Phokoso lodziwika bwino pakati pa anthu omwe sadziwa sayansi ndi peregrine falcon. Kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi kwamtunduwu kunabweretsedwa ndi kuthekera kwake kopanga liwiro lalikulu mpaka mamita 90 pa sekondi (322 km / h) - sikuti mbalame yothamanga kwambiri, komanso chamoyo chothamanga kwambiri pa Dziko Lapansi.
Kufalitsa kuchokera peregrine falcon akuonera intaneti ku Cathedral of St. Michel ndi St. Gudula ku Brussels.
Mwezi umodzi ndi theka asanayike mazira, amphongo amayamba kudyetsa kwambiri wamkazi (kupambana kwa kubereka kumatengera kunenepa kwake). Kusintha kwa chakudya cha peregrine falcons ndi mawonekedwe okongola: yamphongo yomwe ili pa ntchentche imadutsitsa nyamayi kwaikazi, yomwe imatembenukira mozondoka kuti idye chakudya kuchokera pamaudindo ake mpaka kumapazi ake. Kuyika mazira, kutengera ndi malo osungira chisa, kumayambira kumapeto kwa February mpaka pakati pa Meyi (kumpoto, pambuyo pake). Kukula kwa mabatani nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwa 3-4 (1 mpaka 5), mazira amakhala ozunguliridwa. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe ndi masiku 34-38. Pakatha masiku 45, mbalame zazing'ono zimapita kuphiko, koma kuyambira milungu inayi mpaka isanu ndi umodzi zimakhala ndi makolo awo mdera lawo, pambuyo pake zimadziyimira palokha. Kutalika kwambiri kwa moyo wa perecine falcons ndi zaka 18.
Peregrine Falcons akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu ngati mbalame zosaka. M'masiku akale, mfumu kapena kalonga yekha ndi amene anali ndi mbalame zoterezi. Koma ngakhale pano kusaka ndi peregrine falcon ndi ntchito yodula kwambiri, yomwe si aliyense amene angakwanitse.
Maonekedwe a Peregrine Falcon
Kutalika kwa thupi la peregrine falcon kumasiyana pakati pa masentimita 35-58. Amuna ndi ocheperako kuposa akazi. Kulemera kwa akazi ndi makilogalamu 0.9-1,5, ndipo amuna samapeza magalamu oposa 450-750.
Ndiye kuti, akazi ndi okulirapo nthawi ziwiri kuposa zazimuna. Pakati pa subspecies mwa akazi, kusiyana kwa kulemera kungakhale 300 magalamu. Pafupifupi, kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi 30%. Mapiko a mapiko ake amayambira 75 mpaka 120 cm.
Mtundu wa nthenga ndizofanana kwa akazi ndi amuna. Kwa ziwalo zina zathupi, kusiyanasiyana ndi kakhalidwe. Akuluakulu, mapiko, kumbuyo ndi torso ndi amtambo wakuda. Poyerekeza ndi izi, mikwingwirima yaimvi ndiyowoneka. Mimba imakhala yopepuka yokhala ndi maonekedwe akuda kapena akuda. Malangizo a mapiko ndi akuda. Mchira wake ndi wocheperako komanso wautali, nsonga yake imakhala yozungulira ndipo imakhala ndi mtundu wakuda wokhala ndi kaso yoyera.
Peregrine Falcon amadya nyama.
Ambiri mwa mutu ndi wakuda. Masharubu achilendo amachokera pamlomo mpaka kummero - nthenga zakuda. Chifuwa ndi kutsogolo kwa thupi ndi zopepuka, motsutsana ndi kumbuyo kwa mutu wakuda omwe amawoneka mosiyana. Miyendo yake imakhala yachikasu ndi nsapato zakuda. Pansi pa mulomo ndi wachikasu, ndipo ndi wakuda. Mlomowu umatha ndi mano ang'onoang'ono, pomwe wolusa amaluma msana wa wolakwiridwayo. Maso ndi akulu, oderapo, opanda nthenga pozungulira pawo - ndiye khungu loyera la chikasu.
Achinyamata ali ndi mitundu yambiri yosiyanasiyana. Mimba yawo ndi yotuwa ndipo msana wawo ndi woderapo. Pansi pamimba pali mikwingwirima.
Khalidwe la peregrine Falcon komanso zakudya
Purexine falcons amakonda kukhala kutali ndi anthu - m'miyala yamiyala, m'mapiri a zitunda, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yamapiri ndi nyanja kapena madera akutali. Zinyama zodyerazi zimakonda miyala ikuluikulu, momwe mumatha kubisala mosavuta kwa zilombo zazikulu. Izi ndi zabodza komanso madambo akuluakulu omwe amakhala, koma sakonda malo otseguka komanso mosiyanasiyana nkhalango zowirira.
Kusamukira kuli kokha komwe kumakhala komwe kumakhala m'malo ovuta a Arctic. Kwa nthawi yozizira, amapita kumwera - ku Brazil, USA, Southeast Asia. Magulu okhala ku India, Australia, Africa ndi South America amakhala chaka chonse m'gawo lomwelo.
Timalankhula za kuthekera kwa mbalamezi kuyenda pansi pa liwiro lalikulu, ndikofunikira kudziwa mawonekedwe achilendo a mulomo. Pa kuthamanga kwambiri, kukana kwa mpweya kumawonjezeka kwambiri, kupsinjika kwamtunda kotereku kumatha kupangitsa kuti mapapo atuluke, koma pereconine falcon sizichitika chifukwa ali ndi chifuwa chapadera cham'mphuno chomwe chimagwira ngati chipper chotsegulira kwa mpweya, ndikuwongolera mbali . Chifukwa cha izi, abuluzi wa peregrine amapuma mosavuta ngakhale pakugwa mwachangu.
Kuuluka kwa Peregrine Falcon kumathamanga komanso kuthamanga.
Maso a mabodza awa amatetezedwa ndi ma membrane apadera, omwe amatchedwa zaka za zana lachitatu. Chifukwa chake, chilengedwe chimaganizirana m'zinthu zonse mpaka pazinthu zazing'ono kwambiri kuti ma liquint a peregrine amasangalale ngakhale atagwa pa liwiro la makilomita 620 pa ola limodzi. Koma liwiro lalikulu kwambiri lomwe mbalamezi zimabisala ndi makilomita 389 pa ola limodzi. Kuthamanga uku kudalembedwa mu 2005.
Mverani mawu a pereconine falcon
A Pergrine Falcons ndi zilombo zenizeni, chifukwa chake, popanda kunyinyirika pang'ono, amawononga mbalame zina. Zakudya zawo zimaphatikizapo mbalame zambiri. Chiwerengero chawo chimafika chikwi chimodzi ndi hafu, izi ndi nkhuku, nkhunda zakuthengo, mbalame za m'madzi, agulugufe, matsenga, nyenyezi, akhwangwala, akhwangwala, zovala zakuda ndi zina zotero. Kuphatikiza pa mbalame, abuluziwa amadya makoswe. M'makhwala a nyama zamtunduwu pali agologolo, agalu ndi mileme. Zipatso za Peregrine ndipo tizilombo timene timadya, koma amapanga gawo laling'ono lazakudya. A mandala a Peregrine amasaka, monga lamulo, m'mawa ndi madzulo, komanso amatha kudya usiku.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Mbalame zamtunduwu ndizomwe zimayamwa, zimapanga magulu awiriawiri moyo. Okwatirana amawonongeka pokhapokha atamwalira mkazi kapena wamwamuna. Malo omwe mbalame zimakhalira ndi mbalame ndizofanana kwa zaka zambiri. Peregrine Falcons samadziunjikira malo amodzi. Iliyonse imakhala ndi gawo lake, momwe mbalame zimadyera ndi kubereka. Pakati zisa za peregrine falcon, mtunda umafika pamtunda wa kilomita 2-3.
M'magawo osiyanasiyana, nthawi yakukhwima imachitika nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, abuluzi a peregrine okhala pa equator amachita masonry kuyambira June mpaka Disembala. Mitengo ina yambiri ya kumpoto kwa peregrine imayikira mazira kuyambira Epulo mpaka Juni. Mwa anthu okhala kum'mwera chakum'mwera, nthawi imeneyi ikugwera pa Okutobala-Marichi.
Ngati cholumikizira choyamba chatayika pazifukwa zina, ndiye kuti chachikazi chimapanga chatsopano. Nthawi zambiri, njuchi izi zimamanga zisa zawo kumtunda, pansi, m'matanthwe kapena m'mitengo ya mitengo. Zimatengera komwe mbalamezo zimakhala. Mbalame zamtunduwu zimanyalanyaza zisa za mbalame zina.
Peregrine Falcon ndi mbalame yolusa.
Asanakhwime, mbalame zimasewera mating, zazimuna zimachita pamaso pamagulu achikazi. Ngati wamkazi amakhala pansi pafupi ndi wamwamuna, izi zikuwonetsa kuti amawaganizira, motero, amapangidwa. Ndizachilendo kuti abambo amatha kudyetsa osankhidwa awo mlengalenga, pomwe wamkazi amatembenuza mimba kuti adye.
Clutch imakhala ndi mazira 2-5. Makolo onse awiriwa amatenga nawo gawo pa kuwononga ana. Koma nthawi yambiri wamkazi amakhala mchisa, ndipo yamphongo imapeza chakudya. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatha kupitirira mwezi umodzi.
Anapiye obadwa kumene amaphimbidwa ndi zoyera komanso imvi. Poyamba, anawo alibe chilichonse. Mkazi amawotha ndi thupi lake. Pakatha miyezi 1.5, anapiye amakhala amphaka. Pakutha kwa mwezi wachiwiri wamoyo, nyama zazing'ono zimadziimira zokha ndikusiya makolo awo.
Mphesa zam'miyala zimapezeka chaka chimodzi pambuyo pobadwa. Pa zaka 2-3 za moyo, ma falcon awa amayamba kuchuluka. Mu chaka, wamkazi amapanga 1 clutch. Chiyembekezo chamoyo m'tchire ndi cha zaka 25, koma akukhulupirira kuti zabodza zimakhala zaka 100-120. Zitha kukhala choncho, koma umboni wa chiphunzitsochi mulibe.
M'chaka choyamba cha moyo, pafupifupi 60-70% ya mbalame zazing'ono zimafa. Chiwerengerochi chimachepetsedwa ndi 30% pachaka. Ochuluka a mbalame zodyerazi amakhala ndi moyo zaka 15-16, chifukwa ali ndi adani ambiri.
Adani a peregrine falcon
Nyama zonse zakutchire komanso mbalame zina zomwe ndi zazikulupo ndi zabuluzi zamtchire ndi adani awo achilengedwe. Chiwombankhanga, khungubwe, nkhandwe zimabweretsa chiwopsezo kwa falcon. Zidyamakanda izi zimasakaza zisa komanso kumeza zomanga.
Koma mdani wamkulu kwambiri wa peregrine falcon ndi munthu yemwe amakulitsa malo olimapo ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, omwe amapha osati majeremusi okha, komanso mbalame zomwe zimawononga tizirombo. Komanso, anthu amawononga chilengedwe cha peregrine falcons.
Pamenepa, m'maiko ena ma perecine falcons adalembedwa mu Red Book. Lero ndikofunikira kupanga njira zosungira kuchuluka kwa mitundu. Anthu akhala akudziwa zabwinobwino zaka masauzande ambiri, anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito ziwonetserozi poziziritsa pakamwa, chifukwa zimakhala zachinyengo komanso zachangu kwambiri.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Peregrine Falcon Incubator
Pofuna kuti zisagwidwe ndi zipatso za peregrine kuti zisakhale zachilengedwe zomwe zatsala pang'ono kukhala likulu, Dipatimenti Yoyang'anira Zachilengedwe inakonza zodzachitapo kanthu kuti ibwezeretse kuchuluka kwa mbalame zosowa mu Chaka cha Ecology.
Malinga ndi malangizo a dipatimenti ku All-Russian Research Institute of Ecology, bungwe laling'ono la Unduna wa Zachilengedwe, kumayambiriro kwa chaka zoposa zabodza 15 za peregrine falconon zalandiridwa kuchokera kwa makolo anayi.
Atasankhidwa kuti akhale katswiri, 15 mwa anapiye awa adatulutsidwa kumalo awo achilengedwe. Anapiye achikulirewo pambuyo pake adakhazikika munyumba zamalikulu, koma poyamba ntchito zowawa zaubwino zinali patsogolo.
Makolo pawokha sanatchule mazira motalika: nthawi yayitali mazira anali chofungatira. Ndipo kumayambiriro kwa chaka, abodza pang'ono adawona kuwala.
"Komabe, awa si bakha kapena nkhuku zomwe zimathamangira chaka chonse. Kwa abulu a peregrine, izi sizachilendo chifukwa mbalameyi ndi yayikulu, mbalame yosowa yomwe imafuna ufulu wakudzisankhira komanso ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito," Sergei Burmistrov adagawana.
Ngakhale kuti anapiye adabadwa ali mu ukapolo, akatswiri adachita zonse zowonetsetsa kuti apanga mawonekedwe oyenera chilengedwe.
Ndipo ngakhale pakubadwa mabala okongola awa amawoneka kuti ndi osatheka kuwaletsa osawakwapula, ndizoletsedwa kuchita izi.
"Chofunikira kwambiri kwa mwana wankhuku, osati chinyama chokha, komanso nyama iliyonse yamtchire, ndiye chithunzi choyamba. Chifukwa chake, adadyetsedwa kudzera pazitseko zapadera m'mabokosi kuti asaganize kuti munthu ndi wachibale," Sergei adatero zochenjera za njirayi.
Zojambula pakhomo ku Kremlin
Anapiye atakula pang'ono ndikusintha nthenga zawo kukhala nthenga, amatumizidwa kumabokosi, omwe anakhazikitsidwa kale m'malo angapo ku Moscow.
Ena mwa iwo ndi Konstantin-Eleninsky nsanja ya Kremlin komanso denga la nyumba No. 41 mumsewu wa Profsoyuznaya. Pa Tsiku la Zachilengedwe, anapiyewo "adawasamutsira" ku Kremlin ndi Unduna wa Zachilengedwe ndi Ecology ya Russia Sergey Donskoy ndi wamkulu waofesi ya Zachilengedwe ku Moscow a Anton Kulbachevsky.
Sergei Burmistrov adanena kuti anapiyewo asanatulutsidwe kuthengo, adakhala pafupifupi milungu iwiri m'mabokosi atsopano. Ichi ndi gawo limodzi laukadaulo wololera chilengedwe.
"Tsopano abodza akuluakulu adasinthana, kusaka, kuyang'ana mozungulira ndipo posachedwa apita kukayamba kutentha nyengo yachisanu. Ngati mbalamezi zikabweranso kumapeto kwa nyengo yotsatira, ndiye kuti zizikhazikika m'mabokosi awa," katswiriyo adagawana.
Ndikuphatikizika bwino kwa zochitika, maanja amatha kuwoneka pakati pa ma liquine a peregrine, kenako mbadwo wotsatira wa mbalame uwona mabokosiwo.
Koma, zowonadi, oyandikana nawo "modyera" sangakhale pamodzi, monga mu hostel, mbalame zisanu-zogonana mosiyanasiyana mu nkhonya. Chifukwa chake, nyumba zoterezi zimayikidwanso muzinyumba zina zokwezeka kwambiri zaku Moscow - anthu omwe peregrine Falcons amakonda kukhala.
Ngakhale kuti pali nyumba zambiri zazikuluzikulu zomwe zikuluzikulu, sialiyonse yomwe ili yoyenera pamoyo wa peregrine falcon.
"Ngati wina amangopita komweko, mbalame zimangouluka. Zoterezi sizoyenera kuti azikhala mwamtendere," adafotokoza Burmistrov.
China chake chonga izi zidachitika ndi zomangamanga za nyumbayo ya Unduna wa Zakunja ndi skiscrist waku Stalinist pa Kotelnicheskaya Embankment. Nthawi zingapo, abodza a peregrine amakhalanso komweko, koma chifukwa chosinthana ndi kangaude munyumba ya Utumiki Wachilendo, adathawa. Ngakhale izi, ntchito ikatha, mbalame zimatha kubwerera kumeneko.
Ndipo pomanga yunivesite ya Moscow State yotchedwa Lomonosov, mbalame zakhala nthawi yayitali. Chaka chino, anthu omwe amawunika momwe amachitira amva mawu a tiana tating'ono. Zinapezeka kuti ma pixon falcons anali ndi ana atatu. Anagwidwa, kuyesedwa ndi kubwezeretsedwanso m'chisa.
Chizindikiro
Peregrine Falcon ali pamwamba kwambiri pa piramidi ya chakudya, ngati amakhala kwinakwake, masamba ena onse azinyama ndi zinyalala ali mwangwiro.
Ku Moscow, falcon imadya pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe chimawuluka. Pakati pa chakudya chake ndi akhwangwala, nkhunda.
Zovala ngati mbewa ndi makoswe sizimadya zipatso za peregrine falcons makamaka chifukwa cha njira yawo yosaka - ngakhale woyendetsa ndege wotere sadzatha mwachangu padziko lapansi mwachangu kuposa 300 km / h.
Zakumadzulo
Pofunsidwa ndi mtolankhani 24 waku Moscow, Sergey Burmistrov adaona kuti Dipatimenti Yachilengedwe Yachilengedwe ku Moscow ikukonzekera kupitiriza kugwira ntchito yobwezeretsanso kuchuluka kwa a peregrine falcon. Anafotokozeranso zomwe anzawo aku Western, omwe adakwanitsa kukopa chidwi cha nzika wamba kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito zabodza.
"Ku America, ngati pali peregrine falcon padenga la nyumba yako, ayenera kukhazikitsa kamera ndi misampha ya kamera yomwe imafalitsa pa intaneti chithunzi cha plasma mkati mwa nyumbayo. Njira yolondola kwambiri," atero katswiriyo.
Pazinyumba zazikulu zomwe zimatha kukhazikitsira mbalame, Sergey adasankha makina amtundu wa Moscow City, ndikuwatcha malo abwino oti peregrine falcon ikhale.
Kusaka kwa Falcon
Peregrine Falcon ndiye mbalame yothamanga kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndipo palibe mitundu ina yomwe ingapikisane nayo. Anthu anadziwa izi kalekale ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito zabodza posaka nyama.
Ku Russia, chinyengo chake chimatchedwa kuti kusaka kwa chimake chachikulu pachifukwa. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mbalame izi zimakhala ndi gawo lofunikira lodziwika - sizimasewera ndi anthu omwe akukhudzidwa nawo monga momwe abambo amodzi amachitira.
Bwatoli limabowola nyama kuchokera pamwambapa, limapanga liwiro loposa 300 km / h ndipo limadula ndi zibwano zakuthwa. Zikuwoneka zowoneka bwino kwambiri, choncho, kuwonongera kunali kofala padziko lonse lapansi ndipo kumakhalabe imodzi yamasewera osankhika kwambiri.