Bateri ya dzuwa - kuphatikiza kwa otembenuza zithunzi (ma fotokota) - zida za semiconductor zomwe zimasinthira mwachindunji mphamvu ya dzuwa kukhala magetsi azowongolera, mosiyana ndi okhometsa dzuwa omwe amapanga zinthu zotenthetsera.

Zipangizo zingapo zomwe zimalola kutembenuka kwa ma radiation a dzuwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi ndi zamagetsi ndizinthu zomwe zimayenera kuphunzira mphamvu ya dzuwa (kuchokera ku Helios Greek. Ήλιος, Helios - Sun). Kupanga kwa maselo a Photovoltaic ndi osonkhanitsa dzuwa akutukuka m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Paneli zama solar zimabwera mosiyanasiyana: kuchokera kumakina opanga ma microcalculators kupita pamagalimoto okhala ndi nyumba komanso nyumba.

Nkhani

Mu 1842, a Alexander Edmond Becquerel adapeza tanthauzo la kusintha magetsi kukhala magetsi. Charles Fritts adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito selenium kuti asinthe magetsi kukhala magetsi. Zolemba zoyambirira za mapanelo a dzuwa zinapangidwa ndi wojambula waku Italy wa Giacomo Luigi Chamican.

Marichi 25, 1948, akatswiri ku Bell Laboratories adalengeza za kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapanelo oyambira kukhazikika a silicon opangira magetsi amagetsi. Kupeza kumeneku kunapangidwa ndi anthu atatu ogwira ntchito pakampaniyo - Calvin Souther Fuller (Calvin Souther Fuller), Daryl Chapin (Daryl Chapin) ndi Gerald Pearson (Gerald Pearson). Pambuyo pa zaka 10, pa Marichi 17, 1958, satellite yogwiritsa ntchito mabatire a dzuwa, Avangard-1, idakhazikitsidwa ku USA. Pa Meyi 15, 1958, satellite yogwiritsa ntchito mabatire a dzuwa, Sputnik-3, idayambitsidwanso ku USSR.

Zomwe muyenera kudziwa za mapanelo a dzuwa

"Betri ya Solar" ndi mawu omwe amatanthauza ma cell angapo a dzuwa, omwe ali magawo a semiconductor omwe amasintha mwachindunji mphamvu ya dzuwa kukhala yamphamvu mwachindunji. Ndondomeko amatchedwa chithunzielectric kwenikweni. Pambuyo pakuwongolera chazinthu chazinthu chakuyerekeza ichi pakugwira ntchito, makampaniwo adathandizanso kupanga ma silicon solar model. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa dzuwa - 18-22%. Kulumikizana kwa mafotini mwaiwo ndikosiyanasiyana komanso kofanana.

Chimango chomwe adakhalapo chimapangidwa ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi dielectric.

Chiwembu cholumikizira mapanelo olimbitsa dzuwa kwa nyumba yachilimwe komanso nyumba yapadera Kugwiritsa bwino ntchito kwadongosolo kumayendetsedwa ndi kusankha koyenera pazinthu zonse zamagetsi. Ubwino wa ma module omwe amapanga batri la dzuwa umatengera momwe amaliza bwino njira yomwe amayenda ndi zithunzi kuchokera ku Dzuwa kupita Padziko Lapansi.

Popeza agwera mumsampha wa radiation yowala, amakhala gawo lamagetsi yamagetsi yokhala ndi chowongolera mwachindunji. Kupitilira apo, kutengera ntchitoyo, mphamvu zomwe zimapangidwira zimasonkhanitsidwa mumabatire kapena zimasinthidwa kukhala magetsi osinthika othandizira okwanira 220 V

Mitundu ya Mapanelo a Solar

Kutengera mtundu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma silicon semiconductors, ma model a solar amagawidwa m'magulu awiri: polycrystalline , galasi limodzi .

Zakale zili ngati mawonekedwe apamwamba pomwe pali mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa makhiristo osagwirizana. Suluti ya silicon imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga. Choyamba, zopangira zimathiridwa m'mitundu yapadera, ndiye kuti mabatani omwe amapezeka ndikusungunuka amadulidwa m'mbale lalikulu. Panthawi yopanga, misa ya silicon yosungunula imazizidwa pang'onopang'ono.

Ma paneli a monocrystalline ndi othandiza kwambiri ndipo amatulutsa mphamvu zochulukirapo pamiyeso imodzimodzi, koma mapanelo a polycrystalline ndiotsika mtengo.Modulamuyi amakhala ndi ma mbale a 36 kapena 72 a polycrystalline. Pulogalamu imakhala ndi zigawo zoterezi. Tekinolojeyi ndiyosavuta, sizikuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodula komanso sizifunikira ndalama zazikulu. Zotsalira za ma module awa ndi amodzi - makulidwewo samaposa 18%.

Zofunikira kwambiri kwa iwo zimafotokozedwa ndikuti ndi zotsika mtengo. Mosiyana ndi zomwe zimachitika m'mbuyomu, mapanelo a galasi limodzi siabwino. Awa ndi ma plates ochepa thupi omwe amawoneka bwino ngati gawo lalikulu kumata. Kuti mupeze, galoni wa silicon amakula mwaluso. Ma cell a solar omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamenepa amakhala ndi masilinda a silicon.

Mwa kukonza ma slot a silicon kumbali zonse, ntchito imalimbikitsidwa. Njirayi ndi yodula koma yopindulitsa. Kuchita bwino kwa zinthu zokhala ndi galasi limodzi kumatha kufika 22%. Mtengo wawo ndiwokwera kuposa wa polycrystalline m'chigawo cha 10%.

Kodi batire loyera ndi chiyani?

Bateri ya dzuwa (SB) ndi ma module angapo a photovoltaic ophatikizidwa mu chipangizo chimodzi pogwiritsa ntchito othandizira magetsi.

Ndipo ngati batire imakhala ndi ma module (omwe amatchedwanso mapanelo), ndiye kuti gawo lililonse limapangidwa ndi maselo angapo amizere (omwe amatchedwa maselo). Selo yoyendera dzuwa ndi chinthu chofunikira chomwe chili pamtima wamabatire komanso kukhazikitsa dzuwa konseko.

Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa maselo a dzuwa pamafomu osiyanasiyana.

Koma msonkhano wa gulu la Photovoltaic.

Pochita, maselo a Photovoltaic amagwiritsidwa ntchito molumikizana ndi zida zowonjezera, zomwe zimathandizira kusintha zomwe zapezeka, chifukwa chodziunjikira komanso kugawa otsatira pakati pa ogula. Zida zotsatirazi zimaphatikizidwa mu zida zamagetsi azinyumba:

1. Ma paneli a Photovoltaic ndiye chinthu chachikulu cha dongosololi chomwe chimapanga magetsi pomwe dzuwa lawomba.
2. Batire yobwezeretsanso chida chosungira mphamvu chomwe chimalola kuti ogula azitha kupatsidwa magetsi ena ngakhale nthawi zomwe SB sizitulutsa (mwachitsanzo, usiku).
3. Kuwongolera - chipangizo chofunikira kupangira mabatire panthawi yake, poteteza mabatire kuti asangotuluka komanso kuti azitulutsa kwambiri.
4. An inverter ndi magetsi osinthira omwe amakupatsani mwayi wolandirira zomwe mukupanga ndi ma frequency komanso voliyumu yofunikira.

Mwakachetechete, mphamvu yamagetsi yamphamvu yoyendera mphamvu yamphamvu yozungulira imakhala motere.

Chiwembuchi ndi chophweka, koma kuti chitha kugwira bwino ntchito, ndikofunikira kuwerengera magwiridwe antchito a zida zonse zomwe zimagwira nawo.

Zofunikira ndi mfundo zoyendetsera ma solar solar

Ntchito ya batri ya dzuwa ndi kusintha mphamvu yamayendedwe a dzuwa kukhala magetsi, omwe amadyetsa zida zapakhomo ndi mafakitale. Kugwira ntchito kwa malo oyendetsa magetsi a dzuwa, kwakukulu, kumachitika monga momwe amachitira limodzi.

Dongosolo la solar lili ndi zinthu 5. Gawo loyamba la kukhazikitsidwa kwa dzuwa ndi zithunzi.

Zipangizo za semiconductor zomwe zimapangidwa mwachindunji zimasinthira mphamvu ya thupi lakumwamba kukhala magetsi azonse. Mphamvu ndi mphamvu yamagetsi amagetsi amodzi amatha kukhala osiyana, koma nthawi zonse 12 12. Batri yoyendera dzuwa ndi njira yamagulu angapo. Pezani mabatire m'malo omwe mungawongolere dzuwa.

Pofuna kuwongolera ndikuwongolera kugwira ntchito kwa ma solar a solar, zida monga betri, inverter, ndi controller zimaphatikizidwa mu dera. Batri imakwaniritsa udindo wawo pachikhalidwe - imasungidwa mumagetsi. Izi zimachitika pogwira ntchito yamagetsi apanyumba kuchokera paukadaulo wamagetsi, komanso magetsi owonjezereka akachitika pamene magetsi amayendera nyumbayo kwathunthu kuchokera ku gawo la dzuwa.

Sitolo yamagetsi imapatsa maderamu kuchuluka kwa magetsi kotero kuti magetsi okhazikika amasungidwa nthawi zonse. Monga lamulo, mabatire amaphatikizidwa mu gawo - yoyamba komanso zosunga zobwezeretsera. Woyamba, atakhala ndi magetsi, nthawi yomweyo amatumiza ku gridi yamagetsi.

Lachiwiri limapereka mphamvu zokhazo pokhapokha magetsi atagwera mu netiweki. Nthawi zambiri, kufunikira kwa batire yosunga kumadzuka nyengo yadzuwa kapena usiku pamene mapanelo a zithunzi sangathe kugwira ntchito.

Njira yoyenera yolumikizira mapanelo a dzuwa Ndi mtundu wa mkhalapakati pakati pa solar panel ndi mabatire ndiye amawongolera. Chida ichi chamagetsi chili ndi ntchito yomwe imayang'anira kubayitsa ndi kutumizira batri, komanso kuwongolera njirayi.

Munthawi zosiyanasiyana patsiku, gawo la pansi limayatsidwa ndi dzuwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu yamagetsi yamtunduwu imasinthidwa. Kulipira batire kupitirira malire oyenera, magetsi amafunikira, mtengo wake umakhala wochepa pamtunda winawake. Wosonkhanitsa dzuwa amachotsera kusayanjika komwe kumachitika chifukwa chakuzunza. Kukhalapo kwa chipangizocho sikumaphatikizanso kubwezeretsa batri ndi kuwira kwake komwe Komanso, wowongolera sangalole kuchepa kwa mphamvu yamagetsi pansi pazomwe zimakhazikitsidwa, zomwe zimatsimikizira magwiridwe antchito amphamvu yonse.

Kuwerengeredwa kwa mapanelo a photovoltaic

Chinthu choyamba chomwe muyenera kudziwa mukakonzekera kuwerengera momwe mungapangire ma converovoltaic converter (ma solar solar) ndi kuchuluka kwa magetsi komwe kumatha mphamvu ndi zida zolumikizidwa ndi mapaneli a dzuwa. Kufotokozera mwachidule mphamvu zamagetsi amtsogolo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi, zomwe zimayezedwa mu watts (W kapena kW), titha kupeza magetsi azaka pamwezi - W * h (kW * h). Ndipo mphamvu yofunikira ya betri yoyendera dzuwa (W) idzatsimikizika kutengera mtengo womwe wapezeka.

Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani mndandanda wazida zamagetsi zomwe zimatha kupatsidwanso mphamvu ndi chida chaching'ono cha magetsi oyendera magetsi chomwe chili ndi 250 watts.

Gome limatengedwa kuchokera patsamba la m'modzi wa opanga solar solar.

Pali cholakwika pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu tsiku ndi tsiku 950 W * h (0.95 kWh) ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yamtundu wa 250 W, yomwe imayenera kupitiliza kupanga 6 kWh patsiku panthawi yogwira ntchito mosalekeza (zomwe ndizochulukirapo kuposa zosowa zomwe zikusonyeza). Koma popeza tikulankhula mwachindunji za mapaneli a dzuwa, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti zida izi zimatha kupanga mphamvu yawo ya nameplate kokha munthawi yamasana (kuyambira maola 9 mpaka 16), ndipo ngakhale pamenepo patsiku lomveka. Mu nyengo yamitambo, kukonzanso magetsi kumatsika kwambiri. Ndipo m'mawa ndi madzulo, kuchuluka kwa magetsi opangidwa ndi batri sikupitirira 20-30% ya mitengo ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuphatikiza apo, mphamvu yamagetsi imatha kupezeka kuchokera ku selo iliyonse pokhapokha ngati pali zifukwa zokwanira.

Chifukwa chiyani batire imakhala ndi ma 60 watts, ndipo imapereka 30? Mtengo wa 60 W umakhazikitsidwa ndi omwe amapanga ma cell pakapendekeka ku 1000 W / m² ndi kutentha kwa batri madigiri 25. Palibe zoterezi padziko lapansi, komanso makamaka mkati mwa Russia.

Zonsezi zimazindikiridwa pomwe malo ena osungirako magetsi amayikidwa mu kapangidwe ka dzuwa.

Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane komwe chizindikiro cha magetsi chimachokera - 250 kW. Dongosolo lotchulidwa limaganizira zosintha zonse za kusasinthika kwa ma radiation dzuwa ndipo zimayimira zowerengera zochokera pazomwe zikuchitika. Mwachangu: kuyeza mphamvu pansi pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito mabatire ndikuwerengera mtengo wake watsiku ndi tsiku.

Mukadziwa kuchuluka kwamagwiritsidwe, sankhani maselo a photovoltaic malinga ndi mphamvu yofunikira ya ma module: ma 100W a ma module onse amapanga 400-500 Wh * h patsiku.

Timapitiliranso: kudziwa kuchuluka kwamagetsi tsiku lililonse, titha kuwerengetsa mphamvu yoyendera mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi kuchuluka kwa maselo ogwirira ntchito pagulu limodzi la photovoltaic.

Pakuchulukitsa kuwerengera, tidzayang'ana pa chidziwitso cha patebulo lomwe timalidziwa kale. Chifukwa chake, tingoyerekeza kuti magetsi onse akugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi 1 kWh patsiku (0.95 kWh). Monga momwe tikudziwira kale, tidzafunika batire la solar ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yama 250 watts.

Tiyerekeze kuti mukuganiza zogwiritsa ntchito maselo a photovoltaic okhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ya 1.75 W kuti muphatikize ma module omwe akugwira ntchito (mphamvu ya khungu lililonse imatsimikiziridwa ndi zopangidwa ndi mphamvu ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe dzuwa limapanga). Mphamvu ya maselo 144 yophatikizidwa m'makanema anayi (maselo 36 aliwonse) izikhala yofanana ndi 252 watts. Pakatikati, batire yotere timalandira 1 - 1.26 kWh yamagetsi patsiku, kapena 30 - 38 kWh pamwezi. Koma zimakhala m'masiku abwino a chilimwe, nthawi yozizira ngakhale mfundo izi sizingatheke nthawi zonse. Komanso, m'malo akumpoto, zotsatirapo zake zitha kukhala zochepa, ndipo kum'mwera - kumtunda.

Pali mapaneli a dzuwa - 3,45 kW. Amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi netiweki, chifukwa chake ntchito yake ndi yotheka:

Izi ndizapamwamba pang'ono pang'onopang'ono, chifukwa dzuwa linali lalikulu kuposa masiku onse. Ngati chimphepo chikucheperachepera, ndiye kuti kupanga m'mwezi wozizira sikungadutse 100-150 kW * h.

Makhalidwe omwe akuwonetsedwa ndi ma kilowatts, omwe amatha kupezeka mwachindunji kuchokera kumapankere a dzuwa. Ndi mphamvu zochuluka motani zomwe zingafikire ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto - zimatengera mawonekedwe a zida zowonjezera zomwe zimapangidwa mu pulogalamu yamagetsi yamagetsi. Tidzakambirana za iwo pambuyo pake.

Monga mukuwonera, kuchuluka kwa maselo a dzuwa omwe amafunikira kuti apange mphamvu zopatsidwa amatha kuwerengera pafupifupi. Kuti muwerengedwe kolondola, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu apadera ndi zowerengera zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi kuti muthandizire kudziwa mphamvu ya batri yoyenera kutengera magawo ambiri (kuphatikiza malo omwe muli patsamba lanu).

Ngati nthawi yoyamba sizinali zotheka kuwerengetsa bwino mapanikizidwe a photovoltaic (ndipo omwe sanali akatswiri nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi vuto lofananalo), izi zilibe kanthu. Mphamvu yosowa nthawi zonse imatha kupangidwa ndikukhazikitsa ma fotokope ena owonjezera.

Pali mitundu itatu ya zida:

Woyimitsidwa - zida zomwe zimalumikiza kapena kutsitsa batire kupita pa batire la dzuwa, kutengera mphamvu yamagetsi kumapeto kwake. Mulingo woyimbira umasungidwa 70%.

Wolamulira wa PWM - kusinthasintha kumakupatsani mwayi kuti mukwaniritse mtengo wa batri 100% pamapeto pake pa kulipira.

MRI - Zipangizozi zimasinthira magawo a mphamvu zomwe amalandila kuchokera pama solar kuti akhale oyenera kwambiri kulipira betri, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yake mpaka 30%.

Inverter - gawo lomwe limatembenuza mwachindunji zomwe zalandiridwa kuchokera ku ma model solar kukhala magetsi osinthika a 220 V.

Uku ndi kusiyana komwe kungagwire ntchito zamitundu yambiri. Zilonda zam'mimba zimapezeka m'mitundu itatu: kuyimira payekha, ma network, hybrid. Oyamba osalumikizana ndi ma network akunja. Pa gridi (network) amangogwira ndi netiweki yokhazikika.

Kuphatikiza pa ntchito yotembenuza, ma inverters oterewa amatha kusintha matalikidwe apano, ma frequency a voltage ndi magawo ena a network. Wosakanizira wa hybrid (wosakanizidwa) ali ndi ntchito zonse ziwiri zayokha ndi zida zama neti. Mphamvu yamagetsi ikakhala kuti ikugwira ntchito, imatenga mphamvu yayikulu kuchokera ku batri yoyendera dzuwa, ndipo ngati ma network ambiri sanasungunuke, amagwira ntchito modziyimira pawokha.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo a Photovoltaic

Mothandizidwa ndi mutuwu, tiyesetsa kuchotsa malingaliro olakwika okhudza zabwino ndi zovuta za ma cell ambiri a photovoltaic. Izi zikuthandizani kuti musankhe chida choyenera. Ma module a silocon a monocrystalline ndi polycrystalline a solar panels amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano.

Izi ndi zomwe maselo olizungulira (cell) amodzi amomwe amayang'anira mawonekedwe amodzi, omwe amatha kusiyanitsidwa molondola ndi ngodya zokhala ndi kona.

Pansipa pali chithunzi cha khungu la polycrystalline.

Ndi gawo liti labwino? Ogwiritsira ntchito aUMUMBU amakonda kukangana pa izi.Wina amakhulupirira kuti ma module a polycrystalline amagwira bwino ntchito nyengo yamitambo, pomwe mapanelo a monocrystalline amawonetsa kuchita bwino pamasiku dzuwa.

Ndili ndi mono - 175 Watts amapatsa dzuwa pansi pa 230 Watts. Koma ndimawakana ndikutembenukira kuma polycrystals. Chifukwa pamene thambo likhala lowala, osachepera kutsanulira magetsi kuchokera ku kristalo wina aliyense, koma ndikakhala mitambo, zanga sizigwira ntchito konse.

Pankhaniyi, nthawi zonse padzakhala otsutsa omwe, atapanga zofunikira, kutsutsa kwathunthu mawu omwe aperekedwa.

Ndimakumana ndi zosiyana: ma polycrystals amamva kwambiri kuzimiririka. Mtambo pang'ono ukangodutsa padzuwa, nthawi yomweyo umakhudza kuchuluka kwa zomwe zapangidwa tsopano. Mphamvu, mwa njira, sikuti sasintha. Gulu lokhala ndi galasi limodzi limakhala lochita bwino. Ndi kuyatsa kwabwino, mapanelo onse awiriwa amakhala bwino kwambiri: mphamvu yotsimikiziridwa ya mapaneli onsewa ndi 50W, onse awa omwe 50W amapereka. Kuchokera apa tikuwona momwe nthano zimazimiririka kuti ma monopanels amapatsa mphamvu zochulukirapo pakuwala kwabwino.

Chiwonetsero chachiwiri chikukhudza moyo wa maselo a Photovoltaic: ma polycrystals m'badwo mofulumira kuposa ma cell a galasi limodzi. Ganizirani ziwerengero zovomerezeka: moyo wokhazikika wa mapanelo amodzi ndi zaka 30 (opanga ena amati ma module amenewa amatha kugwira ntchito mpaka zaka 50). Nthawi yomweyo, nthawi yogwira ntchito yamaulidwe a polycrystalline sichidutsa zaka 20.

Zowonadi, mphamvu zamagawo a solar (ngakhale zili ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri) zimatsika ndi gawo lina la peresenti (0.67% - 0.71%) ndi chaka chilichonse chogwira ntchito. Nthawi yomweyo, mchaka choyamba cha ntchito, mphamvu zawo zitha kuchepa nthawi yomweyo ndi 2% ndi 3% (mapanelo amodzi a galasi ndi polycrystalline, motsatana). Monga mukuwonera, pali kusiyana, koma ndikofunikira. Ndipo ngati mukuwona kuti zofunikira zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa zimadalira mtundu wa ma module a photovoltaic, ndiye kuti kusiyana kwake kungathe kunyalanyazidwa kwathunthu. Kuphatikiza apo, pali zochitika pamene mapanelo amtundu umodzi wotchipa opangidwa ndi opanga osasamala amataya mpaka 20% ya mphamvu zawo chaka choyamba cha ntchito. Kutsiliza: munthu yemwe amapanga ma module a PV, amakhala olimba kwambiri ndi zinthu zake.

Ogwiritsa ntchito ma portal athu ambiri amati ma module amakristali amodzi nthawi zonse amakhala okwera mtengo kuposa a polycrystalline. Kwa opanga ambiri, kusiyana kwa mtengo (malinga ndi watt imodzi yamagetsi yamagetsi) kumawonekeradi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kugula kwa zinthu za polycrystalline kukhale kowoneka bwino. Palibe amene angatsutsane ndi izi, koma wina sangatsutsane ndi chakuti mapanelo a galasi limodzi amakhala apamwamba kuposa a polycrystals. Chifukwa chake, ndi mphamvu yomweyo ya ma module omwe amagwira ntchito, mabatire a polycrystalline adzakhala ndi malo akuluakulu. Mwanjira ina, kupambana pamtengo, wogula zinthu za polycrystalline atha kutayika m'deralo, zomwe zikakhala kuti zikusowa kwaulere kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa SB, zitha kumubera phindu.

Kwa makristasi amodzi wamba, kuthandizira, pafupifupi 17% -18%, kwa poly - pafupifupi 15%. Kusiyanako ndi 2% -3%. Komabe, potengera madera, kusiyana kumeneku ndi 12% -17%. Ndi mapanelo amorphous, kusiyana ndikumveka bwino: ndi makulidwe awo a 8-10%, gulu lokhala ndi galasi limodzi limatha kukhala theka lalikulu ngati amorphous.

Mapanelo amorphous ndi mtundu wina wa maselo a Photovoltaic omwe sanatchulidwepo mokwanira, ngakhale ali ndi zopindulitsa zake: mphamvu zochepa zamagetsi ndikuwonjezera kutentha, kuthekera kwa kupangira magetsi ngakhale pang'ono kwambiri, kutsika kochepa kwa kW imodzi kumapangitsa mphamvu ndi zina zotero. . Ndipo chimodzi mwazomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutchuka kotsika kugoneke chifukwa chochepa kwambiri. Ma modor amorphous amatchedwanso ma module osinthika. Kapangidwe kosinthasintha kumathandizira kukhazikitsa kwawo, disassembly ndi yosungirako.

Sindikudziwa kuti otsatsa okometsetsa awa ndi ndani. Mphamvu yawo ndiyotsika, amakhala m'malo owirikiza kawiri, pomwe ali ndi zaka, mphamvu zake, monga makhiristo, zimachepera. Ma module apamwamba adapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito zaka 25 ndikutayika kwa 20%. Amorphous ali ndi kuphatikiza kamodzi kokha: amawoneka ngati galasi lakuda (mutha kuphimba mbali yonseyo ndi zotere).

Kusankha zinthu zogwirira ntchito pomanga solar solar, choyambirira, muyenera kuyang'ana mbiri ya wopanga. Kupatula apo, mawonekedwe awo enieni amadalira mtundu. Komanso, munthu sayenera kuiwala mikhalidwe yomwe kukhazikitsa ma model solar kudzachitika: ngati malo omwe apatsidwa kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapanelo a dzuwa azikhala ochepa, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito makhiristu amodzi. Ngati palibe kusowa kwa malo aulere, ndiye kuti mverani ndi polycrystalline kapena mapanelo amorphous. Zotsirizirazi zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri kuposa mapanelo a makristalo.

Pogula mapanelo opangidwa ndi okonza kuchokera kwa opanga, mutha kupewetsa ntchito yayitali kwambiri. Kwa iwo omwe amakonda kupanga chilichonse ndi manja awo, njira yopanga ma module a solar idzafotokozedwa pakupitilira kwa nkhaniyi. Komanso posachedwa tikukonzekera kukambirana za momwe mungasankhire mabatire, olamulira ndi ma inverters - zida popanda zomwe batri la dzuwa sizingagwire bwino ntchito. Khalani okonzeka kusinthidwa kwazakudya zathu.

Chithunzicho chikuwonetsa mapanelo awiri: galasi lanyumba imodzi yokwana 180 W (kumanzere) ndi polycrystalline kuchokera kwa wopanga 100 W (kumanja).

Mutha kudziwa za magetsi ena otchuka kwambiri pamutu wofanana, wotseguka kuti mukambirane patsamba lathu. Mugawo lakumanga nyumba yodziyimira pawokha, mutha kuphunzira zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi mphamvu zamagetsi ndi ma solar makamaka. Kanema yaying'ono imafotokoza za zinthu zazikulu za malo owonera mphamvu yoyendera dzuwa komanso zokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsa ma solar solar.

Mitundu ya Ma Solar Panel Model

Ma solar a solar amasonkhana kuchokera ku maselo a dzuwa, apo ayi - otembenuza zithunzi. Ma PEC amitundu iwiri apezeka kuti agwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Amasiyana mu mitundu ya silicon semiconductor yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga, izi ndi:

• Polycrystalline. Awa ndi maselo a dzuwa opangidwa ndi silicon amasungunuka ndi kuzizira kwa nthawi yayitali. Njira yosavuta yopangira imatsimikizira kuti mtengo ungakhale wotheka bwanji, koma magwiridwe antchito a polycrystalline sapitilira 12%.
• Monocrystalline. Izi ndi zinthu zomwe zimadulidwa ndikudula maula ena a silicon omwe amapangidwa mwaluso kwambiri. Njira yabwino kwambiri komanso yokwera mtengo. Kuchita kwapafupipafupi m'chigawo cha 17%, mutha kupeza zithunzi-zowoneka ngati zokhala ndi galasi limodzi.

Ma polcrystalline ma cell a solar a mawonekedwe apamwamba ndipo okhala ndi inhomogeneous. Mitundu ya monocrystalline imawoneka ngati mabwalo opyapyala, apamwamba kwambiri okhala ndi makona odulidwa (mabwalo a pseudo).

Paneli za mtundu woyamba wokhala ndi mphamvu yomweyo zimakhala zazikulu kuposa zachiwiri chifukwa chakuchepa (18% motsutsana ndi 22%). Koma peresenti, pafupifupi, ndiotsika mtengo khumi ndipo pamafunidwe ambiri.

Mutha kuwerengera za malamulowo ndi masinthidwe osankha mapankere a dzuwa operekera mphamvu kuzizira pano.

Mfundo zoyendetsera batire la solar

Chipangizocho chimapangidwa kuti chizisinthira mwachindunji mphamvu za dzuwa kukhala magetsi. Izi zimatchedwa chithunzielectric effect. Semiconductors (ma silicon wafers), omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu, amakhala ndi ma elekitirodi oyipa komanso opanda vuto ndipo amakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri: n-wosanjikiza (-) ndi p-wosanjikiza (+). Ma elekitoni ochulukirapo motsogozedwa ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa amawachotsa m'zigawozo ndikukakhala malo opanda kanthu mu gawo lina. Izi zimapangitsa ma elekitoni aulere kusuntha mosalekeza, kusunthira pamtengo umodzi kupita ku wina, ndikupanga magetsi, omwe amasonkhana mubetri.

Momwe mabatire a dzuwa amagwirira ntchito zimadalira chipangizo chake. Poyamba, maselo a dzuwa amapangidwa ndi silicon. Adakali otchuka kwambiri pano, koma popeza njira yoyeretsera silicon imakhala yovuta komanso yodula, zitsanzo zokhala ndi mafotoli ena ochokera pazipangizo zamacadmium, mkuwa, gallium ndi indium zikupangidwa, koma sizipanga zipatso zambiri.

Kuchita bwino kwa mapaneli a dzuwa kwakula ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo. Mpaka pano, chiwerengerochi chakwera kuchoka pa 100%, omwe adalembedwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka zam'zaka zam'ma 1900, kupitilira makumi awiri pa zana. Izi zimatilola kugwiritsa ntchito mapanelo masiku ano osati zofunikira zapakhomo, komanso zopangira.

Matchulidwe

Chipangizo cha betri cha dzuwa ndi chosavuta, ndipo chili ndi zigawo zingapo:

• Mwachindunji maselo a solar / solar solar,

• Makina osinthira omwe amasintha zomwe zikuwoneka ngati zaposachedwa,

• Woyang'anira mabatire.

Mabatire amapanikizana ndi dzuwa ayenera kugulidwa poganizira ntchito zofunika. Amadziunjikira ndi kupereka magetsi. Kugula ndi kumwa kumachitika tsiku lonse, ndipo usiku ndalama zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa zimangomwa. Chifukwa chake, pali kupezeka mphamvu kosalekeza.

Kubwezera kwambiri ndikutulutsa batri kufupikitsa moyo wake wa batri. Woyendetsa solar solar yekha amatsekereza kuphatikiza mphamvu mu batire pamene ifika pazokwanira magawo, ndikuchepetsa mphamvu ya chipangizocho pakakhala kutulutsa kwamphamvu.

(Tesla Powerwall - batire yama solar 7 kW solar - ndi kulipiritsa nyumba zamagetsi zamagetsi)

Makina opangira gridi opangira ma solar ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga. Imatembenuza mphamvu yomwe idalandidwa kuchokera ku kuwala ndikuwongolera mphamvu zamphamvu zosiyanasiyana. Pokhala chosinthira chosinthanitsa, chimaphatikiza mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi pafupipafupi ndi gawo limodzi ndi ma network.

Zithunzi zitha kulumikizidwa onse motsatana komanso mofanananira. Njira yotsirizirayi imawonjezera magawo amagetsi, ma voliyumu ndi apano ndipo amalola kuti chida chiziwoneka, ngakhale chinthu chimodzi chikataya magwiridwe antchito. Mitundu yosakanikirana imapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zonse ziwiri. Moyo wamasewera a mbale ndi wa zaka 25.

Kukhazikitsa kwa dzuwa

Ngati nyumbazi zidzagwiritsidwe ntchito kupangira mphamvu malo okhala, malo oyikirirapo ayenera kusankhidwa mosamala. Ngati mapanowo adatsekedwa ndi nyumba zazitali kapena mitengo, zimakhala zovuta kupeza mphamvu yofunikira. Iyenera kuyikidwa komwe mtsinje wa kuwala kumakhala kwakukulu, ndiko kuti, kum'mwera. Ndikwabwino kukhazikitsa chimangirizo pakona, chomwe chimakhala chofanana ndi kutalika kwa dongosololi.

Ma paneli a solar amayenera kuyikidwa kuti eni ake azitha kuyeretsa nthawi ndi nthawi fumbi ndi matalala kapena chipale chofewa, chifukwa izi zimapangitsa kuti azitha kupeza mphamvu zochepa.

Mphamvu zamagetsi

Makatani akuluakulu a dzuwa, ngati osonkhanitsa dzuwa, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo otentha komanso otentha okhala ndi masiku ambiri dzuwa. Wotchuka kwambiri m'maiko aku Mediterranean, pomwe amayikidwa padenga la nyumba.

Kuyambira pa Marichi 2007, nyumba zatsopano ku Spain zakhala zikupanga magetsi owonjezera a dzuwa kuti azitha kudzipezera zokha kuchokera pa 30% mpaka 70% zofunikira za madzi otentha, kutengera malo omwe nyumbayo ili ndi madzi omwe akuyembekezeka. Nyumba zopanda nyumba (malo ogulitsira, zipatala, ndi zina) ziyenera kukhala ndi zida za Photovoltaic.

Pakadali pano, kusinthana ndi mapaneli a dzuwa kukuchititsa kutsutsidwa kwambiri pakati pa anthu. Izi ndichifukwa chamitengo yamagetsi apamwamba, kuchuluka kwa chilengedwe. Otsutsa posinthana ndi ma solar solar amatsutsa kusintha koteroko, popeza eni nyumba ndi malo omwe mapanelo a solar ndi malo opangira magetsi amathandizidwa kulandira boma kuchokera kwa boma, koma opanga wamba satero. Pamenepa, Unduna wa Zachuma ku Germany wapanga ndalama zomwe zithandizire posachedwa kuti zithandizire kulimbikitsa anthu omwe akukhalamo m'nyumba zomwe zimapatsidwa mphamvu kuchokera kumaofesi a Photovoltaic kapena kutsekereza magetsi. Pamodzi ndi kulipira ngongole kwa eni nyumba omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zina, zakonzedwa kuti zilipire ndalama zothandizira anthu omwe akukhala mnyumbazi.

Panjira

• Mu 2014, njanji yoyamba yoyendera njinga yamoto padziko lapansi idatsegulidwa ku Netherlands.
• Mu 2016, Unduna wa Zachilengedwe ku France ndi Energy Segolene Royal adalengeza mapulani omanga makilomita chikwi cha misewu yomwe ili ndi mapangidwe ake osokosera komanso kutentha kwa dzuwa. Amaganiziridwa kuti 1 km yanjira ngati iyi ikhoza kupereka zofunikira zamagetsi zamagetsi a anthu 5,000 (kuphatikiza Kutentha) [gwero losavomerezeka?] .
• Mu February 2017, msewu wokhala ndi mphamvu yoyendera dzuwa udatsegulidwa ndi boma la France m'mudzi wa Norman ku Tourouvre-au-Perche. Gawo lalitali la kilomita limakhala ndi mapanelo 2880 a solar. Chipinda choterochi chimapereka magetsi kumauni am'mudzimo. Mapanikowo amapanga magetsi okwanira 280 megawatts chaka chilichonse. Kupanga gawo la mseu kumadula ma euro 5 miliyoni.
• Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyatsa magetsi oimilira pamagalimoto

Zodzaza ndi magetsi oyendera mphamvu ya dzuwa

Kuti musankhe zida zoyenera zamafuta anu, muyenera kudziwa kuchuluka kwa zida ndi mphamvu zawo. Pofotokozera, ndikwabwino kulingalira mwachitsanzo: pali kanyumba kanyengo komwe kali kumapeto kwa Ryazan, komwe amakhala

Gawo lathunthu la ma solar solar limaphatikizapo: ma solar solar, invas, fasteners, zida zowonjezera (zingwe, makina ojambula, etc.) Kugwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse ndi 10,000 W / h, katundu amakhala pafupifupi watts 500, katundu wapamwamba ndi watts 1000. Timawerengera kuchuluka kwambiri, ndikuchulukitsa ndi 25%: 1000 x 1.25 = 1250 watts.

Kugwiritsa ntchito malo

Mabatire a solar ndi imodzi mwanjira zazikulu zopangira mphamvu zamagetsi pazinthu zopangira ma spacecraft: zimagwira ntchito kwanthawi yayitali osagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zilizonse, ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimakhala zachilengedwe, mosiyana ndi mphamvu zamagetsi ndi ma radioisotope.

Komabe, pakuwuluka patali kwambiri kuchokera ku Dzuwa (kupitilira mzere wa Mars), kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo kumakhala kovuta, chifukwa kutuluka kwa mphamvu ya dzuwa kumafanana kwambiri ndi gawo la mtunda kuchokera ku Dzuwa. Mukamauluka kupita ku Venus ndi Mercury, m'malo mwake, mphamvu yamphamvu yoyendera dzuwa imachulukirachulukira (m'dera la Venus nthawi 2, m'chigawo cha Mercury nthawi 6).

Mphamvu yamagetsi apano

Kuwerengera kwa batri kofala kwambiri ndi angapo a V V. Zinthu zotere monga malo owongolera, ma inverter, ma model solar amapangidwira ma voligin kuchokera pa 12 mpaka 48 V. Kukhalapo kwa mabatire a 12 V ndikosavuta chifukwa atalephera, mutha kuyimitsa kamodzi. .

Pa voliyumu yokwera kwambiri, kutengera mphamvu ya betri, ndi malo awiri okha omwe ndi otheka. Pa netiweti ya 48 V, mabatire onse anayi adzasinthidwa panthambi imodzi, ndipo 48 V ndiwopseza kale kuchokera pakuwoneka chitetezo cha magetsi. Kuchokera pamawu ena, kukwera kwamagetsi, ochepa waya wopingasa adzafunika, ndipo olumikizanawo amakhala odalirika kwambiri.

Mukamasankha mtengo, ndikofunikira kuganizira zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi kufunika kwa katunduyo:

48 V - kuyambira 3 - 6 kW,

24 kapena 48 V - kuchokera 1.5 - 3 kW,

12, 24, 48V - mpaka 1, 5 kW.

Ngati mphamvu ya batri ndi mtengo wake zili zofanana, kusankha kuyenera kuyimitsidwa pa batire mozama kwambiri komanso kutulutsa kwakukulu kwambiri komwe kukuloleza.Moyo wa batri umachulukitsidwa kwambiri pamene chizindikiro ichi sichidutsa 30 - 50%.

"Chofunikira kwambiri posankha betri ndiyofunika kudalirika. Mwanjira ina, voliyumu yoyambayo idzakhala 24 V.

Kusankhidwa kwa maselo a dzuwa

Mphamvu ya batire la dzuwa imawerengeredwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotsatirazi: Pcm = (1000 x Yesut) / (K x Sin) Mmenemo:

Rcm - mphamvu ya batire ku W, yomwe ili wofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yamphamvu yam'madzi a solar, 1000 - photosensitivity of solar cell in kW / m²,

Yesut - kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi tsiku lililonse ku kWh (kwa dera lomwe lasankhidwa - 18). Coeff okwanira amatenga zonse zomwe zimatayika nthawi ndi nthawi: chilimwe - 0,7, nthawi yachisanu - 0,5.

Tchimo - chiwopsezo cha ma radiation a solar mu kW x h / m² (mtengo wa tabular) pamalo opindulitsa kwambiri a mapaneli. Mutha kudziwa izi pantchito yanyengo yaderali. Mulingo woyenera kwambiri woyika ma solar solar mu kasupe ndi yophukira ndi wofanana ndi mtengo wamtunda.

M'chilimwe, 15⁰ ikuyenera kukhala opanda, ndipo nthawi yozizira - 15⁰ iyenera kuwonjezeredwa. Paneliyo amayenera kulowera kumwera. Dera kuchokera pachitsanzo limapezeka ku 55itude.

Popeza nthawi yosangalatsa ifika mu Marichi-Seputembara, timakhala ndi nthawi yopendekera chilimwe - 40⁰ pafupi ndi nthaka. Poterepa, pafupifupi tsiku lililonse inshuwaransi iyi ndi 4.73.

Timasinthira izi m'mafanizo ndikuchita zomwe tikuchitazi:

Pcm = 1000 x 12: (0.7 x 4.73) ≈ 3 600 W .

Ngati ma module omwe amapanga batriyo atha kukhala ndi mphamvu ya 100 Watts, ndiye kuti magawo 36 ayenera kugulidwa. Kuti muziike, mufunika nsanja ya 5 x 5 m, ndipo mawonekedwe ake azitha kulemera pafupifupi 0,3.

Msonkhano wama batri

Mukakonza paketi ya batire, ma nuances awa ayenera kukumbukiridwa: mabatire azomwe amapangira magalimoto sioyenera kuchita izi, mawu olembedwa "SOLAR" akhale pazenera, mabatire onse agulitsidwe azikhala ndi magawo omwewo, makamaka, akhale a gulu lomwelo , ndikofunikira kuyika zinthu m'chipinda chofunda, moyenera - 25⁰.

Sikoyenera kugula mabatire atsopano, chifukwa mabatire omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito amakhalanso abwino chifukwa chaichi. Kutentha kukagwera -5⁰, kuchuluka kwa batri kutsikira ndi 50%. Mwa chitsanzo ndi 12 volt AB yokhala ndi 100 A / h, mutha kuwona kuti imatha kupatsa ogula magetsi mu kuchuluka kwa 1200 W kwa ola limodzi.

Zowona, izi zitsatiridwa ndikutulutsa batire kwathunthu, ndipo izi ndizosayenera. Popeza 60% imawerengedwa kuti ndi "golide njira" yotulutsira, timasunga mphamvu iliyonse ya 100 A / h pa 600 W / h (1000 W / h x 60%). Mabatire oyambira ayenera kukhala 100% kulipira kuchokera pamalo opumira.

Kusungirako kuyenera kukhala kokwanira kuti zitheke kuphimba katundu wa usiku, ndipo ngati nyengo ndi yamtambo ndiye perekani magawo ofunikira masana kuti kachitidwe kawo kagwire ntchito. Mabatire ochulukirapo ndi osayenera chifukwa azikhala okhathamiririka ndipo azikhala ochepa.

Yankho labwino kwambiri ndi paketi ya batire yomwe ili ndi malo osungirako mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Timalongosola kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa batri: (10,000 W / h: 600 W / h) x 100 A / h = 1667 A / h Chifukwa chake, kukonzekeretsa chomera champhamvu kuchokera pachitsanzo china, 16 AB yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 100 A / h kapena 8 mpaka 200. motsatana.

Momwe mungasankhire owongolera

Kusankha kwa wolamulira kumakhala ndizowerengera zake. Wolamulira wosankhidwa bwino ayenera:

1. Kuonetsetsa kuti mabatire azikhala ndi gawo lochulukirapo kotero kuti amawonjezera moyo wawo wautumiki.

2. Chitani zolumikizira / kulumikiza batiri ya AB ndi solar mozungulira ndikulipira kapena kutulutsa.

3. Lumikizaninso katundu kuchokera pa batire la dzuwa kupita pa batire komanso m'malo obwerera m'mbuyo.

Wowongolera ma solar ayenera kukhala mu chipinda chimodzi ndi mabatire. Kuti izi zitheke, magawo ake a zoyikapo ayenera kukhala ofanana ndi mitengo yolingana ya maulamu a solar, ndipo zotulukazo ziyenera kukhala ndi voliyumu yofanana ndi kusiyana komwe kungakhale mkati mwa dongosolo.

Zambiri zimatengera ngati wowongolera adasankhidwa moyenera: kuyendetsa batire, ndi dongosolo lonse la dzuwa lathunthu. Ngati mukuwonetsetsa kuti kuunikako kumalandira mphamvu kuchokera kwa wowongolera, mutha kupulumutsa ndalama pogula inverter - mugule njira yotsika mtengo.

Momwe mungasankhire inverter Ntchito ya inverter ndikupereka katundu wambiri kwa nthawi yayitali.

Izi ndizotheka ngati magetsi ake amathandizira akufanana ndi kusiyana komwe kungakhale mkati mwa kachitidwe.

Njira yabwino posankha ma ininter ndi "Inverter yokhala ndi controller function". Zotsatirazi ndizofunikira: Maonekedwe a mafunde a sine komanso pafupipafupi momwe amasinthira pano kuti asinthane ndi ena. Kuyandikana ndi sinusoid yokhala ndi pafupipafupi 50 Hz ndikutsimikizira kuti imachita bwino kwambiri.

Zabwino, ngati chiwerengerochi ndichoposa 90%. Chogwiritsidwacho ndi chake chikuyenera kumagwirizana ndi mphamvu yonse yoyendera mphamvu ya dzuwa. Zabwino koposa zonse - mpaka 1%. Chipangizocho chikuyenera kupirira nthawi yayitali.

Malangizo ndi zitsanzo zowerengera zomwe zaperekedwa munkhaniyi zikuthandizira kukhazikitsa malo opangira magetsi owonera dzuwa. Ndizoyenera kanyumba zazikulu komanso nyumba yaying'ono.

Chiwembu cha ntchito yamagetsi yamphamvu yoyendera dzuwa

Mukayang'ana mayina osamveka bwino a ma node omwe amapanga mphamvu yamagetsi yamphamvu yoyendera mphamvu ya dzuwa, mumamva lingaliro lazovuta za chipangizocho.

Pa mulingo wochepa wa moyo wa Photon, izi zili chomwecho. Ndipo momveka bwino momwe madera ozungulira pamagetsi ndi mfundo zake zikuwoneka zophweka. Kuchokera pakuwunikira kumwamba kupita ku "nyali ya Ilyich" pali masitepe anayi okha.

Ma module a solar ndi gawo loyamba la chomera champhamvu. Awa ndi mapanelo woonda amakona anayi osakanikirana kuchokera pamitundu ingapo yamitundu yojambula. Opanga amapanga mapanelo amoto mu mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi ndi voliyumu, ma volts angapo a 12.

Zipangizo zooneka ngati zathyathyathya zimapezeka mosavuta pamalo owonekera ndi chowongolera. Ma unit amodzi amalumikizidwa polumikiza batri yoyendera dzuwa. Ntchito ya batri ndi kutembenuza mphamvu yolandilidwa ndi dzuwa, ndikupanga nthawi yayitali ya mtengo womwe wapatsidwa.

Zida zamagetsi zosungira magetsi - mabatire a mapaneli a dzuwa amadziwika ndi aliyense. Udindo wawo mkati mwa njira yopezera mphamvu kuchokera ku dzuwa ndi wachikhalidwe. Ogula nyumba akalumikizidwa ndi intaneti yapakati, malo ogulitsa magetsi amasungidwa pamagetsi.

Amadziunjikiranso mopitirira muyeso, ngati mphamvu yamakono ndi yokwanira kupereka mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi.

Paketi ya batri limapatsa maderamu kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndikuyendetsa voliyumu ikatha kugwiritsa ntchito mpaka kukulira mtengo. Zomwezi zimachitikanso, mwachitsanzo, usiku ndi mapanelo a zithunzi zopanda pake kapena nthawi yotentha.

Wowongolera ndi mkhalapakati wamagetsi pakati pa gawo la solar ndi mabatire. Udindo wake ndikuwongolera mulingo wa batri. Chipangizocho sichimalola kuwira kwawo kuti kumangirenso kapena kugwera mphamvu yamagetsi pansi pazoyenera zina, zofunikira pakulimbitsa kwa dzuwa lathunthu.

Kutembenuka, mawu akuti inverter opanga ma solar akufotokozedwa motere. Inde, kwenikweni, gawo ili limagwira ntchito yomwe kale idawoneka kuti ndi yopeka kwa mainjiniya wamagetsi.

Imatembenuza mwachindunji gawo la solar module ndi mabatire kukhala chosinthika chamakono ndi kusiyana kwamphamvu kwa ma volts a 220. Ndi voliyumu iyi yomwe imagwirira ntchito zida zamagetsi zambirimbiri.

Peak katundu ndi tsiku lililonse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu

Chosangalatsa kukhala ndi malo omwe mumakhala ndi dzuwa ndizochulukabe. Gawo loyamba la njira yokhala ndi mphamvu ya mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi kudziwa mulingo woyenera kwambiri wa ma kilowatts ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kokhazikika kwa mphamvu tsiku lililonse mu kanyumba kanyumba kapenanso chilimwe.

Mtengo wambiriwo umapangidwa ndi kufunikira kwa kuyatsa zida zamagetsi zingapo nthawi imodzi ndipo zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mphamvu yawo yonse, poganizira mawonekedwe oyambira a ena a iwo.

Kuwerengera kwa mphamvu yayikulu yogwiritsira ntchito kumakupatsani mwayi wofunikira pakufunika kwakanthawi kogwira ntchito yomwe zida zamagetsi, zomwe sizili kwambiri. Chizindikirochi chimvera mawonekedwe amphamvu ya mphamvu zamagetsi, ndiye kuti, mtengo wakenthu wa chipangizocho.

Mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yamasiku onse imayesedwa ndi chipangizo champhamvu yake panthawi yomwe imagwira ntchito kuchokera paukonde (idawononga magetsi) kwa tsiku limodzi. Mphamvu zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku lililonse zimawerengeredwa kuti ndizowerengera zamagetsi zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi tsiku lililonse.

Zotsatira zamagetsi zimathandizira kukhazikitsa magetsi oyendera dzuwa. Zotsatira za kuwerengera ndizofunikira pakuwerengedwa kopitilira muyeso wa batri. Mtengo wa phukusi la batri, gawo loyerekeza lazomwe zimadalira, zimatengera gawo ili kwambiri.

Kukonzekera kuwerengera kwamasamu

Kholamu yoyamba imachokera pachikhalidwe - chosalekeza. Mzere wachiwiri ndi dzina la chida. Chachitatu ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kwa mphamvu.

Zithunzi kuyambira wachinayi mpaka 25, ndi maora a tsiku kuyambira 00 mpaka 24. Otsatirawa adalowetsedwa kudzera mzere wopingasa:

• mawerengero - nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito chipangizocho munthawi ya ola limodzi pamagulu omaliza (0,0),
• Kipangizinso ndichogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake pawebusayiti (kubwereza kumeneku kumafunika kuwerengetsa katundu wa ola limodzi).

Gawo makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu ndi nthawi yonse yomwe chida cham'nyumba chimagwira ntchito masana. Pazaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwamphamvu kwa chipangizochi kamajambulidwa chifukwa chochulukitsa mphamvu yomwe munthu akugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yatsiku ndi tsiku.

Mzere wa makumi atatu ndiwonso - muyezo. Ndizothandiza kuwerengera kwapakatikati.

Malingaliro amakasitomala

Gawo lotsatira lowerengera ndikusintha kwa fomu ya zolemba kuti ikhale gawo la ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi. Mzere woyamba ndi womveka. Nayi nambala ya mzere.

Mzere wachiwiri uli ndi mayina a ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti muyambe kudzaza nyumbayo ndi zida zamagetsi. Zotsatirazi zikufotokozera zipinda zina mozungulira nthawi kapena nthawi yotayika (momwe mungafunire).

Ngati pali yachiwiri (etc.) pansi, njirayo ndi yomweyo: kuchokera pamakwerero - ozungulira. Nthawi yomweyo, munthu sayenera kuyiwala za zida zamasitepe ndi kuyatsa kwamsewu.

Ndikwabwino kudzaza mzere wachitatu ndi mphamvu yoyang'anizana ndi dzina lamagetsi iliyonse panjira ndi yachiwiri.

Zipilala zinayi mpaka makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi chiwiri zimafanana ndi ola lawo lililonse la tsikulo. Kuti zitheke, amatha kudutsidwa pomwepo ndi mizere yopingasa pakati pa mizere. Mitsetse yakumanzere ya mizere ili ngati zowerengetsa, ma halali apansi ndi omwe amapanga zipembedzo.

Mizere iyi imadzazidwa ndi mzere. Zigawo za manambala zimasankhidwa mosiyanasiyana ngati nthawi mu ma digito (0,0), kuwonetsera nthawi yamagetsi yamagetsi yomwe yapatsidwa munthawi ya ola limodzi. Kufanana ndi manambala, zipembedzo zimayikidwa ndi chizindikiritso champhamvu cha chipangizochi chomwe chatengedwa mzere wachitatu.

Zipilala zonse za ola lathunthu zadzaza, amapita kukawerengera nthawi zonse zogwira ntchito zamagetsi, kuyenda m'mizere. Zotsatira zake zalembedwa mu khungu lolingana la mzere makumi awiri ndi zisanu ndi zitatu.

Kutengera mphamvu ndi nthawi yogwira ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa ogula tsiku lililonse kumawerengeredwa motsatana. Amadziwika m'maselo a gawo la makumi awiri ndi zisanu ndi zinayi.

Mizere yonse ndi mizati yamtunduwu ikadzazidwa, amawerengetsa mathero. Powonjezera mphamvu zojambula kuchokera kwa opanga zipilala za ola limodzi, katundu wa ola lililonse amalandiridwa. Powuza mwachidule kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mphamvu kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa mzere makumi awiri ndi zisanu ndi zinayi kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi, amapeza avareji ya tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kuwerengera sikumaphatikizapo zomwe mtsogolo mudzagwiritsa. Izi zimayang'aniridwa ndi mgwirizano wothandiza pakuwerengera komaliza.

Kusanthula ndi kutsegula kwa chidziwitso

Ngati mphamvu zakuthambo zimakonzedwa ngati zosunga zobwezeretsera, deta yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya ola limodzi ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi tsiku lililonse zimathandizira kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi okwera dzuwa.

Izi zimatheka pakuchotsa ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi kuti asagwiritsidwe ntchito kufikira pakubwezeretsa magetsi pakatikati, makamaka panthawi yayitali.

Ngati mphamvu yamphamvu yoyendera dzuwa idapangidwa kuti ikhale gwero lamphamvu zamagetsi, ndiye kuti zotsatira za katundu wolemba ola limodzi zimakankhidwa patsogolo. Ndikofunikira kugawa kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi masana m'njira yoti ndichotse malo okwera kwambiri komanso zitsulo zomwe zimalephera.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa nsonga, kufanana kwa katundu kwambiri, kuchotsera kowopsa pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwakanthawi kumakupatsani mwayi wosankha zosankha zachuma kwambiri pazowunikira kwa dzuwa ndikuwonetsetsa, ndizofunikira kwambiri, zosagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali ntchito yoyendera dzuwa.

Chojambulachi chikuwonetsa kusinthika komwe kumapezeka pamaziko a zolemba zosasinthika bwino. Chizindikiro cha kumwa kwa tsiku ndi tsiku chimachepetsedwa kuchoka pa 18 kupita ku 12 kW / h, katundu wapakati pa ola limodzi kuchokera ku 750 mpaka 500 Watts.

Mfundo imodzimodziyo yothandiza pakugwiritsa ntchito njira yosankha mphamvu kuchokera ku dzuwa monga zosunga zobwezeretsera. Sizofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pakuwonjezera mphamvu yama module ndi ma batri a dzuwa chifukwa chazovuta zina zosakhalitsa.

Kusankha kwa maulalo a mphamvu ya dzuwa

Kuchepetsa kuwerengera, tilingalira za mtundu wogwiritsa ntchito batire la dzuwa ngati gwero lalikulu poperekera mphamvu zamagetsi. Wogula adzakhala nyumba yamayiko mdziko la Ryazan, komwe amakhala nthawi zambiri kuyambira pa Marichi mpaka Seputembala.

Kuwerengera kogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa dongosolo la momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito maola opitilira pamwambapa kumapereka chidziwitso pakuganiza:

• Ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi pafupifupi tsiku lililonse = 12,000 Watts / ora.
• Kugwiritsa ntchito pang'ono = 500 Watts.
• Zolemba malire 1200 Watts.
• Peak katundu 1200 x 1.25 = 1500 watts (+ 25%).

Makhwalawa adzafunika pakuwerengedwa kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamagetsi ndi mphamvu zina zogwirira ntchito.

Kutsimikiza kwamagetsi ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa

Voliyumu yamkati yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yoyendera dzuwa imachokera ku kuchuluka kwa ma volts 12, monga kuchuluka kwa batri kambiri. Malo osunthika kwambiri opanga ma solar a solar: ma module a dzuwa, maulamuliro, ma inverters - amapangidwa pansi pa voliyumu yotchuka ya 12, 24, 48 volts.

Mphamvu yamagetsi yapamwamba imalola kugwiritsa ntchito mawaya othandizira a gawo laling'onoting'ono - ndipo uku ndikudalirika kwakukhudzana ndi mayanjano. Komabe, mabatire olephera a 12V amatha kusinthidwa kamodzi.

Pamagetsi 24-volt, poganizira momwe mabatire amagwirira ntchito, azingofunika m'malo awiriawiri. Network 48V ifunika kusintha mabatire onse anayi a nthambi yomweyo. Kuphatikiza apo, pa ma volts a 48 pali ngozi kale yakugwedezeka kwa magetsi.

Kusankha kwakukulu kwa phindu lamkati lazomwe mungagwiritse ntchito ndikugwirizana ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimapangidwa ndi makampani amakono ndipo ziyenera kudziwa kuchuluka kwakukulu:

• kuyambira 3 mpaka 6 kW - 48 volts,
• kuyambira 1.5 mpaka 3 kW - wofanana ndi 24 kapena 48V,
• mpaka 1.5 kW - 12, 24, 48V.

Kusankha pakati pa kudalirika kwa ma waya komanso kusokonezeka kwa kubwezeretsa mabatire, mwachitsanzo chathu tidzayang'ana pakudalirika. M'tsogolomu, timanga pa voliyumu yogwira ntchito ya mawerengedwa 24 volts.

Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala

Asayansi aku South Korea apanga cell yotchedwa solcutaneous solar cell.Mphamvu yotsika yaying'ono ikhoza kuyikidwira pansi pa khungu la munthu kuti zitsimikizire kuti osagwiritsa ntchito azida atayikidwa mthupi, mwachitsanzo, pacemaker. Batire yotereyi ndi yocheperapo ma 15 kuposa tsitsi ndipo imatha kulipiridwa ngakhale mawonekedwe a dzuwa atayikidwa pakhungu.

Ma Battery Pack Solar Model

Njira zowerengera mphamvu zofunika kuchokera kubatire la dzuwa zikuwoneka motere:

Pcm = (1000 * Inde) / (k * Tchimo),

• Rcm = mphamvu ya batire la dzuwa = mphamvu yonse ya ma model a dzuwa (mapanelo, W),
• 1000 = kuvomerezedwa kwa zithunzi za otembenuka azithunzi (kW / m²)
• Idyani = kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu tsiku ndi tsiku (kW * h, mwachitsanzo = 18),
• k = mgwirizano wa nyengo munthawi yonseyi mukazindikira kutayika konse (chilimwe = 0.7, chisanu = 0,5),
• Tchimo = mtengo wokhathamiritsa (ma radiation flux flux) wokhala ndi mulingo woyenera (kW * h / m²).

Mutha kudziwa kufunikira kolimbikitsidwa ndi ntchito yankholo.

Mulingo woyenera kwambiri wokhala ndi mapanelo a dzuwa ndi wofanana ndi kutalika kwa malowa:

• Mu nthawi ya masika ndi yophukira,
• kuphatikiza madigiri 15 - m'nyengo yozizira,
• minus 15 madigiri chilimwe.

Dera la Ryazan lomwe limaganiziridwa mwachitsanzo chathu lili pamtunda wa 55th.

Kwa nthawi yomwe imatengedwa kuyambira mwezi wa Marichi mpaka Seputembala, kupendekera bwino kwambiri kwa batire la dzuwa ndizofanana ndi kotalika kwa 40⁰ padziko lapansi. Pogwiritsa ntchito ma module awa, pafupifupi tsiku ndi tsiku kuyika Ryazan panthawiyi ndi 4.73. Manambala onse alipo, tiyeni tiwerenge:

Pcm = 1000 * 12 / (0.7 * 4.73) ≈ 3 600 Watts.

Ngati titenga ma module a 100-watt ngati maziko a batri la dzuwa, ndiye kuti 36 mwa iwo adzafunika. Adzakhala ndi kulemera kwa ma kilogalamu 300 ndikukhala m'dera pafupifupi 5 x 5 m kukula.

Zojambula zotsimikizika zamagetsi za m'munda komanso zosankha zolumikizira mapanelo oyambira dzuwa zimaperekedwa pano.

Kugwiritsa bwino ntchito kwamafayilo ndi ma module

Mphamvu yamphamvu yoyatsira ma radiation polowera mumlengalenga wa Earth (AM0) imakhala pafupifupi 1366 watts pa mita lalikulu (onaninso AM1, AM1.5, AM1.5G, AM1.5D). Nthawi yomweyo, mphamvu yeniyeni yamagetsi amagetsi ku dzuwa mu nyengo yamitambo kwambiri ngakhale masana ikhoza kukhala yopanda 100 W / m² [ gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 1665 ]. Mothandizidwa ndi maselo wamba opangidwa ndi dzuwa, ndizotheka kusintha mphamvuzi kukhala magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu 9 9% [ gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 1665 ]. Nthawi yomweyo, mtengo wa batri udzakhala pafupifupi madola 1-3 US pa watt yamphamvu iliyonse. Pazinthu zamagetsi zamagetsi zogwiritsa ntchito ma fakitole, mtengo pa kWh udzakhala $ 0,25. Malinga ndi European Photovoltaic Association (EPIA), pofika chaka cha 2020 mtengo wamagetsi wopangidwa ndi "solar" system utsika mpaka pansi pa 0.10 € pa kW · h yokhazikitsa mafakitale komanso ochepera 0.15 € pa kWh kuti izikhala ndi nyumba zogona [ gwero losavomerezeka? ] .

Ma cell ndi ma solar a solar amagawidwa malinga ndi mtundu ndipo ndi: single-crystal, poly-crystalline, amorphous (chosinthika, filimu).

Mu 2009, Spectrolab (kampani yothandizira ya Boeing) adawonetsa khungu la solar lochita bwino ndi 41.6%. Mu Januware 2011, zinkayembekezeka kuti kampaniyi ikalowe mumsika wama cell dzuwa ndi 39%. Mu 2011, Solar Junction ya ku California idachita bwino kwambiri makina a 5,5 x 5.5 mm, 43,5%, yomwe ndi 1.2% kuposa momwe zidalili kale.

Mu 2012, Morgan Solar adapanga dongosolo la Sun Simba la polymethyl methacrylate (Plexiglas), germanium ndi gallium arsenide, kuphatikiza hubu ndi gulu lomwe zithunzi zimayikidwa. Kuchita bwino kwa kachitidwe kokhala ndi gulu la stationary ndi 26-30% (kutengera nthawi ya chaka ndi ngodya yomwe dzuwa limapezeka), kupitirira kawiri mphamvu yolondola ya maselo a dzuwa ozungulira pa galasi la crystalline.

Mu 2013, Sharp adapanga chithunzi cha 4 × 4 mm chosanjikiza atatu pachilichonse cha galumum arsenide ndi magwiridwe 44.4%, komanso gulu la akatswiri kuchokera ku Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Soitec, CEA-Leti ndi Helmholtz Berlin Center Kugwiritsa ntchito mandala a Fresnel chithunzi chochita bwino ndi 44.7%, kupitirira kukwaniritsa kwake kwa 43.6% [ gwero losavomerezeka? ]. Mu 2014, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems idapanga ma solar solar momwe kulumikizana kunali 46% chifukwa choganizira kuyatsa kwa kuwala pa Photocell yaying'ono kwambiri [ gwero losavomerezeka? ] .

Mu 2014, asayansi aku Spain adapanga cell ya silicon Photovoltaic yomwe imatha kusinthira ma radiation a solar infrared kukhala magetsi.

Chowongolera ndikupanga mapangidwe ojambula ofotokoza ma nanoantennas omwe amagwira ntchito mwachindunji pamayendedwe ang'onoang'ono (a 200-300 nm) ndi kuwala (ndiye kuti radiation ya electromagnetic yama pafupipafupi a dongosolo la 500 THz). Ma Nanoantennas safuna zida zamtengo wapatali kuti apangidwe ndipo amatha kukhala ndi 85%.

Komanso, mu 2018, atatulukira mphamvu ya kusintha kosinthika kwa mafotokope, mwayi wowonjezera luso la zithunzi zinapezeka., Komanso chifukwa chakuwonjezera kwa moyo waonyamula otentha (ma elekitironi), malire a kuyendetsa bwino kwawo adakwera kuchokera pa 34 peresenti mpaka 66 peresenti.

Mu 2019, asayansi aku Russia ochokera ku Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Institute of Inorganic Chemistry adatchedwa A.V. Nikolaev wa nthambi yaku Siberian ku Russian Academy of Science (SB RAS) ndi Institute of mathata a Chemical Physics RAS adalandira zatsopano za semiconductor zatsopano zama cell a solar, zopanda zolakwika zambiri pazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano. Gulu la ofufuza ku Russia lofalitsidwa mu magazini ya Journal of Equipment Chemistry A [en] zotsatira za ntchito pakugwiritsa ntchito semiconductor yatsopano yomwe amapanga ndi maselo a dzuwa - zovuta polymer bismuth iodide (<[Bi₃Ine₁₀]> ndi <[BiI₄]>), lofanana ndi mineral perovxite (calcium calcium titanate), yomwe inawonetsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa magetsi kukhala magetsi. Gulu lomwelo la asayansi lidapanga semiconductor yachiwiri yofananira ndi brimide yovuta kwambiri yokhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi a perovxite.

Makonzedwe a batri yamagetsi yamagetsi

Mukamasankha mabatire, muyenera kutsogozedwa ndi zikwangwani:

1. Mabatire achilengedwe wamba SALI oyenera kuchita izi. Mabatire a mphamvu yamagetsi amalembedwa "SOLAR".
2. Pezani mabatire azikhala ofanana m'mbali zonse, makamaka kuchokera ku fakitale imodzi.
3. Chipinda chomwe amakhala ndi batire chizikhala chotentha. Kutentha kwambiri pomwe mabatire amapereka mphamvu yonse = 25⁰C. Akatsika mpaka -5⁰C, mphamvu ya batri imatsika ndi 50%.

Ngati titatenga batire yowonera ndi voliyumu ya volts 12 ndi mphamvu ya 100 amperes / ola yowerengera, sizovuta kudziwa, chifukwa ola lathunthu limatha kupatsa ogula mphamvu yokwana 1200 Watts. Koma zili ndi kutulutsa kokwanira, komwe sikofunika kwenikweni.

Kwa moyo wa batri wautali, SIKULimbikitsidwa kuti achepetse ndalama zawo pansi pa 70%. Kuchulukitsa = 50%. Kutenga 60% ngati malo apakati, timayika mphamvu zosungiramo 720 W / h pa 100 A * h iliyonse ya batire (1200 W / h x 60%) monga maziko owerengera pambuyo pake.

Poyamba, mabatire amayenera kukhazikitsidwa 100% yoyipitsidwa kuchokera gwero lamakono. Mabatire ayenera kuphimba kwathunthu katundu wamdima. Ngati mulibe mwayi ndi nyengo, khalani ndi magawo oyenera masana masana.

Ndikofunikira kulingalira kuti mabatire ochulukirapo adzawatsogolera kuti azitha kupaka nthawi zonse. Izi zimachepetsa kwambiri moyo wautumiki. Njira yanzeru kwambiri ndikuwapatsa zida mabatire omwe ali ndi mphamvu yokwanira kuphimba mphamvu imodzi tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa batri, timagawa mphamvu zamagetsi tsiku lililonse za 12,000 W / h ndi 720 W / h ndikuchulukitsa ndi 100 A * h:

12 000/720 * 100 = 2500 A * h ≈ 1600 A * h

Mwathunthu, mwachitsanzo, timafunikira mabatire 16 okhala ndi mphamvu ya 100 kapena 8 ku 200 Ah *, yolumikizidwa limodzi.

Zomwe Zimakhudza Kutha kwa Photocell

Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi maselo a dzuwa zimayambitsa kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito ndi mapanelo otentha.

Kuchepa pang'ono kwa mapanelo kumayambitsa kutsitsa kwa mphamvu yotulutsa chifukwa chotayika mu chinthu chosagawika, chomwe chimayamba kuchita ngati parasitic katundu. Kubwezeretsazi kungathetsedwe ndikukhazikitsa njira yodutsa zithunzi iliyonse yamtunduwu. Mu nyengo yamitambo, popanda kuwala kwadzuwa mwachindunji, mapanelo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito magalasi kuti azigwiritsa ntchito poizoniyu amakhala osagwira bwino ntchito, chifukwa mphamvu ya mandala imazimiririka.

Kuchokera pamachitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito gulu la Photovoltaic, zitha kuwoneka kuti kuti zitheke bwino, kusankha koyenera kwa kukana katundu kumafunika. Kwa izi, mapanikizidwe a Photovoltaic samalumikizidwa mwachindunji pamtolo, koma m'malo mwake amagwiritsa ntchito chowongolera kuwongolera machitidwe a photovoltaic, omwe amathandizira magwiridwe antchito oyenera a mapaneli.

Kusankha wolamulira wabwino

Kusankhidwa moyenera kwa woyendetsa batire (batri) ndi ntchito yapadera. Magawo ake ogwiritsira ntchito amayenera kufananizana ndi ma module a dzuwa osankhidwa, ndipo mphamvu yakutulutsa iyenera kufanana ndi kusiyana kwamkati mwazomwe zimayendera dzuwa (mwachitsanzo, ma volts 24).

Wowongolera wabwino ayenera kutsimikizira:

1. Batire yama multistage yomwe imawonjezera moyo wawo wogwira ntchito zingapo.
2. Makina a batri, makina a batire ndi dzuwa, kulumikiza-kulumikizana pakuphatikizidwa ndi kutulutsidwa.
3. Kulumikizanso katundu kuchokera ku batri kupita ku batire la dzuwa ndi mosinthanitsa.

Mfundo iyi yaying'ono ndiyofunikira kwambiri.

Kusankha koyenera kwa wolamulira kumadalira ntchito yopanda zovuta ya paketi yotsika mtengo ya batri ndi dongosolo lonse.

Kusankhidwa kwa inverter yabwino kwambiri

The inverter imasankhidwa kotero kuti ipereke katundu wambiri wautali. Mphamvu yake yoyendetsera magetsi iyenera kufanana ndi kusiyana kwamkati mwa mphamvu yoyendera dzuwa.

Kuti musankhe bwino, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuyang'ana magawo:

1. Mawonekedwe ndi pafupipafupi zamagetsi zamakono. Kuyandikira kwambiri ndi 50 Hz sine wave, ndibwino.
2. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwachipangizo. Apamwamba 90% - chodabwitsa kwambiri.
3. Zomwe inu mumagwiritsa ntchito. Ziyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito konse kwa mphamvu kwa kachitidwe. Zoyenera - mpaka 1%.
4. Kutha kwa chipanicho kupirira zopumira zazifupi.

Chojambula chomwe chimasiyanitsa kwambiri ndi inverter yokhala ndi ntchito yoyang'anira.

Zoyipa za Mphamvu ya Solar

• Kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito madera akulu,
• Chomera champhamvu cha dzuwa sichigwira ntchito usiku ndipo sichichita bwino madzulo, pomwe nsonga yogwiritsira ntchito magetsi imachitika ndendende nthawi yamadzulo.
• Ngakhale kutsukidwa kwachilengedwe ndi mphamvu zomwe zalandilidwa, zojambulazo palokha zimakhala ndi poizoni, mwachitsanzo, lead, cadmium, gallium, arsenic, ndi zina zambiri.

Zomera zamagetsi zamadzimadzi zimatsutsidwa chifukwa cha mtengo wokwera, komanso kukhazikika kocheperako kwa ma halide ovuta amatsogolera komanso kuwopsa kwa zinthuzi. Semiconductors yopanda ma cell a solar, mwachitsanzo yozikidwa pa bismuth ndi antimony, pakali pano ikukula.

Chifukwa chakuchepa kwake, komwe kumafika pafupifupi 20 peresenti, mapaneli a dzuwa amatentha kwambiri. 80% yotsala yamphamvu yamphamvu yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito ndi dzuwa ndi kutentha pang'ono pafupifupi 55 ° C. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa khungu la Photovoltaic ndi 1 °, mphamvu yake imatsika ndi 0,5%. Kudalira kumeneku sikuwonekera ndipo kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha kwa chinthucho ndi 10 ° kumayambitsa kuchepa kwa mphamvu pang'onopang'ono pazinthu ziwiri. Zinthu zomwe zimagwira mu makina ozizira (mafani kapena mapampu) omwe amasamutsa firiji kudya mphamvu yayikulu, amafunika kukonzanso kwakanthawi ndikuchepetsa kudalirika kwa dongosolo lonse. Makina ozizira a Passive amakhala ndi ntchito yotsika kwambiri ndipo sangathe kupirira ntchito yoziziritsa dzuwa.