Nyama yokongola kwambiri, yodziwika bwino komanso yodziwika bwino, ndiyomwe imayimira mtundu wake (Rangifer tarandus). Artiodactyl yodabwitsa iyi imatha kukhala yamtchire komanso kubereka, komabe, mwatsoka, kuchuluka kwa agalu amtchire amatsika chaka chilichonse, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi kuba. Anthu osiyanasiyana adawapangitsa kukhala gawo la phokoso lawo. Mwachitsanzo, ku North America, agalu amatchedwa "caribou", pomwe anzawo a Altai amatchedwa "akkiyik".
Kufalitsa
Dzinalo limadzilankhulira lokha, nyongoyi ndi nyama yakumpoto, malo omwe imakhala tundra, taiga, nkhalango komanso mapiri ena. Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a malo awa, mitundu itatu ya mphalapala imasiyanitsidwa: tundra, phiri ndi nkhalango. Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti gulu lomwe limafotokozedwali limakhala loukira, ndipo magulu ena a nyama amakonda kusamukira ku ma bulu ambiri komanso kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka biotope.
Anthu ambiri amakhala kumpoto kwa Russia ndi North America. Zomera zimagawidwa mwachilengedwe ku Kamchatka, Karelia, Sakhalin, Alaska ndi kumpoto kwa Canada, komanso ndimakhala ku Taimyr Peninsula. Kusintha kosinthika konse komwe kunapangitsa kuti nyamayi izolowera kukhala ndi moyo mwa nkhwawa komanso zowerengeka zachilengedwe.
Kufotokozera mawonekedwe
Reindeer ndi nyama yotsika, yomwe imakonda kufalikira pafupifupi mita imodzi ndi theka kufota. Kutalika kwa nthumwi za oimira zamtunduwu sizidutsa 220 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake kumachokera ku 120 mpaka 220 kg. Nthawi zambiri, zazikazi zimakhala zazing'ono kwambiri kuposa amuna. Manambalawa akuwonetsedwa pamalingaliro onse ndipo amalola kupatuka mbali zonse ziwiri.
Mitundu yaimuna imasiyana ndi yaimuna; nthawi yotentha imayimiriridwa ndimitundu yayitali. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya umakhala wopepuka ndipo umatha kuphatikiza mitundu kuyambira imvi yakuda mpaka phulusa. Mtundu wakuda kwambiri umawonedwa munkhalango, ndipo kuphukira kwachilumba nthawi zambiri kumakhala kopepuka kuposa abale ake onse. Zithunzi za nyama yodabwitsayi zimatsimikizira utoto wokulirapo.
M'nyengo yotentha, chovalacho chimakhala chachifupi (pafupifupi 1 cm), koma nthawi yachisanu chimatha kupitilira kawiri. Ngakhale zili choncho, undercoat yofunda komanso yolimba imateteza kulimba ku chisanu chilichonse. Tsitsi la Deer limakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake osoweka. Kuphatikiza pa kututira kwamafuta, izi zimathandizira nyamayo kuti ikhalebe pamadzi ndipo zimamupangitsa kukhala wosambira wabwino.
Zingwe za reindeer ndizokwanira ndipo zimapangira mkati, zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zithandizire kufufuma kwa chipale chofewa kuti mupeze chakudya. Tsitsi lalitali lomwe limakula pakati pa ziboda zimakulitsa kulumikizana ndi chipale chofewa, zomwe zimakulitsa kuthekera kwa kuthekera kokudutsa pamtunda. Nthawi yomweyo, agulu amathanso kupyola miyala ndi ma swamp mosavuta.
Reindeer ndi yekhayo m'banjamo yemwe ali ndi nyanga muimuna (ng'ombe) ndi zazikazi (zofunikira). Amuna pakati pa agwape amatha kusiyanitsidwa chifukwa cha nyanga zamphamvu kwambiri komanso nthambi, pomwe zazikazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ooneka. Amuna amtchire nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nyanga zambiri, pomwe vazhenok ndi zina. Reindeer ku tundra, mosiyana ndi mnzake m'nkhalango, ili ndi nyanga zazikulu kwambiri. Akazi ochepa pagulu lawo amakhala osagwiritsa ntchito nyanga; M'nyengo yozizira, nyanga zamphongo zazimphala, zomwe zimalola zazikazi kuteteza chakudya chopezeka ku ng'ombe zamphongo zamphamvu. Akazi amakhalanso opanda iwo atangobala kumene - kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe.
Nyanga zam'madzi zopanda mphako zimatchedwa antleren. Tingafinye timene amapatsidwa kwa iwo ali ndi mphamvu zakuchiritsa ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu pharmacology ngati adaptogenic, tonic ndi immunostimulating. Otsitsa amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala omwe amadziwika ngati mankhwala, Rantorin ndi Epsorin, komanso zowonjezera zachilengedwe, monga Cigapan.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Amakhulupirira kuti maziko azakudya za reindeer ndi moss, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi agwape. M'malo mwake, deer moss ndi nthano; imakhala ndi dzina la botanical "reindeer moss". Kukula kwa chimbudzi cha chimbudzi komwe kumayamwa kumatha kugaya chakudya chambiri ndi 90%, mosiyana ndi ma artiodactyl ena, omwe amatha kuyamwa 40% yokha mwa michere iyi. Maantibayotiki achilengedwe omwe amapezeka mu reindeer reindeer ndi mankhwala achilengedwe. Deer moss ndi ma calorie okwera kwambiri, koma ali ndi mavitamini ochepa kwambiri, omwe amalimbikitsa nyama kuti zifunafuna zakudya zina zomwe zingapeze zakudya. Zitha kukhala mbewu zina, bowa, mpweya wam'madzi.
M'chilimwe, agulu amasintha kwambiri zakudya zawo, ndipo gawo la zoperewera limangokhala 10-15%. Zomwe zimapatsa thanzi pakadali pano ndizomera zobiriwira, zipatso, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale nyama zazing'ono, monga mandimu. Nyama zowetedwa zimadyera ku chimanga, silage ndi udzu.
Khalidwe
M'nyengo yozizira, malo okhala nkhokwe ku tundra kugombe la Arctic ndizovuta chifukwa chovuta kupeza chakudya pansi pa chipale chofewa, ndipo gululo limasamukira kumpoto kwa taiga. Monga lamulo, amapezeka pafupi ndi malo otsetsereka a mapiri, komwe kutalika kwa chipale chofewa kumakhala kosavuta ndipo nkosavuta kupeza lichens. M'chilimwe, agulu amakakamizidwa kusiya taiga, kuthawa tizilombo. Mbawala za pachilumba zokha sizimasamukira.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti njira yosinthira zitsamba idasinthidwa kwa zaka zambiri ndipo imatha kufikira ma kilomita 500. Munjira yonseyi, agulu amatha kusambira mtunda wautali, mitsinje yosambira ndi zovuta m'malo amodzi chaka chilichonse.
Kuswana
Chiwerengero chonse chokhala ndi moyo chamoyo chokhala zaka pafupifupi 25. Masewera a matrimonial (gon) nthawi zambiri amayamba pakati pa Okutobala ndipo amapitilira mpaka Novembala. Munthawi imeneyi, abambo akumenyera nkhondo zofunikira. Zoyambanso ndi nyama yamtala; m'nthawi yochepa chonchi imatha kukwana akazi 10. Mimba imatenga pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi itatu, kenako mwana m'modzi amabadwa. Mapasa ndi osowa kwambiri. Kubala ng'ombe kumachitika m'mwezi wa Meyi kapena wa June, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi kusamuka. Mwana wang'ombe wakhanda wolemera makilogalamu 6 ndipo samasiya mayi pazaka ziwiri zoyambirira za moyo. Nyanga za agwape zimayamba kudutsa milungu itatu itabadwa. Deer amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi zaka ziwiri, komabe, chonde cha akazi achichepere chimacheperachepera kuposa cha akulu.
Adani
Nyama imatha kugwidwa ndi zilombo zazikulu monga mimbulu, lynxes ndi wolverines, koma ndikayesetsa kutseguka, wolumikizira amapambana mwachangu. Kuyang'anidwa kwa kanema ndi kanema wa ziweto zomwe zikuyenda zionetsa kuti nthawi yosamukasamuka ndi nthawi yoopsa, chifukwa zilombo zimatha kuukira anthu ofooka komanso okalamba.
Munthu amakhudzanso kwambiri kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa agwape, kusaka nyama yamtengo wapatali, ubweya ndi nyanga za nyama. Nkhondo yolimbana ndi zakuba imatha kupulumutsa zolengedwa zodabwitsazi kuti zisawonongedwe kuthengo.
Mawonekedwe a Reindeer ndi Habitat
Nyama yokongola - buluzi imatha kukhala zonse zakuthengo komanso zoweta. Ndi zamanyazi kuti nthumwi yolemekezeka iyi, ya ulemu kwambiri idayang'anira anthu ozembetsa, chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa abulu sikukukula, koma kumangotsika.
Kukula kwa nyamayi ndi kocheperako, pakufota kumangofika mita imodzi ndi theka, thupi limakhala losachedwa, mpaka 200 cm.Palibe zochepa. Mwachitsanzo, zazimayi ndizochepa poyerekeza ndi zazimuna, ndiye kuti, jenda amatchulidwa. Amuna abwino olemera kuyambira 100 mpaka 220 kg.
Ngati mungaganizire chithunzi cha reindeer, mutha kuwona kuti ubweya wawo umakhala ndi mitundu yambiri yazithunzi zofiirira komanso zofiirira. Khwangwala wamitengo amapaka utoto wakuda kwambiri, koma achibale a pachilumbacho ndiopepuka.
M'nyengo yozizira, mtundu wa chovalacho umasintha, ndipo ngwazi zimakhala zowala kwambiri, mutha kupeza ngakhale pabwino. Mwa njira, amuna samasiyana mtundu ndi akazi.
Mwanzeru, zonse zazimuna ndi zazikazi zimavala nyanga
Mukakhala mukusungunuka, ubweya wa chilimwe, womwe umangokhala 1 cm, umapereka njira kwa ubweya wozizira, womwe ndi wautali komanso wandiweyani. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka chovalachi, nyamayi imangolekerera kutentha kochepa kwambiri, komanso yosambira yosangalatsa.
Koma osati chovala chomwe chimakhala choyambirira mu nyamayi, kapangidwe kake ka ziboda ndikosangalatsa. Amakhala okwanira kuti athe kugwira bwino pamwamba pa chipale chofewa, ndipo tsitsi lalitali limakulanso pakati pa ziboda, zomwe zimathandizanso nyamayo kukhalabe chisanu. Ziboda zokha ndizoterera, kuti ndikosavuta kukumba ndipo nyamayo imatha kupeza chakudya chake.
Ndipo, chabwino, ndi kunyada kwapadera mbawala ndi nyanga. Mwa njira, amapezeka onse amuna ndi akazi. Zowona, mwa amuna amakhala opambana - nthambi zazitali komanso zazitali. Koma nthawi yozizira, anyani amadzaza kukongola kwake, koma akazi amakhalabe opanda nyanga atabereka ana.
Nyanga zokhala ndi ma buluzi zomwe sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino zimasonkhanitsidwa ndi anthu. Nyanga zotere zimayitanidwa ozindikira ndipo ali ndi katundu wochiritsa kwambiri, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu pharmacology.
Deer agawika tundra, nkhalango ndi mapiri. Mayina akuwonetsa komwe gule amakonda kukhala. Tundra kululu tundra poprate, agwape atchire amakonda kukhala m'nkhalango, ndipo mbawala zam'mapiri zimakonda kukhala m'mapiri. Ndipo, kugawa komalizira kwa malo ndi zoona sizowona konse, chifukwa nyama izi zimasamukira nthawi zambiri.
Deer ndiofala ku North America, Russia, Kamchatka, kumpoto kwa Canada, Alaska, Sakhalin ndi Taimyr. Palibe chodabwitsa kuti agwape amatchedwa "kumpoto", nyamayi imakonda kukhala kumpoto nyengo.
Khalidwe la Reindeer ndi moyo wawo
Nyongoyi imakhala nthawi yonse yotentha pagombe la Arctic. Pakadali pano m'malo ena amakhala akuvutitsidwa ndi magulu a ma midges, koma mphepo yozizira yam'madzi siyimalola ma midges kuzunza nyama. Koma nyengo yadzikoli ikayamba kuzizira, magulu abulu amadzaza nkhalango.
Panthawi yosamukira, nyama izi zimayang'ana malo omwe mulibe chipale chofewa, chifukwa komwe kuli chipale chofewa chimakhala chovuta kuti athe kupeza chakudya. Pofunafuna malo oterowo, ng'ombe zimatha kupitirira 500 km, kuwoloka mitsinje ndikuwoloka zopinga zina. Pokhapokha pa kuyambika kwa Meyi, gulu la agulu abwerera ku tundra. Mwa njira, zoweta zazikazi zimasunthira njira yomweyo.
Nthawi zambiri, agalu amakhala m'maiwe. Zowona, anthu ena amakhala mosiyana, koma izi sizachilendo. Kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe akuweta ng'ombe kukusintha. Monga lamulo, pagululi mumakhala wamwamuna mmodzi, ndipo akazi otsala ndi ana agalu ang'ono.
Zachidziwikire, mutu wa gulu limateteza mawadi ake kwa adani komanso pakusakidwa ndi amuna ena. Munthawi yakukhwima, chifukwa cha izi, palibe mikangano yolimbana pakati pa amuna. Wamphongo amalemba malo okhala ndi chinsinsi chapadera.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Chithunzi: Reindeer
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi anzawo ngakhale akunja. Choyambirira chomwe chimakopa chidwi ndi mawonekedwe apadera a lipenga, omwe ndi amuna ndi akazi. M'mbuyomu anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti nkhongoyi inachokera ku North America, koma patapita nthawi umboni unapezeka kuti kwawo kunali kumpoto kwa Europe.
Reindeer kuchokera ku banja la agwape amakhala m'gulu la zolengedwa zoyamwitsa komanso dongosolo la artiodactyls. Anthu ambiri amapezeka kumpoto kwa Nyengo. Kulemera kwa thupi la nyama kumasiyana kuchokera pa makilogalamu 70 mpaka 200 masentimita kuyambira 165 mpaka 210. Amuna amtunduwu ndi okulirapo kuposa zazikazi. Anthu odzipatula amakhala pafupifupi zaka 15, kuthengo, m'malo abwino moyo wawo, chiwerengerochi ndi chokwera.
Kuyandikira kwa nyamayo kwa anthu kumangosiya chizindikiro chake osati pa phenotype, komanso pa chikhalidwe ndi machitidwe a agwiritse ntchito. Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zochititsa chidwi ndi kufalikira kwa ngozi, m'chilengedwe nyama zimabalalika, ndipo zina zapakhomo, zimasokonekera kukhala gulu.
Zolimbitsa thupi zachilengedwe ndizabwino kwambiri. Chidwi chimakopeka ndi kukula kwa mutu komanso malo otsikira pang'ono, pomwe maso okongola amawonekera. Nyanga zili ndi uta wokongola kwambiri. Nyama zimalekerera kutentha pang'ono chifukwa cha mawonekedwe owuma tsitsi omwe mphepo yozizira siyilola.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Animal Reindeer
Reindeers amadziwika ndi kukula kwapakati thupi, amakhala ndi mawonekedwe. Khosi limadutsa ndipo limawoneka lalikulupo komanso lokwera chifukwa cholimba tsitsi, kutalika kwake kumafikira masentimita 6. Nthawi yomweyo, miyendo ndi yayitali kutalika, koma mwakuwoneka ngati yayifupi. Monga tawonera, kupukutira kwa nyama kumatsitsidwa, chifukwa chomwe silhouette imawoneka yocheperako poyerekeza ndi agwape amtundu wina, mayendedwe ake sakhala okongola.
Mutu wa agwape ali ndi mawonekedwe ofunikira, koma ophatikizika molondola, amata kumaso, womwe umaphimbidwanso ndi tsitsi lowonda ndikuwoneka wamkulu. Makutu ndi ozungulira komanso ochepa, osapitirira 18 cm.Maso ndi oboola pakati. Kutalika kwa mchira kumafika mpaka masentimita 21. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti anthu okhala kunyumba ndi ochepa komanso opepuka kuposa anzawo akutchire.
Mtunduwu umasiyanitsidwa chifukwa chakuti zazikazi zimakhala ndi nyanga limodzi ndi amuna. Akuluakulu kukula, ali ndi uta wowongoka. Zimafikira amuna okwanira masentimita 120. Nyanga nthawi zonse zimakhala zosalala, zoyeretsa, ndipo zofiirira zopepuka zimapezekanso. Reindeer, mosiyana ndi ena, ali ndi nyanga zokulirapo, koma kulemera kwake kwakukulu ndi 12 kg.
Nyama zapakhomo zimatamanda nyanga za zazikulu zochulukirapo. Mawonekedwe a nyangayo sabwerezedwanso, palibe agwada awiri omwe ali ndi nyanga zomwezo, amasiyana pa kuchuluka kwa machitidwe, kugwada, kukula kwake komanso kukula kwake, ngakhale agulu amodzi alibe lingaliro labwino pa nyanga ziwiri. Akazi ali ndi nyanga zopepuka kuposa zazimuna.
Kuyambira Novembala mpaka Disembala, agulu akuluwa amataya kale nyanga, pomwe mwa achinyamata izi zimachitika kuyambira Epulo mpaka Meyi. Zachikazi zimaponya nyanga kuyambira mu Meyi mpaka June, kumapeto kwa kubereka, zatsopano zimayamba kukula msanga, pomwe amuna okha ndi miyezi itatu kapena inayi.
Mzere wautali komanso wowuma wa nthawi yozizira samalola kuzizira kudutsa ndipo amalola kuti agwape azitha kupirira nthawi yozizira. Tsitsi pa thupi, ngakhale ndi lakuda, lodzazidwa ndi mpweya, koma nthawi imodzimodzi. Pa miyendo, m'malo mwake, amasiyanitsidwa ndi kupirira komanso kutalika kwakanthawi. Chifukwa chakuti tsitsi lalitali limapanga ziboda, malo othandizira anyama amawonjezereka, kuwonjezera apo, izi zimachepetsa kuterera.
M'nyengo yotentha, tsitsi lamtambo limasinthidwa ndi zofewa komanso zofupikitsa. Tsitsi limadzaza pang'ono ndi mpweya ndipo manjawo sawoneka opepuka. Mtundu wa chilimwe amakhala wodera okhazikika, wokhala ndi mithunzi ya phulusa, imvi kapena khofi. Palibe kusiyana kwapadera pakati pa akazi ndi amuna. Zosintha tsitsi zimasinthidwa kamodzi pachaka, i.e. molting kumachitika.
Izi zimatenga nthawi yayitali, zimayamba mu Epulo, ndipo zimatha kumayambiriro kwa Ogasiti. Choyamba, tsitsi la undercoat yakale limatayidwa, kenako msana. Poyamba, mutu umasenda, pang'onopang'ono molt imadutsa kumbuyo ndikumaliza pamimba.
Kodi nyongoyi imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Reindeer mu tundra
Reindeer asankha madera akuluakulu. Masiku ano amakhala ku Norway, kudera la Kola Peninsula, m'mphepete kuchokera ku Karelia kupita kugombe la Okhotsk. Pafupifupi anthu 700,000 amakhala kuthengo komwe kuli tundra zone.
Kuphatikiza kwakukulu kwa mbewa kumakhala pa Taimyr Peninsula - pafupifupi anthu 450,000. Apa kusuntha kwa agalu kumayamba chakumapeto kwa chilimwe, amasambira kunkhalango-tundra, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe amabwerera ku tundra. Reindeer imapezekanso ku Transbaikalia ndi Altai.
Makamaka makamaka makoswe amakonda nyengo yam'madera otsatirawa:
- Siberia,
- Kumpoto kwa Amerika,
- Kumpoto kwa Europe.
M'nyengo yotentha, amakhala m'malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Arctic. Apa ndipamene amathawa kutentha komanso kutentha masamba, komwe kumagwira ntchito kwambiri nthawi yotentha. Ndi nthawi yozizira komanso nyengo yozizira, agulu amasamukira kunkhalango. Amakonda malo omwe kulibe chipale chofewa komanso chipale chofewa chambiri chomwe chimasokoneza kupanga chakudya.
Kuti akwaniritse zofunikira, nyama nthawi zambiri zimagonjetsa maulendo ataliatali opitilira 500, zimayenera kuthana ndi zopinga zamtundu uliwonse. Madziwo akazizira, Mwezi wa Meyi, mbawala zimasamukira ku tundra kachiwiri. Kuti abwerere, amagwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe adabwerayo.
Nthawi zambiri, agalu amakhala mu gulu, komabe, pali anthu osakwatiwa omwe amasiyanitsidwa ndi ena. Khosali likusintha pafupipafupi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Nthawi zambiri gulu limakhala ndi mtsogoleri m'modzi, wamphongo, ndi akazi okhala ndi mame. Wamphongo ndi amene amateteza gulu lake ndi gawo lake.
Kodi mbewa zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Reindeer tundra nyengo yachisanu
Kuti mupeze chakudya, ngwazi pamafunika kuyesetsa kwambiri. Popeza malo awo okhala, amayenera kufunafuna chakudya pansi pa chipale chofewa pafupifupi chaka chonse. Pofufuza chakudya, agwape amakumba matalala okuya mpaka masentimita 150, komabe, mikhalidwe ya tundra, nyama sizingakhaleko kukumba masentimita 30 ngati chipale chofundidwa ndi kulowetsedwa. Nthawi zambiri amuna amakumba chisanu, ndipo vazhenki, i.e. zazikazi zimadyetsa kuchokera m'maenje.
Zomwe zimayambira chakudya chachikulu kwambiri ndi:
- lichens. Chakudyachi ndichofanana kwambiri. Jagel amasemphana ndi mapuloteni, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni omwe amapezeka kumakhala kovuta kuti deware agaye. Amakhala ndi mchere wocheperako, ndipo mchere wa silicon suyenera kulimba. Alinso ndi mavitamini pafupifupi. Amakhala ngati chakudya chofulumira - samabweretsa phindu lililonse, koma perekani mwachangu kukwiya. Pofuna kubwezeretsa mavitamini ofunikira, nyama zimafunikira chakudya chosiyanasiyana.
- nyemba. Deer amakonda chakudya chilimwe,
- forbs. Ikukhala ngati nyambo yodyetsa nyambo. M'chilimwe, mu zakudya za agwiritse ntchito, amawonda amakhala mpaka 20%. Nyengo ikafika ndipo udzu ukafota, mbawala zimasiyanso chidwi ndi mtundu uwu wa chakudya,
- chimanga. Zimapanga maziko azakudya munyengo yachilimwe,
- bowa. Otsatsa amakonda kudya bowa ndi chisangalalo, uwu ndi mtundu wamtengo wapatali kwa iwo. Kuyambira mu Ogasiti mpaka pa chisanu choyamba, ma khama amafunafuna bowa ndipo mumatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali mukufufuza
- zitsamba. Chakudya chachikulu cha agwape m'chilimwe,
- Zina. Kuti mupeze zofunika, makamaka mchere, ngwazi zimadya mazira a mbalame, osanyansidwa ndi dothi kapena nsomba zam'nyanja.
Kuti muchepetse ludzu lawo nthawi yozizira, agulu amadya chisanu. Zowopsa makamaka kwa nyama zimakhala chisanu kwambiri popanda chipale chofewa, ndiye kuti anthu alibe poti amwe madzi, ndipo mafuta osungirako mafuta amasungunuka posakhalitsa.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Reindeer m'nyengo yozizira
Choyimira chachikulu chokhala ngati mbewe ndi mbewa. Amasonkhana m'magulu osiyanasiyana kuyambira makumi angapo mpaka masauzande. Oyimba ndi osowa kwambiri, koma izi ndizosankha osati lamulo. Tsoka ilo, mayunitsi oterewa ndi ovuta kwambiri kukhala ndi moyo ovuta.
Kukhala m'khola kumakhala kosavuta kuti agulu asamuke ndikupeza chakudya. Ziweto ndizosavuta kuteteza kapena kuthana ndi adani. Mtsogoleri wachimuna ali ndi udindo woteteza m'deralo ndi anthu pagululo. Ngati mbawala yokhayokha itakumana ndi zotere nthawi zambiri sizikhala ndi zotsatira zosangalatsa.
Izi ndi nyama zosamukidwa. Sakhala malo amodzi chaka chonse. M'nyengo yotentha, amasamukira kumadera ozizira, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yozizira, komwe ndikosavuta kupeza chakudya. Pofika nthawi yophukira, nguluwe zimasamukira kum'mwera, chifukwa ndizosavuta kupeza chakudya chomwe chimakhala chofatsa nyengo.
Pofunafuna malo ndi chakudya, ng'ombe zimathetsa zopinga zazitali komanso mtunda wautali. Amawoloka mitsinje, nakwera pamwamba. Ndi kutha kwa kuzizira, amasamukira ku tundra momwemonso.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Wild Reindeer
Kuyambira pakati pa Okutobala, mbawala zimayamba nyengo yakukhwima, yomwe imatenga mpaka kumapeto kwa Novembala. Nyengo yakukhwima imadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwankhondo kwamphongo; kumenyanirana kumatha kuchitika pakati pa olimbana nawo omwe olimba amakhazikika. Ndiwopambana omwe amapeza mwayi wokwatirana ndi akazi opitilira khumi nyengo yonse yophukira.
Zimatenga pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi itatu kuti mberere zazikazi zibereke bwino, motero, mbawala zatsopano zimayamba kutulutsa chilimwe. Pa kubereka kamodzi, yaikazi imatsogolera mwana wamphongo, ndizosowa kwambiri kuti mbewa ziwiri zizioneka.
Akangobadwa kumene, agwape amakhala ofooka komanso ochepa, osakwana 6 kg. Komabe, patangopita masiku ochepa, nyanga zazing'ono zoyambirira zimayamba kuoneka. Mofulumira kwambiri, mwana akupeza mphamvu ndikukula. Amangokhala ndi kanthawi kakang'ono kuti akhale olimba, chifukwa pakatha miyezi yowerengeka agulu amayamba ntchito yosamukira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti buluyo wamng'ono ayenera kuthana ndi zovuta zazitali komanso zopinga. Amuna nthawi imeneyi amayang'anira gulu lonse mwachangu ndikumateteza ku zoopsa zilizonse.
Pakupita zaka ziwiri kubadwa, ngwazi amafika kutha msinkhu, mpaka nthawi ino amakhala pafupi ndi amayi ake. M'tchire, nyama zolumikizana zimakhala zaka 25.
Mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake
Khwangwala amakhala mulifupi. Thupi limakhala lokwera, khosi limakhala lotalikirapo, chifukwa cha kufalikira mwamphamvu kumawoneka kuti ndikulimba komanso kwakukulu, miyendo ndiyifupi. Nyama imasunga mutu ndi khosi nthawi zambiri m'munsi, ngati kuti ikung'ung'udza. Mwambiri, agwape amawoneka owoneka bwino komanso ocheperachepera komanso okongola kuposa agwape ena onse. Alibe chisomo chakuyenda.
Mutu wa nkhwangwa, ngakhale ndizofanana, mulitali. Makamaka mu ubongo wam'mbali, kumangoyenda pang'ono kumapeto. Kumapeto kwa muzzle kumakutidwa ndi tsitsi (galasi lammphuno kulibe), m'malo mwake limakhala lotalikirapo, koma osatupa, milomo yapamwamba si yotupa ndipo sakhomerera pamlomo wapansi. Palibe zotulutsa khungu (“mphete”) pansi pa chibwano. Makutu ndi ofupikirapo, ochulukirapo kapena ozungulira. Maso ndi ochepa. Kuuma kwa tchire kumakwezedwa pang'ono, koma osapanga "hump" pamlingo wa croup, kumbuyo kuli kowongoka, kumbuyo ndi kowongoka kapena pang'ono kukugwa.
Mchira wa 11-21 masentimita, makutu 13-18 cm. Akazi (vazhenki) [Comm. 1] ochepera pang'ono kuposa amuna. Kutalika kwa thupi la anthu osiyanasiyana Ranfer pafupifupi: abambo 184-210 (mpaka 226) cm, zazikazi 166-199 masentimita, kutalika kufota 114-141 cm ndi 102-119 masentimita, kulemera kwa thupi 74-194 kg ndi 71-123 kg, motero.
Ziweto zolusa ndizokulirapo kuposa zapakhomo: kukula - mwa 10-20%, zolemetsa m'thupi ndi 20-30%. Pakati pa agalu ogwirira ntchito, Mbawala za Kum'mawa Mpaka pano ndi zazikulu kwambiri. Mbawala za m'nkhalango ndizokwera pang'ono kufota komanso zazikulu kuposa tundra, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndikusinthidwa ndikukhala m'malo ozizira a chipale chofewa. Anthu akuluakulu kwambiri okhala kum'mawa kwa mapiri. Kulemera ndi kukula kwa thupi kumalumikizana kwambiri ndi chakudya cham'dzikoli - nyama ndizokulirapo pamabusa abwino. Anthu ochokera kuzilumba, okhala ndi vuto losauka, nthawi zambiri amakhala ocheperako kuposa omwe ali kumtunda.
Adani Achilengedwe Achilengedwe
Chithunzi: Mkazi wa Reindeer
Choopsa chachikulu m'chilengedwe cha mbawala ndi adani. Kutengera komwe kuli malo komanso kuchuluka kwa ziweto zazikazi, kuopsa ndi kuwonongeka kwa zomwe zimadyedwa zimasiyanasiyana ndipo zimakhudza anthu ambiri. Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zikukhudza kuchuluka kwa zowonongeka ndizoperewera kwa chakudya china, zinthu zachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa agwape ndi adani.
Choopsa chachikulu pa mbawala ndi mmbulu. Mu tundra ndi nkhalango-tundra, ndimomwe amachokera ku nkhandwe kuti mimbulu yambiri imafa. M'nkhalangomo, mimbulu siziika pachiwopsezo chotere chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nyama zodya ziwalozi. Ngati kulibe mimbulu yambiri, ndiye kuti siziwononga zoweta zazikazi, koma m'malo mwake agwiritse ntchito yosankha - odwala okha ndi ofooka omwe amafa. Anthu athanzi ndi olimba amavutikira nkhandwe nthawi yozizira. Komabe, ngati kuchuluka kwa mimbulu kumakhala kwakukulu, ndiye kuti ngwazi imasowa kwambiri, ngakhale athanzi ndi amphamvu amafa.
Chimbalangondo chofiirira chimakhalanso chowopsa. Ngakhale samakonda kusaka mbawala, sadzaphonya zake ngati zingatheke kuti agwidwe. Njira yophweka kwambiri ya chimbalangondo ndi agwape pagombe la dziwe. Chimbalangondo nthawi zambiri chimasaka anthu okalamba. Zimbalangondo nthawi zambiri zimakonda kulimbana ndi agwape okonda nyumba.
Zowonongeka zazikuru zimayambanso chifukwa cha anthu. Ngakhale kuti kusaka ana agalu nkoletsedwa ndipo kumadera ena nyama izi zimatetezedwa, ochita chiwerewere samaletsa zoletsedwazi. Deer ndizofunikira kwa anthu chifukwa cha nyanga, khungu, ndi nyama. Kuphatikiza pa kusaka, kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango ndi kusintha kwachilengedwe komwe nyama zimakhala.
Reindeer ankakhala ku Europe konse, koma masiku ano amangokhala m'malo omwe sizovuta kuti munthu afike.
Nyanga
Nyanga zimapezeka mwaimuna ndi zazikazi (mlandu wokha m'banjamo). Nyanga zake ndizazikulu komanso zovuta kupanga ndi thunthu lalitali lalitali (mpaka 150 cm amuna), lokhazikika. Kutalika kwa nyambo mwaimuna kumafika masentimita 120. Pamapeto pa antler pali fosholo yaying'ono yokhazikika yokhala ndi njira zazifupi. Momwe infraorbital imagwirira ndi zokutira ngati zokutira. Nyanga nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofanana kwambiri. Thunthu la lipenga ndi njira laphimbidwa, mafosholo pa thunthu ndipo njira zake ndizabwino. Pamaso pa nyangayi nthawi zonse kumakhala kosalala, ngati kuti kupukutidwa. Mtundu wa lipenga ndi lofiirira kapena loyera.
Nyanga za Reindeer ndi zokulirapo kuposa agwape ena. Komabe, thunthu ndi njira zake ndi zopyapyala, ndipo kulemera kwa nyanga siziposa 11-12 kg. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa komanso ofooka, osakhala ndi mawonekedwe okoka ndikuyimira thunthu loyang'ana pang'ono kapena lopindika pang'onopang'ono, ndikuwongolera kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo. M'magulu antchito zapakhomo, nthawi zambiri nyanga zimakhala zazikuru kwambiri. Nyanga ndizosiyanasiyana potengera kutalika kwa thunthu, kupindika kwake, kuchuluka kwake komanso kuchuluka kwa njira, kuchuluka kwake komanso kuchuluka kwa mafosholo ngati fosholo, kapangidwe kake ndi mafosholo a maso ndi ma ayezi, ndi kufalikira. Nyanga zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndizochulukirapo kuposa za agwape ena, ndipo ndizochulukirapo kuposa za esili. Kuphatikiza pa kusasinthika kwakukulu, nyanga zimathandizidwanso pakusintha kwina kwina. Zachikazi zimakhala ndi nyanga za mtundu wofanana ndi zazimuna, koma ndizocheperako komanso zopepuka. Zopanda nyanga (zopanda nyanga) vazhenki zimapezeka. Ku Altai ndi ku mapiri a Sayan, kuchuluka kwa akazi opanda nyanga ndiwokwera mpaka 25 25.
Amuna akuluakulu amaponya nyanga zawo mu Novembala-Disembala kumapeto kwa nthawi yakukhwima, nyama zazing'ono mu Epulo-Meyi, ndi zazikazi mu Meyi-Juni zitabereka. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yozizira, zazikazi ndi zazing'ono zazikazi zimakhala ndi nyanga, ndipo zazimuna zazikulire zilibe nyanga. Izi zimathandiza vazhenok nthawi yozizira kuti ateteze akhwimbawo amene amakumba mu chisanu kwa amuna amphamvu, koma opanda nyanga. Nyanga zazimuna zimayambanso kukula m'mwezi wa Epulo, kwa akazi - atangochotsa zakale. Nyanga zimatsukidwa khungu kumapeto kwa Ogasiti-Seputembala (mwa achinyamata mpaka Okutobala).
Tsitsi
Mawonekedwe a tsitsi ndizofanana ndi agwape, ndipo mawonekedwe ake onse amawonekera kuposa mitundu yathu ina, ngakhale kuposa elk. Ubweya wozizira ndi wautali kwambiri, ndipo tsitsi lotsalira m'mphepete limakhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi 50 mm, kumbuyo kwawo amafika 90 mm, pa oblium 100 mm. Tsitsi m'khosi limakhala lalitali kwambiri ndipo limapangidwa ndi chingwe cholimba komanso chautali, Tsitsi lomwe pansi pake limakhala lotalika 300 mm. Kuchuluka kwa khosi komanso kuyimitsidwa kwakukulu pansi kumapangitsa kuti kawoneke kwambiri komanso kachulukidwe - pafupifupi ngati thupi. Pafupifupi 0.9 yotsalira ya tsitsi imakhala ndi pachimake ndi zingwe zodzadza ndi mpweya. Zotsatira zake, tsitsili limakhala lophweka kwambiri. Pa miyendo, tsitsi limakhala lalifupi, lalifupi kwambiri komanso lolimba, lotha kupirira kuvala mukamayenda chisanu. Kuzungulira ziboda zamtunduwu ndiko kutalika komanso kolimba, koma tsitsi lolimba, ndikukulitsa malo othandizira. "Burashi" ya tsitsi lalitali komanso lolimba, lopezeka pakati pa ziboda, imathandizanso chimodzimodzi. Zimalepheretsanso kutsika. Pamutu, tsitsi limakhala lalifupi. Amabisa dera lonselo mokwanira, osasiya ngakhale madera ang'onoang'ono kwambiri. Pansi pa chivundikiro cha msana palinso chimfine, chochepa thupi, chofunda, chosavunda kunja. Zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zotentha komanso zolimba, zokhala ndi mpweya (mkati mwa tsitsi ndi pakati pawo), zowoneka ngati ubweya kuti zisaoneke. Kapangidwe kamene kamaperekedwako kamapatsanso nyamayo chakudya chosafunikira - buluzi limasambira, zikuwoneka bwino, kuposa ubweya wonse.
Ubweya wa chilimwe umakhala waufupi komanso wofewa, wokhala ndi misewu yotsogola mu tsitsi, maula siokulirapo ndipo mawonekedwe a ziboda samakula. Mwa makanda ndi nyama, m'mwezi woyamba wamoyo, ubweya ndi wofewa kwambiri komanso wofewa, mulibe ma mpweya kapena osakhazikika bwino.
Mtundu wa ubweya wa chilimwe umakhala wofiirira, wobiriwira khofi, wonyezimira kapena wonyezimira pafupifupi thupi lonse. Malo akumunsi a mchira ndi mkati mwa ntchafu pafupi ndi mchira ndipo pang'ono m'munsi ndi loyera ndikupanga kalilole kakang'ono. Tsitsi lozungulira ziboda zake ndi zoyera. Mbali za m'khosi ndizopepuka, zofiirira, zoyera kapena zoyera, Tsitsi lakutsogolo la khosi ndi loyera. M'mphepete nthawi zina pamakhala gawo lowala, loyera. Mtundu wa ubweya wa chilimwe umakhala chimodzimodzi mu nyama yonse ndipo umasiyana pang'ono payekhapayekha. Ubweya wa nthawi yozizira umakhala wamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku malo opepuka ndi amdima (ofanana kuposa agwape ena) ndipo, mosiyana ndi chilimwe, umakhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakumasiyana. M'malo ena ndi kuda kwambiri, kwina kumatha kukhala koyera kapena kuyera.
Kusiyanitsa mitundu pakati pa kugonana sikupezeka kapena kopanda tanthauzo, komabe, m'malo ena amafotokozedwa momveka bwino. Mitundu yatsopano ya mwana wakhanda ndi nyama m'miyezi yoyambirira ya moyo (asanagundike, zovala zoyambirira) ndizovala zofiirira kapena zofiirira, zina zopepuka kumunsi kwa thupi, mchira kuchokera pansi, kummero ndi dera lakumapeto. Makutu ndi abula kunja, oyera mkati, kutsogolo kwa miyendo kumakhala kwamdima kuposa kumbuyo. Kumbuyo kuli lamba wakuda.
Kumwaza kamodzi pachaka, kumatenga nthawi yayitali kwambiri: kuyambira Epulo mpaka Julayi - koyambirira kwa Ogasiti. Choyamba, undercoat yakaleyo imagwera, ndiye kuti msana. Kumwaza kumayambira kuyambira kumutu, kenako ndikupita kukhosi, kumbuyo, miyendo, kenako mmbali ndi m'mimba.
Zambiri pazapangidwe
Reindeer ndi wokhala kumadera akumpoto: tundra ndi taiga. Zonse zomwe zimadziwika ndi iye ndizolowera kukhala ndi nyengo yozizira, nyengo yozizira. Amalekerera kutentha kwambiri ndi zovuta. Tiziwirira thukuta timakulirakulira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti agwiritse ntchito kutentha kwa thupi chifukwa chopumira kwambiri pakamwa komanso pakamwa pofalikira. Ma molars ndi ochepa kwambiri, okhala ndi korona zotsika, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zakudya zamafuta ophweka kwambiri - lichens. Zoyikirazi ndizowongoka, zofananira, zazing'ono, sizoyenera kudula masamba owondera, koma zimasinthidwa kuti zibowole ndi kuphwanya zilolezo, sizimafunikira mphamvu zapadera. Miyendo imakhala ndi zida zapadera zingapo.
Zingwezi zimakulitsidwa kwambiri, zala zonse zinayi zimapangidwa bwino ndipo zimagwira ntchito nthawi zonse, ziboda zake ndizazunguliridwa ndi tsitsi lalitali lalitali lomwe limakula mwamphamvu mpaka nthawi yozizira, ndikupanga burashi yofanana ndi mawonekedwe omwewo mu hare, lynx, nkhandwe yakumpoto ndi nyama zina zakumpoto. Zolumikizira zala zapakati zimatha kusinthika mwamphamvu, ndi ma phalange amatenga malo oyandikira. Zonsezi zimapangitsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu mdera lothandizira ndi kusamalira nyamayo, ngakhale pa chipale chofewa.Pa chisanu chazizira mu tundra, mbawala zimadutsa, osatsala pang'ono kupeza. Mbali iyi ya miyendo imakhala bwino ndi dothi lonyowa. Tsitsi lomwe limakula mozungulira zowombera nthawi yozizira, nthawi imodzimodziyo limateteza mabala oundana ndi kutumphuka. Malamba a tsitsi amakula pakati pa zala zapakati, akuchulukirachulukira nthawi yozizira, amadzaza mbali yakumaso kwawoko komanso kupewa kuterera ayezi. Kapangidwe ka ziboda zogumuka kumasiyanasiyana kwambiri ndi nyengo. M'mphepete mwake mumamera nyengo yachisanu, mbali yotsekemera ya zibowozo imagwedezeka, lembalo limapeza mphamvu zambiri ndikukhala "ngati galasi", pomwe, limasinthasintha kuyenda pansi mwamphamvu ndi ayezi komanso limalepheretsa chidendene chovulala, ndipo mbali inayo, chimagwira kukumba zisoso. Reindeer omwe amakhala m'mapiri komanso m'miyala siziwoneka bwino kwambiri m'chilimwe kuposa okhala m'malo otentha.
Mbawala, monga mphalaphala, imakweza miyendo yake m'mwamba kuthamanga: ngodya zopendekera pabondo, calcaneus, unulates ndi mafupa ena ndiwakuthwa, ngati elk, komanso akuthwa kwambiri kuposa agwape ooneka bwino, agwape ndi mahatchi. Izi zimathandiza kuti nyamayo izitha kuyenda mozungulira, malo okhala udzu, m'nkhalango zamtchire komanso pa chipale chofewa. Woyambanso kusunthasuntha, ngati mphika, m'mayendedwe kapena pamtunda, kawirikawiri pamalonda.
Dera lam'mphuno la reindeer limasiyana kwambiri: limakulitsidwa kwambiri, m'mizere yammphuno imakhala ndi voliyumu yayikulu kuposa yapamwamba komanso zazikazi zina zam'mwera zakutchire. Kusintha kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa chakupumira mpweya ozizira. Kusowa konse kwa malo opanda mphuno pamphuno, yomwe imapangidwa nthawi zonse kumapangidwe ena onse, kumalumikizidwa ndi kubisala pafupipafupi kwa chipale chofewa, chifukwa chomwechi chinapangitsa kuchepa kwa mphuno ndi mphuno.
Kusintha kofunikira kuti mukhale mu nyengo yozizira ndi mawonekedwe a tsitsilo ndi tsitsi lakuda, lomwe limaphatikizidwa ndi wosanjikiza wonenepa wa mafuta onunkhira amathandiza kuti mafuta azikhala odalirika. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, tsitsi lokhala ndi vutoli limamupangitsa kuti azitha kuyenda mosavuta m'madzi ozizira a tundra ndi mitsinje ya taiga ndi nyanja. Kuwonongeka pang'onopang'ono kwa kusintha kwa mitundu ya anthu pakafalitsidwe kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera kulinso ndi khalidwe, lomwe, mwachiwonekere, lili ndi tanthauzo losinthika, kuwona kwamaso kunali kutayika kwathunthu pakati pa achinyamata, ubweya wa chilimwe udataya mtundu wake wofiira.
Wodzigwirizanitsa ku Arctic akukumana ndi kusintha kwakukulu pakuwunikira: kuyambira nthawi yachilimwe yopitilira (dzuwa la polar) kupita kumdima wachisanu. Amatha kuthana ndimdima wachisanu ndi kuthekera kwake kuti athe kuwona ma radiation a ultraviolet (yokhala ndi mafunde opitilira 320 nm). Reindeer amazindikira zinthu zofunika zomwe zimatenga kuwala kwa ultraviolet ndipo chifukwa chake zimawoneka zakuda, mosiyana kwambiri ndi chipale chofewa: lichens ndiye gwero lalikulu la chakudya nthawi yozizira, mkodzo ndi chizindikiro cha adani kapena mpikisano, ubweya wa mmbulu. Mtundu wa diso la Reindeer umalumikizidwa ndikusinthidwa kwa tapetum kusintha kwa nyengo munthawi yazachilengedwe. M'nyengo yotentha, imakhala yagolide - kuwala kambiri kumawonekera kudzera mu retina, ndipo nthawi yachisanu imakhala yobiriwira yamdima yowala pang'ono kuwonekera kuchokera pamaso. Hypersensitivity imachitika chifukwa chakuchepa kwa maonedwe acuity, koma amathandizira kuwona owononga omwe ali mu nyengo za usiku wooneka bwino.
Opikisana
Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisinthe manambala a agwape ndi antchito zapakhomo ndi, komanso pamikhalidwe yachuma. Zinthu zachilengedwe siziyikidwa pambali. Zomera zamtchire ndi zoweta ndi omwe amapikisana kwambiri wina ndi mnzake. Zomwe zili mu vuto la zotsutsana pakati pa agwape ndi antchito zapakhomo ndi: 1) pochotsa nguluwe zapakhomo komanso pafupipafupi zokomera, 2) podyetsa msipu wa malo odyetserako ziweto, 3) pothandizirana posamalira malo oyang'anitsitsa matenda opatsirana. Khwangwala wamtchire, yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi "udzu", mdani wowopsa kwambiri kumalimi wolumikizana kuposa nkhandwe, adakumana ndi zovuta chifukwa chake adawonongeratu anthu ndikumangotulutsa malo ake odyetserako ziweto. Zowonadi, kuthekera kwa kusakaniza nyama zazikazi zakutchire m'magawo omwewo ndizosatheka. Kutsutsana kwachilengedwe kumatha kuyanjanitsidwa pokhapokha pokhapokha malo omwe akukhalako, ndikukonda mbira zakutchire pamtunda uliwonse, zomwe ndizotheka ndikuwonekeratu kwa Russian North (ku North America, kumene kukonzanso amuna kukukwaniritsidwa ndipo sikungakhale ndi chiyembekezo, palibe vuto) .
Reindeer amapikisana ndi nyama zingapo. Mu tundra, amaphatikiza mandimu, komanso Middendorff vole, pomwe mitengo yake m'malo ena imawonongeka kwambiri nthawi yozizira kotero kuti pafupifupi ziphuphu sizikhalapo. Mpikisano wokhala ndi pika wakumpoto pa malo odyetserako ndi ochepa kwambiri, chifukwa malo omwe pika - oikapo miyala am'malo a mapiri - sikugwiritsidwe ntchito konse ndi reindeer konse.
Elk, musk dees, hare yoyera alibe ubale wopikisana ndi wamtchire wamtchire. Nkhosa yotsekerayo imadya zofanana ndi zomwe zimadya nyama yam'munda. Komabe, mpikisano sufotokozedwanso pano, popeza amakonda malo owombera; Komabe, mbawala zamtchire zitha kudziwika kuti ndizopikisana kwambiri ndi nkhosa zamatalala padziko lapansi. Nkhosa, chifukwa cha zocepa zazing'ono, sizingakhale mpikisano wa agwape.
Ng'ombe ya musk imachita mpikisano wina ndi nyama zakutchire, makamaka kuzilumba za Arctic, komwe kumakhala anthu okhala pachilumbapo. Pachilumba cha Wrangel, ng'ombe yamchereyi imagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yambiri yazakudya chaka chonse, ikuyenda pang'ono pang'onopang'ono kudutsa dera, ndipo reindeer, m'malo mwake, imayenda maulendo ochulukirapo pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yaying'ono yazakudya. Carou sitiwona ngati wopikisana ndi ng'ombe ya musk, chifukwa nthawi zambiri malo awo odyetserako nyama amakhala malo ochepa, ndipo kumadera ena caribou ndi ochepa kapena sakhalapo. Mwambiri, ng'ombe zamkati ndimtundu wakumpoto kwambiri wa anthu osakonda kubadwa, zimakhala makamaka m'malo amenewo momwe mbidzi samakhalamo - ku Arctic tundra ndi zipululu.
Atsekwe tundra (makamaka goosebird, tsekwe loyang'ana kutsogolo), grouse ndi tundra ndizambiri m'malo ambiri a tundra, ngakhale amamwa zakudya zomwe amakonda ndi agwape, sapikisana nawo.
Matenda
Nthawi zambiri, reindeer amakhudzidwa ndi necrobacteriosis (hoof), brucellosis, matenda a gadfly, matenda a helminth, matenda a kupuma, komanso chimbudzi. Pakutha kwa zaka za 1980s, kuchuluka kwa agalu aku USSR afika 1520%, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mankhwalawa kunali kopitilira 50%.
Mwa matenda opatsirana, kufalikira kwam'nyumba kumakhala kofala kwambiri ku brucellosis, necrobacteriosis; matenda opweteka kwambiri pamatumbo ndi pakamwa komanso anthrax sizinali zachilendo mpaka chapakati pa zaka za zana la 20, milandu yokhudzana ndi matenda a paratuberculosis, nkhanambo, mphete, ndi matenda a chiwewe anali ochepa. Nkhani za matenda monga leukemia, chifuwa chachikulu, enterotoxemia, colibacteriosis, leptospirosis adadziwikanso. Mu reindeer yakuthengo, matenda a brucellosis ndi matenda ofala, necrobacteriosis sichipezeka kawirikawiri, pamakhala zochitika zosamveka bwino zamatenda am'miyendo ndi pakamwa komanso matenda anthrax, komanso milandu yokhudza chifuwa chachikulu cha chifuwa chachikulu ndi colibacteriosis. Matenda ambiri a parasitic adanenedwanso kuti amaberekanso, makamaka kwa oweta. Chifukwa chake amadziwika amitundu 76 ya helminths, kwa tundra deer wa ku Canada matenda a "kutupa taya" omwe amayamba chifukwa cha mtundu wa bowa wa parasitic amafotokozedwa, nkhupakupa zimayambitsa sarcoptosis (nkhanambo).
Reindeers imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ntchentche - tizilombo tomwe timayamwa magazi (kuluma pakati, midges, udzudzu, mahatchi), ndi agalu omwe amawagwera manambala osawerengeka nyengo yotentha, kuyambira kumapeto kwa Juni mpaka Ogasiti. Tizilombo timayambitsa nkhawa yayikulu, zimawalepheretsa kupuma mokwanira komanso kudya zakudya zopatsa thanzi. Kufunika kochepetsa mavuto awo ndi tizilombo ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa kusuntha kwanyengo. Kuthawa kuchokera kumapeto, agwape nthawi zina amathamanga mothamanga uku ndi uku kapena kuzungulira (akathamanga, mpweya wothandizirana umapangidwa womwe umathamangitsa tizilombo, koma ngongole zimawononga mphamvu kuti zisawononge dziko.
Mwa majeremusi akunja a reindeer, kuvulala kwakukulu kumayambitsidwa ndi gadfly: saw, kapena hypodermic kumpoto (Oedemagena tarandi L.)) ndi xianu, kapena nasopharynx (Cephenomyia trompe Modeer), parasiting gawo. Mphutsi za macheka zikhazikika pansi pa khungu la agwape (pafupifupi mpaka 200 mphutsi) ndipo kenako kubowola pakhungu: kudzera mu fistula mu Meyi - June, mphutsi zimatuluka.
Kuvulala kwakukulu kumayambitsa mphukira ndi xiang, pa ntchentche gulu la mphutsi kumamwaza m'mphuno pa ntchentche. Kuphatikiza pa kuda nkhawa ndi mantha omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kufikitsa kwa kachilombo ka agwape, mphutsi zambiri ndi nasopharynx zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi mucous membrane wa larynx zimapangitsa kupuma ndikudya, zimayambitsa kutopa ndi matenda. Khwangwala wamtchire, chifukwa cha kusuntha kwakukulu, amavutika kwambiri ndi tizilombo tating'ono.
Kufotokozera Kwachidule
Ambiri sadziwa momwe nswala zimawonekera. Ngati tikulankhula za mawonekedwe, ndiye zizindikilo za thupi la agwiritse ntchito motere:
- kutalika - mpaka 220 cm,
- kutalika kufota - mpaka 150 cm,
- kulemera - 200 kg.
Izi ndizofanana ndipo sizikukaniza zosankha zina.
Thupi la nyamayo lakutidwa ndi ubweya wakuda pamwamba pa malaya, lomwe limateteza nyamayo ku chisanu champhamvu. Mtundu wa chovalacho umasintha malinga ndi nyengo. M'nyengo yozizira, izikhala yopepuka, yokhala ndi zofiirira. M'nyengo yotentha, imakhala yotuwa. Pofuna kuti asagwere m'chipale chofewa, amagwiritsa ntchito ziboda zake zopingasa ziwiri. Amakhala ndi zakudya zapadera zomwe zimathandizira nyama kukumba chakudya pansi pa chisanu.
Amuna ndi akazi onse ali ndi nyanga. Ndizitali komanso nthambi, zokhala ndi masamba opindika patali kumapeto. Akazi amawataya m'chilimwe (Meyi-Juni). Amuna mu Novembala-Disembala. Pakapita nthawi, nyanga zimayambiranso kubwerera. Sikuti aliyense amakhala ndi mchira.
Ogwira ntchito zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe abata, koma anthu ankhanza amapezekanso.
Animal caribou - wotchedwa tundra deer ku North America. Anthu ambiri ku Siberia amadzisamalira okha. Amakhala m'malo osungira nyama. Koma ngakhale kuthengo, makamaka ku Taiga ndi Tundra, anthu amtunduwu adatsala.
Moyo
Reindeers amakhala m'mapiri komanso kumapiri. Amamatirira kunja kwa nkhalango ndi mitsinje. Pewani nkhalango zowirira ndi zigwa zazikulu.
M'nyengo yotentha, nyama zimayandikira kufupi ndi gombe la Arctic momwe zingathere. M'madera ena, midges imalepheretsa moyo wawo wachete. Kuchokera pagulu la tizilombo tokwiyitsa, mphepo yozizira imapulumutsa. M'nyengo yozizira, kusamukira komwe kumachitika kumachitika.
Kuti mupeze chakudya, munthu wamkulu wakhama amayenda 1,500 km. Njira zosamukira zimakhala zofananira nthawi yotentha komanso nthawi yozizira. Izi ndi ziweto. Anthu osungulumwa ndi osowa kwambiri. Pamodzi ndikosavuta kupeza chakudya, dzitenthereni mu chisanu chambiri, ndikudziteteza kwa adani. Gulu lililonse limakhala ndi chaputala chomwe chimathamangira kwa adani ndikuteteza zazikazi kwa amuna anzawo. Pafupifupi mitu chikwi chimodzi imalowa m'gulu limodzi, ndipo nthawi yosamukira, chiwerengerochi chikuchuluka.
Pali mitundu ingapo ya Reindeer padziko lapansi. Amagawidwa ndi malo okhala, kusintha kapangidwe ka thupi ndi mawonekedwe ake.
Pongoyambira, kulekanitsa kumapitilira pamtunda. Apa mutha kusiyanitsa anthu aku North America (caribou) ndi anthu aku Europe. Mbali yoyamba, palibe kusiyana kwapadera pakati pa nyama zomwe zimakhala ku Alaska, Canada kapena Greenland. Ndipo yachiwiri iyenera kulingaliridwa mosamala. Nawa oimira ake akuluakulu:
- Nkhalango ya Siberia - m'modzi mwa oyimira wamkulu wa anthu aku Europe. Mtundu wachisanu, mchenga ndi mithunzi yofiira imapambana. Ubweya ndi waufupi. Nyanga ndi zoonda komanso zopanda mphamvu. Habitat - Ural, zigawo za nkhalango za Siberia, kumpoto kwa Mongolia.
- Tundryanoy waku Siberia - mochepera pang'ono kuposa mitundu yapita. Ubweya wozizira, wopepuka kwambiri. Malo amdima amapezeka m'mphepete. Ubweya wake ndi wautali komanso wandiweyani. Amakhala m'mafupa a ku Arctic Ocean, ku Siberia ya Tundra.
- Novaya Zemlya - ochepera kuposa a Siberia Tundryanoy. Maonekedwe a chigaza ndi chopapatiza komanso chopendekera. Ubweya wozizira ndi woyera. Malo amdima nthawi zina amabwera. Ubweya wake ndiwotalika kwambiri komanso wautali kwambiri pakati pa mitundu yonse ya agwiritse ntchito ku Ulaya. Imapezeka pa Yamal Peninsula ndi malo osiyanasiyana a Siberian Tundra. Ndizofanana kwambiri ndi anthu aku North America.
- European - kukula kwake sikuposa Novaya Zemlya. Kupanga utoto kumapangidwa bwino. Pali malo opepuka komanso amdima. Amakhala ku Sweden, Finland, Norway.
- Okhotsk - nthumwi zazikulu zamitundu yonse ya ku Europe. Chigaza ndi chachikulu kwambiri komanso chachikulu. Mtundu wozizira ndi woderapo. Malo oyera oyera m'mbali ndi khosi. Amapezeka ku Kamchatka, ku Amur Territory, Sakhalin, ndi kumpoto kwa Ussuri Territory.
Ili ndiye mndandanda wazosiyana ndi malo omwe nkhokwe zimakhalamo.
Mutha kusiyanitsanso Home Reindeer ngati mitundu ina. Iwo agawikidwanso kukhala mitundu yapadera. Mwachitsanzo, anthu aku Nenets ali ndi kukula kochepa, koma amphamvu pamaso pa mitundu ina. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu.
Mitundu ya evenki, m'malo mwake, imakula kwambiri. Amanyamula zonyamula zosiyanasiyana. Khwangwala wamtundu wa mereki amaikidwa mkaka, zikopa ndi nyama.
Kodi agulu amadya chiyani?
Zakudya za nyama izi zimakhudzana mwachindunji ndi nyengo. M'chilimwe, amadya nthambi zazing'ono za mitengo, mphukira zamtchire, udzu watsopano ndi bowa, mabango, iris. Amakonda kudya zipatso zamtchire (mabulosi akuda ndi rasipiberi).
M'dzinja, zakudya ndizochepa. Zakudya zoyenera ndi izi: zipatso ndi mphukira zazing'ono, mbewa.
M'nyengo yozizira, zakudya zimasowa kwambiri. Deer adayamba kudya Yagel. Lichen ndi chakudya cha nyama zonse. Amatha kudya miyezi isanu ndi inayi yotsatizana, pomwe amadya pafupifupi 5 kg patsiku (nthawi yozizira). Mwamwayi, chomera ichi chimakwirira madera ambiri a tundra, ngati kapeti wowala. Komabe, kukula kwake kumasiya kufunika. Kwa chaka chimodzi, lichen imeneyi imatha kukula mpaka 5 mm. Chifukwa cha izi, nyama zimangoyendayenda m'malo ndi malo, kufunafuna chakudya.
Nthawi zina, mbewa zimadya mazira a mbalame, kapena nyama zazing'ono (mandimu, mbewa). Madzi ndi chipale chofewa, madzi ochokera m'malo osungira madzi komanso nyanja. Madzi amchere amchere amadzaza mcherewo mthupi la nyama. Nthawi zina, chifukwa chosowa mchere, amadya nyanga zawo komanso za anthu ena.
Kodi agulu amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji?
Nyama izi ndiye gwero lalikulu la chakudya cha anthu akumpoto. Pang'onopang'ono, munthu adaphunzira kulandira nyama ndi mkaka kuchokera kwa iwo. Kutchetchera kwa Reindeer ndizofala kwambiri. Zikopa za nyama zophedwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga malo osakhalitsa, pomwe zovala zofunda zimasoka. Kuchokera pamafuta am'mafupa ndi nyanga, zida ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zidapangidwa.
Mwamunayo atayamba kubereka artiodactyls, adaphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito ngati njira yoyendera m'misewu yakumpoto. Abusa a Reindeer amagwiritsa ntchito zinyama kunyamula katundu ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Zosiyanasiyana
Kutengera malo omwe akukhala, tundra, nkhalango ndi mitengo yodzutsa mapiri imatha kusiyanitsidwa. Komabe, zonsezi ndizosemphana kwambiri ndipo sizinganenedwe kuti phirili silimakhala m'nkhalango, ndipo tundra sikukwera m'mapiri.
Ku America, mwina ma subspecies omwe ndi odziwika bwino ndi Greenland ndi Caribou, ku Eurasia:
- European
- Siberia
- Okhotsk
- barguzinsky
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Reindeer
Chiwerengero cha reindeer chimatsika chaka chilichonse. Kodi zimakhudza chiani anthu? Uku ndi kufa m'malo achilengedwe chifukwa chakuwopseza ndi zochita za anthu: ntchito zachuma, kusaka ndi kuba. Masiku ano, mtundu wamtunduwu ndi okhazikika pamlingo - khola, chiwerengero cha agwape chimaposa anthu 10 miliyoni.Komabe, madera ena, mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya reindeer imatetezedwa ndi nkhokwe zachilengedwe ndi Buku Lofiyira.
M'madera omwe mumatha kupezeka kuti mitundu ya nyama imatha, mbawala zimasungidwa bwino m'malo osungira zachilengedwe. Zochitika zoterezi zimakhala ndi phindu kwa anthu. Masiku ano, ngakhale kuti mphalapala sizatsala pang'ono kutha, kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya nyama kukuchepa kwambiri.
Pali chiwopsezo chakuti pansi pamachitidwe amodzi ndi zochita za munthu, mtunduwu uyenera kuyikidwa mu Red Book ndikubwezeretsedwanso. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kuchuluka kwa deware ku Canada ndi Russia kwatsika ndi 40%. Ndi zochita za anthu zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri nyama zamtchire.
Reindeer nyama yapadera. Kusintha kwanyengo, zikuyamba kuvuta kuti zizolowere ndikukhala ndi moyo, koma ndizolimba ndipo zitha kuthana ndi zopinga izi. Komabe, munthu kudzera muzochita zake amakhala ndi zovunda pa nyama zamtchire, kuti apulumutse ma nomads awa ndikuletsa kuchuluka kwawo, ndikofunikira kuchitapo kanthu moyenera.
Moyo ndi anthu
Reindeers amagwirizana bwino ndi munthu. Anakhala zaka pafupifupi 2000 zapitazo. Nyama zamtenderezi, zomwe zimakhala ndi bata, zidakonda kuzolowera moyo watsopano.
Ichi ndi nyama yabwino kwambiri, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pakukwera, koma izi sizachilendo. Ngati mukufunika kuyenda mtunda wautali m'malo ovuta a kumpoto, ndiye kuti nyamazo ndizoyenererana ndi zochitika ngati izi. Ndikosavuta kwa iye kumayenda mozungulira m'malo ovuta chipale chofewa komanso kumapiri, kuphatikiza, amatha kupeza chakudya chake, ndikudya msipu.
Kwa anthu Aku kumpoto Kwambiri, nyama zam'mimbazi ndi mafuta ndizofunikira kwambiri, zimathandizira kubwezeretsanso mavitamini m'thupi ndikuwonjezera chitetezo chokwanira. Nyama yadyera sikuti imangokhala ndi zinthu zambiri zofufuza, komanso yokoma. Kwa nzika zakomweko, izi ndi chakudya wamba, koma kwa anthu okhala pakati komanso kum'mwera ndizabwino kwambiri, motero sizotsika mtengo. Kuphatikiza apo, ndimakhala otsika-kalori ndipo mtunduwu umawonjezera phindu lochulukirapo kwa iwo. Ziwalo zambiri zamkati mwa nyamayo ngakhale magazi amayinso kudya.
Fur ndi mitsempha imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu kulikonse, onse kukonza nyumba komanso kusoka zovala ndi nsapato. Mankhwala ambiri, komanso makhaseti ndi zikumbutso zina, amapangidwa kuchokera ku nyanga ndi ziboda.
Ziweto ndizochepa kuposa zakutchire, nthawi zambiri zimachitika chifukwa sikuyenera kudziteteza. Mtundu ulinso wosiyana pang'ono, azungu ndiotchuka kwambiri. Zachibadwa zina sizimatchulidwa, mwachitsanzo, chibadwa chofuna kusamuka. Koma malingaliro abusa amakula kwambiri, omwe amalola kuti azikhala mwakachetechete m'malo ang'onoang'ono.
Kusaka kwa Reindeer
Nthawi zambiri, kusaka sikubwera chifukwa cha nyama, koma chifukwa chazosangalatsa komanso zosangalatsa zoyambirira. Imachitika makamaka mu kugwa, pa nthawi yopsa. Kuti mudziwe ngati nkotheka kusaka mdera lanu ndi komwe mungachite, muyenera kulumikizana ndi gulu la asaka. Adzakuwuzani ngati ndizotheka kupeza layisensi, zomwe zikufunika ndi izi komanso mtengo wake. Kodi ndingasaka liti komanso zamtundu wanji, komanso nyama zingati zomwe zimaphedwa.
Kuphunzira laisensi yosaka ku America ndikosavuta, ku Russia kumakhala kovuta kwambiri komanso sikungakhale kotsika mtengo. Mutha kusaka pokhapokha pochita izi, ngakhale amateurs ambiri samanyoza kuba ndikuwombera m'malo omwe amafuna, osanyalanyaza malamulo onse.