Honey Index ndi mbalame yaying'ono yomwe imapezeka ku Africa ndi South Asia. Monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, chifukwa cha mbalameyi mutha kupeza ming'oma ya njuchi zakuthengo. Mbalame zimadyanso sera ndi njuchi, koma sizitha zokha. Chifukwa chake, amatcha mbendera ya uchi kapena munthu. Pomwe "mnzakeyo" akumenyana ndi njuchi, wolemba uchi amadya sera. Izi sizinthu zonse zosangalatsa pankhani ya madokotala.
Mitundu yambiri ya ku Africa idadziwa za mawonekedwe amawuwo ndipo anaisaka mwadala kuti apeze uchi. Pambuyo posaka bwino, gawo la zisa za uchi linasiyidwa kwa mbalame. Ngakhale tsopano, mutatha kubereka nokha njuchi, mafuko ambiri amachita izi. Tilankhula za komwe mlozo wa uchi umakhala, ndi mfundo zina zosangalatsa ziti za mbalame zomwe zidya.
Zambiri 7 pankhani yotsogolera uchi
- Mtundu umodzi wokha ndi womwe waphunzira kuyitanitsa nyama yayikulu. Mitundu 16 yotsala imakonda kukhala pafupi ndi mng'oma ndikudikirira kuti wina awononge.
- M'mimba mwa mbalameyo simatha kugaya serayo yomwe. Koma uchi wokhala m'mimba umakhala mabakiteriya omwe amathandiza kupukusa chakudya.
- Akuluakulu amakhala ndi khungu lakuda kwambiri lomwe silingalowe ndi njuchi imodzi. Koma amakonda kupewa kutenga chiopsezo ndipo samapita kukamenya nkhondo ndi njuchi zokhazokha.
- Ngakhale mbalamezi zakhala zikudziwika kwa anthu kuyambira kale, siziphunziridwa bwino. Mitundu yambiri inapezeka ndikufotokozedwa kokha mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 20 ndipo sizinayambe kuphunzira.
- M'mawu oikira uchi, nthenga zimapindika ngati momwe zimayambira. Nthawi yakukhwima, imawuluka mwanjira yoti nthenga zimamveka mawu amphongo omwe amakopa wamkazi.
- Awa ndi tiziromboti. Monga nkhaka, amaponyera mazira mu zisa za mbalame zina. Mwana wankhuku samatulutsa "oyandikana" nawo pachisa, koma amawapha ndi dzino la dzira.
- Chitsogozo chachikulu cha uchi chokha, chomwe chimakopa anthu ndi zikhomo za uchi, ndi mwayi wopeza uchi nthawi zonse. Mitundu yotsalayi, pomwe palibe njira yowononga mng'oma, imagwiranso tizilombo tina.
Pamwamba 3: mfundo zosangalatsa kwambiri za mlozo wa uchi
- Mtundu wa Chizindikiro unayamba kulembedwa m'zaka za zana la 16. Mmishonale wina yemwe sakudziwika adalemba kuti mbalame yosadziwika idadya makandulo onse kuti ipembedzedwe.
- Ma media atolankhani amakopa chidwi cha "mnzake" ndi mawu apadera. Kenako, panjira yopita mng'oma mothandizidwa ndi mawu apadera, munthu wamanjenjeyo akuwonetsa njira yoyenera.
- Ichi ndi mbalame yobisika komanso yochenjera kwambiri. Amatha kuwoneka pokhapokha ngati iye akufuna.
Index ya Adani: Adani Achilengedwe, Kuchuluka kwa Anthu
Mwachilengedwe, zisa za uchi zilibe mdani. Zoyang'anira sizimakonda mbalame yaing'ono. Amathandizira odyetsa uchi kupeza chakudya, ndipo sikuti amangogwira anzawo omwe ali ndi tsitsi lokha, komanso angateteze kwa iye. Chifukwa chake, mbalame zamtunduwu sizivutika ndi adani.
Anthu nawonso sagwira zikwangwani zamankhwala. Ku Africa, mbalamezi nthawi zonse zimalemekezedwa ngati njira yokhayo yolawa maswiti ku "kontinenti yakuda." Komanso samadwala chifukwa chodana ndi danga komanso mankhwala. Maupangiri a uchi ndi amodzi mwa mbalame zochepa zomwe sizikuvutika ndi kutengera kwa anthu.
Zambiri
Mbalame yoyang'ana uchi - Mbalame ya ku Africa yoyeza 8-10 cm komanso yolemera 50 g. Mayina ena - Honey Therapist, Honey Medication Index, Black-Neached Honey Medication Index, Large Medical Index, Morok, Indicator, Honey Medication Index ndi Bee Cuckoo. Kufalikira Mokwanira ku Africa. Khalani moyo wongokhala. Poyang'ana koyamba zimawoneka ngati mpheta, koma ndizowongola komanso zowoneka bwino. Zolimbitsa thupi ndi zokunenepa, mapiko ndiotalika, mchirawo ndi waufupi. Mbali yakumapeto kwa mbalameyi imakhala yotuwa, ndipo mbali yakunja kwake imakhala yoyera. Khosi ndi lakuda, malo oyera otuwa kuzungulira khutu, malo achikasu paphewa lililonse. Mapiko okhala ndi mitsinje yambiri yoyera. Mchirawo ndi wa bulawuni, koma maulalo atatu owonjezera a nthenga amakhala mchizungu, ndipo nsonga zokha ndi zofiirira. Maso a uchi wa Hazel okhala ndi mphete ya utoto wazungulira. Mlomo wake ndi wachikaso yoyera, yolimba koma osati yayikulu. Miyendo yayifupi ndi yofiirira.
Chizindikiro chachipatala chinalandira dzina lake pazifukwa. Amakonda kudya sera (zigawo zonse za mabakiteriya ndi tizinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala m'mimba mwake, kupindika sera kuti ikhale yovomerezeka m'thupi la mbalameyo) ndi mphutsi za njuchi, koma sangathe kuwononga yekha mng'oma payokha kapena atakhala mumtengo wopanda kapena dothi. dzenje. Chifukwa chake, atapeza yummy, amafufuza dzenje la batala loyipa la ku Africa, nyama iyi imatchedwa Ratel, ndikupanga mawu apadera pafupi nayo. Mbidzi imakonda kusuntha mbalameyo ndikuwononga nyumba ya njuchi, idadya uchi (wokonda kwambiri zodabwitsa ndi zozizwitsa), ndikusiya uchiwo kupita kwa womwera. Chifukwa chake amagwira ntchito awiriawiri - cholembera uchi komanso wasayansi wa uchi. Ma Baboon, ma genetics, ndi mongooses amathandizanso owongolera azachipatala pankhaniyi.
Ikuwonetsa njira yolumikizana ndi uchi, mbalameyo imawuluka patsogolo pa chikwati chimapanga phokoso lapadera, nthawi ndi nthawi kukhala pansi pamitengo, kufinya mchira wake ndikuwonetsa nthenga zoyera zakunja, ndikupatsa chilombocho mwayi wopirira. Ndipo mbidzi yothamangitsa mbalameyo ikuyankha kulira kokhala ndi ulemu, kumveka kaphokoso kapena kumangoyenda pang'ono. Pamene mukuyandikira chisa cha njuchi, mawu akalozera wa uchi akuthandizika, mpaka pamapeto pake amira mwachindunji mu chuma chomwe adachipeza. Atafika mng'oma, wonyamula uchi amatumiza njuchi zake kuti zisafukire njuchi asanaukire chisa chawo, momwemonso mlimi amagwiritsa ntchito utsi nthawi zonse kuti azisuta njuchi asanakolole uchiwo.
Mbalame za Savvy nthawi zina zimatembenukira kwa anyani kuti atithandize. Koma chosangalatsa ndichakuti anthu samadana ndi chidziwitso cha mbalame. Fuko la Boran lomwe limakhala ku North Kenya kwakhala likugwira ntchito ndi chizindikirochi. Amasamalira mbalameyo ndi ulemu (chifukwa imachepetsa nthawi yomwe imafunafuna uchi kawiri kapena katatu) ndipo nthawi zonse imasiyako uchi. Nthawi zina, wowongolera uchi amatsogolera anthu kuming'oma ya njuchi zapakhomo, zomwe zimatsimikizira khungu lakhungu lazomwe limachita moyenera. Chowoneka modabwitsa cha chizindikiro cha uchi - kuthekera kudya phula - ndikuchisiyanitsa ndi nyama zonse zapakhomo, ndizachilendo, kupatula mbalameyi, kwa tizilombo ochepa kwambiri.
Anthu akumaderawa amakhala ndi zakudya zosachepera, motero uchi wopanda pake ndi wofunikira kwambiri. Mwa anthu ambiri azikhalidwe, ndichikhalidwe kupatsa mazira a nthiwiti odzaza ndi uchi, osati zakumwa zoledzeretsa, kwa alendo apadera. Mlendo wokongola amatha kumwa malita 1-1,5 ndi chisangalalo mu imodzi yomwe idagwa. Wodziwika bwino ku Europe pamankhwala oterewa amatha kupendekeka ndi kufa katatu, ndipo weniweni wa ku Africa - chisangalalo ndi chisangalalo, chifukwa zipatso zambiri zakomweko zimakhala ndi wowawasa komanso tart, ndipo mumangofuna lokoma. Mwa anthu aku Africa, zizindikiro zamankhwala ndizodziwika bwino komanso ulemu.
Kwa nthawi yayitali ankakhulupirira kuti ndolo ya uchi yokha imangodya mphutsi za njuchi. Koma kenako zidapezeka kuti izi sizinali choncho. Akatswiri azachilengedwe adazindikira kuti mbalameyi imamverera sera, ndipo adadabwa: zinkadziwika kuti sera sizikumbidwa ndi msuzi wa nyama! Anayamba kuyang'anitsitsa kwambiri, komanso kuchita nawo zofufuza, kenako anapeza microflora yonse m'matumbo a uchi wofotokozera - mabakiteriya apadera omwe amatha kuwononga sera.
Nkhani yoyipidwa yodya makandulo a paguwa ndi mbalame yosawoneka bwino idafotokozedwanso zaka za zana la 16 ndi wansembe wachipwitikizi. Adabwera ku Africa kuno ndicholinga chaumishonale, ndipo nthawi yautumiki, makandulo akamayaka ndikufalitsa fungo losangalatsa kuzungulira malowo, mbalame idawulukira ndikuigwada. Mbalameyi idakopeka ndi kununkhira kwa sera, ndiko kununkhira, chifukwa kafukufuku omwe achita kale masiku ano akuwonetsa kuti loboti waubongo yemwe amachititsa kuti munthu azitha kumva fungo amapezeka bwino kwambiri mbalameyi kuposa abale ake ena ambiri.
Chitsogozo chachikulu cha uchi chimatsogolera moyo wachinsinsi. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake ndi kukula kwake, pafupifupi sizingafanane. Amakhala tsiku lonse osasunthika, kubisala masamba akuda mu korona wamtengo. Nthawi zina zimangoyambira kuti zithe kugwira ntchentche zowuluka kapena kugwirizanitsa kwakanthawi gulu laling'ono la mbalame. Akazi a chizindikiro chachikulu cha uchi amadziwika kuti ndi amphongo chifukwa chamtundu wakuda ndi mitundu yambiri yowala. Koma wokonda uchi akangopeza chisa cha njuchi, chikangosangalala kwambiri, amagwedeza mchira wake ndikufuula mosalekeza kuti akope anthu kapena chimbudzi cha uchi kuti aziwatumiza kuchisa.
Katswiri wa uchi ali ndi talente yapadera yopeza uchi ndi njuchi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, zomwe ndizambiri ku Africa. Ena mwa iwo amakhala ming'oma, ena amasungidwa m'maenje a mitengo, ena amakhala m'maenje ndi pansi otchinga, omwe amakhala osadetsedwa ndipo amabisidwa mwaluso kwambiri kotero kuti ndiosavuta kupeza ngakhale atakhala pafupi ndi msewu wakwathu. Uchi womwe amakatenga kumeneko ndi wabwino kwambiri ngati uchi wa njuchi zapakhomo, umakhala wakuda pang'ono kuposa woyamba. Mbalame yowoneka ngati uchi ikasaka chisa cha njuchi, imakhala pamsewu, ndikugwetsa mapiko ake, ikamaimba ngati itaona wina, kuyesera kuti amvetsetse ndikumuuza wotsalayo kuti amutsatire ndikudikirira kuti amuwonetse njuchi.
Ngati azindikira kuti akutsatiridwa, amawuluka kuchokera pamtengo kupita pamtengo mpaka atafika pomwe amapezeka uchi. Mwaafrika amasankha uchi, koma sadzalephera kusiya gawo lake labwino kupita kwa mbalameyo, koma zochuluka momwe angakwaniritsire kukhutiritsa chilakolako chake, chifukwa chifukwa cha izi, kuyembekezera mphotho yayikulu kwambiri, mbalameyo imakupititsani kumng'oma wina, ngati mungatero Pakhomo lotsatira. Mmawa ndi madzulo ndi nthawi yomwe ikuyenera kuchita ntchito zake, osachepera nthawiyo amakhala wachangu kwambiri, kukopa chidwi cha a Bushmen ndi Hottentots ndi iye akulira.
Panthawi yobereketsa kuyambira Seputembala mpaka Januware, anyani aamuna amayenda pandege yokongola kwambiri: kuwuluka, kukwera m'mwamba, kutsika pang'ono ndi pang'ono pang'ono, mbalame zimachita phokoso lokhala ndi mapiko kapena mchira, china monga "zhur-zhur, zhur-zhur" ". Ndipo atakhala pamtengo wautali pafupi ndi wachikazi, mwamunayo "akuwonekera" kwa iye, akufuula "Wik-Turr, Wik-Terr, Vit-Turr" pafupifupi 10 pamphindi. Amuna amakopa akazi ndi nyimbo zawo, koma mwachangu kwambiri amagawana nawo ndipo mabanja sakupanga.
Mphamvu inanso yosiyanitsa mbalameyi yomwe ikuyang'ana uchi ndi parasita. Mlozera wa uchi umayikira mazira pachisa zopanda kanthu, makamaka kwa abale awo apamtima - ndevu ndi mitengo yamatabwa. Anapiye obadwa kumene ali ndi mbedza yakuthwa kumapeto kwa milomo yawo. Akangochotsa dzira, chisa cholumikizachi amangochiphwanya mazira otsalawo. Ngati anapiye ena atakhazikika kumaso kwake, ndiye kuti amawakwapula osafunikira okhala m'chisa chija ndi mulomo wake wakuthwa, nkumawavulaza ndi kuwapha. Ndipo pakupita masiku ochepa, amakhala mchisa chokha, ndipo mbeza yomwe idakwaniritsa cholinga chake chifukwa cha kukula kwa magawo osiyanasiyana a mulomo imazimiririka. Mbalame zokhala ndi uchi zimayikira dzira limodzi muchisa, apo ayi opezawo ataswedwa amayamba kuphana. Chifukwa chake, makolo oterewa amadyetsa ana okhawo omwe amawalozera uchi. Kutalika kwa zaka zambiri zamankhwala m'tchire ndi zaka pafupifupi 6-7.
Kodi mbalame ndi chilombo zimagwira bwanji ntchito limodzi?
Zizindikiro za uchi Amanunkhiza sera, amawatsata mogwirizana ndi fungo ndi kupenya kwa njuchi zikuwuluka "wokhala". Koma akatswiri azachipatala nawokha samazunza zisa za njuchi. Satha kuchita izi ndikuganiza mwamaganizidwe, aphunzira "Kuwotcha moto ndi manja olakwika".
M'malo momwe wasayansi wapa uchi ndi poyatsira uchi, njuchi zakuthengo zimapanga "nyumba" pansi. Mbidzi ikangopeza chisa cha njuchi, pomwepo imawulukira kudzenje. Pofutira iye, akufuula: "Churr-churr!", Mofuula kwambiri, akuitaniraibi kuti atsatire njuchi. Amvetsetsa zavutoli, atuluka m'dzenjemo ndipo amathamangira mwachangu ndi mbalame. Ndipo waluso wa uchi amayamba kuchoka pachitsamba kupita ku chitsamba ndikudikirira yoyipa, pomwe iye akuthamanga. Nthawi yomweyo, mbalameyo imalira mosalekeza.
Chifukwa chake kuchokera pachitsamba kupita ku chitsamba, wowongolera uchi amapita ndikubwerera. Komanso, nkhumba imatha kukwera mitengo kuti ichotse zisa za njuchi zakuthengo.
Mbidzi ya uchi imawononga chisa cha njuchi ndikuyambiranso uchi wake ndi mphutsi. Wax sizimusangalatsa.
Ndipo dotolo wokondedwa amapeza sera yomwe amakonda. Aliyense ali ndi zofuna zake.
Wowongolera atolankhani komanso bambo.
Otsogolera atolankhani amachita bwino osati osati ndi ma badger, komanso ndi anthu.
Mwa anthu aku Africa, njira yopezera uchi wamtchire yasungidwa mpaka pano. Ndi anthu oonera, adziwa kalekale zaubwenzi wa baji ndi mbalame, ndipo adalowa mgwirizano ndi katswiri wazachipatala. Mwambiri, mbuto idasinthidwa. Ndipo asayansi a uchiwo amagwirizana nawo modzipereka: amatengera zisa za osati zadothi zokha, komanso njuchi za mitengo.
Mbalame ikasankha kukhala wochititsa, imawulukira munthu ndikuyamba kusweka. Kuyembekezera kuti munthu abwere pafupi. Zolemba zake zomwe zimasokonekera ndizofanana ndi mawu omwe bokosi losakwanira limapanga ngati mugwedeza.
Maupangiri a uchi nthawi zambiri amakhala pa nthambi yoyenda osati kungokuwiza, komanso imakopa chidwi cha msaki ndi mawonekedwe ake. Kuti achite izi, wasayansi wa uchi amatambasula mapiko ake kuti mikwaso yachikasu pamapewa ake iwoneke bwino, komanso zimakupiza zimafalitsa mchira wake.
Munthu akabweranso, mbalameyo imawulukira mita 10-15 kupita pamtengo wina. Ming'alu mosalekeza, kudikirira “Wogwira Naye”, ndipo ikafika, imawulukanso, motero imabwereza kangapo kufikira itayandikira kufupi ndi njuchi. Pomwe munthuyo akulimbana ndi njuchi, wolemba uchi amakhala pampando, akudikirira moleza mtima kwa mphindi zingapo mpaka ola limodzi ndi theka mpaka munthuyo atapeza uchiwo. Osaka uchi nthawi zambiri, mwa njira ya mphotho, amasiya gawo la zisa la uchi kwa woyesa uchi. Anthu amachoka, ndipo mbalameyo imawulukira chakudya chomwe idasiyidwa ndikuyamba kudya phwando la mphutsi za njuchi ndi sera wa uchi.
choncho, tsopano tikudziwa kuti pali mbalame yotere - mndandanda wazachipatala. Mbalame zosaitanidwa mukudya mphutsi ndi sera wa njuchi zakuthengo. Imawuluka m'nkhalango ndi m'zipululu, ikufunafuna pansi panthaka ndi malo okhalamo njuchi, koma sikudziwa kuwawononga, kufikira chisa. Ndipo mutapeza mng'oma, wowongolera uchi amawulukira kufunafuna bwenzi, ndipo atha kukhala woyipiritsa, munthu, kapena chimbalangondo - onse omwe safuna kudya uchi, koma amavutika kupeza mng'oma. Woperekera uchiwo amabweretsa "mnzake" mumng'oma, umawononga njuchi, kutulutsa uchi, ndipo mbalame imadya mphutsi ndi sera.
- Polumikizana ndi
- Ophunzira nawo
Wokolola njuchi wazaka 30 zambirimbiri. Wogwiritsa ntchito makina. Kutenga nawo gawo pa chitukuko cha anamwali. Pali dongosolo la Red Banner of Labor. Nthawi zonse mumathamangira kuchita zabwino.
Penguin ndi mbalame yomwe ikuuluka!
Chimodzi mwamaulendo athu opita ku Argentina chinali: kuwona ma penguins pafupi. Pali njira ziwiri zachikhalidwe izi: malo osungiramo zinthu zakale a Valdes ndiulendo wochokera ku Ushuaia. Komabe, muFebruary, Valdes sakhala nyengo yathunthu - mulibe ma whale, ndipo mwanjira yake sizinali zofunikira kwambiri kwa ife. Ku Ushuaia, kunalinso zovuta zina: mtengo ndi pulogalamu. Musachoke bwato konse (ndichisoni), kapena pitani ndi kampani yokhayo yomwe imalola kuyika (150US $ pamunthu aliyense, osayandikira ma penguins).
Zotsatira zake, ndidaganiza kuti kwa ma penguin tidzapita mumzinda wa Puerto San Julian. Osati malo oyendera alendo, kuti mukhale owonamtima. Maulendo opanga bungwe amakonzedwa ndi kampani imodzi. Nayi sitima yathu:
Pazonse, panali anthu 9 omwe akukwera, zikuwoneka kuti wina adalembanso ndege yachiwiri.
Mukamayenda pachilumbachi ndi ma penguins, munthu amatha kuyang'ana kunyanja.
. ma dolphin, ndi ma penguin amayamba. Sizinatheke kujambula, chifukwa ma dolphin anali othamanga kwambiri, ndipo ma penguin adadumphira nthawi yayitali bwatilo lisanayandikane.
Koma kuchokera m'bwatomo mungathe kuwona zowoneka bwino za mzindawo (onse). Ndege (ndege zakhazikika pano pa nthawi ya nkhondo ya Malvinas).
. Zithunzi zankhondo ya Magellan:
Mutha kukwera mkatimo, osungirako zinthu zakale, zokongola, koma zopanda chithunzi. Chiwerengero cha alendo akunja komweko chikhoza kuweruzidwa chifukwa chowasamalira adamufunsa kuti ajambule nafe. :) Koma ndidapatuka pamutuwu. Chifukwa chake, tidafika pachilumbachi:
Mumangomva ngati munthu m'mabuku a Jules Verne: pachilumba chopanda kanthu, chamtchire, mbalame masauzande ambiri omwe saopa anthu.
Zowona, chifukwa cha ichi muyenera kuyang'ana kumzinda - uli pafupi kwambiri:
Ma penguin amayenda kupita pachilumbachi. Mu February, kukula kwachinyamata kumatha kuonedwa mosiyanasiyana.
Kuphatikiza pa ma penguins, mitundu ina ya mbalame imakhala pano:
Tidali ndi nthawi yaulere pachilumbachi: woyang'anira adangotifunsa kuti tisapite kutali.
Kodi mungayandikire kuti ma penguin? Inde, ngakhale zili choncho:
Ambiri amakhala odekha, koma ena, akaona munthu akuyandikira, amayamba kugwedeza mitu yawo monyinyirika.
Luso kubisala munthambi za mitengo.
Bhonasi yowonjezeredwa inali kuchezera m'magulu awiri ochulukirapo.
M'mphepete mwa bulauni pansi pa matako si miyala. Ichi ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe ngakhale nkhondo zidamenyedwapo - guano. Zowona, zosanjikiza zake ndizochepa pano, ndipo fungo silinamveke konse. Apa sitinapite kumtunda, koma mbalame zinali pafupi mokwanira.
Mu koloni yachiwiri, anthu anali ocheperako. Mtundu wina wosiyana wa cormorant.
Kuphatikiza kwinanso kwakukulu kwa ulendowu kunali mtengo: tinalipira pafupifupi madola 110 kwa asanu. Ndipo masanawa tinapita kukayenda m'mbali mwa msewu kudzera mumsewu wabwino kwambiri, koma zochulukirapo pazotsatira.
Pischa
Pisukha ndi mbalame yaying'ono yochokera ku Passeriformes, woimira
fuko Pisukh. Pamwamba pa thupi, maula ndi osiyanasiyana, mchirawo umakhala wofiyira, ndipo m'mimba mwake ndimatsitsi. Nthenga zazitali komanso zolimba zimamuthandiza kukhala wowongoka pamtengo wa mitengo. Mlomo ndi woonda motalika, komanso wopindika. Chakudyacho chimaphatikizidwa m'gulu la mbalame zomwe zimakonda kwambiri m'nkhalango zathu, koma sikuyenda kulikonse komwe kumagwira.
Pika ndi mbalame yochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Chifukwa cha mtundu wa maula, ndizowona
kuphatikizika ndi khungwa la mitengo yamitondo. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, mbalameyi imayenera kudya kuyambira m'mawa mpaka madzulo, motero imangoyendayenda ndikufunafuna chakudya.
Kuyenda kwa thunthu la pika kumandikumbutsa wophunzirayo. Koma ndi imodzi
Kusiyanitsa kofunikira - kumangoyambira pansi mpaka pansi. Kufika
mtengo wina wa chakudya, cholengedwa chokhala ndi mbewa chimagwira
a dziko lapansi, nayamba ulendo wake wopita kumwamba. Ndipo kotero osayima. Koma sakonda kuuluka.
Nthawi yoyamba kuwona pika inali pa Disembala 28, 2018. Inde, inde, momwemo ndimakumbukira msonkhano uno pofika lero, chifukwa chithunzi chake choyamba chidaphatikizidwa ndi chithunzi changa cha "chithunzi-zebest" cha mbalame. Zikuwoneka kuti ndimamukondanso, chifukwa kuyambira nthawi imeneyo pika idakumana ndi maso anga pafupipafupi. Ndizoseketsa, koma nthawi zambiri mbalameyi imatha kudziwa bwinobwino momwe imawonera. Chifukwa, chifukwa cha luso laulemu, mumazindikira kwambiri chifukwa cha mayendedwe ake, kunja kwa ngodya ya diso.
Apanso, theka la zithunzi sizinawonongeke pakayikidwa
Zaryanka
Mbalame yokongola iyi ili ndi mayina angapo. Dziko limamudziwa iye ngati mbandakucha, phwiti, mbandakucha, m'bandakucha. Koma pazifukwa zina ndimakonda zaryanka zokha.
Zaryanka ndi mbalame yaying'ono, yotalika masentimita 14. Kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu ndi magalamu 15 okha, mapiko ndi 17 17 cm.
Nthenga zimakhala zofewa komanso zofewa, sizitsatira thupi, ndichifukwa chake zaryanka imawoneka yozungulira komanso yofewa, ngati phwayi. Mbalameyi imakhala ndi miyendo yayitali yolimba, yomwe imadumphira pansi mosavuta. Mbalinsoyo imachita imvi, pamphumi, pakhosi, pachifuwa ndipo gawo lake limakhala lalanje, ndipo m'mimba mwayera.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba yomwe ndinakumana ndi zaryanka nthawi yozizira ya 2017. Chifukwa chake, kuti ndisamasungidwe, ndinayenera kuyenda kwambiri m'nkhalango. Chifukwa cha zomwe ndidakumana nazo kale mpira wowoneka bwino, wonyozeka atakhala panthambi. Mwa njira, zaryanki amakhala oleza mtima ndi akunja, ndipo nthawi zina amatha kujambulidwa bwino. Zimapezeka mu nkhalango yonse kuyambira Epulo mpaka Okutobala.
Zaryanka ali ndi mawu osangalatsa ndikuyimba kuyambira kucha kucha (dzina lake) mpaka kucha. Komanso, amuna ndi akazi onse amayimba, zomwe sizachilendo kwa akazi a nyimbo. Pamodzi ndi bolthroat komanso bere-badger, iye ndi m'modzi mwa anthu atatu omwe amatsata nyimbo zake - amagwirizana ndi foni kuchokera pafoni. Nyengo, kubala pansi pa chophimba ichi, ndimatha kuyandikira zaryanik pamalo opanda kanthu, pamtunda wamtunda wa 2 metres. Komanso, iwo ankandimvera “mosamala” mosamala, osasokoneza, ndipo ankangoyankha pang'ono. Mukuti bwanji, ulemu, osati ngati usiku womwe anthu amapezerera anzawo.
Chaka chino ndinakumana koyamba ndi zaryanka tsiku lomwelo dzulo, ndichifukwa chake ndidasankha kulemba.
Pa zithunzi 4 zomaliza, pali achinyamata.
Uchi kapena uchi "woledzera"
Poizoni, kapena "woledzera", uchi umadziwika kuyambira nthawi zakale. Mtsogoleri wakale wachi Greek ndi wolemba Xenophon wa ku Atene mu mbiri yakale ya Anabasis (kubwezeretsedwa kwa Greek 10,000 ochokera ku Asia Minor) amakhala mwatsatanetsatane pamwambowo pomwe asirikali omwe adadya uchi ku Colchis adadwala: "Kwakukulu, palibe chilichonse apa chomwe chingadabwitse, koma panali ming'oma yambiri, ndipo asitikali onse omwe adadya zisa za uchi anasiya kudziwa, kusanza, ndi kutsekula m'mimba, kotero kuti palibe amene angayime.
Yemwe adadya pang'ono, amawoneka ngati woledzera, yemwe adadya kwambiri, akuwoneka wopenga, ena adamwalira. Panali odwala ambiri, ngati kuti atagonjetsedwa, kotero izi zidabweretsa zokhumudwitsa zambiri. Koma tsiku lotsatira palibe amene wamwalira, ndipo pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo (momwe odwalawo amadya uchi) adayamba kupezanso mphamvu, adadzuka mpaka wachitatu ndi wachinayi ngati kuti wapezeka ndi mankhwala. "
Uchi wa Rhododendron umakhala ndi kukoma kosasangalatsa .. Alimi omwe ali m'malo ena a Batumi, pafupi ndi malo omwe poizoni wofotokozedwa ndi Xenophon adachitika, amakakamizidwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito sera yokha, popeza kudya uchi kumayambitsa chizungulire, kuledzera, ndi kusanza.
M'madera akutali apakati komanso kumpoto kwa Japan, kugwiritsa ntchito uchi kumayambitsa matenda mwa anthu ogwirizana ndi zochita za timadzi tambiri touluka tomwe timatulutsa chomera cha heatsutsai kuchokera ku banja la heather. Zatsimikiziridwa kuti uchi wochokera m'maluwa a azalea, aconite, andromeda uli ndi poizoni.
A. M. Gorky mu nkhani ya “Kubadwa kwa Mwamuna” analemba kuti: “. mumabowo okokedwa ndi zipatso zakale mungapeze uchi "woledzera," womwe m'mbuyomu udaponda msirikali Pompey Great ndi kuledzera kwake, atagulitsa gulu lankhondo la Aroma, njuchi zimapanga kuchokera ku maluwa a laurel ndi azalea. "
Ku Far East, njuchi zimapanga uchi wa poizoni mwa kutola timadzi tokongola tosungunuka kwa hepatic heather (Chamaedaphus calyculata Moench.). Chitsamba ichi chimakhala malo okwana mahekitala masauzande, ndikupanga nkhokwe zazikulu: chimaphukira kwa masiku 20-30 ndikuwapatsa njuchi mpaka 3 makilogalamu a uchi patsiku la banja limodzi la njuchi. Uchi wokhala ndi msuzi wamtambo wachikasu, wowawa pang'ono, umakulira msanga. Kugwiritsa ntchito uchi kumeneku kumayambitsa poyizoni mwa munthu, kuwonetseredwa pakupanga thukuta lozizira, kuzizira, nseru, kusanza, kupweteka mutu. Kupenyetsetsa kwawonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito uchi 100-120 g pa uchiwu kumapangitsa munthu kuti asadziwe, kutsekemera. Uchi wochokera ku chithaphwi sichimavulaza njuchi. Kudyetsa uchiwu njuchi nthawi yotentha komanso nthawi yozizira kunalibe vuto lililonse.
I.S. Molochny mu 1951 ananena kuti uchi “woledzera” ku Khabarovsk Territory, njuchi zimatola maluwa a Ledum (Ledum palustive L.), shrub yaying'ono yomwe imamera m'malo otetemera komanso osakhwima. Maluwa oyera omwe atengekedwa munkhokwe, ndi fungo labwino, amakopa njuchi. Kuchokera ku timadzi tating'ono tomwe amapanga uchi wapoizoni. Maziwa adapanga njira yoletsa uchi "woledzera" potentha maola atatu kutentha kwa 80-90 °. Nthawi yomweyo, uchi umasunthidwa, osalola kuti uwiritse. Kutentha kwa uchi kwa nthawi yayitali kumawononga zinthu zapoizoni, ndipo zimakoma. Komabe, kusalowerera ndale chifukwa chotentha kwa nthawi yayitali kumayambitsa kutayika kwa uchi wabwino kwambiri. Pamenepa, K. Sh. Shashashidze (1951) adapanga njira yoletsa uchi "woledzera" potentha kutentha kwa 46 ° ndi kuthamanga kwa 67 mm. Njira iyi imakuthandizani kuti musunge malo ake onse.
Pali zitsanzo zambiri zambiri zomwe zingatsimikizire motsimikiza kuti njuchi zimasinthira zinthu zakupha kuchokera ku uchi kuchokera ku timadzi tambiri ta poizoni. Njuchi izi pachaka zimadya uchi wambiri womwewo popanda kuwadzivulaza. Kuwona kwazaka mazana ambiri kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuyesa kwa nyama. Zakhazikitsidwa kuti uchi wa poizoni sukusiyana ndi zomwe umapanga kuchokera ku uchi wamba, koma uli ndi chinthu chomwe chimayambitsa poizoni. Zizindikiro zomwe zimawoneka poyizoni ndi uchi wapoizoni, zimagwirizana ndi zomwe zidafotokozedwa zaka zoposa 2000 zapitazo ndi Xenophon. Uchi wapoizoni umatchulidwanso kuti "woledzera" chifukwa munthu amene wadyayo akuwoneka kuti ali ndi chizungulire, mseru, komanso kukokana. Munthu wotere amafanana ndi woledzera.
Ngakhale kuchokera pamndandanda wosakwanirawu zikuwonekeratu kuti pali mitundu ingapo ya uchi wopangidwa ndi njuchi kuchokera ku ziphuphu zachilengedwe zamitundu mitundu yamaluwa osiyanasiyana. Komabe, ofufuzawo adatha kupeza mitundu yoposa 85 ya uchi wokhala ndi vitamini, womwe sungathe njuchi kuchokera kwachilengedwe. Njira iyi yopezera uchi wa njuchi molingana ndi mankhwala omwe munthu amupatsa amadziwika kuti Express. Mitundu yatsopano ya uchi omwe amapezeka ku Far East, Central Asia, Urals, ndi Dera la Moscow atsimikizira lonjezo la njira yofotokozera.
Chobwereza cha uchi ndi cholemba uchi
Werengani zambiri za Honey Badger: ,,
Mbidzi zamtchire zimakhala m'mapululu okhala ndi dothi lokwera, kumapiri, kumapiri, kumapiri amtsinje. Chingwe cha uchi ndi nyama yayikulu m'malo mwake, maonekedwe ake amafanana ndi nyama kapena galu. Kutalika kwa chikumbu cha uchi ndi 65-80 masentimita, mchira ndi 18-25 masentimita. Makulidwe apakati a akulu ndi kuyambira 23 mpaka 28 cm. Kuchuluka kwa amuna nthawi zambiri kumakhala 9-12, koma kumatha kufika 16 kg. Akazi ndi ochepa kwambiri - mpaka 6- kg. Thupi la chiphaso cha uchi limakhala lalitali, lamatumbo, miyendo ndilifupi, lamtunda, lalitali, motero imayenda ngati ikuwombera miyendo yake yayifupi, kugwada kumbuyo kwake ndikukweza mchira.
Miyendo yakutsogolo ya njuchi imatembenuzidwa kuti ikumbe, zala zawo zimakhala ndi zokutira kolowera kumbali yakutali (4-5 cm). Pakati pa zala pali ma membala ang'onoang'ono. Zitsulo zili ndi mapilo. Mutu ndi wokulirapo, wotupa, makutu amachepetsedwa: kutalika kwa auricles kumafikira 10 mm kutalika. M'nyengo yozizira, chovalacho chimakhala chachitali, koma chosasangalatsa. Khungu la chilombo ndi lolemera kwambiri, ndipo pansi pake pamasungidwa mafuta ochulukirapo. Akazi amakhala ndi zimphuno ziwiri. Palibe chithunzi chodziwikiratu chokhudza kugonana.
Mbidzi ya uchi ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timadziwika kuti ndi nyama yopanda mantha ngakhale itakhala yaying'ono bwanji. Adalembedwanso m'Guinness Book of Record mu 2002 ngati "Nyama Yosawopsa Kwambiri Padziko Lonse Lapansi." Pali ziwopsezo zodyera uchi ngakhale pa mikango yaying'ono, zomwe zidatsirizika komaliza. Kulimba mtima kwa mbewa ya uchi kumathandizidwa ndi nsagwada zamphamvu, zibwano zamphamvu zamtsogolo, komanso khungu lolimba komanso lopanda, lomwe limakhala ndi makulidwe pafupifupi 6 mm pakhosi. Khungu pakhungu limakhala lotayirira bwino, zomwe zimaloleza kuti uchiwo uzitha kupotokola thupi lake lowonjezera kuti ugwire mdani amene wamuukira.
Mbidzi imakhala ndi fungo labwino kwambiri, ndipo ikazindikira kuti nyamayo yabisidwa pansi, inaima ndikuyamba kukumba pansi ndi mapanga a kutsogolo kwake. Kusaka gopher, kukuta ma hedgehogs ndi akamba, nyama imakumba ngalande yotalika masentimita 20 mpaka 33, kutalika kwa 100-200 masentimita, ndi kuya kwa masentimita 100-120. Wonyamula uchiwo amakumba timing'alu tam'madzi mwakuya kwa masentimita 30-70, pofalitsa dothi mbali zonse ndikusiya dzenje lozungulira. Amamadya akamba munjira yamakhalidwe - popanda kuwononga chipolopolo. Njoka, monga momwe awonera, chikwatu cha uchi chikutha kuchokera kumutu.
Koma mbidzi imadya uchi, ngakhale izi zimachitika pafupipafupi - akamapunthwa pazisa za njuchi kapena njuchi posaka chakudya. Kulowera chisa, chilombocho chimadya mphutsi za tizilombo izi limodzi ndi uchi. Mu buku la A.E. Buku la Bram la "Animal Life" limafotokoza za kusaka kwa uchiwo: "Dzuwa lisanalowe, amakhala paphiri, amateteza maso ake ndi dzuwa lakutsogolo, ndikuyang'anira njuchi. Pozindikira kuti ena a iwo akuwoloka mbali imodzi, njuchi, kutsimphina, imawatsata, kenako ndikuyang'ananso njuchi ndipo kenako zimafika pang'onopang'ono ku chisa cha njuchi, pambuyo pake kulimbana sikumakhala kwa moyo koma kufa. Zachidziwikire kuti njuchi zikuluma mdani, koma khungu lomwe limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda komanso mafuta osenda kwambiri amateteza bwino akuba kuti asalumphe. "
Ku Africa, mbidzi nthawi zambiri "imagwira ntchito" ndi mbalame yokondweretsa, chizindikiro cha uchi (Chizindikiro cha) kuchokera kuodula nkhuni. Kupeza chisa cha mbozi zapagulu, wolemba uchiwo amalira kuti akope chidwi cha chilombo (kapena munthu). Ikuwonetsa njira yolumikizana ndi uchi, mbalameyo imawuluka patsogolo pa chikwati chimapanga phokoso lapadera, nthawi ndi nthawi kukhala pansi pamitengo, kufinya mchira wake ndikuwonetsa nthenga zoyera zakunja, ndikupatsa chilombocho mwayi wopirira. Malinga ndi mboni, mwana wankhukuyu amathamangitsa mbalameyo poyankha ndi kupemphapempha, kumveka kulira kapena "kung'ung'udza pang'ono. ' Malinga ndi a Bram, "tikamayandikira chisa cha njuchi, mawu olumikizana ndi uchi akuthandizika kwambiri, ndipo pamapeto pake amatsikira pazomwe adapeza."
Pofikira mng'oma, wonyamula uchi umagwiritsa ntchito zisa zake zotchuka kuti ufewetse njuchi asanaukire chisa chawo, momwemonso mlimi amagwiritsa ntchito utsi nthawi zonse kutchinga njuchi asanakolole uchiwo.
Maziko ogwiritsira ntchito njuchi ndi kalozera wa uchi ndizosiyana ndi izi: ngati njuchi idya uchi, njuchi ndi mphutsi zake, ndiye kuti uchiwo uthandizire kulakalaka kwambiri ndi sera, yomwe ndi yosakwanira nyama zambiri. M'mimba mwa mbalamezi, sera imasandulika mawonekedwe osagonjetseka komanso kugaya chakudya chifukwa cha mabakiteriya apadera.
ZOKHUDZA SYMBIOSIS NDI SYMBIONTS - MU NATURE
Mu biology, Symbiosis (kuchokera ku Chi Greek "Symbiosis" - "moyo palimodzi") nthawi zambiri imatchedwa kulumikizana kwa nyama ziwiri kapena zingapo zomwe onse awiri amapindula nazo, * onse amapeza kenakake *. Ndipereka zitsanzo zochepa kuti mutha kulingalira za izi. Ku Africa, kuli nyama yomwe imatchedwa "mkate wapa uchi." Amawoneka ngati choyipa, koma zizolowezi zake zimakhala bearish - pafupifupi zopatsa chidwi, koma koposa zonse amakonda uchi. Chovala chake nchachikulu, kotero kuti mwina sangachite mantha ndi njuchi. Zowona, amakwanitsa kudya uchi nthawi zambiri - pitani mukapeze chisa cha njuchi, chifukwa simungathe kuthamanga kwambiri ndi miyendo yayifupi. Ndipo ku Africa kumakhala mbalame yofanana ndi mpheta yotchedwa "chiwongolero cha uchi". Amadyetsa tizilombo (kuphatikizapo mphutsi), komanso uchi ndipo, osamveka zokwanira, sera. Mwachilengedwe, njuchi sizichita chidwi ndi chakudya chotere ndipo pamene ikuyesera kulowa mchisa, mbalameyi imayatsidwa. Chifukwa chake, cholembera uchi wanzeru, atapeza chisa cha njuchi, samakwera kumeneko kuti akafe, koma amayenda kukafufuza chikhomo cha uchi - ndipo amamutsogolera kuchisa. Chingwe cha uchi chimatulutsa uchi ndi kudya uchi, ndipo woukirayo amadya zotsalira za uchi, njuchi zakufa, komanso uchi. Zotsatira zake, aliyense ali wokwanira ndi wokhutira (kupatula njuchi, kumene), popeza aliyense anapeza zomwe amafuna.