Anhinga ndiofala m'malo opezeka dziko lapansi, otentha komanso lapansi. Amakhala m'madzi okhala ndi madzi abwino okhala ngati madzi: nyanja, mitsinje, madambo, mitsinje, mapiri ndi misewu. Pali mbalame 100 zomwe zimasonkhana m'magulu, koma pakubala, zimatsata malo amodzi payokha. Ambiri amakhala pansi, ndipo anthu okhala kumapeto kwa malowa ndiosamuka okha. Mitundu ya India darter (Anhinga melanogaster) ili pangozi. Zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa anthu ndizowononga malo achilengedwe komanso zochitika zina zachuma cha anthu.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Anhinga amadya kwambiri nsomba. Mlomo wake wautali, wakuthwa umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuboola nsomba ngati harpoon. Kuphatikizika kwapadera pakati pa ma vertebrae achisanu ndi chitatu ndi chachisanu ndi chinayi kumawathandiza kuti azitulutsa khosi mwadzidzidzi, zomwe zimathandiza kusaka nsomba. Kuphatikiza apo, njoka zimadyera ma amphibians (achule, ma newts), zouluka (njoka, akamba) ndi ma invertebrates (tizilombo, shrimps ndi mollusks). Mothandizidwa ndi mawondo awo amatha kusuntha pansi pamadzi mwakachetechete ndikuyang'ana yemwe wavutikayo asabisalira. Wogwidwa akagwidwa, tuluka mwachangu, ponyani nyamayo ndi kumeza ntchentche.
Kuswana
Darter monogamous, ndiye kuti, amakhala awiriawiri nthawi yakukhwima. Pakadali pano, gawo lawo laling'ono la pakhosi limasintha mtundu wake kukhala wa pinki kapena wachikasu kukhala wakuda, ndipo khungu pamutu pawo limakhala louluwika (zisanachitike, zachikaso kapena zachikasu).
Kuwoloka kumatha kukhala kwakanthawi kapena pachaka, kutengera dera lomwe mukukhalamo. Zisa, zopangidwa ndi nthambi zake, zimamangidwa pamitengo kapena m'mabango, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi madzi. Clutch imakhala ndi mazira 2-6 (nthawi zambiri anayi) a mtundu wobiriwira. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe ndi masiku 25-30. Nthochi zimawoneka mopanda chidwi, zopanda maula komanso zopanda thandizo. Onse amuna ndi akazi amasamalira mbadwa. Kutha msanga kumachitika zaka ziwiri. Mbalamezi zimakhala zaka pafupifupi 9.
Kuchulukitsa
Banja la njoka limadalirana kwambiri komanso mwachilengedwe. Pakadali pano, mitundu inayi ya njoka imadziwika:
- Anhinga (A. anhinga)
- Indian Darter (A. melanogaster)
- African Darter (A. rufa)
- Waku Australia Darter (A. novaehollandiae)
Mitundu yowonjezereka yochokera ku Mauritius (A. nana) ndi Australia (A. parva) imangodziwika kuchokera kumafupa omwe adapezeka. Anhinga adadziwika kuyambira koyambirira kwa Miocene. M'mbuyomu, mitundu yayikulu ya mitundu ya mbalame za prehistoric ya mbalamezi idawonedwa ku America.
Makhalidwe wamba ndi mawonekedwe amunda
Mbalame yayikulu kukula kwa cormorant yayikulu. Kutalika kwa thupi 85-97 masentimita, mapiko a mapapiro 116-128 masentimita, kulemera 1,058-1,815 g (del Hoyo et al., 1992). Mlomo ndi wautali, woongoka, kutalika kwake ndi 71-87 mm. Mchirawo ndiwotalikirapo kuposa wa ma cormorants. Mwa amuna achikulire a masanjidwe osiyanasiyana, mtundu wa mutu ndi khosi umasiyana ndi chokoleti chakuda kukhala chofiirira-chofiirira chokhala ndi mikwaso yoyera mbali m'khosi. Zina mwa zotsalazo ndizakuda ndi mikwingwirima yasiliva yomwe ili pamwinjiro. Nthenga zam'mapewa ndizitali zamtundu wa pigtails. Achichepere mu ma plumage amalamulidwa ndi mafunde opepuka, otumphuka, akuda amasinthidwa ndi bulauni.
Mbalame yosambira imakweza mutu wake m'mwamba moyang'ana m'mwamba, thupi nthawi zambiri imamizidwa m'madzi. Madzi onyowa a anhinga amauma chifukwa chofalitsa mapiko ndi mchira wake. Pakudula, mapiko akuluakulu ndi mawonekedwe a mchira wautali, wokuyimira, monga momwe zimakhalira, semicircle wamba. Mosiyana ndi ma cormorants, wokondedwa amatha kuwuluka.
Subspecies taxonomy
Pali ma subspecies 4 omwe amasiyana mwatsatanetsatane wa utoto (del Hoyo et al., 1992): A. m. melanogaster Pennant, 1769 (1), wogawidwa kuchokera kumadzulo kwa India mpaka. Sulawesi, A. m. rufa (Daudin, 1802) (2), wokhala kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa ndi Middle East, A. m. vulsini Bangs, 1918 (3), amakhala ku Madagascar, ndi A. m. novae-hollandiae (Gould, 1847) (4), wofala ku Australia ndi New Guinea. Nthawi zambiri, ambiri mwa mabungwewa amapatsidwa mtundu wa mitundu, kusiyanitsa mitundu itatu: A. melanogaster, A. rufa (limodzi ndi A. m. Vulsini) ndi A. novaehollandiae.
Sizinali zotheka kukhazikitsa subspecies ya munthu yemwe amayenda kudera la Uzbekistan; choyandikana kwambiri ndi malo omwe mulandidwa ndi malire a Asia subs A. melanogaster.
Kufalitsa
Sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, India, Southeast. Asia, kuphatikiza Philippines ndi Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia. Gulu lokhala ndi anthu ochepa limapezeka ku Tigris ndi Euphrate (Cramp, 1977, King, Dickinson, 1995). M'malo a anhinga pamakhala moyo wokhala pansi.
Chithunzi 25. Malo omwe amagawidwa ndi Darter-Bladed:
a - malo okhala, b - akuwuluka kudera la kumpoto kwa Asia.
Kuuluka kokha kowonera gawo lakale. USSR adalembetsedwera pa Epulo 6-7, 2006. Munthu m'modzi yekha wazaka chimodzi adawonedwa kwa masiku awiri kumwera chakumadzulo kwa dziwe la Aydar pamtunda ndikugwirizanitsa ndi 40 ° 55.632 ′ N ndi 65 ° 57.672 ′ E (Dera la Navoi, Republic of Uzbekistan) (Mitropolsky et al., 2006).
Kufotokozera kwa Darter
Anhinga, yemwe ali ndi mayina ena: mbalame ya njoka, mbalame ya njoka, anhinga - woimira yekha waopepod amene alibe mitundu ya m'madzi. Mbalameyi ndi yofanana ndi abale ake apamtima m'banjamo (cormorant ndi ena), komanso imasiyana mosiyanasiyana mikhalidwe yakunja ndi yamakhalidwe.
Mawonekedwe
Zingwe ndi mbalame zazing'onoting'ono komanso zazikulu. Kulemera kuli pafupifupi 1.5 kg. Thupi la njoka, lalitali pafupifupi 90cm, limatha kufotokozedwa ngati lalitali, khosi limakhala lalitali, loonda, lofiirira, mutu wake suwonekera: ulibe mawonekedwe ndipo umawoneka ngati wawonjezera khosi. Pali chikwama chaching'ono cha khosi. Mlomo wautali ndi wakuthwa kwambiri, wowongoka, wina wofanana ndi wopota, wina - ma tonne, mbali zomata ali ndizowoneka zazing'ono kumapeto. Miyendo ndi yopyapyala komanso yifupi, yokhala kumbuyo kwambiri, zala zazitali za 4 ndizolumikizidwa ndi nembanemba akusambira
Mapiko ataliitali amatha ndi nthenga zazifupi. Span - oposa 1 mita. Nthenga zazing'ono ndizokongola komanso zowoneka bwino. Mchirawo ndi wautali, pafupifupi 25 cm, wokhala ndi nthenga zoposa khumi ndi awiri - wosinthika komanso wokhala ndi kuwonjezera mpaka kumapeto. Ziwombazo zimakhala ndi mthunzi wakuda, koma pamapiko zimayenda chifukwa cha mizere yoyera. Malingana ndi malo ake, imanyowa, yomwe imalola kuti mbalamezi zikhale pansi pa madzi nthawi yosambira m'malo mongokhala pamenepo.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Kwenikweni, nthumwi zoimira banjali zimakhala moyo wongokhala ndipo zimakonda mitsinje, nyanja ndi madambo ozunguliridwa ndi mitengo. Iwo amagona panthambi zawo, ndipo m'mawa kupita kukasaka. Malinga ndi madongosolo a papepods, njoka ndizosambira zabwino kwambiri, zomwe zimasinthidwa kuti zizigwira chakudya m'madzi. Amakwerekera mwakachetechete, kusambira, komwe kumawapatsa mwayi wofika pamtunda kwa munthu amene angakumane naye (monga nsomba), kenako, ndikutulutsa khosi lawo kuloza chinsomba liwiro, kubaya thupi lake ndi mulomo wake wakuthwa ndikutuluka, ndikuwakankhira kutsogolo kwawo, ndikuwulula khalani ndikuyigwira pa ntchentche kuti imame.
Makina oterowo ndi otheka chifukwa cha chipangizo chogwiritsa ntchito cha pakhosi chachisanu ndi chitatu komanso chachisanu ndi chinayi.. Mitengo yamadzi simalola njoka m'madzi kuti ikhale nthawi yambiri yosaka, kenako amakakamizidwa kupita kumtunda, kukakhala limodzi ndi nthambi zomwe zili pafupi ndi mtengo womwe ukukula, ndikufalitsa mapiko awo, nthenga zouma pansi pa thambo ndi mphepo. Zolimbitsa pakati pa anthu amalo abwino ndizotheka. Madzi am'madzi amalepheretsa kuwuluka kwina kukafunafuna chakudya, ndipo kukhala m'madzi nthawi yayitali kumachepetsa thupi la mbalame ya njoka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mukamasambira, khosi la mbalame limazungulira chimodzimodzi ndi thupi la njoka yosambira, yomwe idalola kuti lipatsidwe dzina lofanana. Wokondedwa amayenda m'madzi mwachangu komanso mwakachetechete, mphindi imodzi amatha kuphimba mtunda wa 50 m, kuthawa kowopsa. Komabe, iye samadzithandiza yekha ndi mapiko, amangoyimika pang'ono pathupi, koma amagwira ntchito ndi mawondo ake ndikuwongoletsa mchira wake.
Ikamayenda, mbalame ya njoka imadumphira pang'ono ndikuwuluka, koma imayenda mwachangu, pansi komanso m'mphepete mwa nthambi, ndikuwongolera mapiko ake. Imawuluka ndikuuluka, imawulukira m'mwamba modutsa pang'ono, ndikutsika pamtengo pambuyo pothawa. Ndi nthenga zanthete, nthenga zonse za ntchentche zimagwera kunja, motero nthawi imeneyi mbalame imalephera kwathunthu kuuluka.
Amasungidwa pagulu laling'ono, mpaka anthu 10, lomwe limakhala m'malo ochepa osungirako. Kampani yomweyo imapita kutchuthi komanso usiku wonse. Pokhapokha ngati kubereka ana kumalo oswana ndi komwe magulu ochulukirapo angasonkhane, koma ndi malire amtunda wawo akusungidwa. Kawirikawiri zimakhala pafupi ndi munthu, mbalame yowopsa imachita molimba mtima. Nthawi iliyonse, kukonzekera kubisala pangozi pansi pa madzi. Poteteza chisa, imatha kumenya nkhondo ndi mbalame zina ndipo imakhala mdani wowopsa - mulomo wake wakuthwa ukhoza kubaya mutu wa wopikisana nawo pomenya kamodzi, kuonetsetsa kuti chiphe chake. Mitundu ya phokoso ndi laling'ono: kung'ung'udza, kubuula, kudina, kutulutsa mawu.
Mitundu ya Njoka
Pakadali pano, mitundu inayi ya njoka yasungidwa:
- Darter waku Australia,
- Anhinga,
- African Darter,
- Wokondedwa wachi India.
Mitundu yamitundu ina imadziwikanso yomwe imatha kuzindikirika ndi zotsalira zomwe zimapezeka pakufukula. Kuphatikiza apo, ma anang ndi mitundu yakale kwambiri, makolo ake akale omwe adakhalapo padziko lapansi zaka zoposa 5 miliyoni zapitazo. Kupezeka kwakale kwambiri pachilumba cha Sumatra kudayamba zaka pafupifupi 30 miliyoni zapitazo.
Habitat, malo okhala
Zokonda zimaperekedwa kumalo otentha kwambiri okhala ndi njoka komanso kotentha. Anhinga amakhala m'madzi okhala ndi madzi abwino kapena osakhazikika m'madzi kapena madzi otsika ku North (kumwera kwa USA, Mexico), Central (Panama) ndi South America (Colombia, Ecuador, mpaka ku Argentina), pachilumba cha Cuba.
Indian - kuchokera ku Hindustan Peninsula kupita pachilumba cha Sulawesi. Australia - New Guinea ndi Australia. African - nkhalango yonyowa kumwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara ndi matupi ena amadzi. Gulu lina lomwe limakhala kumapeto kwa mitsinje ya Tigris ndi Firate, lopatukana ndi abale awo ndi makilomita ambiri.
Chakudya cha Darter
Chakudyacho chimakhazikitsidwa ndi nsomba, ndipo ma amphibians (achule, newts), zina zazing'ono zazing'ono, crayfish, nkhono, njoka zazing'ono, akambuku ang'ono, shrimps, ndi tizilombo tambiri timadyanso. Kukongola kwa mbalameyi kumadziwika. Mtundu wina wamitundu yosiyanasiyana - kwa mtundu umodzi wamtundu wamitundu isanawonedwe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Mwa mitundu inayi yomwe ilipo yotetezedwa kwambiri, pali imodzi - dongo waku India. Chiwerengero chake chatsika kwambiri chifukwa cha zochita za anthu: chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malo okhala komanso njira zina zachangu. Kuphatikiza apo, m'malo ena a Asia, mbalame zonse ndi mazira amadyedwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kuchuluka kwa mitundu ina ya mbalame za njoka sikulimbikitsa nkhawa pakadali pano chifukwa cha zomwe sizitetezedwa.
Zowopsa zomwe zingabweretse banja ili zimapangidwa ndi mpweya woipa womwe umalowa m'matupi amadzi - malo awo ndi zochitika za anthu zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa madera awa. Kuphatikiza apo, m'malo ena, njoka zimawerengedwa kuti ndizopikisana nawo asodzi ndipo osadandaula nazo.
Zikhala zosangalatsa:
Mtengo wamalonda wa mbalamezi ndi wocheperako, koma ukadali ndi mtengo wofunikira kwa anthu: monga ma Copepods ena, donalo limapatsa zinyalala zamtengo wapatali kwambiri - guano, zomwe zimakhala za nayitrogeni mkati mwake ndizokwera nthawi 33 kuposa manyowa wamba. Mayiko ena, monga Peru, amagwiritsa ntchito bwino madipoziti amtengo wapataliwa muntchito zawo zachuma pofuna kuthilira mbewu zofunikira m'mafakitole, komanso ku mayiko ena.
Habitat
Zagawidwa indian anhinga kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, Madagascar, India, Southeast Asia, kuphatikiza Philippines ndi Indonesia, New Guinea ndi Australia. M'chigwa cha Tigirisi ndi Firate, muli anthu ochepa okha. M'malo a anhinga pamakhala moyo wokhala pansi. Amakhala m'madzi abwino okhala m'malo otentha komanso okhala ndi mitengo yamitengo m'mphepete mwa nyanja: nyanja, dziwe, madambo, mitsinje, mitsinje, pang'onopang'ono, mitsinje. Wokhalayo amafunika malo opumulirako ndi kupukutira kwa maula - nkhono zotuluka m'madzi, mitengo ya mitengo, zitsa, etc. Ngakhale kuti pali chenjezo lachilendo, mbalamezi zimatha kukhala pafupi ndi malo omwe anthu amakhala.