza owuluka. Matenda okhala ndi mawonekedwe oterewa sadziwika ndi sayansi.
Zochitika
Zongoganizira zimatulutsa zochitika zotsatirazi. Anthu atayamba kusamukira ku Beringia kupita ku North America, kenako ku South America, adayamba kuyesera kuwononga oyambitsa nawo omwe anali owopsa - owopsa akumaloko. Izi zidachitika mukulimbana kwachitetezo komanso m'malo atsopano osaka, anthu adalowa munkhondoyi motere m'malo omwe kunali kotheka kusaka nyama zodyetsa ziweto. Poganizira kuti nkhokwezi sizinakumanenso ndi anyani akuluakulu ndi zoweta kale, makamaka, sanamvetse ngozi yomwe akukumana nayo yaying'ono, poyerekeza ndi njati, nyama.
Zotsatira zake, zolengedwa zomwe zimadya zidachepetsedwa zochuluka kanthawi kochepa, pomwe mikango yaku America ndi ma smilodons nthawi zambiri zimawonongedwa. Izi zidadzetsa mayendedwe osiyanasiyana - zolengedwa zoyamwitsa, pakuwoneka kuti kuli chakudya chochuluka komanso chifukwa choti nyama sizikudyetsa chakudya moyenera, zidayamba kuchulukana mosafunikira.
- Homo Sapiens atafika ku North America, olamulira omwe analipo ayenera "kugawana" malo osaka ndi wopikisana naye watsopano. Zimayambitsa kusamvana
- Wotsogola-wotsogola, Homo Sapiens, akuyamba kupha nyama zankhanza zoyambirira.
- Zotsatira zake, zotsogola zotsogola zatsala pang'ono kufafanizika, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zakhala zikuchitika zaka mamiliyoni ambiri kubwera kwa Hominids ku Dziko Latsopano kusokonezedwa.
- Pokhapokha malamulo ogwiritsiridwa ndi olusa, kuchuluka kwa herbivores kumawonjezeka kwambiri, pambuyo pake vuto lazakudya limayamba. Pambuyo pa izi, njala imayamba herbivores chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa msipu. Zikuwombedwa ndi mitundu yomwe imadalira udzu wambiri wabwino, monga phenoscis. Zotsatira nyama zikafa, ndi zida zamagetsi zomwe sizinasinthidwe kuti zizikhala ndi chakudya chochepa.
- Chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwa nyama kumabusa, msipu umaponderezedwa, ndikusintha mawonekedwe amizimba. Pambuyo pake, nyengo ikusintha, ndikukhala ochulukirapo, chinyezi chimatsika.