Kapelin, kapena uek (lat. Mallotus villosus) - nsomba zowoneka ngati nyanja za banja losungunuka (Osmeridae).
Masikelo ndi ochepa kwambiri. Mzere wotsatira umafika kufupi ndi kumapeto kwa malekezero a dorsal kapena kumbuyo komwe. Amuna, nthawi yakukhwima, pambali pali mizere iwiri yazitali zazitali, zaubweya, zokulirapo. Mano ndi ang'ono, palibe-canine-like. Gill stamens 32-43. Zolemba pyloric 4-9. Vertebra (62) 63-73 (42-47 + 21-27). D P-IV 10-14 (okwana 14-17), A (I) III-VI17-22 (okwanira 22-26), P 15-20 (North Atlantic capelin), B 12-16, A 19-24, P 15-18 (Far East capelin).
Pofinyira kakang'ono, Hypomesus, yodziwika ndi masikelo akuluakulu komanso kamwa yaying'ono. Wosungunuka, Osnierus, wotsatiridwa ndi sikelo zokulirapo (zosakwana 80 pamzere wotsatira), kamwa yayikulu ndikukhalapo kwa mano ena owoneka ngati fang (Asia smelt). Onse amasungunuka mosiyana ndi capelin yokhala ndi ufupi wautali wamatsenga (osapitirira 15 mawilo).
Kumpoto kwa Atlantic Ocean kuchokera ku Gulf of Manx (anthu osakwatiwa ochokera ku Cape Cod) komanso kuchokera ku Trondiefjord kupita ku Greenland, Svalbard ndi Novaya Zemlya. Nyanja ya Kara. Nyanja ya Laptev. North Pacific kuchokera kufesa. Korea, Hokkaido ndi Vancouver kupita ku Bering Strait. Ku Russia, capelin amakhala munyanja za Barents, White ndi Kara-kumadzulo. Japan, Okhotsk, Bering, Chukchi ndi Laptev - kum'mawa. Kummawa, kumakhala mtundu wa M. villosus socialis.
CHIYEMBEKEZO CHA MOYO
Kuwedza nsomba zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala m'mbali mwa deragic (pamalo apamwamba komanso m'mphepete mwa madzi) nyanja yotseguka komanso anthu ambiri omwe akuyandikira m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi. Nsomba yozizira yamadzi (arctic).
M'mphepete mwa kumadzulo kwa Nyanja ya Atlantic, capelin imayamba kuzizira nyengo yachilimwe. Spawning inalembedwa mu Epulo - Meyi pafupi ndi Fundy Bay, mu Marichi - Epulo - kunyanja ya kumwera kwa Iceland, mu (Meyi) Juni - Julayi (Ogasiti) - ku St. Lawrence Bay, kutsidya kwa Newfoundland, Labrador, Greenland ndi gombe lakumpoto kwa Iceland. M'mphepete mwa kum'mawa, kudulira kumachitika mchaka, chilimwe komanso nthawi yophukira. M'mwezi wa Marichi - Epulo (Meyi), capelin idawonekera pagombe la Norway, Finmarken komanso kumadzulo kwa Murman (kasupe wamkulu), mu Juni - Julayi - pamodzi ndi Murman wapakati komanso kum'mawa, mu White Sea komanso ku Bohemian Bay (capelin yachilimwe), mu Ogasiti - Seputembala - m'boma la Cheshko-Kolguyevsky komanso pafupi ndi Novaya Zemlya (capelin yophukira).
Ku Pacific Ocean, kumera kumachitika kumadzulo chakumadzulo (Epulo - Meyi - mu Nyanja ya Japan, pafupi ndi kumwera kwa Sakhalin) ndipo nthawi yachilimwe (Meyi - Julayi - mu Nyanja ya Okhotsk, Juni - Julayi - pagombe lakummawa la Kamchatka, kum'mawa kwa Sakhalin, ku Anadyr Bay), ndi kummawa (Alaska, Vancouver Island) - mu Ogasiti - Okutobala. Mu Nyanja ya Laptev, capelin yozungulira idalembedwa mu Seputembala.
Panthawi yowerengera, amuna awiri ("ovala") amayenda ndi akazi aliwonse ("roe"). Caviar imayikidwa pansi kuchokera pa mayadi angapo mpaka mamitala mazana angapo; mu Nyanja ya Barents, nthawi zambiri imakhala yakuzama kwa 25-75 (100) pamtunda wamadzi pansi pa 2-3 ° ndi mchere wa (33.8) 34- 35%. Malo owaza omwe ali m'malo amchenga, m'malo opezekapo bwino.
Mu Nyanja ya Pacific, nyengo zinanso zakuya komanso kutentha kumatuluka kumadziwika: Pacific capelin inayamba ku Peter the Great Bay komanso pafupi ndi Fr. Vancouver pafupi ndi mzere wamadzi, pamadzi otentha a 2-4 ° ndi 10-12 °, motsatana. Spawing capelin imawoneka kumtunda kwa Far East pa kutentha kwa madzi kwa 0.6 -1.5 °, chochuluka pa 2 °, ndikuchoka kugombe pomwe kutentha kwamadzi kufikira 4 °. Kutuluka mu Primorye kunalembedwa usiku kapena usiku, mafunde ataliatali, pakuya kwa mamita 1-2. Caviar anali atayikidwa pamchenga kapena miyala.
Chonde cha caprein ya Nyanja ya Barents ndi 6.2-11.9 (13.4) mazira chikwi, pafupifupi 9.2,000, chonde cha ku Japan ndi mazira 15,3-39.9, avareji ya 26,2,000.
Nsomba zamatumbo a capelin
Mazira ali pansi, akumamatika. Pafupifupi mazira ndi 0,8-1.2 mm, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mazirawo limadetsedwa ndipo limapanga "capment pigment" yodziwika bwino. Kutalika kwa nthawi ndi masiku 28 pa kutentha kwa madzi kwa 6-10 °. Mukamaswa, mphutsi zimakhala ndi kutalika kwa (4.3) 5-7 mm.
Zilombazo zimasungunuka pomwe mphutsi zimafikira kutalika kwa mamilimita 6, kunyezimira m'minyewa ija kumawonekera mphutsi 17-20 mm. Mphutsi zimakhala ndi thupi lalitali, lotsika ndipo ndizofanana kwambiri ndi mphutsi za hering'i. Mphutsi zotalika 30-60 mm zimakumana ndi metamorphosis, pang'onopang'ono zimayamba kuwoneka ngati nsomba yayikulu. Kale kumayambiriro koyambirira, mphutsi zikuyenda kuchokera pagombe kupita kunyanja.
Mwachangu masika ndi chilimwe Barents Nyanja capelin imafika 2540 mm kutalika pofika m'dzinja. Amuna achikulire ogonana ("ndala") amafikira zazikulu kuposa zazikazi ("mazira"): kutalika kwawo kumafika 22 cm (zazikazi - 18 cm). Kutalika kwa nthawi zonse komanso kulemera kwa ma capelin okhwima ndi: abambo 13-19 cm ndi 18-23.4 (36) g, zazikazi -11-17 masentimita ndi 11.3-11.6 (20) g .Malemu wamba a Murman ndi 12.4- 16.9 g Amafika pa msinkhu wazaka chimodzi mpaka zitatu, osachepera zaka zinayi. Colour capelin ndi wamkulu komanso wachikulire kuposa chilimwe.
Yaponomorskaya capelin ali ndi kutalika (mpaka notch C) kwa 13-21 masentimita ndi kulemera kwa 18-65 g, akazi azaka ziwiri ali ndi kutalika kwapakati pa 155-165 mm, amuna amuna ndi 175-179 mm, azaka zitatu, motero, 165-191 ndi 190- 194 mm (Peter the Great Bay, 1943-1945).
Capelin: mphamvu yayikulu bwanji ya nsomba yaying'ono
Capelin amadya zooplankton, mu Nyanja ya Barents, makamaka ma crustaceans: Calanus (Calanus finmarchicus) ndi akuda-eyed (Eupb.ausiidae, Rhoda, etc.), kuwonjezera, ena crustaceans (Copepoda, Hyperiidae), shrimp mphutsi (Sagitta ), cod roe, etc.. Kuphatikiza kwa chakudya ndizofanana ndendende ndi hering'i, komabe, mosiyana ndi hering'i, capelin sasiya kudyetsa nthawi yozizira. Nyanja ya Japan, imadyera makamaka ma crustaceans: Metridia lucens, Hyperiidae, Calanidae, Amphipoda.
Hering, yofanana ndi capelin pamtundu wa chakudya chomwe chimadyedwa komanso mtundu wa malo omwe amatulutsa, koma ndi nsomba yomwe imakonda kutentha. Mu nyengo yozizira, gawo logawika la capelin limakulitsidwa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa magawo a hering'i; mu nyengo yotentha, chochitika chotsutsana chimawonedwa.
Nsomba zodzigulitsa, makamaka zamkati, zodya capelin ambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri zimatsata masukulu ake (cod), Balaenoptera whales, gulls.
Pamakhala malo okhala pafupi ndi gombe, munyanja ndi kuzama (kumatsogolera njira yoyipa), capelin amabwera m'magulu akulu m'mphepete mwa nyengo yokha. Ana aamuna nthawi zambiri amayandikira pang'ono kuposa gulu la zazikazi. Nthawi zambiri chimafika pagombe pomwe mafunde ambiri amaponyera kumtunda. Nthawi zina amabwera ndi mafunde omwe amafikira kumunsi kwa mitsinje (Mtsinje wa Teriberka pa Murman, ndi zina).
Nyanja ya Barents, capelin ya masika imachokera kumpoto mu Marichi - Epulo (Meyi) kudzafika kumphepete mwa Finmarken ndi Murman chakumadzulo, capelin ya chilimwe kuyambira kumpoto-kummawa mpaka pakati komanso kum'mawa kwa Murman, capelin yophukira imayenda m'mphepete mwa kum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Barents, ikuyandikira mu Ogasiti - Seputembala kupita ku Novaya Zemlya ndi chigawo cha Cheshko-Kolguyevsky. Nthawi yamayendedwe ndi kukula kwa magulu oyenerera amitundu ya capelin amasinthasintha ndipo amadalira kwambiri kusinthasintha kwa kutentha ndi mafunde.
Kuchekeka kwa capelin kumayamba kuda ndipo kumakhalapo kwa kanthawi kochepa kuchokera kugombe, posakhalitsa ndikupita kunyanja. M'mafonti ena aku Norway, komabe, mulinso magulu ang'onoang'ono okhala, omwe samasamukira.
FISHES ZA MOBANDA
Ku Russia, capelin yazunguliridwa pagombe la Murman, kuyambira 4 mpaka 10 zikwi mazana (Asanachitike Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse), ndikuyenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja zam'mawa, komwe ayamba kulabadira usodzi wa nsomba posachedwapa. Amphaka ku Primorye amafikira matani 100,000 a capelin pachaka.
M'mphepete mwa Norway, amphaka amafika 70 mpaka 70,000 oyang'anira, ku Canada - akatswiri zikwizikwi - 100,000, ku Greenland (kumwera chakum'mwera) - opitilira 7.5 miliyoni, ndipo capelin imasakidwanso ku Iceland ndi Newfoundland.
Ma sitoko a capelin m'madzi athu am'nyanja ndi akulu kwambiri. Nyanja ya Barents, kuweruza ndi kumwa kwa capelin ndi capelin, kuchuluka kwake kumafikira mamiliyoni a akatswiri. Mosakayikira, kuli malo ena ochulukirapo ku Far East, komwe gawo la m'mphepete mwa nyanja, nthawi zina kwa ma kilomita angapo, lingakutilidwe ndi capelin yokutidwa ndi mafunde.
Kukula kwa usodzi kumalephereka kwambiri ndi kusakanikirana kwa njira za capelin.
Ma capelin apadziko lonse amagwira mu 1950-2010 (matani)
Ukadaulo ndi njira yausodzi
Capelin imasakidwa nthawi yomwe ikuyenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja, makamaka pafupi ndi malo amchenga. Amakonda kugwidwa ndi maukonde ocheperako zakidnye maukonde ndi maukonde akulu. Ku Norway amakhalanso ndi maukonde (200x40 m, mesh - 13 mm), ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito maukonde otsekera (ku Vadsø).
Ku Russia, amakola misempha ya Murman zakidnye nalshvochny ndipo, mwanjira, odziwa zochitika, zikwama zamatumba. Ku Far East, amagwira ukonde wa zakidnye ndi ukonde.
Capelin amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyambo pakuwedza nsomba zazitali zam'madzi, zodyedwa monga chakudya, komanso chakudya cha agalu (Greenland), chomwe chimakonzedwa mu chakudya cham nsomba. Mafuta omwe amapezeka ndi nyama ndi 2-4% (mafuta a nsomba zonse 11-12%).
Monga nyambo idyani mwatsopano ndi ayisikilimu. Amawadyedwa mwatsopano, osuta komanso osemedwa, komanso zopatsirana zamzitini. Kudzaza kumapereka mankhwala osayenera. Amakonzedwanso mu mawonekedwe owuma ndi owuma. Zatsopano ndi zosuta (zokhala ndi mchere wamchere) ndizakoma kwambiri.
Ku Russia, pa Murman mpaka pano amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati popanga mkate. Pa nyambo ya bale umodzi wa ma cod wosanjikiza (maokoka 150) ndi avareji. 2.2 kg ya capelin. Ku Far East, capelin ankadyedwa mwatsopano kapena youma. Ena mwa akambawa amakonzedwa kuti akhale chakudya cham'madzi.
Nsomba za capelin kapena ueck (lat.Mallotus villosus)
Gulu la nsomba za pelagic, zimadyera ma crankaceic planktonic, ndikupanga mpikisano waukulu kwa nsomba za hering'anga ndi ana.
Capelin ndi mtundu wam'madzi wamadzi, umakhala munyanja yowoneka bwino, m'mtunda wamadzi apamwamba (mpaka 300 m, osowa 700 m). Imafika m'mphepete mwa nyanja kokha, nthawi zina ngakhale kulowa mitsinje.
Asanabadwe, capelin amasonkhana m'masukulu akuluakulu, omwe amayamba kuyandikira m'mphepete mwa nyanja. M'magawo osiyanasiyana, amamera nthawi zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira nthawi yophukira mpaka nthawi yophukira. Masukulu a capelin omwe amapita kukawaza amatsatiridwa ndi gulu la ma cod, nkhono, zisindikizo ngakhale ndi anamgumi. Mphepo zamphamvu, mafunde amaponyera ma capelin kumtunda: ku Far East, mzere wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja nthawi zina umakutidwa ndi gawo la capelin lomwe limaponyedwa kunja ndi mafunde pamtunda wamakilomita ambiri.
Malo omwe amawombera amakhala pamalo amchenga, pamipanda yopanda malire komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja pafupi ndi m'mphepete mwa madzi. Chonde ndi mazira 6-12 masauzande, caviar pansi, kumatira. Mazira ndi achikasu opepuka, okhala ndi mulifupi mwake wa 0.5-1.0 mm. Kubwatcha mphutsi kumachitika pambuyo pa masiku 28; Speling yodumphanso imachoka kunyanja. Kutulutsa kumakonda kukhala 1, kawiri m'moyo, capelin yambiri imawonongeka pambuyo pofalikira. Capelin kukula mu zaka 2-3, amuna chaka chotsatira kuposa akazi.
Zolemba
- ↑ 12Reshetnikov Yu.S., Kotlyar A.N., Russian T.S., Shatunovsky M.I. Mtanthauzira wamagulu awiri wa mayina a nyama. Nsomba. Latin, Russian, English, Germany, French. / kusinthidwa ndi Acad. V. E. Sokolova. - M: Rus. Yaz., 1989 .-- S. 71 .-- makope 12,500. - ISBN 5-200-00237-0
Mitundu ya capelin.
Popeza capelin ndi oimira amodzi mwa mitundu ya dzina lomweli, ofufuza ena adapeza mitundu iwiri m'menemo, mosiyana malo:
- Atlantic capelin (lat.Mallotus villosos villosus),
- Pacific capelin (lat.Mallotus villosus catervarius).
Kodi capelin (uek) amakhala kuti?
Capelin amakhala m'madzi am'nyanja akuya mpaka 300 m, nthawi zina amatsika mpaka 700 m, ndipo samalowa m'madzi amitsinje ndi matupi amadzi atsopano. Nthawi zambiri, nsomba za oyisitara zimadutsa munyanja, kubwera pafupi ndi gombelo kuti zitheke.
Atlantic capelin amakhala ku Atlantic Ocean komanso ku Arctic Ocean, imagawidwa ku Davis Strait, Labrador, m'madzi ozizira a fjords aku Norway ndikuyenda mphepete mwa Greenland, Nyanja za Kara, White, Chukchi, komanso nyanja yaku Laptev ndi Barents.
Pacific capelin amakhala m'dera lalikulu lamadzi kumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean, malire ndi gombe la Korea ndi pafupi. Vancouver ndi Canada. Makamu ambiri a capelin akumva bwino m'madzi a Bering, Nyanja ya Japan ndi Okhotsk.
Kodi capelin (eck) amadya chiyani?
Monga nsomba zonse za banja losungunuka, capelin ndi wadyera. Maziko a chakudya chake ndi zakudya zomwe hering'izi amadya: zooplankton, shrimp mphutsi ndi caviar a nsomba zina. Uek alibe nazo ntchito kudya nyama zing'onozing'ono kapena nyongolotsi zam'nyanja. Capelin amagwira ntchito nthawi zonse ndipo samasiya kudya ngakhale kumayambiriro kwa miyezi yozizira.
Kubwera kwa capelin.
Kutalika kwa capelin kumadalira malo omwe amakhala. Mwachitsanzo, m'masukulu a nsomba zam'madzi zomwe zimalima madzi akumadzulo kwa Atlantic ndi Pacific Oceans, zimatha nthawi yonse ya chilimwe ndi chilimwe, ndipo kwa masukulu akum'mawa kwa Atlantic, njirayi ikupitirirabe. Koma okhala kum'mawa kwa Pacific akuyenera kuchita chilichonse m'miyezi itatu yophukira.
Asananyamuke kuti akagule malo, magulu ochepa a capelin amasonkhana m'masukulu akuluakulu a anthu mamiliyoni angapo. Otsatira awa ndi adani osatha a capelin: zisindikizo, nkhandwe, gulu la ma cod ndi anamgumi. Mwambiri, onse omwe nsomba izi ndi chimodzi mwazakudya. Nthawi zina mafunde akuluakulu, otengekatengeka ndi chimphepo champhamvu, amaponyera makumi mabiliyoni ndi nsomba zambirimbiri zomwe zimakutidwa, zomwe zimakutidwa ndi capelin.
Pofalikira, nsomba zam'madzi zimasankha malo akuluakulu osaya ndi mchenga komanso kuya kosaya, ngakhale masukulu ena a shoals amatuluka akuya kwamamita angapo. Madzi ayenera kukhala ndi mpweya wokwanira, ndipo kutentha kwake kuyenera kukhala mkati mwa 2-3 ° C. Kuti umuna wa capelin caviar ukhale bwino, amuna awiri amafunikira omwe amayenda ndi mkazi kuchokera mbali ziwiri. Amuna okhala ndi mchira wawo amakumba dzenje m'mbali mwa nyanja kapena pansi pamchenga, momwe capelin yachikazi imayikira mazira. Mazira ophatikizidwa amakhala ndi mainchesi a 0,5 mpaka 1.2 mm ndipo ndi omata kwambiri, motero samamatirira pansi pamiyala kapena mchenga wambiri. Chiwerengero cha mazira chimadalira malo okhala capelin ndipo amachokera pazidutswa 6 mpaka 39,5. Atakhala ndi mazira okhwima, akuluakulu amabwerera kumalo awo. Mobwerezabwereza, anthu osakwatira omwe amaweta nsomba amatumizidwa kukawotcha, kuphatikiza, ambiri a iwo amafa panjira yobwerera.
Maonekedwe a capelin mphutsi ndi kutalika pafupifupi 5-7 mm amapezeka pafupifupi masiku 28 mutabereka. Amanyamulidwa nthawi yomweyo kupita kunyanja komwe amakumana ndi ma metamorphoses, pang'onopang'ono kusandulika nsomba zazikulu. Pofika nthawi yophukira, mwachanguchangu am'madzi amayamba kutalika kwa masentimita 4. Akazi a Capelin amakhalanso okhwima chaka chamawa, ndipo amuna amatha kutenga nawo mbali pakatha miyezi 14 mpaka 15.
Kodi capelin amatanthauza chiyani?
Mawu oti "capelin" ali ndi mizu yakale kwambiri. Amatengedwa kuchokera ku zilankhulo za gulu la Karelian-Finnish. Mawu ofanana mu zilankhulo zaku Finnish ndi Karelian amatanthauza nsomba yaying'ono, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyambo pakuwedza nsomba zamkati. Komabe, nsomba za capelin zilinso ndi dzina lachitatu - nsomba za chaplane.
Kufotokozera kwa nsomba
Nsomba zamchere zamchere zimakhala ndi mayina atatu, monga tidamvetsetsa kale. Capelin ndi nsomba yodya nyama. Zili pabanja losungunuka.
Ili ndi thupi lokwera, lokhazikika m'mphepete. Kutalika kwake, kumatha kutalika kuyambira 15 mpaka 25 cm, ndipo kulemera - mpaka magawo 54. Mamba m'thupi lonse ndi ofanana: omwe amakhala kumbali zam'mimba komanso motsatira mzere wotsatira ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa omwe amaphimba kumbuyo. Mutu wa nsomba ndi wocheperako, koma uli ndi pakamwa patali. Mafupa a nsagwada yapamwamba amafika pakati pa maso. Koma za mano, alipo ambiri, ndi ochepa komanso amakula bwino.
Mbali ya nsomba imawerengedwa kuti ndi zipsepse ndi malire akuda. Zipsepse zamakutu zimapangidwa mozungulira, pomwe zipsepizo za dorsal zimakulitsidwa mwamphamvu kumbuyo. M'mphepete ndi m'mimba mwa nsomba za capelin ndi siliva wokhala ndi tint yoyera, ndipo msana wake ndi wobiriwira.
Kusiyana pakati pa akazi ndi amuna
Nsomba za Ivok zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe, zomwe zimasiyana pakatikati pa chachikazi ndi chachimuna, zomwe zimawoneka ndi maso amaliseche. Wamphongo amakhala ndi ziphuphu zazitali, thupi lake limakulirapo kangapo thupi la wamkazi, ndipo mutu umakhala wowala. Panthawi yakubereketsa, mamba onga tsitsi amakula mbali yam'mimba mwa abambo, omwe amapanga mawonekedwe odabwitsa. Pa nthawi yomweyo, nsomba zomwe sizikhala ndi moyo zimaposa zaka 10.
Kupeza kuti?
Nsomba zazing'onozi zimasankha madzi am'madzi. Amakhala pakuya kwa 300 m.Nthawi zina, imatha kutsika mpaka mamita 700. Ukasungunuka sudzasambira konse m'madzi kapena mitsinje yatsopano. Malo abwino kwambiri nsomba ndi madzi am'madzi. Ndi nthawi yofalikira pomwe nsomba zimayandikira m'mphepete pang'ono.
Atlantic capelin imapezeka mu nyanja za Arctic ndi Atlantic. Imapezekanso ku Labrador ndi Strait of Davis, kufupi ndi gombe la Greenland, m'madzi a Chukchi, White, Kara, Barents ndi Laptev Seas.
Pacific capelin amakhala kumpoto kwa nyanja yamchere, yomwe ili ndi malire ndi chilumba cha Vancouver komanso gombe la Korea. Masukulu ambiri a nsomba zazing'onozi amatha kupezeka munyanja za Japan, Bering ndi Okhotsk.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Monga tanena kale, nsomba za уuk zimakonda kudya. Zakudya zake zimakhala ndi mphutsi za shrimp, zooplankton ndi roe nsomba. Capelin amadyanso nyama zing'onozing'ono komanso nyongolotsi zam'nyanja. Popeza уuk ndi nsomba yogwira ntchito, imafunikira mphamvu zambiri. Ndiye chifukwa chake ngakhale m'miyezi yozizira capelin sasiya kudya.
Zothandiza katundu
Kugwira kwa Capelin kumagwira ntchito kwambiri, ndipo onse chifukwa choti ndi chakudya cholandirika pagome lililonse. Nthawi ndi nthawi, nsomba za uek zimagwidwa m'mavoliyumu akuluakulu, omwe amatha kufika pa 0.5 miliyoni pachaka. Nkhaniyi siyokhala mu kukoma kwa nsomba izi, ngakhale ndizofunikira. Zopatsa mphamvu zake zopatsa mphamvu zimakhala zochepa. Thupi la capelin limakhala ndi mapuloteni omwe amakanika mosavuta. Zolemba zawo mu nsomba ndi pafupifupi 23%. Kuphatikiza apo, popeza mumapezeka nsomba zochepa kwambiri, zimakonzedwa mwachangu kwambiri.
Komabe, sikuti zangokhala kuti capelin ndiwopezeka muzakudya komanso zopatsa thanzi. Mwa zina, ndizothandiza kwambiri. Nsomba zimakhala ndi mafuta achilengedwe a polyunsaturated. Amatha kuchepetsa kwambiri cholesterol, yomwe imasonkhanitsidwa pazitseko zamitsempha yamagazi. Kuledzera kwa capelin pafupipafupi kumatha kukhala njira yabwino yodzitetezera ku stroko, matenda a mtima komanso matenda a mtima.
Thupi la nsomba ili ndi mavitamini A, D, gulu B, lofunikira kuti thupi la munthu ligwire bwino ntchito. Nsomba za Ivok zilinso ndi michere yambiri: sodium, potaziyamu, phosphorous, yofunikira popewa kuchepa kwa dementia ndikupititsa patsogolo malingaliro amunthu, komanso ayodini, yomwe imagwira ntchito yayikulu pakugwira ntchito kwa chithokomiro cha chithokomiro.
Capelin ndi chinthu chachilendo kwambiri chomwe chimapangitsa shuga kukhala m'magazi ndipo chimathandizanso kuti chichepetse. Monga mukuwonera, nsomba za Ivok ndizofunikira kwambiri pakudya kwa odwala matenda ashuga, kuchepa thupi komanso anthu omwe amawunika thanzi lawo.
Nthawi yomweyo, nsomba za ёuk zimakhala ndi zotsutsana. Sayenera kudyedwa ndi omwe ali ndi vuto lililonse. Sitikulimbikitsidwa kudya nsomba zochuluka kwambiri, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zam'mimba mkati mwake kumathandizira kuti pakhale zotupa zoyipa. Ngakhale pokonzekera bwino, mitundu yambiri ya majeremusi amatha kukhalabe mu nsomba, zomwe zimapangitsanso kuti pakhale matenda ambiri.
Mtengo wachuma
Nsomba za Ivok pa Sakhalin ndizofunikira kwambiri zachuma. Choyamba, ndikofunikira kunena kuti iyi ndi nsomba yamalonda. Masheya ake ndi akulu mwachilengedwe, motero kugwira zaka zingapo kunaposa matani 4 miliyoni. Kuyambira 2005 mpaka 2009, nsomba zomwe adagulitsazi zidachokera matani 270-750,000. Mu 2012, kuwombera Uyk wapadziko lonse lapansi kunaposa matani 1 miliyoni. Nsomba zazikulu kwambiri zimagwidwa mumakampani ogulitsa. Thupi lake limafika mpaka 20 cm.
Zosangalatsa
Chaka chilichonse mumzinda wa Murmansk ku Russia mumachitika holide polemekeza nsomba. Phwandolo likuchitika kumayambiriro kwa Marichi. Pakadali pano, pama faji amzinda, mutha kuyesa mitundu yayikulu ya capelin ndikuigula yambiri pamtengo wokongola kwambiri.
Anthu okhala ku Canada kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe chilichonse sayenera kupita kumsika kapena ku supermarket kuti akapatse abale awo zakudya zabwino za capelin. Ingopita kumtunda ndikupeza nsomba zambiri zomwe mungafune.
Peninsula ya Kola ndiyotchuka chifukwa choti mbalame zambiri zimapezeka kumeneko. Izi ndichifukwa choti ambiri a capelin amakhala kufupi ndi gombe, omwe amakhala ngati chakudya cha anthu okhala ndi tchire.
Posimba chidacho pa capelin, ndikufuna kunena kuti nsomba iyi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pachakudya cha onse omwe amakonda mbale zam'madzi. Ndikosatheka kukana katundu wopindulitsa yemwe ali wolemera kwambiri. Madokotala amalimbikitsa kuti muzidya nsomba zam'madzi nthawi zonse kuti muchepetse matenda oopsa. Nthawi yomweyo, kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri capelin kumabweretsa zotsatirapo zoyipa. Monga chilichonse, kuyenera kuyenera pano. Ngati mumakonda kwambiri nsombayi ndipo simukufuna kusiya, gulani kokha kuchokera kwa ogulitsa odalirika komanso atsopano. Capelin yosunthidwa kuchokera ku malo ogulitsira apafupi si chinthu chomwe chingabweretse phindu lililonse m'thupi.
Mawonekedwe
Capelin ali ndi gawo laling'ono kwambiri. Mitsempha ya pakamwa ndiying'ono. Pali mano aang'ono mkamwa. Kumbuyo kuli utoto wamitengo wa azitona (chithunzi pansipa).
Capelin ali ndi chidwi chokhudza kugonana. Amuna ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa akazi (chithunzi pansipa). Ndipo amakhalanso ndi anal fin yokhala ndi malo ambiri, kukula kwa zipsepse ndizokulirapo, ndipo pakufalikira, amuna amayamba kuwoneka mbali za zitunda, zopangidwa ndi mamba okulirapo. Kukula kwakukulu kwa capelin ndi masentimita 15, ndipo chiyembekezo chamoyo chafika zaka zitatu.
Mwamuna - 1, wamkazi - 2
Kugawa ndi malo
Capelin ndiofala ngati madzi onse akumpoto. Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zapezeka zimapezeka kumpoto kwa Atlantic Ocean, komanso kumalire ndi Arctic Ocean. Capelin amapanga ng'ombe zam'deralo. Ziweto zambiri kwambiri zimapezeka m'madzi a Nyanja ya Barents, pafupi ndi Great Newfoundland Bank ndi South Labrador. Komanso capelin ndi gombe lolemera la Atlantic ku North America.
Nyanja ya Barents ili ndi capelin pafupifupi kulikonse. Madera akumpoto, nsomba zimagwera pafupi ndi gombe lakummawa kwa chisumbu cha Svalbard. Kumpoto chakummawa kumayandama mpaka Franz Josef Land. Kapelin amathanso kugwidwa munyanja ya Kara.
Chakudya
Menyu ya capelin imaphatikizapo makamaka zooplankton. M'madzi a Nyanja ya Barents, amadya ma crustaceans (calanus and ey-eyeed eye). Simakana kukana mphutsi zam'madzi, mphutsi za mivi. Chithandizo chapadera ndi cod roe.
Zakudya za capelin ndizofanana ndi menyu wazomera. Komabe, mosiyana ndi hering'i, capelin imadyetserabe chakudya nthawi yozizira. M'madzi a Nyanja ya Japan amadya makamaka ndi crustaceans. Osakana plankton.
Kusodza kwa capelin m'nyengo yozizira
Kuswana
Pa gombe lakumadzulo kwa Nyanja ya Atlantic, nsomba zimayamba kutulutsa chilimwe ndi chilimwe. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa Epulo, capelin, yomwe imakhala pafupi ndi Fandy Bay komanso gombe lakumwera kwa Iceland, imayamba kuwonongeka. Kuyambira Meyi mpaka Ogasiti, capelin imachokera ku Greenland, ku Gulf of St. Lawrence, Labrador, gombe lakumpoto kwa Iceland ndi Newfoundland. Kuyambira March mpaka Meyi, capelin yaku Norway, Fin-marker komanso kumadzulo kwa Murman capelin kutulutsa. M'chilimwe, kuyambira Juni mpaka Julayi, ma capelin a kum'mawa ndi pakati pa Murman amatuluka, komanso m'madzi a White Sea komanso dera la Bohemian Gulf.
Pafupifupi nyengo yophukira, pakati pa Ogasiti ndi Seputembala, capelin imazungulira pafupi ndi Dziko Latsopano. Pacific capelin imamera, kutengera malo ake. Madera akumadzulo, kuwonekera kumachitika pakati pa Epulo ndi Meyi (Nyanja ya Japan, dera la South Sakhalin), kuyambira Juni mpaka Julayi - pafupi ndi gombe lakummawa kwa Kamchatka, kum'mawa kwa Sakhalin ndi ku Anadyr Bay. Pafupi ndi gombe la Alaska capelin imayamba mu Ogasiti ndipo imatha mu Okutobala, mu Seputembele wa nyanja ya Laptev.
Panthawi yochulukitsa, pali amuna awiri amuna aliyense wamkazi, omwe amayenda ndi iye. Caviar ikhoza kuyikidwira pamadzi ponsepo pamtunda wamadzi ambiri; m'madzi a Nyanja ya Barents, caviar imasesedwa pakuya kwa 75 metres, kutentha kwa madzi mpaka madigiri 3 Celsius ndi mchere mpaka 35%. Monga lamulo, malo omwe amakhala ndi malo ochepa amapezeka m'dera lamchenga, pomwe pali gawo labwino. Pacific capelin imazungulira mwanjira ina: imazungulira m'dera la Peter the Great Bay, komanso pafupi ndi chilumba cha Woncouver madzi akayamba kutentha mpaka madigiri 12 Celsius. Kutulutsa kumachitika makamaka usiku, nthawi zambiri m'mawa komanso nthawi yamadzulo.
Caviar imayikidwa pamchenga, nthawi zambiri pamiyala. Chonde cha anthu omwe amakhala munyanja ya Barents chimafikira mazira oposa 13,000 (chithunzi cha caviar), ndipo anthu okhala ku Nyanja ya Japan amafikira mazira 40,000. Caviar pansi, yomatira. Pakatikati pa mazira ndi millimeter imodzi. Mphutsi za mazira zimakula pafupifupi masiku 28 pa kutentha mpaka madigiri 10.
Pambuyo kuwaswa, mphutsi zimafika kutalika kwa mamilimita 7. Maphika a yolk amatha pomwe amtunduwu amakula mpaka mamilimita 9, ndipo cheza chimayamba kuwoneka mwachangu, chomwe chakula mpaka 20 mamilimita. Mphutsi za capelin zikufanana kwambiri ndi mphutsi za hering'i: ndizitali ndipo zimakhala ndi thupi lochepa. Poyamba, mphutsi zimapanga nthawi pafupi ndi gombe, koma patapita nthawi yochepa zimaponyedwanso ndi mphamvu munyanja.
Fry ya anthu okhala ku Nyanja ya Barents, kale m'miyezi 6 amakula mpaka 40 mamilimita. Amuna achikulire ndi akulu kuposa akazi: kutalika kwa amuna okhwima amuna kukafika pa 22 mamilimita, kutalika kokwanira kwa akazi mpaka masentimita 18. Amuna apakati amakula mpaka pafupifupi 19 sentimita ndipo amatha kulemera mpaka magalamu 36, ndipo akazi amakula mpaka masentimita 17 ndikupeza kulemera mpaka 20 g. Imafika pamsana wazaka zitatu. Komabe, nthawi zina, kutha msinkhu kumatha kukhala zaka 4.
Chifukwa chake, capelin, kapena, monga amatchedwanso chigulu kapena chapula, ndi a banja losungunuka. Nsombayi imakhala ndi kutalika kwama 25 sentimita ndipo ikulemera mpaka magalamu 52. Capelin wakhala zaka 10. Nsombayo ili ndi masikelo ocheperako komanso mano ang'onoang'ono. Kumbuyo kulijambula utoto wonyezimira wa maolivi, ndipo mbali ndi m'mimba zimapakidwa ndi siliva.
Moyo wa capelin
Capelin ndi gulu la nsomba zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala m'madzi apamwamba kwambiri ozizira. Nthawi zambiri, amayesetsa kutsatira kuya kwamamita 300 mpaka 700. Komabe, nthawi yophukira imatha kufika m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndipo nthawi zina imatha kusambira m'mawondo a mitsinje.
Oimira mtunduwu amakhala nthawi yayitali kunyanja, nthawi yotentha komanso yophukira amasamukira kumadera akutali kukafunafuna chakudya chochuluka. Mwachitsanzo, capelin, yemwe amakhala ku Nyanja ya Barents komanso gombe la Iceland, amasamukira nthawi zina kawiri: nthawi yozizira ndi yotentha amapita kugombe la Northern Norway ndi Peninsula ya Kola kuti akaikire mazira. M'nyengo yotentha ndi yophukira, nsomba izi zimasamukira kumadera akumpoto ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kukafuna chakudya. Chiwerengero cha anthu okhala ku Iceland ndichipululu chimayenda pafupi ndi gombe, pomwe chimazungulira, ndipo nthawi yotentha chimachoka kumalire achuma omwe ali pakati pa Iceland, Greenland ndi Jan Mayen Island, omwe ali ku Norway, koma amakhala pafupifupi ma kilomita 1000 kumadzulo kwake.
Kusunthika kwa nyengo ya capelin kumalumikizidwa ndi mafunde am'nyanja: nsomba zimatsata komwe zimayambira komanso komwe zimayendetsa plankton yomwe imadyetsa capelin.
Habitat, malo okhala
Atlantic capelin imakhala m'madzi a ku Arctic ndi Atlantic. Itha kupezeka ku Davis Strait, komanso kugombe la Labrador Peninsula. Imakhala m'mphepete mwa Norway, pafupi ndi m'mphepete mwa Greenland, munyanja za Chukchi, White, ndi Karts. Imapezeka m'madzi a Nyanja ya Barents komanso Nyanja ya Laptev.
Chiwerengero cha nsomba ku Pacific chimakhala m'madzi a kumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean; magawidwe ake kumwera amapezeka ku Vancouver Island komanso m'mphepete mwa Korea. Masukulu akuluakulu a nsombazi amapezeka munyanja ya Okhotsk, Japan ndi Bering Sea. Pacific capelin amakonda kubera kufupi ndi m'mphepete mwa Alaska ndi Briteni.
Capelin amakhala m'masukulu ang'onoang'ono, koma nthawi yayitali ikamayamba, imasonkhana m'masukulu akuluakulu kuti onse athe kuthana ndi zovuta komanso zowopsa m'malo omwe nsomba izi zimakonda kubzala.
Zakudya za capelin
Ngakhale ndi kukula kwake kocheperako, capelin ndi nyama yolusa, yomwe imadziwika ndi mano ake aang'ono koma lakuthwa. Maziko a chakudya cha oimira amtunduwu ndi nsomba zam'madzi, zooplankton, komanso mphutsi za shrimp. Zimadyanso pamtundu waung'ono wa crustaceans ndi nyongolotsi zapamadzi. Popeza nsomba izi zimayenda zambiri, zimafunikira mphamvu zambiri kuti zikwaniritse mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posamuka kapena kusaka chakudya. Ndiye chifukwa chake capelin, mosiyana ndi nsomba zina zambiri, samaleka kudya ngakhale nthawi yozizira.
Popeza nsomba izi zimadya ma crustaceans ang'onoang'ono omwe amapanga plankton, ndi mtundu womwe umalimbana ndi hering'i ndi nsomba zazing'ono, zomwe maziko ake amakhalanso plankton.
Adani achilengedwe
Izi nsomba zimakhala ndi adani ambiri munyanja. Capelin ndi gawo lofunikira lazakudya zomwe zimadya nyama zambiri zam'madzi, monga cod, mackerel, squid. Osasamala kudya capelin ndi zisindikizo, anamgumi, anamgumi opha, komanso mbalame zodyedwa.
Kuchuluka kwa capelin m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi njira yofunika kuti pakhale mbalame zambiri zodyera ku Peninsula ya Kola.
Mtengo wosodza
Kwa nthawi yayitali, Capelin wakhala akusodziwidwa ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwidwa m'malo ake. Komabe, kungoyambira pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, kuchuluka kwa nsomba zomwezi zikufikira kwambiri. Atsogoleri a Capelin pano ndi ku Norway, Russia, Iceland ndi Canada.
Mu 2012, nsomba zam'madzi padziko lonse lapansi zimaposa matani 1 miliyoni. Mwanjira iyi, makamaka nsomba zazing'ono wazaka 1-3 zimagwidwa, zomwe kutalika kwake kumayambira 11 mpaka 19 cm.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Ngakhale kuti capelin si mtundu wotetezedwa, mayiko ambiri ayesetsa kwambiri kuti achulukitse. Makamaka, kuyambira 1980s, mayiko ambiri akhazikitsa ndalama zoyambira nsomba. Pakadali pano, capelin ilibe ngakhale malo otetezedwa, chifukwa kuchuluka kwawo ndikwambiri ndipo ndizovuta kungoyerekeza kukula kwa magulu ake akulu.
Capelin sikuti amangofunika kwambiri pamalonda, komanso ndi gawo lofunika kuti mitundu yambiri ya nyama ikhale, momwe zimapangidwira. Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa nsomba zamtunduwu kumakhala kwakukulu, koma kuchuluka kwake kwa nsomba, komanso kufa kwa capelin nthawi yayitali, zimakhudza anthu ambiri amtunduwu. Kuphatikiza apo, monga anthu ena okhala m'madzi, capelin amadalira kwambiri malo omwe amakhala, omwe samakhudzanso moyo wa nsomba izi, komanso kuchuluka kwa ana. Chiwerengero cha nsomba zamtunduwu chimasiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana chaka ndi chaka, chifukwa chake, kuti chiwonjezere kuchuluka kwa capelin, kuyesayesa kwa anthu kuyenera kukhala ndi cholinga chopanga zinthu zabwino kuti zikhalepo komanso kubereka.