Palibe chofalitsa chilichonse padziko lapansi chomwe chalemba pamitu yayikulu pamutuwu:

Pali zolengedwa munyanja zomwe zimatha kuwona Shakespeare.

Kuuma kwa shark: asayansi awona kuti shaki za ku Greenland zikukhala zaka 400-500.

Asayansi apeza khonde lalitali kwambiri.

Shaki wakale kwambiri wazaka 400 amakhala m'madzi ozizira a Greenland.

Asodzi agwira nsomba zazitali zazitali zomwe zimabadwa nthawi ya Ivan the Terrible.

Asayansi atchula zaka za nyama yakale kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Shaki, wogwidwa ndi asayansi, adakali moyo pansi pa Columbus.

Moyo wa asodzi a ku Greenland wansomba ukhoza kupitirira zaka 500.

Akatswiri azomera anakwanitsa kupeza nyama yakale kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Shaki yaku polowera ku Greenland, yomwe imatha msinkhu wazaka pafupifupi 150, ikadakhala ndi mbiri yatsopano yokhala ndi moyo wautali ngati akatswiri asayansi atha kupanga njira yodziwira zaka zawo.

The heroine of nkhani zosangalatsa izi - chithunzi cha shaki ku Greenland - adabadwa, malinga ndi asayansi aku Danish, mu nthawi ya ulamuliro wa James I. Iye anali akadali wamng'ono kwambiri, pomwe Rene Descartes adalemba papepala malamulo ake mu sayansi ndi masamu, moto wawukulu wa London udakakwiyira onse. kukakamiza, George II adakwera pampando ndipo American Revolution idayamba.

Ndipo mwina ngakhale m'badwo wa Christopher Columbus, yemwe adamwalira mu 1506.

Shaki uyu adapulumuka nkhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse. Oimira mitundu yake amakhala ndi zaka pafupifupi 400, pomwe zazikazi ndizovuta kwambiri kukhala ndi moyo.

Kupeza kumeneku kumapangitsa funso loti liziwerengera zaka za moyo wa shaki ku Greenland ndizoyenera kwambiri. Kupatula apo, adapeza njovu yakale kwambiri - Lin Wang, yemwe anamwalira ali ndi zaka 86.

Zaka zake ndizochulukirapo kuposa mbiri yovomerezeka ya bambo wokhazikitsidwa ndi Mzimayi wazaka 122 wa ku France (Jeanne Louise Kalman).

Adzatha moyo wake ngati kamwana wakale kwambiri, "atero a Julius Nielsen, yemwe ndi mtsogoleri wa kafukufukuyu ku University of Copenhagen, akuwonetsa kuti zigoba za nkono zimadziwika kuti zakhala zaka zoposa 211.

Koma shaki ya Greenland sidzatenga zovala zake zonse. Ming adakhala moyo wautali kwambiri, chikumbu cha ku Iceland, chomwe chidafika zaka 507 asayansi asanakhalepo.

Gray, odyetsedwa bwino komanso wokulirapo kutalika (kupitirira 6 metres ndi kulemera pafupifupi 1), shaki ku Greenland ndi amodzi mwa zilombo zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Akuti kukula kwake kumakhala kochepera sentimita imodzi pachaka. Zinkadziwika kale kuti asodzi awa ndi zolengedwa zazitali, koma akhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?

Akatswiri azomera zam'madzi ayesa kudziwa zaka za asodzi aku Greenland kwa zaka zambiri, koma sizinaphule kanthu, atero a Stephen Campana, katswiri wa shaki ku Yunivesite ya Iceland. - Popeza kuti shaki iyi ndi nyama yolusa (mfumu yonyamula chakudya) m'madzi a ku Arctic, ndizosadabwitsa kuti sitimadziwa ngati shaki imakhala zaka 20 kapena zaka 1000.

Shaki ya Greenland idayamba kuwoneka pansi pamadzi kuchokera ku sitima ya kafukufuku ku Sanna ku North Greenland.

Julius Nielsen akuti uwu ndi umboni woyamba wamphamvu wosonyeza kuti zolengedwa izi zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali bwanji:

Tidaganiza kuti tinali kuthana ndi nyama yachilendo, koma zomwe achinsomba anali achikulire zinali zodabwitsa kwa ife!

Izi, mwachidziwikire, zimatiuza kuti cholengedwachi ndi chosiyana ndi china chilichonse ndipo chikuyenera kuwonedwa ngati nyama yakale kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Kanemayo ndiye wamtali kwambiri padziko lapansi:

Zofalitsa mu magazini yotchuka ya Science Science (Ogasiti 2016) ya Nielsen ndi gulu lake lapadziko lonse la ofufuza (akatswiri ochokera ku UK, Denmark ndi USA) amafotokoza momwe adadziwira zaka 28 za azimayi aku Greenland polar panthawi ya kafukufuku wasayansi pakati pa 2010 ndi 2013 .

Zapezeka kuti msinkhu wa nsomba zambiri zitha kutsimikizika pakuwerengeka kwa kukula kwa calcium calcium - "miyala" mkati mwa khutu lamkati. Njira imeneyi ndi yofanana ndi kuwerengetsa mphete zamtengo pamtengo.

Chovuta kwambiri pa phunziroli chinali chakuti ogwidwa alibe miyala ngati imeneyi. Koma asodzi a ku Greenland samakhala ndi timinofu tambiri ta calcium tomwe timayenereranso kusanthula kwamtunduwu.

Kuphatikiza apo, gulu lofufuzira lidadalira njira zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wamagalasi amaso.

Ma mandala a diso amakhala ndi mapuloteni omwe amadziunjikira kwakanthawi, komanso mapuloteni omwe amapezeka pakatikati pa maso, omwe amapangidwa m'mimba pamimba ya mwana wosabadwayo ndipo samasinthika m'moyo wonse wa nsomba.

Kudziwa tsiku lomwe zimachitika mapuloteniwa ndikulola akatswiri kuti akhazikitse zaka za mbezi.

Kuti adziwe kuti mapuloteniwa amapangidwa liti, asayansi adatembenukira ku chibwenzi cha radiocarbon - njira yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kuti izindikire milingo yamtundu wa kaboni, wodziwika ngati kaboni 14, womwe umayamba kuwonongeka pazama.

Kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi pogwira ntchito ndi mapuloteni pakati pa mandala amodzi, asayansi apanga zaka zingapo kwa shaki iliyonse.

Kenako asayansi adagwiritsa ntchito "mbali" yamayeso a bomba la atomiki yomwe idachitika mu 1950s: mabomba ataphulika, adakulitsa kuchuluka kwa kaboni-14 mlengalenga.

Mpweya wa kaboni-14 unalowa kolowera zakudya zapamadzi ku North Atlantic posachedwa kuposa zaka za 1960s.

Izi zidatipatsa nthawi yofunikira, akutero Nielsen. "Ndikufuna ndidziwe komwe ndingawonereko shaki yanga, ndipo zikutanthauza kuti: ali ndi zaka 50 kapena 10?"

Nielsen ndi gulu lake adapeza kuti ma protein a mandala awiri ochepa kwambiri, 28 Greenland shaki, ali ndi mpweya wambiri-14, kutanthauza kuti adabadwa zaka za 1960 zisanachitike.

Shaki yachitatu, komabe, inawonetsa mtundu wa kaboni-14 pang'ono kuposa uja wa shaki zazikulu 25. Izi zitha kuwonetsa kuti idabadwa kumayambiriro kwa 1960s, pomwe ma atomic ochokera ku bomba lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi kaboni-14 adayamba kuphatikizidwa m'matangadza onse am'madzi am'madzi.

Atayenda maulendo ataliatali, asodzi a ku Greenland abwerera kumadzi akuya ndi ozizira a Wummannak fjord kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Greenland (asodzi anali gawo la ogulitsa ndi kumasula kwa zilombo zazikulu ku Norway ndi Greenland).

Izi zikusonyeza kuti ambiri mwa asodzi athu omwe adawunikiridwa anali ndi zaka zopitilira 50, "adatero Nielsen.

Kenako asayansi aphatikiza zotsatira za radiocarbon ndi kuyerekezera momwe shaki za Greenland zimamera ndikupanga mtundu womwe unawalola kuwona zaka 25 zakubadwa zisanachitike 1960s.

Zotsatira zawo zinawonetsa kuti shaki yayikulu kwambiri pagululi anali wamkazi wozama kupitilira mamilimita asanu. Amakhala pafupifupi zaka 392, ngakhale monga Nielsen amanenera, zaka zazotheka kukhala zaka 272 mpaka 512.

Shaki ku Greenland tsopano ndi malo abwino kwambiri kusankha nyama zokhala ndi nyama zazitali kwambiri padziko lapansi, "adatero wofufuzayo."

Kanema - Shark Green polar:

Komanso, zazimayi zazikazi zazikulu kuyambira pazoyeserazo zimatha kutha msinkhu pokhapokha atakula mpaka mamita anayi. Kubadwa kwawo koyamba kumachitika pokhapokha ngati ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 150.

Nielsen amakhulupirira kuti "kafukufuku wamtsogolo akuyenera kudziwa zaka bwino kwambiri."

Ndipo tikuyembekezeranso kafukufuku wina:

Palinso zina mwazomwe asayansi a ku Greenland amakonda kuchita zomwe ndizosangalatsa kudziwa ndikubisa, ”adamaliza.

Kumbukirani kuti asayansi m'mbuyomu adanenanso kuti chaka chilichonse shaki ku Greenland imakula ndi 0,5-1 centimeter.

Ndipo chifukwa chokhala ndi moyo wautali, mwina, ndi kagayidwe kochepa kwambiri: mtundu uwu wa shaki ndi madzi ozizira - owononga amakhala m'madzi, kutentha kwake komwe kumachokera ku -1 mpaka +5 digiri Celsius.

Izi zikufotokozanso kuchepa kwa shaki, komwe idapatsidwa dzina lachi Latin kuti Somniosus microcephalus, kutanthauza "mutu wogona wokhala ndi ubongo wawung'ono."

Asodzi akhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri

Zinyama zomwe zadyedwa ndi mtundu wa asodzi aku Greenland polar. Amakhala ndi malo apamwamba kwambiri modyera zakudya ndipo amadyera nsomba, nsomba zazing'ono ndi zisindikizo. Nthawi yomweyo, ndi asodzi omwe amachedwa kwambiri, chifukwa kuthamanga kwawo kosambira kumangokhala ma kilomita 2.7 pa ola limodzi. Malinga ndi asayansi, mtundu wa asodzi sathamangitsa nyama, koma amangoyang'anira.

Greenland polar shark

Amadziwikanso kuti asodzi sangafune kudya zovunda - asayansi adaphunzira izi potsegula matupi a anthu ena. Iwo adadabwitsidwa kwambiri kupeza zotsalira za zimbalangondo zokhala ndi polar ndi reindeers m'mimba mwa asodzi. Okonza mwina amapeza chakudya chamtunduwu chifukwa cha kununkhira kwake kwakanthawi - nyama yowola imapatsa fungo lakuthwa kuposa magazi.

Kodi mungadziwe bwanji kuti shaki ndi zaka zingati?

Ngati mukukhulupirira zotsatira za kafukufuku wasayansi, shaki za ku Greenland zimakhala ndi moyo wautali, osachepera zaka 200. Titha kuganiza kuti ndiwopambana pazaka zokhala ndi moyo pakati pa vertebrates. Mutha kudziwa zaka zomwe shaki ya Greenland imatalika thupi lake - monga lamulo, mchaka chimodzi, oimira mtunduwu amakula ndi sentimita.

Ku Greenland shaki

Shaki wazaka 392 wopezeka ku Arctic

Kutalika kwa shaki ya ku Greenland ndi 5.4 mita. Kutengera kuti shaki zamtunduwu zimakula ndi centimeter chaka chilichonse, asayansi adaganiza kuti munthu uyu adabadwa mu 1505. Munthawi izi, a Henry VIII anali mfumu ya England, ndipo Ivan the Terrible adalamulira ku Russia. Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti asayansi amalakwitsa, chifukwa njira zina zodziwitsira zaka za shaki zinaonetsa zotsatira zosiyana.

Ingoyang'ana shaki iyi - mwachidziwikire wawona zambiri m'moyo.

Makamaka, tikulankhula za kusanthula kwa radiocarbon, pomwe akatswiri ofukula zakale amatha kudziwa zaka za zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi, ndi paleontologists - nthawi ya nyama yomwe inatha. Zotsatira za chibwenzi cha radiocarbon zidawonetsa kuti shaki idabadwa zaka 272 zapitazo. Nthawi yomweyo, kutalika kwa shaki kumawonetsa zaka 512 zakubadwa. Kunena zowona, zambiri zimakhulupirira pazotsatira za kusanthula kwa radiocarbon, ndipo mukukhulupirira njira iti, lembani macheza athu a Telegraph.

Nthawi yomweyo, kuwunika kwa mandala a diso la shaki kumapereka zotsatira zaka 392. Mulimonsemo, ngakhale atakhala ndi zochuluka bwanji, ndizambiri!

Kodi chinsinsi chokhala ndi moyo wautali ndi uti?

Ngakhale kuti shaki yagwidwa zaka zingati, idakali chiwindi chambiri. Pakadali pano, asayansi akuyesera kuti adziwe zomwe zimachitika kuti thupi la asodzi limawalola kukhala nthawi yayitali. M'mbuyomu, asodzi aku Greenland adaganiziridwa kuti amakhala zaka mazana ambiri chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa thupi. Izi ndizovuta kukhulupirira koyamba, koma zazikazi zimatha kutha msinkhu zili ndi zaka 150 zokha.

Nsomba ndi zolengedwa zodabwitsa. Mitundu ina, ngati pakufunika kutero, imatha kusintha mtundu wawo. Mwachitsanzo, thalasomas yokhala ndi mutu wamtambo imachita izi - ngati palibe abambo pagulu lawo, mmodzi mwa akazi amasintha mtundu mkati mwa sabata ndikuyamba kukhala ngati wamwamuna.

15.11.2018

Shaki ya ku Greenland polar shark (Latin Somnioscus microcephalus) ndi a banja la asodzi aku Somniosis (Somniosidae). Amawonetsedwa ngati chiwindi chokhazikika pakati pa vertebrates ndipo hypothetically imatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka 500, zomwe ndizotalikirapo kwa nthawi 2-3 kuposa moyo wa katswiri wina, whale whale wowerama (Balaena fanticetus).

Nyama yaiwisi ya nsombayi siyenera kudyedwa. Zambiri za urea, ammonia ndi trimethylamine oxide zimapangitsa kuti zisamangokhala zosasangalatsa kwambiri, komanso zowopsa thanzi.

Kulawa kumayambitsa poizoni wowopsa, kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha ndi kupweteka, nthawi zambiri kumatha kutha.

Ma Vikings akale anali odziwika ndi kutulutsa mkati mwa chakudya. Anaphunzira kusintha nyama yokhazikika, yomwe ngakhale agalu anjala anasandukanso, kukhala chakudya chamalo. Chitsulochi chilipo mpaka pano ndipo ndi chotchuka ku Iceland.

Zidutswa zasiliva za nsomba zimayikidwa m'miphika ya miyala kuti miyala yonse izituluka. Kenako amachotsedwa, kutsukidwa ndikuwuma panja mpaka kutumphuka kwamphamvu. Njira yonseyi idatambasulidwa kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, pambuyo pake mutatha kupita kuphwandoko.

Anthu a ku Iceland amawatcha kuti Haukarl. Ndi yolimba, ili ndi fungo lakuthwa, lonunkhira komanso zowawa.

Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti muzidya pamimba yopanda kanthu, pomwepo imatsukidwa ndi mowa wamphamvu. Kwa alendo osazolowera zakudya zakomweko, nthawi zina kutsitsimutsidwa kwamtunduwu kumapangitsa kuti pakhale chisangalalo.

Kufalitsa

Mitunduyi imapezeka ku North Atlantic, ku Arctic Ocean ndi White Sea. Mtunduwu umakhala ndi malo akulu pafupifupi 80th kufanana kwa kumpoto kwa mtunda. Nthawi zambiri, nsomba za polar zimawonedwa pagombe la Greenland, Iceland ndi Canada.

Nthawi zina amasamukira kum'mwera komwe amakhala, kukafika ku Bay of Biscay.

Mu 2013, ichthyologists ku Yunivesite ya Florida adapeza chithunzi chimodzi ku Gulf of Mexico pakuya kwa 1749 m.

M'mbuyomu mu 1998, sitima yapamadzi yosasunthika ikuwunika zotheka kukweza sitima yoyamira ndi matani 9 agolide pa sitima ya America SS Central America, pagombe la South Carolina, shark wa Greenland wamamita asanu ndi umodzi wokwera pafupifupi 2200 m.

Ku Russia, adawonedwa kangapo ku Barents ndi Kara Seas.

Khalidwe

M'nyengo yotentha, nyamayi imazama kuzama kwa 180-550 m, ndipo nyengo yozizira ikayamba kulowa kunyanja. M'dzinja ndi masika, nthawi zambiri limawoneka pafupi ndi gombe, limalowa m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi malupanga. Amasambira kwambiri pang'onopang'ono ndi liwiro la 1.2 km / h. Pakachitika ngozi mwadzidzidzi imafulumira ku 2.6 km / h.

Mbawala zamtchire ku Greenland zimakonda kusamukira kuutali. Monga lamulo, iwo amayendayenda m'magulu ang'onoang'ono m'madzi ozizira, momwe kutentha sikukwera pamwamba pa 12 ° C, ndipo nthawi yozizira imatsikira mpaka -2 ° C.

Mthupi lawo, ma glycoprotein amapangidwa omwe amagwira ntchito yoletsa kuzizira.

Chifukwa cha zinthuzi, zimatha kupewa mapangidwe am'madzi oundana mu minofu ya minofu ndi ziwalo zamkati. Alibe impso kapena kwamkodzo, motero zinthu zosafunikira zimatulutsidwa kudzera pakhungu.

Chifukwa cha kagayidwe kake kochepera, nyama yotsogola idapeza chiwindi chachikulu, chomwe chimatha kupanga 20% ya kulemera kwake kwa thupi. Mpaka 70s ya zaka zapitazi, kuwedza kwake kunachitika chifukwa cha chiwindi, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira mafuta aluso.

Mchira waku Atlantic (Clupea harengus), nsomba (Salmonidae), capelin (Mallotus villosus), Norchi perches (Sebread norvegicus), pinagors (Cyclopterus lumpus), cod (Gadidae), halibut (Hippoglossusfusmegus), haddock ndi mbola (Batoidea). Kwa ochepa omwe amadya amphipods (Amphipoda), jellyfish (Medosozoa), Snakefish (Ophiuroidea), mollusks (Mollusca) ndi nkhanu (Brachyura).

Ngakhale kuti imachedwa pang'ono, mbalameyi imasaka nyama zomwe zimagona komanso mbalame.

M'mimba mwake mudali mafupa azisindikizo ndi zimbalangondo. Amakondanso kudya zilizonse zobwera m'njira.

Nsomba zodzigulitsa zimatchuka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma phlegm awo, omwe amayamba chifukwa chokhala ndi mphamvu zopulumutsa nthawi zonse. Ngakhale agwidwa ndi mbewa, sikuwonetsa kukana pang'ono kapena kusawerengeka mukamawedza. Monga nyambo, chidutswa cha nyama yankhumba nthawi zambiri imamangiriridwa mu mbedza.

Kuswana

Somniosus microcephalus ndi nsomba za ovoviviparous. Wamkazi samayikira mazira, koma amawanyamula mkati mwa thupi lake. Amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a ellipsoidal, chigoba chofewa komanso kukula kwa 8-9 cm.Mkazi m'modzi amakhala ndi zidutswa 400-500.

Mimbulu imadya zakudya zomwe zili mu yolk. Palibe chidziwitso chodalirika chokhudza nthawi yomwe mayi ali ndi pakati.Pafupifupi zimatenga miyezi isanu ndi itatu mpaka 18.

Shaki imabisika mthupi la mayiyo ndikukhala komweko kwakanthawi, ndikupeza mphamvu ndikudya mazira, omwe abale awo ang'ono sanaswe.

Vutoli limatchedwa intrauterine cannibalism.

Pulumuka m'mimba ndikubadwa sungathe kupitirira mawilogalamu khumi ndi awiri kutalika kwa 70-80 cm. Kubala mwana mwina kumadutsa m'madzi akuya. Shaki amakula pang'onopang'ono, osawonjezeranso sentimenti pachaka. Kutha msinkhu kumachitika pazaka pafupifupi 150.

Kufotokozera

Kutalika kwambiri kwa thupi kumafika pa 7.3 m, ndipo kulemera mpaka 1400 kg. Nthawi zambiri amakhala magawo a 3-5 m ndipo olemera 400 kg. Thupi limapangidwa mozungulira. Kufupikitsa pakati, kuzungulira ndi kozungulira.

Mutu ndiwotukulira, mchira sufupika. Pali magawo asanu a gill. Ma gill slits ndi ochepa. Nsagwada yam'mwamba ili ndi zida zopyapyala, ndipo nsagwada yam'munsi yokhala ndi mano osongoka komanso ozungulirazungulira okhala ndi mizu yosalala. Pakamwa sipadzatseguka kwambiri.

Palibe spines pazing'onoting'ono zazing'ono za pectoral ndi dorsal. Anal fin. Mtanda wapamwamba wa caudal fin ndi wokulirapo kuposa wotsikirapo.

Mtundu umasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku bulauni ndi imvi mpaka bulauni. Mimba ili yowala. M'mphepete, malo owoneka ofiirira akuwoneka.

Shaki yaku Greenland polar imakhala pafupifupi pafupifupi zaka 300.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Chithunzi: Greenland Shark

Asodzi amatchedwa nsomba zazikuluzikulu za nsomba, dzina lawo m'Chilatini ndi Selachii. Wakale kwambiri mwa iwo, gibodontids, adawonekera mu Nthawi ya Upper Devonia. Selahii wakale anazimiririka pakutha kwa Regian, ndikupanga njira pakusintha kwachangu kwa mitundu yotsalira ndi kusintha kwawo kukhala shaki zamakono.

Maonekedwe awo amatanthauza kuchiyambiyambi kwa Mesozoic ndipo amayamba ndi gawoli kukhala shaki ndi kunyezimitsa okha. Munthawi ya Jurassic yotsika komanso yapakati panali kusinthika kwachangu, ndiye kuti pafupifupi maumbidwe onse amakono, kuphatikiza Katraiformes, omwe amaphatikizapo shaki ya Greenland.

Kanema: Greenland Shark

Ambiri asodzi amakopa, ndipo ngakhale masiku ano, nyanja zotentha zimakopa, momwe ena mwa iwo adakhazikika kuzizira ndikusintha kuti azikhalamo sizinakhazikitsidwe modalirika, komanso chimodzimodzi munthawi yomwe izi zinachitika - ili ndi limodzi la mafunso omwe amafufuza .

Kufotokozera kwa asodzi aku Greenland kunapangidwa mu 1801 ndi Marcus Bloch ndi Johann Schneider. Kenako adalandira dzina lasayansi squalus microcephalus - liwu loyamba limatanthawuza katrana, lachiwiri limamasuliridwa kuti "mutu wawung'ono".

Pambuyo pake, iwo, ndi mitundu ina, adadzipatula kubanja la a Somniosa, kwinaku akupitiliza kukhala mu dongosolo la cathodean. Chifukwa chake, dzinalo lidasinthidwa kukhala Somniosus microcephalus.

Pomwepo mu 2004, zidapezeka kuti ena mwa achinsomba, omwe kale amatchedwa a Greenland shaki, anali amtundu wina - amatchedwa Antarctic. Monga momwe dzinalo likunenera, amakhala ku Antarctic - ndipo m'menemo, pomwe a Greenland - okha mu Arctic.

Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha shaki ichi ndi moyo wautali. Mwa anthu omwe zaka zawo zadziwika, wakale kwambiri ndi zaka 512. Izi zimapangitsa kukhala mtundu wakale kwambiri wam'madzi. Oimira onse amtunduwu, pokhapokha atafa ndi mabala kapena matenda, amatha kupulumuka mpaka zaka mazana angapo.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Greenland Polar Shark

Ili ndi mawonekedwe a torpedo, thupi lake limachepera kuposa shaki ambiri, zipsepse zimawoneka bwino, popeza kukula kwake ndizochepa. Mwambiri, ndizopukutira pang'ono, ngati thunthu la mchira, motero kuthamanga kwa shaki ya Greenland sikusiyana konse.

Komanso, mutu suwonekera kwambiri chifukwa cha kufupika kwakumaso. Ma gill omwe ali ochepa ndi ochepa poyerekeza ndi momwe shark imayambira. Mano akumtunda ndi opapatiza, ndipo otsika, pambali pake, ndi ochulukirapo, kuwonjezera apo, amawongoleredwa ndikukhomedwa, mosiyana ndi am'mwamba apamwamba.

Kutalika kwakukulu kwa shaki kumeneku ndi pafupifupi mamitala 3-5 ndipo kulemera kwake ndi makilogalamu 300-500. Shaki ya Greenland imakula pang'onopang'ono, komanso imakhala motalika kwambiri - zaka mazana ambiri, ndipo munthawi imeneyi achikulirewo amatha kufikira mamita 7 ndi kulemera mpaka kilogalamu 1,500.

Maonekedwe a anthu osiyanasiyana amatha kusiyanasiyana: owoneka bwino amakhala ndi khungu la kirimu wowala, ndipo loyera kwambiri - pafupifupi lakuda. Mithunzi yonse yosinthira imaperekedwanso. Utoto umatengera malo komanso mtundu wa shaki, ndipo umatha kusintha pang'onopang'ono. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofanana, koma nthawi zina pamakhala mawanga amdima kapena oyera kumbuyo.

Chochititsa chidwi: asayansi amafotokozera kutalika kwa kubala kwa Greenland makamaka chifukwa amakhala m'malo ozizira - kagayidwe kake kamachepetsedwa kwambiri, motero minofu imakhala motalikitsa. Kuwerenga shaki izi mwina kungathandize kupeza njira yochepetsera kukalamba kwa anthu..

Kodi shaki ya Greenland imakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Greenland Shark

Amakhala okha ku Arctic, mafunde owundana ndi ayezi - kumpoto kwa shaki ina iliyonse. Mafotokozowa ndi osavuta: shaki ya ku Greenland imakonda kuzizira kwambiri ndipo, kamodzi panyanja yotentha, imafa msanga, chifukwa thupi lake limazolowera madzi ozizira. Kutentha kwamadzi komwe kumakondedwa chifukwa kumakhala pakati pa 0,5 mpaka 12 ° C.

Makamaka, malo omwe amakhala ndi nyanja zamchere za Atlantic ndi Arctic, koma si onse - makamaka amakhala kumphepete mwa Canada, Greenland ndi nyanja yaku Europe, koma mwa omwe amatsuka Russia kuchokera kumpoto, alipo ochepa kwambiri.

Malo akulu:

• m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa United States (Maine, Massachusetts),
• St. Lawrence Bay,
• Nyanja ya Labrador,
• Nyanja ya Baffin
• Nyanja ya Greenland
• Bay of Biscay,
• North Sea,
• madzi kuzungulira Ireland ndi Iceland.

Nthawi zambiri amatha kupezeka pa alumali, pafupi ndi gombe la nyanja kapena zilumba, koma nthawi zina amatha kusambira kupita kumadzi akuya, mpaka mamita 2,200. Koma nthawi zambiri samapita kuzama kwambiri - nthawi yotentha amasambira mamita pang'ono pansi.

M'nyengo yozizira, amasunthira pafupi ndi gombe, nthawi yomwe amatha kupezeka pamalo opezeka ma surf, kapena ngakhale pakamwa pa mtsinje, m'madzi osaya. Kusintha kuya kwakuwonekeranso masana: asodzi angapo kuchokera ku Nyanja ya Baffin, yomwe imayang'aniridwa, amatsika mpaka mamitala mazana angapo m'mawa, ndipo kuyambira masana ankakwera, ndipo tsiku lililonse.

Kodi shaki wa ku Greenland amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Greenland Polar Shark

Simatha kukulitsa osati kukwera kokha, komanso kuthamanga kwapakati: malire ake ndi 2.7 km / h, omwe amachedwa kuposa nsomba zina zonse. Ndipo izi zimathali kwa iye - kwa nthawi yayitali sangathe kuthamanga "kwambiri", koma nthawi zambiri amakula 1-1.8 km / h. Ali ndi machitidwe othamanga chotere, samatha kupirira panyanja.

Kuchepetsa koteroko kumafotokozedwa ndikuti ziphuphu zake ndizofupikitsa ndipo unyinji wake ndi wawukulu, kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa chakuchepa kwa metabolism minofu yake imagwiranso ntchito pang'onopang'ono: amafunikira masekondi asanu ndi awiri kuti apange kuyenda kamodzi kwa mchira!

Komabe, shaki ya Greenland imadya nyama zamtchire mwachangu kuposa momwe zilili - ndizovuta kwambiri kuzigwira ndipo, mukayerekeza ndi kulemera momwe mungagwire nsomba za Greenland ndi ena akukhala mwachangu kunyanja zotentha, zotsatira zake zimasiyana kwambiri. ndipo ngakhale madongosolo a ukulu - pamenepo, osakondera Greenland.

Ndipo, ngakhale kugwidwa pang'ono kumamukwanira, popeza chilakolako chake chilinso chotsika kwambiri kuposa cha asodzi amtundu womwewo - izi zimachitika chifukwa chofananachi.

Maziko a chakudya cha shaki ku Greenland:

Chosangalatsa ndichomwe chimachitika ndi izi: zimathamanga mwachangu, chifukwa chake, pamene ali maso, shaki ilibe mwayi wowagwira. Chifukwa chake, amawabisalira iwo kuti agone - ndipo iwo amagona m'madzi kuti asagwiridwe ndi zimbalangondo. Iyi ndi njira yokhayo yomwe shaki ya Greenland imatha kufika kwa iwo ndikusangalala ndi nyama, mwachitsanzo, chisindikizo.

Angathenso kudya zovunda: iye sangathe kuthawa, pokhapokha atatengedwa ndi mafunde othamanga, omwe shaki ya Greenland sangathe kupitako. Chifukwa chake, m'mimba mwa anthu omwe adagwidwa, zotsalira za agwape ndi zimbalangondo zidapezeka, zomwe shaki mwachidziwikire sizimatha kudzigwira.

Ngati asodzi wamba asonkhana chifukwa cha kununkhira kwa magazi, ndiye asodzi a ku Greenland amakopeka ndi nyama yowola, chifukwa chomwe nthawi zina amatsata magulu athunthu azisodzi za nsomba zonyamula ndi kuwononga zolengedwa zomwe zichotsedwamo.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Old Greenland Shark

Chifukwa cha kagayidwe kochepa, asodzi a ku Greenland amachita chilichonse pang'onopang'ono: amasambira, kutembenuka, kuyandama ndikugwedezeka. Chifukwa cha izi, adadziwika kuti ndi aulesi, koma zenizeni kuti izi zonse zimawoneka zachangu, chifukwa chake sitinganene kuti ndi aulesi.

Alibe kumva bwino, koma ali ndi fungo labwino, lomwe amadalira kwambiri pofufuza chakudya - ndizovuta kuti azitcha kusaka. Gawo lalikulu la tsikulo limakhala pofufuza izi. Nthawi yotsalayo imakhala yopuma, chifukwa sangathe kuwononga mphamvu zambiri pachabe.

Amadziwika kuti akuukira anthu, koma zenizeni sizikhala ndi mkwiyo: milandu yokhayo imadziwika ikamatsatira zombo kapena zina, popanda kuwonetsa kuti ali ndi zolinga zoyipa.

Ngakhale mu chithunzi cha Icelandic shaki za ku Greenland zimawoneka ngati zikukoka ndi kudya anthu nawo, koma kuweruza pazowonera zamakono, izi sizongopeka chabe, ndipo kwenikweni sizowopsa kwa anthu.

Chosangalatsa: Ofufuzawo alibe mgwirizano kuti ngati shaki za Greenland zitha kutchulidwa kuti ndizopanda pake. Adakhala mtundu wautali kwambiri: matupi awo samachepa chifukwa cha nthawi, ndipo amafa chifukwa cha mabala kapena matenda. Zimatsimikiziridwa kuti mitundu ina ya nsomba, akamba, ma bollus, ndi hydra ali m'gulu la zinthu zotere.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Greenland Shark

Zaka kwa iwo zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana - kwambiri kuposa anthu, chifukwa machitidwe onse amthupi lawo amayenda pang'onopang'ono. Chifukwa chake, amadzafika msinkhu wazaka zana limodzi ndi theka: pofika nthawi imeneyi, abambo amakula mpaka 3 mita, ndipo zazikazi zimafikira kukula kwakukulu ndi theka.

Nthawi yobereketsa imayamba mchilimwe, ukadzala, umuna umagwira mazira mazana angapo, koma pafupifupi osabereka 8-12 omwe amabadwa kale, atabadwa akufika mpaka kukula - pafupifupi 90 sentimita. Yaikazi imawasiya atangobereka kumene ndipo sasamala nkomwe.

Makanda obadwa kumene amayenera kufunafuna chakudya ndi kuthana ndi zilombo - m'zaka zoyambirira za moyo wawo, ambiri a iwo amafa ngakhale pali zilombo zochepa kummwera kumpoto kuposa kum'mwera kotentha. Cholinga chachikulu cha izi ndikuchedwa kwawo, chifukwa chomwe ali osatetezeka - chabwino, kukula kwake kwakukulu kumakhala kuteteza kwa adani awo ambiri.

Chochititsa chidwi: nsomba za Greenland sizimapanga otoliths mkati mwa khutu lamkati, zomwe m'mbuyomu zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kudziwa zaka zawo - kuti adakhala nthawi yayitali, asayansi adadziwa kwa nthawi yayitali, koma samatha kudziwa kuti akhala nthawi yayitali bwanji.

Vutoli lidathetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawunikidwe a radiocarbon: Ma protein amapezeka momwemo ngakhale shaki isanabadwe, ndipo sasintha moyo wake wonse. Ndipo zidapezeka kuti zidakhazikitsa kuti akulu azikhala zaka mazana ambiri.

Adani Achilengedwe Achilengedwe a Greenland Shark

Chithunzi: Greenland Polar Shark

Shaki zazikuluzikulu zimakhala ndi adani ochepa: a zilombo zazikulu munyanja yozizira, makamaka mahava opha amapezeka. Ofufuzawo apeza kuti ngakhale nsomba zina zimakonda kukhala pa mndandanda wophera nsomba, zimathanso kuphatikiza shaki za Greenland. Ndiwotsika kuposa nkhono zakupha kukula komanso kuthamanga, ndipo sitingathe kuwatsutsa.

Chifukwa chake zimasanduka zophweka, koma kuchuluka kwake kwa nyama zomwe zimakopa nkhanu zakupha sizinakhazikike - pambuyo pake, ndizodzazidwa ndi urea, komanso zovulaza kwa anthu ndi nyama zambiri. Mwa zilombo zina zakunyanja zakumpoto, palibe amene amawopseza asodzi akuluakulu a Greenland.

Ambiri aiwo amafa chifukwa cha anthu, ngakhale atakhala kuti alibe nsomba. Pali lingaliro pakati pa asodzi kuti adya nsomba kuchokera ku zida ndikuziwononga, chifukwa asodzi ena, akapeza nyama yotere, amadula mchira wake kenako nkuponyanso munyanja - mwachilengedwe, umamwalira.

Tizilombo timene timawakwiyitsa, ndipo koposa ena, vermiform, ikulowa m'maso. Amadyanso pang'onopang'ono zomwe zili m'maso, chifukwa chake masomphenyawo amachepa, ndipo nthawi zina nsomba imakhala khungu. Maso awo amatha kupezeka ma crepaceans owala a Copepod - kupezeka kwawo kukuwonetsedwa ndi kuwala kwa kuwala.

Chosangalatsa: Shaki za ku Greenland zimatha kukhalabe ndi moyo mu madera a Arctic okhala ndi trimethylamine oxide omwe amapezeka mu minofu ya thupi, mothandizidwa ndi momwe mapuloteni omwe ali m'thupi amatha kupitilirabe kugwira ntchito kutentha kutentha kwa C C - popanda iwo, atha kukhazikika. Ndipo ma glycoproteins opangidwa ndi akhakiwa amakhala ngati antifreeze.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Old Greenland Shark

Sanaphatikizidwe mu kuchuluka kwa zolengedwa zomwe zatsala pang'ono kufa, koma sizingatchulidwe kutukuka - zili ndi mwayi wokhala pachiwopsezo. Izi ndichifukwa cha kuchuluka kochepa kwambiri kwa anthu, zomwe zikuchepa pang'onopang'ono ngakhale mtengo wamalonda wa nsomba'yi ndi wotsika.

Komabe komabe - choyambirira, mafuta a chiwindi chawo amakhala amtengo wapatali. Chiwalochi ndi chachikulu kwambiri, unyinji wake umatha kufika 20% ya kulemera konse kwa thupi la shaki. Nyama yake yaiwisi ili ndi poizoni, imayambitsa poizoni wazakudya, zopweteka, ndipo nthawi zina, zimafa. Koma ndikakonzedwa kwa nthawi yayitali, imatha kupangidwa kukhala haukarl ndikudya.

Chifukwa cha chiwindi chamtengo wapatali komanso kuthekera kugwiritsa ntchito nyama, shaki ku Greenland idawedza mwachangu ku Iceland ndi Greenland, chifukwa kusankha komweko kunalibe kwakukulu. Koma mu theka lomaliza la zaka zana lino, pafupifupi palibe nsomba zomwe zakhala zikuchitika, ndipo zimabwera makamaka ngati kugwira nsomba.

Usodzi wamasewera, omwe shaki zambiri zimavutika nawo, sizimachitikanso pachiyanjano: sizinachite chidwi ndi nsomba chifukwa chofulumira komanso kuperewera, sizinakane. Kusodza chifukwa chakufanizira ndi kupulumuka kwa chipika, kumene, kumene, sichikhala ndi chisangalalo pang'ono.

Chochititsa chidwi: Njira yophika ya Howukarl ndi yosavuta: nyama yokhala shaki yomwe idadulidwa muzitsamba ziyenera kuyikidwa muzombo zodzala ndi miyala komanso yokhala ndi mabowo m'makoma. Kwa nthawi yayitali - nthawi zambiri masabata 6-12, "amakhala" ndimayipi omwe amakhala ndi urea amatuluka kuchokera kwa iwo.

Pambuyo pake, nyamayo imachotsedwamo, ikapachikidwa pa mbedza ndipo imasiyidwa kuti izyuma kwa milungu 8-18. Ndiye kudula kutumphuka - ndipo mutha kudya. Zowona, kukoma kwake ndikolunjika kwambiri, monga kununkhira - osadabwitsa, chifukwa ichi ndi nyama chowola. Chifukwa chake, asodzi a ku Greenland adatsala pang'ono kusiya kugwidwa ndikudya zina m'malo mwake, ngakhale haukarl adapitilirabe kuphika m'malo ena, ndipo zikondwerero zoperekedwa pachakudyachi zinkachitikanso m'mizinda ya Iceland.

Shaki wa Bowhead - yopanda vuto komanso yosangalatsa kwambiri kuphunzira nsomba. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti muchepetse kuchepa kwa anthu ena, chifukwa ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu omwe ali kale osauka ku Arctic. Shaki zimamera pang'onopang'ono komanso kubereka bwino, chifukwa chake kubwezeretsa manambala atagwa pazovuta ndizovuta kwambiri.