Antarctica ndi dziko lomwe lili ndi nyengo yovuta kwambiri. Matenthedwe pamtunda waukulu samatentha konse, ndipo kontinenti yonseyo imakutidwa ndi ayezi. Komabe, Nyanja Yakumwera yozungulira Antarctica ndi imodzi mwazinthu zachilengedwe zodabwitsa kwambiri padziko lapansi ndipo ndi zolengedwa zambiri zodabwitsa.

Nyama zambiri zimasamukira, chifukwa nyengo yam'makoniyi ndiyovuta kwambiri kuti munthu azikhazikika nthawi yachisanu komanso nthawi yozizira.

Nthawi yomweyo, mitundu yambiri imapezeka ku Antarctica kokha (nyama zomwe zimangokhala m'dera limodzi zimangotchedwa endemic) ndipo zimatha kuzolowera malo okhala ovuta aja. Popeza ku Antarctica adapezeka zaka 200 zokha zapitazo, mitundu yam'deralo sigwiritsidwa ntchito pagulu la anthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri mu nyama zamtchire ku Antarctica: anthu azisangalatsidwa nazo monga momwe zimakhalira kwa anthu. Kwa alendo, izi zikutanthauza kuti nyama zambiri zitha kufikiridwa, ndipo sizithawa, ndipo kwa ofufuza - mwayi wophunzirira bwino zanyama za Antarctica. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti mapangano a Antarctic amaletsa kukhudza nyama zamtchire!

Munkhaniyi, taphatikiza mndandanda ndi malongosoledwe achidule komanso zithunzi za ena oimilira odziimira ku zilumba zozizira kwambiri padziko lapansi - Antarctica.

Amayi

Anangumi ndi amodzi mwa zolengedwa zodabwitsa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Nyama yabuluu ndi nyama yayikulu kwambiri yomwe inakhalako padziko lapansi, yolemera matani opitilira 100, imaposa ma dinosaurs olemera kwambiri. Ngakhale mbawala “wamba” ndi yayikulu ndipo imatengedwa kuti ndi chilengedwe. Nyama zazikulu kwambiri, koma zolengedwa zoyamwitsa, ndipo ndizovuta kuziwerenga. Iwo ndi anzeru kwambiri, okhala ndi moyo wovuta komanso ufulu wambiri woyenda.

Nyama za m'mgulu la anyama zomwe zimatchedwa cetaceans, limodzi ndi dolphin ndi porpoises. Ndizilombo zomwezo monga anthu, agalu, amphaka, njovu ndi ena. Ndiye kuti, sangatchedwa nsomba. Makungu amapuma mpweya choncho ayenera kukwera pamwamba nthawi zonse kuti apumire. Amabereka ana amoyo omwe amakhalabe ndi mayi wawo kwa chaka chathunthu ndikudya mkaka wake. Anangumiwo amakhala ndi magazi ofunda ndipo amakhala ndi mafupa ngati a munthu (ngakhale anali osinthika kwambiri).

Nyama za ku Antarctica zimatchedwa zinsomba zonse zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali pachaka pafupi ndi gombe la kontinenti. Izi zikuphatikiza:

• Nyangumi wabuluu (Kutalika kwamphongo wamwamuna wamkulu ndi 25 m, chachikazi - 26.2 m. Walemera kwambiri wamunthu wamkulu ndi matani 100 - 120),
• Whale yosalala (Pakati kutalika 20 m ndi kulemera kwa 96 t),
• Seyval (Kutalika kwa thupi 18 m, kulemera - 80 t),
• Chomaliza (Kutalika kuyambira 18 mpaka 27 m, kulemera kwa 40-70 t),
• Sperm whale (average urefu 17 m, average 35 35),
• Humpback whale (Kutalika kwa 14 m, kulemera 30 t),
• South Minke whale (Kutalika - 9 m, kulemera - 7 t),
• Killer whale (Kutalika kwa thupi kuchokera pa 8.7 mpaka 10 m, kulemera mpaka 8 t).

Mchira wa ubweya wa Kerguelen

Chisindikizo cha ubweya wa Kerguelen ndi cha banja lotchedwa zisindikizo zared. (Otariidae)zomwe zimaphatikizapo zisindikizo za ubweya ndi mikango yamnyanja.

Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe, zolengedwa izi zimafanana ndi galu wamkulu. Amatha kukoka zikopa zakumbuyo pansi pa thupi ndikukweza zolemetsa ndi zomata zam'manja, ndichifukwa chake amasinthasintha pamtunda poyerekeza ndi ma pinnipeds ena.

Amuna ambiri amakhala ndi makilogalamu 200 ndipo nthawi zinayi kuposa akazi. Amangokhala pazilumba zochepa, pomwe 95% ya anthu ku South Georgia Island.

Nyalugwe wanyanja

Imatchedwa nyalugwe wanyanja chifukwa cha madontho m'thupi, ndi imodzi mwazinyama zazikulu kwambiri ku Antarctica. Kulemera kwa amuna kumakhala 300 kg, ndipo akazi - 260-500 kg. Kutalika kwa amuna amuna kumasiyana kuchokera pa 2.8-3.3 m, ndipo chachikazi 2.9-3.8 m.

Thanzi la nyalugwe zam'madzi ndizosiyanasiyana. Amatha kudya nyama iliyonse yomwe angaphe. Chakudyacho chimakhala ndi nsomba, nyamayi, ma penguins, mbalame ndi zisoka zazing'ono.

Nyalugwe zaunyanja sizolankhula zamtundu uliwonse poyerekeza ndi zinyama zina zam'madzi. Kudumphira kwakutali sikuti kupitirira mphindi 15, nyamazo zimangokhala pafupi ndi madzi otseguka, ndipo sizimayenda mtunda wautali pansi pa ayezi wosalekeza. Amatha kusambira mwachangu mpaka 40 km / h.

Chisindikizo cha Crabeater

Zisindikizo za crabeater zimakhulupirira kuti ndi zolengedwa zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Akuluakulu amalemera makilogalamu 200 mpaka 200 ndipo amakhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi mamitala 2.6. Izi ndi nyama zapayekha, komabe, zimatha kugona m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti banja likhale losangalatsa. Kulumikizana kwenikweni ndikotheka pakati pa amayi ndi ana awo.

Samadya nkhanu, ngakhale ali ndi dzina. Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi 95% Antarctic krill, zina zonse ndi squid ndi nsomba. Amakhala bwino kuti azigwira mano awo, omwe amapanga chigamba chogwira madzi.

Popeza zisindikizo za crabeater zimadya kwambiri krill, sizifunikira kuyenda mwamphamvu komanso kwanthawi yayitali. Kubwera mwamphamvu mpaka akuya kwa 20-30 m, kumatenga pafupifupi mphindi 11, koma iwo anali olembedwa pakuya kwa 430 m.

Chisindikizo cha Weddell

Zisindikizo zaukwati ndi zolengedwa zomwe zimakhala pachisanu. Kulemera kwa akuluakulu kumasiyana pakati pa 400-450 kg, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi ndi 2.9 m (mwa abambo) ndi 3.3 m (mwa akazi).

Amadyetsa nsomba, komanso squid ndi ma invertebrates ang'onoang'ono. Zisindikizo za Weddell ndizosiyanasiyana, zimatha kulowa pansi mpaka pansi mpaka mamita 600 ndipo zimakhala pansi pa madzi mpaka mphindi 82.

Kukula kwa nyama zamtunduwu ndizovuta kuziyerekeza, chifukwa amakhala pafupi ndi Arctic Circle komanso poterera madzi oundana.

Njovu yakumwera

Zisindikizo za njovu zakumwera ndiye zazikulu kwambiri paz zisindikizo zonse ndipo zikuwonetsa chizindikiro chakugonana. Kulemera kwa amuna kumakhala kosiyanasiyana monga 1500-3700 kg, ndipo akazi - 350-800 kg. Kutalika kwa amuna amuna ndi 4.5-5.8 m, ndi akazi - 2.8 m.

Zakudyazo zimakhala ndi nyamayi yambiri, koma nsomba ilinso (pafupifupi 75% squid ndi 25% ya nsomba). Amuna, monga lamulo, amapita kumwera, kuthamangitsa nyama zawo.

Njovu zakum'mwera - mitundu yosiyanasiyana, imadumphira pansi mpaka 300-500 mamita kwa mphindi 20-30. Zimapezeka kudera lonse la Antarctica, pansi mpaka kumwera.

Antarctic tern

Antarctic tern ndi woimira banja la tern. Iyi ndi mbalame yaying'ono 31 cm cm, kulemera kwa 95-120 g, ndi mapiko a masentimita 66-77. Mlomo wake umakonda kukhala wofiirira kapena wakuda. Zowonjezerazo ndizambiri zopanda imvi kapena zoyera, pamakhala “chipewa” chakuda pamutu. Malangizo a mapiko amtunduwu ndi amtambo wakuda.

Amadyetsa nsomba ndi krill, makamaka akakhala ku Antarctica. Krachki adazindikira kuthamangitsidwa kwawo kuchokera kumlengalenga, kenako ndikulumira m'madzi.

Antarctic buluu wamaso akhungu

Bungwe lowoneka bwino lomwe limatchedwa Antarctic ndi lokhalo lomwe limapezeka ku Antarctica. Amakhala m'mphepete mwa kumwera kwa Antilles komanso ku Antarctic Peninsula, mpaka kumwera. Ma cormorants awa amadziwika ndi mtundu wowala bwino wamaso ndi kukula kwamaso achikasu a lalanje m'munsi mwa mulomo, womwe umakhala waukulu kwambiri komanso wowala nthawi yakuswana. Kulemera kwa thupi ndi 1.8-3,5 kg, pomwe amuna ndi olemera pang'ono kuposa akazi. Kutalika kwa thupi kumasiyana kuchoka pa 68 mpaka 76 cm, ndipo mapiko ndi pafupi 1.1 m.

Amadyetsa nsomba kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amapanga "msampha" wamakumi kapena mbalame zambiri zomwe zimalowa mumadzi kangapo ndikuthandizana wina ndi mnzake kugwira nsomba. Ma cormorantwa amatha kudumphira m'madzi akuya mpaka mamita 11. Pakusambira, amalimba mapiko awo mthupi ndikugwiritsa ntchito mapazi awo opindika.

Chovala choyera

White Plover ndi amodzi mwa mitundu iwiri yamtunduwu Chionidae. Amakonda moyo wokhalitsa pansi. Akamayenda, amagwedeza mutu ngati nkhunda. Kulemera kwa thupi kumasiyana kuchokera 460 mpaka 780 g, kutalika kwa thupi ndi 34-41 cm, ndi mapiko - 75-80 cm.

Bomba loyera lilibe mapazi opindika, motero limapeza chakudya chake pansi. Amachita phokoso ndipo amadziwika ndi kleptoparasitism (amaba krill ndi nsomba kuchokera kuma penguins, ndipo nthawi zina amadya mazira ndi anapiye). Zimadyanso zovunda ndi nyama, ndipo, ngati kuli kotheka, zinyalala za anthu.

Pintado

Cape Dove ndi wa banja la abulu. Kulemera kwake mpaka 430 g, kutalika kwa thupi - 39 cm, ndipo mapiko akufikira masentimita 86. Utoto wa nthenga za mbalameyi ndi wakuda komanso yoyera.

Cape Pigeon imadyera krill, nsomba, squid, carrion ndikuchotsa zinyalala, ngati zingatero. Nthawi zambiri amagwira nyama pamwamba pa madzi, koma nthawi zina amakhala osambira.

Chipale chofewa

Mitengo ya chipale chofewa ndi mbalame zoyera zokhala ndi milomo yakuda ndi maso. Ndiwo kukula kwa nkhunda, ndipo mwabwino kwambiri ndi mbalame zokongola kwambiri kuposa mbalame zonse za ku Antarctic. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 30-40 cm, mapiko - 75-95 masentimita, ndi kulemera - 240-460 g.

Amadyera makamaka ku kirimu ndipo ayenera kukhala pafupi ndi nyanja kuti azitha kupeza chakudya. Zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Antarctica, ndipo, monga mukudziwa, chisa kutali kwambiri ndi konkire (mpaka 325 km kuchokera pagombe), m'mapiri omwe amatuluka ayezi wozungulira.

Kuyenda albatross

Albatross yoyendayenda ndi mbalame yomwe imakhala ndi mapiko atali kwambiri (kuyambira 3.1 mpaka 3.5 m). Mbalameyi imatha kupanga maulendo ataliatali kwa masiku 10 mpaka 20, pa mtunda wa makilomita 10,000, kumangogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa kuposa momwe ikakhalira chisa.

Kulemera kwakukulu kumayambira pa 5.9 mpaka 12,7 kg; amuna amakhala wolemera 20% kuposa akazi. Kutalika kwa thupi kumasiyana kuchokera ku 107 mpaka 135 cm.

Maziko a chakudya ndi nsomba, squid ndi crustaceans. Mbalameyi imasaka usiku pamwamba pamadzi kapena kusambira mosadziponya. Ma albatross oyendayenda amatengera mabwato ndi zombo zamtundu uliwonse pomwe chakudya chimaloledwa. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka kwa zombo zophera nsomba zomwe zimaponya nsomba munyanja.

South Polar Skuas

South polar skuas ndi mbalame zazikulu. Kulemera kwapakati kwa amuna ndi 900-1600 g, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ocheperako komanso opepuka kuposa zazikazi. Kutalika kotalika: 50-55 cm, ndi mapiko a 130-140 masentimita 130. Amakhala ku Antarctica ndipo amapitilira kum'mwera. Mbalame izi zalembedwa ku South Pole.

Amadyetsa makamaka nsomba ndi krill, ngakhale mazira a penguin, anapiye ndi carrion amathanso kuphatikizidwa muzakudya, kutengera malo omwe amakhala. Ma polar aku South amawona akuba nsomba zamtundu wina wa mbalame.

Zotsatira za antarctica

Antarctica ndiye dziko lakumwera kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kwachilengedwe, South Pole ili ku Antarctica. Kontinentiyo yazunguliridwa ndi Pacific Ocean. Antarctica ili ndi malo a ma kilomita 14,200,000womwe ndi wokulirapo Australia.

98% ya malo a Antarctica adakutidwa ndi ayezi, makulidwe ake pomwe madera ena amafikira ma kilomita 4.7, - motero kutumphuka kumakuta pafupifupi zigawo zonse kupatula kumpoto kwenikweni. Zipululu zouma za ku Antarctica zimadziwika ndi kutentha kochepa kwambiri, ma radiation amphamvu a dzuwa ndi kuwuma kodabwitsa.

Pafupifupi mvula yonse imagwera mu chisanu ndipo imangokhala gawo laling'ono, pafupifupi makilomita 300 kuchokera pagombe. M'madera ena, 50mm yokha ya mpweya imatha kuchitika chaka chilichonse.

Kutentha kotsika kwambiri komwe kunayamba kwalembedwapo Padziko Lapansi kunangolembedwa ku Antarctica ku station ya Vostok Antarctic, yomwe ili ku Polar Plateau, pa -89.4 ° C. Ngakhale m'mikhalidwe yovuta ngati imeneyi ilipo moyo, koma imatheka pokhapokha pakuwona.

Antarctica - geography

Kutentha kwa Nyanja Yakumwera sikumasintha kwenikweni chaka chonse - kumakhala kosasintha mosiyanasiyana kwa 1-2 ° C. M'chilimwe, ayezi amatenga ma kilomita 4,000,000 am'nyanja. Alumali yakutali yonse ya Antarctica imatalikirana makilomita 60 m'litali ndi Makilomita 240 m'lifupi. Kuzama m'malo awa pafupifupi ma 500 mita. Pansi pali chisakanizo chamchenga, matope ndi miyala.

Nyengo ya gawo lalikulu la Antarctica ndi youma kwambiri, koma mbali yakumadzulo kwa kontinenti ndi zisumbu zazing'ono ndizoyenera kukhala ndi moyo, chifukwa chake ndipamene masamba a maluwa amaphukira. Maderawa amatha kulandira mpaka 900 mm wa mvula pachaka - nthawi zina kumagwa mvula. Chilumba chakumpoto ndi malo okhawo ku Antarctica komwe nthawi yotentha ingakwere pamwamba pa 0 ° C. Ndi chifukwa cha chinyezi komanso kutentha kotero kuti zisumbu zazing'onozi zimakhala kwawo ndi nyama zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Zoyipa za antarctica

Omwe akuimira kwambiri ma Antarctic fauna ndi ma extromophiles, omwe amafunikira kuzizira kwambiri komanso kutentha kwambiri. Kukula kwa nyengo yam'mphepete mwa Africa kumasiyana kwambiri ndi zofewa zomwe zimasiyanitsa chilumba cha Antarctic ndi zilumba zapansi - zimakhala ndi kutentha komanso kutentha kwambiri. Madzi a Nyanja Yakumwera, omwe amasambitsa Antarctica, amakhala okutidwa ndi madzi oundana. Malo otseguka ndi malo okhazikika okhalapo amoyo, onse awiriawiri pamadzi ndi pansi.

Nyama za ku Antarctic sizosiyana kwambiri makamaka ndi mayiko ena. Moyo wa pamtunda umakhala makamaka m'malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mbalame zimakhala m'malo otentha kwambiri kumpoto kwa Antarctic peninsula. Madzi a kunyanja ndi kwawo Mitundu 10 ya cetaceans. Mitundu ya terrestrial, ngakhale siyosiyanitsidwa ndi kusiyana kwawo, amatenga kuchuluka kwawo. Ambiri mwa oimira mitundu ya vertebrate amakhala munyanja.

Ku Antarctica, osachepera Mitundu 235 yazinyama zam'madziMakulidwe ake omwe amasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku anamgumi ndi mbalame kupita ku nkhono zazing'ono zam'madzi, nkhaka zam'nyanja ndi mphutsi zomwe zimakhala m'matope. Nyama za ku Antarctic zimasinthasintha kuti zichepetse kutentha, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokutira, zokutira kumphepo zam'mphepo komanso zigawo zazikulu zamafuta.

Cetaceans

Nyanja ya buluu

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South whale yosalala

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Sail

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Finwal

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Sperm whale

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Chinsomba cha Humpback

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Minke whale

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Killer whale

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Botolo wokhala ndi mutu

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Kuuluka

Antarctic tern

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Antarctic buluu wamaso akhungu

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Chovala choyera

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Pintado

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Chipale chofewa

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Kuyenda albatross

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South Polar Skuas

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Chimphona chakum'mwera

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Chingwe cha Wilson

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Chithandizo

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Opanda ndege

Emperor penguin

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King penguin

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Subantarctic Penguin

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Adelie Penguin

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Crested Penguin

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Papuan penguin

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Pomaliza

Zinyama zaku Antarctica ndizodziwikiratu ndipo zimayimiriridwa ndi anthu ambiri am'madzi. Nyama yodziwika bwino mdziko ili ndi chisindikizo. Pali zisindikizo za njovu ndi nyalugwe za mnyanja pagombe la nyanja. Chiwerengero cha arthropods a invertebrate padziko lino ndi mitundu 67 yokha ya nkhupakupa ndi mitundu inayi ya nsabwe.Nyama zonse zomwe zilipo mdziko lino zimasinthasintha modabwitsa nyengo yotere. Zinsinsi zambiri m'dera lozizira lino zimaphunziridwabe ndi asayansi.

Zina mwa nyama zamtchire za ku Antarctica

Chifukwa chakukhala movutikira kumtunda, osati oyimira nyama zakuthengo zambiri. Ambiri mwa iwo amasamuka, ndiye kuti nyengo yozizira ikayamba, amasamukira kudera lotentha. Dziko lamoyo limalumikizana ndi nyanja zamchere ndipo ndizocheperako pang'ono ndi gombe. Sizingatheke kukumana ndi anthu pano okha. Madziwo ali ndi plankton - gwero la chakudya cha acetaceans (bulu wa buluu, ndalama zomalizira, chinsomba cha umuna, chinsomba cha wakupha), zikhomo zam'madzi (zisindikizo, njovu zam'madzi), nsomba, mbalame.

Mbalame za antarctica

Mbalame yofunika kwambiri ku Antarctica, yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kontinentiyi, ndi penguin. Mitundu ingapo ya mbalame yosangalatsayi imakhala ku Antarctica. Woimira wamkulu kwambiri wa mbalame padziko lapansi ndi Emperor penguin. Kukula kwake kumatha kufika masentimita 122. Malo awo amakhala m'matanthwe ndi m'matanthwe, pomwe amakhala m'magulu akulu.

Emperor penguin wapezeka ku Antarctica, ndiko kuti, nyamazo zimangokhala kudera la South Pole ndipo sizipezeka kwina kulikonse.

Chith. 2. Emperor penguin.

Mfumu penguin imakhalanso ku Antarctica. Mtengawu ulinso mtundu waukulu kwambiri, koma wotsika kwambiri kuposa Emperor penguin. Kutalika kwake kwakukulu ndi 100 cm ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 18 kg. Kuphatikiza pa kukula kwa ma penguin awa, Emperor penguin amasiyanitsidwa ndi maonekedwe ake owoneka bwino komanso okongola. Chakudya chachikulu ndi nsomba ndi squid.

Subantarctic penguin ndi munthu wina wokhala m'malo achilengedwe a "Africa ozizira". Dzina lake lachiwiri ndi penguin papuan. Mbalamezi zimasiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi mitundu ina ya penguin ndi mulomo wake wofiirira. Kuphatikiza apo, ma penguin apapa amakhala ndi mchira wautali kwambiri kuyerekeza ndi ma penguin ena.

Chipilala cha chipale chofewa ndi mbalame yokongola modabwitsa yomwe imakhala ku kontinenti. Mbalameyi imakhala ndi maula oyera komanso mlomo wakuda ndi maso akuda. Chimadyera crustaceans, Antarctic krill, squid. Mukukonda kupanga zisa pamiyala yamiyala.

Mbulu yayikulu ndi mbalame yomwe mawonekedwe ake samawoneka ngati petulo wa chipale chofewa. Zambiri ndizimvi, zimadyanso nsomba, ndipo nthawi zina zimatha kusaka ma penguin.

Pakati pa mbalamezo, munthu amatha kusiyanitsa ndi mtundu wina wam'madzi wotchedwa Antarctic, womwe umakhala woyera kwambiri.

Nyama zina

Antarctic krill ndiofalikira ku South Ocean. Ndi kakang'ono kakang'ono kwambiri komwe ndi chakudya cham'madzi zambiri, nsomba ndi mbalame za ku Antarctica. Kutalika kwake ndi 6 cm, kulemera - 2 g, komanso chiyembekezo chamoyo - mpaka zaka 6.

Chith. 3. Antarctic krill.

Ku Antarctica, pali mtundu umodzi wokha wa tizilombo touluka. Ichi ndi Belgica Antarctica, womwe ndi kachilombo wakuda. Mtundu wakuda umathandizira kudziunjikira kutentha, ndipo motero umapulumuka pa kutentha kwapansi pa zero. Kutentha kwambiri komwe kachilombo kamatha kupirira ndi madigiri 15.

Ma Invertebrates

Ma Invertebrates amaimiridwa ndi arthropods (tizilombo ndi arachnids), ma rotifers, tardigrades (Acutuncus antarcticus) ndi nematode omwe amakhala munthaka. Antarctic zooplankton, makamaka krill, mwachindunji kapena m'njira zina, ndiye maziko a chakudya chamitundu yambiri ya nsomba, cetaceans, squid, zisindikizo, ma penguin ndi nyama zina. M'madziwe oyera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja - "zigwa zowuma" - pali malo okhala ndi ma aligotrophic okhala ndi zomera zobiriwira, zobiriwira, maepepod (ma cyclops) ndi daphnia.

Nyama za ku Antarctic za arthropods, poganizira zilumba za Antarctic (kumwera kwa 60 ° S), zilipo mitundu pafupifupi 130: nkhupakupa (mitundu 67), Collembola (19), ntchentche (37), nsabwe (4), utitiri (1), dipterans (2) . Mwa awa, 54 ndi mitundu ya parasitic.

Maxillofacial

Mtundu wa Collembole Cryptopygus antarcticus, imakhala pakati pa mosses ndi lichens, pomwe imadyedwa ndi detritus. Onani Gressittacantha terranova wopezeka pa Victoria Land. Mwambiri, ku Antarctic, poganizira za Antarctic Peninsula (pagombe lakumadzulo, Friesea grisea, Cryptopygys ​​antarcticus, Tullbergia Mediantarctica, Parisotoma octooculata, Archisotoma brucei) ndi zilumba zam'mphepete mwa Antarctic (Tullbergia antarctica, Tullbergia mixta) adapeza mitundu 17 ya coupmbolas ochokera 13 pamabanja anayi. Oposa theka la iwo ali m'deralo. Friesea grisea amapezeka pafupi ndi Russian Antarctic station Molodezhnaya.

Tizilombo

• Belgica antarctica - Mabelu akuda opanda zingwe ochokera ku banja la Chironomidae (wogwiritsa ntchito). Chilumba cha Antarctic cha ku Antarctica (kuchokera kunyanja mpaka 150 m, kumwera mpaka 64 ° S). Mitundu yam'mapiri ino ya Antarctic imadziwika kuti ndiyopambana kwambiri padziko lapansi, yosachokera padziko lapansi, nyama za ku Antarctica.

• Glaciopsyllus antarcticus - mtundu wa utoto kuchokera ku banja la a Ceratophyllidae parasitizing anapiye Fulmarus glacialoides (mtundu Wopusa), pa phale la chipale chofewa (Pagodroma nivea), Petrel ya Antarctic (Thalassoica antarctica), Cape Dove (Zovuta zosinthika) ndi agulugufe a Wilson (Nyanja yamchere) .

Munthu

Pakali pano palibe anthu okhala ku Antarctica. Komabe, pali malo angapo ofufuza momwe chiwerengero cha ofufuza chimasiyanasiyana kuchokera pa anthu 1000 m'nyengo yozizira mpaka 4000 m'chilimwe (pali nzika pafupifupi 150 za Russia paziteshoni 7).

Munthu woyamba kubadwa ku Antarctica akhoza kutchedwa [ tchulani ] A Norve Solveig Gunbjorg Jacobsen, yemwe adabadwa m'dera lanyanja Gryutviken pachilumba cha South Georgia pa Okutobala 8, 1913.

Munthu woyamba kubadwa ku Antarctica weniweni amadziwika kuti ndi Emilio Marcos Palma wa ku Argentina (Januware 7, 1978, polar "Esperanza").

Dinosaurs aku Antarctica

Kupeza dinosaur koyamba ku Antarctica kunapangidwa mu 1986: ankylosaurus Antarctopelta . Pakadali pano, pali mitundu yochepa chabe ya ma dinosaurs yomwe yapezeka, zomwe zimachitika makamaka chifukwa chakuti pafupifupi 98% ya nkhope ya Antarctica tsopano ili pansi pa ayezi. Zambiri mwa zinthu zakale zomwe zapezeka ndizidutswa, ndichifukwa chake ambiri mwa iwo sanalandirebe mayina asayansi. Pa Ross Island, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Antarctica, zotsalira za ankylosaurs ndi dinosaur kuchokera ku gulu la gypsylophodontids adapezeka. Pachilumba cha Vega, zotsala za dinosaur kuchokera ku gulu la hadrosaur zidapezeka. Mu 1991, ku Antarctica, pamalo otsetsereka a Mount Kilpatrick, mabwinja a prozavropod adapezeka, komanso theropod of a cryasantosaurus, omwe amafika mita isanu ndi iwiri ndipo anali ndi mutu wake 20 cm mulifupi.

Chimphona chakum'mwera

Mbulu yayikulu yakum'mwera ndi mbalame yomwe imadyedwa ndi banja la abulu. Kulemera kwawo ndi makilogalamu 5 ndipo kutalika kwa thupi lawo ndi masentimita 87. Mapikowo amasiyana kuchokera pa 180 mpaka 205 cm.

Chakudyacho chimakhala ndi mitembo yakufa ya zisindikizo ndi ma penguin, zonyamula, squid, krill, crustaceans, ndi zinyalala zochokera ku zombo kapena mabwato.

Nthawi zambiri, mbalamezi zimapezeka kuzilumba za Antarctic komanso subantarctic. Zimakhala m'malo otseguka ku zilumba za Falkland.

Mawonekedwe a Fauna

Zingwe za Antarctica ili ndi mbiri yakale yakale. M'mbuyomu, ngakhale ma dinosaurs ankakhala kumtunda. Koma masiku ano kulibe ngakhale tizilombo chifukwa cha chimphepo champhamvu.

Masiku ano, Antarctica sakhala m'dziko lililonse. Zachilengedwe sizigwira pano! Nyama pano sizimawopa anthu, zimawasangalatsa, chifukwa sanadziwe zoopsa kuchokera kwa munthu yemwe adangopeza dziko lodabwitsa ili zaka mazana angapo zapitazo.

Ambiri Nyama za ku Antarctica osamukira - si aliyense amene amatha kukhalabe m'malo ovuta chonchi. Palibe nyama zolusa zamiyendo inayi padziko lonse lapansi. Nyama za m'madzi, zikhomo, mbalame zazikulu - apa Nyama za ku Antarctica. Kanema chikuwonetsa momwe moyo wa anthu onse amakhala wolumikizana ndi gombe la nyanja yam'madzi komanso maboti amadzi am'madzi.

Zooplankton, yomwe ili ndi madzi ambiri kuzungulira nyanja, ndiye chakudya chachikulu cha anthu ambiri kuchokera ku ma penguin, nzika zakubadwa za Antarctica kupita kumapazi ndi zisamba.

Blue, kapena buluu, whale (kusanza)

Nyama yayikulu kwambiri yolemera matani 100-150, kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 35 metres. Kulemera konse kuli pafupifupi matani 16. Zimphona zimadyera nyama zazing'onoting'ono, zomwe mumapezeka madzi oundana ambiri. Swimp kokha patsiku, nsomba zimadya mpaka 4 miliyoni.

Pamtima wazakudya - nthawi zambiri plankton. Zida zosefera zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mbale za whalebone zimathandizira kuti chakudya chizipezeka. Zotsatira za anamgumi obiriwira alinso cephalopods ndi nsomba zazing'ono, krill, crustaceans zazikulu. Mimba ya chinsomba imatenga chakudya mpaka matani awiri.

Gawo lamunsi la mutu, kummero ndi m'mimba mwa khungu, lomwe limatambasula pakumeza chakudya ndi madzi, limathandizira mphamvu ya chinsomba cha hydrodynamic.

Kuwona, kununkhiza, masamba opepuka ndi ofooka. Koma kumva ndi kukhudza zimapangidwa makamaka. Mahava amasungidwa okha. Nthawi zina m'malo okhala ndi zakudya zambiri, magulu a zimphona zazikulu za 3-4 amawonekera, koma nyama zimamwazikana.

Kuyimbira kwambiri pamizere ya 200-500 m yokhala ndi kuloza m'madzi pang'ono. Kuthamanga kwamtunda kuli pafupifupi 35-45 km / h. Zikuwoneka kuti chimphona sichitha kukhala ndi adani. Koma kuukira kwa gulu la nkhonya zakupha kumapha munthu aliyense payekhapayekha.

Wumpback Whale (Humpback)

Kukula kwake ndi theka hafu ya chinsomba cha buluu, koma mawonekedwe okangalika amawopseza kwambiri omwe ali pafupi ndi nyama yowopsa. Gorbach imagwiranso chombo chaching'ono. Kulemera kwa munthu m'modzi ndi pafupifupi matani 35-45.

Adalandira dzina loti akhazikitsidwe mwamphamvu pakusambira. Ma Humpbacks amakhala m'matumba, m'magulu a anthu 4-5 amapangidwa. Mtundu wa nyama kuyambira wakuda ndi yoyera. Kumbuyo ndikumdima, m'mimba muli ndi mawanga oyera. Munthu aliyense ali ndi njira yakeyake.

Anangumiwo amakhala makamaka m'madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndipo amasiya munyanja nthawi yomwe akusamuka. Swimmer kuthamanga mpaka 30 km / h. Kuthamanga mpaka pakuya kwa mamita 300 ndikubwera pansi pomwe nyamayo imatulutsa madzi ikapumira mu kasupe mpaka mamilimita 3. Kudumpha pamadzi, malekezero, kusuntha kwadzidzidzi nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndikuchotsa tizirombo tomwe timakhala pakhungu lake.

Anangumi a Humpback amatha kuyamwa kuposa tonne imodzi patsiku

Seyval (ivas whale)

Chinsomba chachikulu cha minke whale mpaka 1720 m kutalika, kulemera mpaka matani 30. Kumbuyo ndikuda, mmbali muli malo ang'onoang'ono amtundu wowala, yoyera pamimba. Kotala la kutalika kwa nyamayo ndiye mutu. Chakudya chake chimakhala pollock, cephalopods, crustaceans wakuda.

Pambuyo pakuchepetsa kupanga kwa buluu wamtambo, kupulumutsako kwakanthawi inali mitundu yotchuka yamalonda. Tsopano kusaka opulumutsa ndi koletsedwa. Nyama zimakhala zokha, nthawi zina awiriawiri. Mwa mahava amatenga liwiro lalitali kwambiri mpaka 55 km / h, lomwe limawathandiza kuti atha kuthawa.

Finwal

Chinsomba chachiwiri chachikulu kwambiri, chomwe chimatchedwa chiwindi chachikulu. Mammals amakhala zaka 90-95. Chinsomba chimakhala chotalika 25 m ndipo chimalemera mpaka matani 70. Khungu limakhala laimvi, koma m'mimba ndilopepuka. Pathupi, monga anamgumi ena, pali mizere yambiri yomwe imapatsa khosi mwayi wotseguka pakulanda nyama.

Zapamwamba zimafulumira kuthamanga mpaka kufika pa 45 km / h, kutsika ndi 250 m, koma kupitilira mphindi 15. Akasupe awo amakwera mpaka 6 m pamene zimphona zikukwera.

Mahava amakhala m'magulu a anthu 6-10. Chakudya chochuluka chimachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa ziwetozo. Pazakudya, hering'i, sardine, capelin, pollock. Amayendetsa nsomba zazing'ono pamulu ndi kumeza ndi madzi. Mpaka matani 2 a nyama amamwetsedwa tsiku lililonse. Kulumikizana pakati pa zibowo kumachitika mothandizidwa ndi mawu ocheperako. Amamvana wina aliyense ali mtunda wa makilomita mazana angapo.

Pagulu lam'madzi oundana a Antarctica ndi adani oopsa okhala ndi zipsepse zakuthwa.

Killer whale

Nyama zazikuluzikulu zimavutika ndi nzika zosasinthika zomwe zimakhala ndi maudzu amphamvu odula: malenje, zisindikizo, zisindikizo za ubweya, ngakhale umuna wa umuna. Dzinali lidachokera pakufanizitsa kwa mtengo wapamwamba wokhala ndi lakuthwa komanso chida chodulira.

Ma dolphin acarnivor ochokera kwa achibale amasiyana zakuda ndi zoyera. Kumbuyo ndi mbali zake ndi zakuda, ndipo khosi limakhala loyera, pamimba Mzere, pamwamba pamaso poyera. Mutu utadulidwa kuchokera kumwamba, mano atasinthidwa kuti agwetse nyama. Kutalika, anthu amafikira 9-10 m.

Mphamvu yamagetsi opha imakhala yotakata. Nthawi zambiri amatha kuyang'aniridwa pafupi ndi oyang'anira zisindikizo ndi zisindikizo za ubweya. Nyama za Killer ndizosusuka kwambiri. Tsiku lililonse, kufunika kwa chakudya kumakhala mpaka makilogalamu 150. Mukusaka, ndizopangika kwambiri: zimabisala kumbuyo kwa mizere, kutembenuza madzi oundana ndi ma penguin kuti awaponyere m'madzi.

Nyama zikuluzikulu zimayang'aniridwa ndi gulu lonse. Mahava samaloledwa kupita kumtunda, ndipo umuna umalowa m'madzi mwakuya. M'magulu awo, nkhono zakupha zimakhala zochezeka modabwitsa komanso zimasamalira abale okalamba kapena okalamba.

Popita kusaka, anamgumi opha amagwiritsa ntchito mchira wawo kuti akwaniritse nsomba

Sperm whale

Nyama zikuluzikulu mpaka 20 m, pomwe mutuwo umapanga gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a thupi. Maonekedwe apaderadera sadzakulolani kuti musokoneze ubwamuna wa sperm ndi wina aliyense. Kulemera kuli pafupifupi matani 50. Pakati pa zinsomba zokhala ndi zowerengera, nangumi wina ndi wamkulu kwambiri kuposa onse.

Kuti nyama, yomwe imafunidwa ndi echolocation, imayenda mpaka 2 km. Amadya ma octopus, nsomba, squid. Zimakhala mpaka ola limodzi ndi theka pansi pamadzi. Amamva bwino kwambiri.

Ma sperm whales amakhala m'mazana akulu a mitu. Alibe mdani, nkhanu zakupha zokha zimawombera ana kapena akazi. Sperm whale ndiowopsa kwambiri pamalo otetezeka. Pali zitsanzo pamene nyama zoopsa zimamiza nsomba za m'madzi ndi kuwononga oyendetsa mabwato.

Botolo wokhala ndi thonje

Anaphuno zazikulu ndi mphumi komanso mulomo wamphongo. Amamizidwa ndikuzama m'madzi ndipo amatha kupitilira 1 ora. Amapanga phokoso lodziwika ngati cetaceans: kumalirira, kukuwa. Kupukutira mchira kudzera m'madzi kumatumiza zizindikilo kwa abale.

Amakhala m'magulu a anthu 5-6, omwe amuna ndi amuna otchuka. Kutalika kwa anthu kumafika mpaka 9 m, kulemera kwakukulu kwa matani 7-8. Chodyetsa chachikulu cha botolo - cephalopods, squid, nsomba.

Zisindikizo

Anthu okhala ku Antarctica amatha kuzolowera nyanja yozizira. Danga lamafuta, lozungulira, ngati chipolopolo, limateteza nyama. Palibe mauricles konse, koma zisindikizo sizomvera, zimveka bwino m'madzi.

Nyama motsatira kapangidwe kake ndi zizolowezi zili ngati mgwirizano wapakati pa nyama zapamadzi ndi zapamadzi. Chipsepocho chimadziwika pakati pa zipsepse, momwe zimatuluka. Ndipo zimabala ana awo kumtunda ndikuphunzira kusambira!

Nyama za ku Antarctica pa chithunzi Nthawi zambiri amagwidwa akamayenda padzuwa, kugona pagombe kapena kuwombera pamadzi oundana. Pansi, zisindikizo zimayenda zokwawa, kukoka thupi ndi zipsepse. Amadyetsa nsomba, ma octopus. Zisindikizo zimaphatikizapo nyama zingapo zapamadzi.

Njovu Yam'nyanja

Nyama yayikulu kwambiri, mpaka 5 m kutalika, kulemera matani 2.5. Pamizere pali khola lodabwitsa, lofanana ndi thunthu la njovu, yomwe idapatsa dzina la nyama. Amakhala ndi mafuta ambiri pansi pa khungu lake kuposa nyama. Mukamasuntha, thupi limagwedezeka ngati zakudya.

Zosiyanasiyana zabwino - gwerani mpaka 500 m kwa mphindi 20-30. Njovu zam'nyanja zimadziwika ndimasewera ovuta kwambiri omwe amavulaza. Amadyetsa squid, shrimp, nsomba.

Chisindikizo cha Ross

Kupeza nyama sikophweka. Amasamukira kumalo ovuta kufikako ndipo amakhala yekha, ngakhale samawopa anthu, amalola munthu kumuyandikira. Kukula kwakukulu pakati pa abale ndi kochepetsetsa kwambiri: kulemera mpaka 200 makilogalamu, kutalika kwa thupi kuli pafupifupi 2 m.

Pali khola lalikulu pakhosi, lomwe chisindikizo chimakoka mutu wake ndikukhala ulendo wopita ku mbiya yozungulira. Mtundu wa chovalacho ndi wofiirira komanso wonyezimira wa lead. Mimba ndi yopepuka. Chilombo chamafuta komanso champhamvu chimayimba mokweza. Amapanga mawu osangalatsa. Pazakudya, ma octopus, squid, cephalopods ena.

Emperor penguin

Woimira wolemekezeka kwambiri mu banja la ma penguin. Kutalika kwa mbalameyo ndi pafupifupi masentimita 120, kulemera kwa 40-45 kg. Zowonjezera zam'mbuyo nthawi zonse zimakhala zakuda, ndipo mawere ndi oyera, mtundu wotere m'madzi umathandiza chigoba. Pakhosi ndi masaya a Emperor penguin, nthenga za lalanje zachikasu. Ma penguins okongola otere samakhala nthawi yomweyo. Anapiyewo amayamba kuphimbidwa ndi imvi kapena yoyera.

Ma penguu amasaka m'magulu, kuwukira sukulu ya nsomba ndikugwira chilichonse chomwe chimabwera kutsogolo. Nyama yayikulu imadulidwa kumtunda, nyama yaying'ono imadyedwa m'madzi. Pofufuza chakudya, amadutsa mtunda wawukulu, mpaka 500 m.

Tsambalo la diveti liyenera kuyatsidwa, chifukwa ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti mbalame zizitha kuwona kuposa kumva. Maulendo othamanga ali pafupifupi 3-6 km / h. Pansi pa madzi imatha kukhala yopanda mpweya kwa mphindi 15.

Ma penguin amakhala m'midzi, yomwe imasonkhanitsa anthu 10,000. Amawotenthedwa m'magulu onenepa, mkati momwe kutentha kumatalikira mpaka 35 ° С ndi kutentha kwakunja mpaka kutsika 20 ° С.

Amayang'anira kusuntha kosalekeza kwa achibale kuchokera m'mphepete mwa gulu kupita pakati kuti palibe amene akuwongoka. Adani achilengedwe a ma penguin ndi anamgumi opha, nyambo zam'nyanja. Zoweta zazikulu kapena skuas nthawi zambiri zimaba mazira kuchokera ku mbalame.

Ma penguins ama Emperor amazungulira anapiye kuti apulumuke kuzizira ndi mphepo

King penguin

Maonekedwewo ndi ofanana ndi wachibale wachipembedzo, koma kukula kwake ndi kocheperako, mtundu wake ndi wowala. Pamutu m'mphepete, pachifuwa, mawanga amtundu wa lalanje. M'mimba mwayera. Kumbuyo, mapiko ndi akuda. Anapiyewo ndi a bulauni. Amakhala mumingulu yolimba, nthawi zambiri pamiyala yomwe imawombedwa ndi mphepo.

Adelie Penguins

Kukula kwakukulu kwa mbalame ndi 60-80 cm, kulemera pafupifupi 6 kg. Chakumbuyo chakumbuyo chakumbuyo, mimba yoyera. Kuzungulira maso ndi mzere woyera. Zigawo zambiri zimagwirizanitsa mbalame zopitirira theka miliyoni.

Khalidwe la ma penguins amadziwika ndi chidwi, kusuntha, kusinthasintha. Izi zimawonekera kwambiri pomanga zisa, pomwe miyala yamtengo wapatali imabedwa nthawi zonse ndi anansi. Chiwonetsero cha mbalame chadzaza ndi phokoso. Mosiyana ndi achibale amanyazi amtundu wina, Adele ndi mbalame yowoneka bwino. Pakatikati pa chakudya pali krill. Mpaka 2 kg ya chakudya chofunikira patsiku.

Ma Adélie penguins amabwerera chaka chilichonse kumalo amodzimodzi omwewo ndi malo omwewo

Golden Penguin (Penguin Smart)

Dzinali limakhazikitsidwa ndi nthenga zowoneka bwino za nthenga zachikasu kumutu pamwamba pamaso. Chikhulupiriro chimapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kuzindikira chovuta. Kukula kuli pafupifupi 70-80 masentimita. Makolonamu amatola anthu 60,000.

Chilankhulo cha kufuula komanso manja zimathandiza kulankhulana. Penguin dandy amakhala ku Antarctica, komwe madzi amapezeka.

Wopatsa wamkulu

Chilombo chouluka chomwe chimasaka osati ndi nsomba zokha, komanso ndi ma penguin. Samakana kuwola ngati apeza mitembo yosindikizira kapena zolengedwa zina. Zoweta kuzilumba zapafupi za Antarctica.

Mapiko akuluakulu a mbalame zotuwa, zokhala ngati 3 m, zimaponyera apaulendo amphamvu. Amapeza mwadzidzidzi malo awo okhalamo kwa makilomita masauzande! Amadziwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamphepo ndipo amatha kuwuluka kuzungulira padziko lapansi.

Oyendetsa sitima amatcha mbalamezi "zonunkha" chifukwa cha fungo losasangalatsa, mtundu wa chitetezo kuchokera kwa mdani. Ngakhale mwana wankhuku mu chisa amatha kutulutsa timadzi tomwe timakhala ndi fungo labwino ngati kumakhala kowopsa. Mphamvu, kupsa mtima, kuyenda kwa iwo kuchokera kubadwa.

Albatrosses

Mbalame zazikulu zokhala ndi mapiko a 4 m, kutalika kwa masentimita 130. Pakuuluka, zimakhala ngati ma swans oyera. Muzimva bwino mu zinthu zosiyanasiyana: mpweya ndi madzi. Dziko lapansi limayenda mosasunthika, ndipo mafunde amachoka pamtsetse kapena m'makola. Amadziwika kuti oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi amayenda ndi sitima zapamadzi - pali china choti adyetse kuchokera ku zinyalala.

Ma Albatrosses amatchedwa oyendayenda osasunthika chifukwa nthawi zonse amalima nyanja zamchere, kufunafuna nyama. Zimatha kulowa pansi mpaka kukafika mpaka pakuya kwa ma 5. Zimakhala pachisa pazilumba zamiyala. Amapanga maukwati amoyo, ndipo amakhala ndi lalitali, mpaka 50.

Great Skuas

Mbalame ya ku Antarctic, wachibale wa seagull. Mapikowo ndi otalika mpaka 40 cm. Amawuluka bwino, mwaluso kuthamanga kapena kuchedwetsa kuuluka. Imatha kukhala m'malo mwake, mapiko ake otuluka, kutembenuka mwachangu, mwachangu kugwirira.

Zimayenda pansi. Amadyanso mbalame zazing'ono, anapiye achilendo, nyama, samanyalanyaza zinyalala. Wakuba, kutenga nsomba kuchokera kwa mbalame zina, osati mwachangu kwambiri. Wamtali komanso wolimba pamtunda wotsika.

Mapiko a Skua amafika masentimita 140

Chingwe cha Wilson

Mbalame yaying'ono yakuda bii, yomwe imatchedwa kuti kumeza kwa nyanja zazikuluzikulu zofananira ndikuwuluka. Kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi 15 cm cm, mapiko mpaka masentimita 40. Kutembenuka kwawo, kumayendetsa mlengalenga kumakhala kofulumira, kowala, kowala.

Nthawi zina amawoneka kuti amakhala pansi pamadzi, akuvina ndi miyendo yayitali pamwamba. Zala zake ngati zolumikizidwa ndi nembanemba yachikasu. Chifukwa chake amatola nyama yaying'ono, yosenda pansi, kutalika kwa masentimita 15 mpaka 20. Amasonkhana m'miyala pathanthwe, chisa pamalo omwewo.

Aliyense akumvetsa Zinyama zomwe zimakhala ku Antarctica, - okhawo amphamvu okha omwe angakhale pamtandapo wokhala ndi permafrost komanso basch munyanja yayitali. Dziko lachilengedwe pano limachotsa ofooka.

Koma zozizwitsa zimawonetsa kuti nyama zambiri zamtundu wawo ndizabwino komanso amasamalira abale. Malo akunja amawagwirizanitsa. Ndi chisangalalo chawo chokha komanso masukulu ambiri ndipomwe amapulumutsa moyo ku Antarctica wankhanza komanso wodabwitsa.

Subantarctic Penguin

Pantin ya Subantarctic, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti papuan penguin. Imadziwika mosavuta ndi chingwe choyera chambiri chomwe chimayenda pamutu pake komanso mulomo wake wofiirira. Mtunduwu uli ndi miyendo yotuwa, ndipo mchira wautali kwambiri ndiwodziwika kwambiri pakati pa ma penguin onse.

Penguin papuan amafikira kutalika kwa 51 mpaka 90 cm, kuwapanga kukhala mtundu wachitatu waukulu kwambiri wa penguin, pambuyo pa mitundu iwiri yayikulu: Empering ndi king penguins. Amuna amakhala ndi kulemera kwakukulu pafupifupi makilogalamu 8.5, musanayambe kusungunuka, komanso kulemera kochepa pafupifupi makilogalamu 4.9, musanakhwime. Mwa akazi, kulemera kwake kumachokera ku 4.5 mpaka 8.2 kg. Mtunduwu ndiwothamanga kwambiri pansi pa madzi, ndikupanga kuthamanga mpaka 36 km / h. Amatha kuzolowera nyengo yovuta kwambiri.

Ma penguins a Subantarctic amadya makamaka ndi crustaceans, ndipo nsomba zimangokhala pafupifupi 15% ya zakudya.

Antarctic krill

Antarctic krill ndi nthumwi ya dongosolo la Ephausian, lomwe limapezeka kumadzi a Antarctic ku South Ocean. Iyi ndi khungubwe yaying'ono yomwe imakhala m'magulu akulu, nthawi zina imafikira anthu 10,000-30000 pa mita ya cubic. Krill amadya phytoplankton. Amakula kutalika kwa 6 cm, kulemera mpaka 2 g, ndipo amatha kukhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Krill ndi amodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri m'chilengedwe cha Antarctica ndipo, mwatchutchutchu, mwina ndizinyama zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri padziko lapansi (pafupifupi matani 500 miliyoni, omwe amafanana ndi anthu 300-400 thililiyoni).

Belgica antarctica

Belgica antarctica ndi dzina Lachilatini la mitundu yokhayo yosawuluka ya tizilombo kupita ku Antarctica. Kutalika kwake ndi 2-6 mm.

Tizilomboti tili ndi mtundu wakuda, chifukwa umatha kutenthetsa kutentha kuti upulumuke. Itha kusinthanso kusintha kwa mchere ndi pH, ndikukhala opanda mpweya kwa masabata 2-4. Kutentha kotsika - 15 ° C, Belgica antarctica imamwalira.