Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Chinsinsi: | Lepidosauromorphs |
Malo: | Caenophidia |
Zabwino Kwambiri: | Viperoidea |
Banja: | Vipers |
- Viper (Viperinae)
- Dzenje (Crotalinae)
- Azemiopinae
Vipers, kapena njoka (lat. Viperidae), - banja la njoka zapoizoni, lodziwika bwino monga njoka.
Njoka zonse zimakhala ndi nthomba zazitali zazitali mkati mwake, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kupatula poyizoni ndi tinthu tambiri tating'onoting'ono tokhala kumbuyo kwa nsagwada yapamwamba. Iliyonse mwa malembedwe awiriwo ili kutsogolo kwa kamwa pa fupa lowoneka bwino lomwe limazungulira mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo. Akagwiritsidwa ntchito, mafangawo amapindidwa ndikutchinga ndi filimu yamafuta. Mphepo zakumanzere ndi kumanja zimazungulira mosadukirana. Pankhondoyo, kamwa limatseguka pakadutsa madigiri a 180 ndipo fupa limazungulira kupita kutsogolo, limapindika. Nsagwayo imatseka pakumalumikizana, ndipo minyewa yolimba yozungulira poizoni wambiri yomwe ikapha poizoni, imafinya ululuwo kutuluka mu nduluyo. Kuchita izi ndikwadzidzidzi ndipo ndikwaphulika kuposa kuluma. Njoka zimagwiritsa ntchito njira iyi kupangitsa kuti wolayo azitha kugwira bwino ntchito komanso kuti azitha kudziteteza.
Mutu wa njoka ndi wozungulira wozungulira-wozungulira, wokhala ndi malezala omaso am'mphuno ndi ngodya zongozungulira. Kumapeto kwa mphuno, pakati pa mphuno, mitundu ina imakhala ndi timiyeso tokha kapena utoto wopangidwa ndi mamba. Mitundu ina, mitengo yofananira imamera pamwamba pamaso, ndikupanga china chofanana ndi nyanga. Maso ndi ang'ono, ali ndi mwana wolongoka. Ophunzira amatha kutsegulira lonse m'diso lonse, ndikutseka pafupi kwathunthu, zomwe zimapangitsa njoka kuti ziwone pakuwala kulikonse. Khushoni yaying'ono yopangidwa ndi masikelo nthawi zambiri imatuluka kuposa maso. Wodzigudubuza bwino amapatsa njoka mawonekedwe owopsa kapena oyipa. Thupi limakhala lalifupi, lokwera - makamaka pakati. Mchira wake ndi wafupi. Utoto umasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu ndi malo okhala, koma nthawi zonse umayang'anira njoka ndikubisala njokayo kuseri kwa malo.
Vipers imasinthasintha pamtunda uliwonse mpaka mamita 3,000 pamtunda wa nyanja ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala moyo wokhazikika pamtunda. Nthawi zambiri njoka ndi zilombo zomwe zimakonda kukhala usiku. Poyerekeza ndi njoka zina, zimawerengedwa pang'onopang'ono, zimasaka usiku kwambiri, ndikugwira nyama yomwe yabisalira. Amadyetsa timiyala tating'ono, mbalame zakuthambo, mbalame, ndi tizilombo tina, kutengera malo omwe amakhala. Wolumidwa, monga lamulo, amafa patapita mphindi zochepa kuchokera ku hemolytic. Pambuyo pake, njoka imeza wozunzidwayo.
Oimira banja ndiofala ku Eurasia, Africa, North ndi South America, sapezeka ku Australia, kuzilumba za Oceania, New Guinea ndi Madagascar.
Mitundu yomwe yatsala ija inali yam'mimba Laophis crotaloides, yotalika ndi 3-4 m ndi njoka yakale yayikulu kwambiri ya njoka.
Zoopsa kwambiri ndi mitundu yotsatira ya njoka.
Viper wamba (Vipera berus) imagawidwa kudera lonse la nkhalango ku Europe ndi Asia kuchokera ku Britain Isles kupita ku Sakhalin ndi Islands a Shantar, kuphatikiza. Kutalika kwake sikupita masentimita 75. Mtundu wa thupi lakumwamba umayambira ku mtundu wamtambo mpaka imvi. Mbali yaku dorsal pali Mzere wamdima wa zigzag, wosawoneka bwino nthawi zonse.
Kumpoto chakum'mwera, m'nkhalango zopondera ndi nkhomaliro, kuphatikizanso m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda ndi Caspian, pali kanyanja kakang'ono komanso kotsika kopepuka (V. ursini). Mitundu ya akacisi (V. aspis) ndi mchenga (V. atmodytes) imakhala m'mphepete mwa kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean.
Kuluma kwa njoka zonsezi sikuopsa kwa anthu. Zotsatira za Lethal sizoposa 0,5%, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi nthawi yoyamba komanso moyenera, palibe.
Nyoka ya ku Armenia (Vipera xantina), yomwe imapezeka kumaiko a kum'mawa kwa Mediterranean, ndiyowopsa pang'ono. Mbali yake yosiyanitsa ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a malalanje kapena mawonekedwe a bulauni okhala ndi ulusi wakuda, nthawi zambiri amaphatikizika kukhala chingwe cholumikizira msewu.
Gyurza (Vipera lebetina) ndi njoka yayikulu, zina zake zimafikira kutalika kwa 1.6 m. Utoto wa gyurza ukhoza kukhala wosiyana. Mbali yakuda ya khungu la kumtunda kwa thupi ndi mawanga amdima kumawonekera. Pansi pake pali imvi yopepuka ndi malo ang'onoang'ono akuda.
Malo ogawa gyurza ndi ochulukirapo. Imapezeka m'malo ambiri a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean ku Africa komanso kuzilumba zingapo za Nyanja ya Mediterranean, m'maiko a Kum'mawa kwa Mediterranean, ku Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan ndi North-West India. Ku gawo la USSR imagawidwa ku Caucasus komanso madera akumwera kwa Central Asia. Iye,) nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mapiri owuma, pakati pa mabango ndi zitsamba zazing'ono, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje. Amakhala mofunitsitsa pafupi ndi ngalande zothirira, paminda yolimidwa, nthawi zambiri amalowa m'midzi yakutali. M'chilimwe, amatsogolera moyo wachisangalalo, nthawi ya masika ndi yophukira imagwira masana. Nthawi zambiri amakwera mitengo, kudikirira mbalame. Mukamayandikira munthu nthawi zambiri amabisala, zomwe zimawonjezera chiopsezo chogundana ndi iye.
Kuluma kwa Gyurza kumayambitsa poizoni. Popanda chithandizo chamankhwala choyenera, 10% ya omwe akhudzidwa amamwalira.
Mchenga wamchenga wamchenga (Echis carinatus, mkuyu. 85) ndiye wofala kwambiri pakati pa njoka zam'chipululu; umakhala m'chipululu chachikulu ndi zipululu za North Africa ndi South Asia, kuyambira ku Tunisia kupita ku India ndi ku Sri Lanka. M'dziko lathu, limapezeka kum'mwera kwa Central Asia, kuphatikizapo gombe lakumwera kwa Aral Sea komanso gombe lakummawa kwa Nyanja ya Caspian kupita ku Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay. Njoka yaying'ono iyi, yayitali masentimita 50-60, imasiyana ndi njoka zambiri mu kuthamanga kwake kwapadera komanso kusuntha. Nthawi zambiri, kumtunda kwa thupi lake kulijambulidwa utoto wamtambo, kumalire kumbuyo ndi mbali zonse pali mikwingwirima iwiri yopepuka yolumikizidwa pansi ndi chingwe chakuda. Pambuyo pake pali malo owala owoneka bwino. Pamutu pali mawonekedwe opachika pamtanda.
Efa amatha kuzolowera moyo wa chipululu. Imasunthira pansi mchengayo munjira yapadera, "yotsatira" ndipo imatha kukumba, ndikumalowetsa mchenga ndi mayendedwe achilendo amthupi. Nthawi yomweyo, zikuwoneka kuti iye "amizidwa" mumchenga pamaso pathu. Monga njoka zambiri zam'chipululu, nthawi yotentha, maefus amagwira ntchito usiku. Ndi kuyamba kwa kuzizira, amasintha kukhala moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Poizoni wa Efa ali ndi poizoni wambiri kwa anthu. Pakakhala chisamaliro chachipatala, pafupifupi 6% ya omwe akumamwa amwalira.
Choopsa kwambiri kwa anthu ndi njoka yoluka, kapena daboya (Vipera russeli, mkuyu. 86), yogawa South ndi Southeast Asia kuchokera ku India kupita kumwera kwa China, komanso ku Taiwan, Ceylon, East Java ndi zilumba zina. Njoka yayikulu yakutali mpaka 1.5 m imakhala ndi mtundu wokongola kwambiri. Kumbuyo, pamtundu wa bulauni kapena waimvi, pali mizere itatu ya malo owoneka bwino ofiira otizunguliridwa ndi mphete zakuda zokhala ndi malezala oyera akunja. Malo oyandikana nawo amatha kuphatikizana ndi wina ndi mnzake, ndikupanga unyolo. Pali mawonekedwe owoneka ngati mivi pamutu. Zingwe zoyera zimayambira kuchokera m'maso mpaka pakamwa pakamwa.
Ming'alu yamanjenje imakhala m'mphepete mwa mapiri komanso m'mapiri, kukhazikika m'malo olimidwa. Amakhala ndi nthawi yamadzulo, ndipo masana amabisala m'makola a makoswe ndi m'malo ena obisalamo kapena paphokoso padzuwa. Amayenda munjira ndi njira, amalowa nyumba.
Mukakumana ndi munthu, samakhala wankhanza, koma pakukwiya amatha kuponyera pafupifupi kutalika kwa thupi, ndikuphwanya pansi.
Kuopsa kogundana ndi Daboya kumachepa chifukwa choti mokweza kwambiri njoka imamveka patali patali mita zingapo. Ngakhale izi, njoka yamanjayo mwachionekere ndiyo imapangitsa ambiri kulumidwa ndi njoka ku India ndi Indochina.
Daboya poiz ndiwowopsa kwa anthu, ndipo mlingo womwe umayikidwa ndi kuluma ndiwambiri, chifukwa chake poizoni ndizovuta. Popanda chithandizo, oposa 15% ya anthu omwe akhudzidwa amamwalira.
Ku kontinenti ya Africa, kuwonjezera pa gombe lakumpoto, njoka za ku Africa (mtundu wa Bitis) ndizofala. Mwa mitundu khumi, yoopsa kwambiri ndi njoka yam'maso (Bitis arietans), yomwe ndi yayikulu kwambiri yomwe imafikira 1.5 m kutalika. Mtundu wake ndi wonyezimira kapena wachikasu. Kumbuyo kwake kuli timizeremizere tating'onoting'ono tachikasu tokhala ngati malekezero akuthwa kutsogolo ndikuwunjika kutsogolo ndi mikwingwirima yakuda kwambiri. Kuchokera pamaso mpaka pamakachisi pali mizere iwiri yowala yolumikizidwa ndi chingwe chopingasa.
Pali phokoso laphokoso m'malo onse, kupatula nkhalango zotentha ndi zipululu, limapezeka m'malo olima, limalowa m'nyumba. Chifukwa cha mtundu wake wamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndizovuta kudziwa motsutsana ndi maziko ozungulira, omwe amawonjezera mwayi wolumikizana nawo. Amakhala ndi moyo wamadzulo. Masika ulesi ndi phlegmatic. Pokhapokha kukwiya kwambiri kumayamba kulira mokweza, kusefukira? torso, chomwe chinali chifukwa cha dzinalo "phokoso."
Poizoni wa mphiri wam'maso ndiwowopsa kwa anthu.
Nyoka yayikulu kwambiri ku Africa kuno ndi njoka ya ku Gabon, yomwe imafikira kutalika kwa mamita 2. Mwa utoto, ndi imodzi mwa njoka zokongola kwambiri. Mbali zakumwamba za thupi zimakutidwa ndi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a geometric pafupipafupi a mawonekedwe, opakidwa utoto wonyezimira wa pinki, wofiirira, wakuda, yoyera ndi yofiirira. Pafupifupi pali mzere wa mawanga oyera oyera kapena achikaso achikasu, mutu ndi imvi yopepuka komanso Mzere wopyapyala wamdima pakati ndi mawanga awiri atatu mbali mbali. Kutsogolo kwa muzzle kuli miyeso iwiri yayikulu yozungulira yopindika pang'ono kumbuyo. Utoto wosakanizika umapangitsa kuti njokayo izionekera kotheratu chifukwa cha masamba otentha. Njoka ya ku Gabon imapezeka pagombe la kumadzulo komanso kum'mawa kwa Africa.
Amakonda kukhala malo okhala atchire komanso onyowa. Njoka ya ku Gabon imakhala mwamtendere komanso yoluma kwambiri. Komabe, poyizoni omwe amayamba chifukwa chakuluma kwake ndizovuta kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa kuphedwa kwa omwe akuzunzidwa. Mitengo yamitengo yamatanda imakonda kwambiri m'nkhalango zotentha za ku Central Africa. Awa ndi njoka zazing'ono, zodera, zam'manja zotalika 50-60 masentimita, zosinthika ndi moyo pamitengo. Amapakidwa utoto osiyanasiyana wobiriwira ndi mawanga achikaso, chifukwa omwe amawoneka bwino ndi masamba. Kuluma kwawo komwe kumayikidwa kumtunda kumatha kuyambitsa poizoni kwambiri mwa omwe akukhudzidwa.
Vipers (Viperidae)
Vipers, kapena Viperidae (Viperidae) - banja lalikulu la njoka zapoizoni, lomwe limadziwika bwino kuti mamba. Ndiye njoka yomwe ndiyo njoka yoopsa kwambiri pamitengo yathu, motero ndikofunikira kwambiri kusiyanitsa zibakuli ndi njoka zosanja anthu.
Kufotokozera kwa Viper
Njoka zonse zimadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa bowo lamkati mkati ndi nthata zazitali kwambiri, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kupatula poizoni wopangidwa ndi timinyewa tambiri tapoizoni tomwe timakhala kumbuyo kwa nsagwada yapamwamba. Iliyonse mwa malembawa imakhala kutsogolo kwa kamwa ya njokayo, ndipo ili pa fupa lozungulira.
Pakanthawi kogwiritsidwa ntchito, mafangawo amapinda kumbuyo ndikutseka ndi mawonekedwe apadera a filimu. Mphepo zamanja ndi zamanzere zimazungulira mosadukirana. Pankhondoyo, kamwa la njoka limatha kutseguka pakadutsa madigiri a 180, ndipo fupa lozungulira limakankhira matangawo kutsogolo. Kutseka nsagwada kumachitika pakukhudzana, pomwe minofu yolimba komanso yolimba yomwe imakhala mozungulira ndulu za poizoni imadziwika, yomwe imapangitsa kuti poizoniyo atulutsidwe. Kuchita mwadzidzidzi kumeneku kumadziwika kuti kuluma, ndipo njoka imagwiritsa ntchito njoka kuti imalepheretse amene akumana nayo kapena kudziteteza.
Mutu wa njokayo umakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira mbali zitatu wokhala ndi malekezero amphuno ndipo amatsogola pambuyo pake. Kumapeto kwa mphuno, mwachindunji pakati pamphuno, kwa mitundu ina, kukhalapo kwa gawo limodzi kapena lozungulira lopangidwa ndi mamba ndi kakhalidwe. Mitundu ina ya njoka imasiyanitsidwa ndi malo omwe amatuluka pamwamba pamaso. Potere, amapanga china chofanana ndi nyanga wamba.
Maso a nyama zapamtunda ndi zazing'ono kukula, ali ndi mwana wakhazikika wokhazikika yemwe amatha kutseguka osati lonse lonse, komanso pafupi kwathunthu, chifukwa cha njokayo imawonekera bwino pakuwala kulikonse. Monga lamulo, pali cholembera chaching'ono pamwamba pa maso chomwe chimapanga sikelo.
Wodzigudubuza bwino amapatsa njoka mawonekedwe oyipa kapena owopsa. Thupi la nyama zanyama ndi zazifupi kwambiri komanso amakulirakulira pakati. Mtundu umasiyanasiyana kutengera malo ndi mitundu ya zinthu, koma nthawi zonse umayang'ana uku ndi uku ndikubisalira njoka poyang'ana chilengedwe.
Viper Family - Viperidae
Mutu umakhala wozungulira mbali zitatu, wopindika bwino kuchokera kukhosi, ndipo pamwamba pake umakutidwa ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono angapo kapena zikopa zazing'ono zopanda mawonekedwe. Thupi limakhala lambiri, mchira wake ndi waufupi. Maso omwe ali ndi mwana wokhazikika. Pa nsagwada yakumtunda khalani ndi mano akuluakulu a sumu. M'mafakitale a USSR pali mitundu 7 mwa mitundu iwiri. Ndikotheka kupeza mtundu wina, njoka ya ku Persia (Gome 31), yomwe imakonda kwambiri kumpoto-kum'mawa kwa Iran kumalire ndi USSR.
Tebulo 31: 1 - gyurza (279), 2 - Asia Minor viper (278), 3 - viper Persian (270), 4 - sand efa (281)
Viper Rod - Vipera
Steppe viper - Vipera ursini Vonap.
Gome 30: 1 - viper wamba (274), 1a - mawonekedwe akuda, 2 - steppe viper (271), 3 - vipu Caucasian (274), 4 - nosed viper (277), 5 - wamba muzzle (283), 6 - muzzle kum'mawa (285)
Map 113. Steppe Viper
Mawonekedwe. Makulidwe ake ndi ochepa kapena apakati: nthawi zambiri kutalika kwa thupi ndi 35-45 cm (mpaka 57 cm). Mutu umasiyanitsidwa bwino ndi thupi, ndipo chopukutira pamwambapa, kutsogolo kwa mzere wolumikiza mbali zakumaso, chimakutidwa ndi zishango zazing'ono zooneka ngati mawonekedwe. Kutseguka kwammphuno kumadulidwa pansi pachikopa cha mphuno. M'mphepete mwa muzzle amaloledwa ndikuwukweza pang'ono pamwamba pake pamtunda. Pamwamba pa utoto wonyezimira komanso wamtambo wakuda wa zigzag m'mbali mwa msewu, nthawi zina umagawika padera kapena malo. Mbali za thupi m'malo owoneka bwino. Mitundu yakuda ya njoka ndizosowa kwambiri.
Chith. 55. Mutu wa njoka yopondera kuchokera kumwamba
Chith. 56. Mphuno ya njoka: pamwambapa - wamba, pansipa - steppe
Kufalitsa. Steppe ndi madera akum'mwera kwa nkhalango zopezeka ku Europe, Crimea, zigawo za Caucasus, Kazakhstan ndi Central Asia.
Moyo. Pamakhala mapiri osiyanasiyana, m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zitsamba, malo otsetsereka a mapiri, malo osefukira, mitsinje, zipululu za solyanky ndi mchenga wokhazikika. Zimalepheretsa minda yolima ndikutsalira mukalima zitsamba, mitengo, m'mphepete mwa msewu. Pamenepa, pafupifupi zidasowa kwathunthu ku Moldova komanso kumwera kwa Ukraine. Pambuyo yozizira, nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu Marichi - Epulo. Popeza tasiya zomangira, dothi lanyumba, zolumikizana pakati pa miyala ndi malo ena momwe zimabisala zokhazokha kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, njoka posachedwa zimayamba kukhwima. Amuna amayang'ana zachikazi mwachangu, ndipo pafupifupi wamkazi mmodzi amakhala "masewera opatsirana". Nthawi yakukhwima, nthawi ya masika, njoka zimadyera abuluzi, nthawi zina zimagwira ma voles, ma voles voles, hamsters, ndi mbewa. Mphukira ndi dzombe zimakhala gawo lalikulu la njoka zaululu yotentha. Amakhalanso ndi anapiye, matenthedwe, zowotchera, mbalame zina zazing'ono, nthawi zina, achule ndi amayi a adyo amakhala nyama. Njoka zazing'ono zimadya tizilombo ndi arachnids, abuluzi ochepa kwambiri. Mimba masiku 90-130 (nthawi zambiri 105-110). Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa Ogasiti mpaka pakati pa Seputembala, zazikazi nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa kutalika kwa mikono 5-6 (3 mpaka 16) kutalika kwa 12-18 cm. Pambuyo pobadwa, molt wachichepere.Akuluakulu molt katatu pachaka (Epulo - Meyi, Julayi - Ogasiti, kumapeto kwa Ogasiti - kuyambira Seputembala). Amakhala okhwima pofika zaka zitatu ali ndi kutalika kwamasentimita 31 mpaka 35. Chiyembekezo cha moyo m'chilengedwe ndi zaka 7-8.
Ndizowopsa, koma ndizowopsa kwa munthuyo, milandu yodzipha siyidziwika. Poizoniyo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala. Zokhala m'mazamba.
Mitundu yofananira. Amasiyana ndi mtundu wamba wamphaka m'miyeso yaying'ono, cholowera komanso chakumapeto kwa muzzle ndi malo amphuno m'munsi m'mphuno zam'mphuno, kuchokera ku mphukira ya Caucasian mumtoto wowoneka bwino, kuchokera ku Asia Minder viper pamaso pa scute, osati masikelo ang'ono kumtunda kwapamwamba kwa muzzle.
Nyoka za Caucasian - Vipera kaznakowi Nik.
Mapu 114. Mapau aku Caucasian (1), noka wa njoka (2), Asia Little viper (3)
Mawonekedwe. Zingwe zazifupi: kutalika kwa thupi nthawi zambiri kumakhala 40-45 cm (mpaka 59 cm). Mutu ndiwotambalala kwambiri ndikutuluka kwakanthawi kwakanthawi. A lakuthwa khomo pachibelekeromo limalekanitsa mutu ndi wandiweyani thupi. Kutseguka kwammphuno nthawi zambiri kumadulidwa pansi pa chishango cha pamphuno. Malo ndi kuchuluka kwa zishango pamutu, ngati nthenga wopondera. Mtundu wake ndi wowala. Thupi limakhala lalanje-lalanje kapena njerwa ofiira, m'mbali mwa njirayo limadutsa mzere wakuda kapena mzere wakuda, womwe nthawi zambiri umang'ambika malo owala. Mutu pamwamba wakuda, nthawi zambiri wokhala ndi mawanga owala. Njoka zakuda zonse ndizachilendo.
Kufalitsa. Western Caucasus ndi Western Transcaucasia.
Moyo. Imakhala m'mitengo yamapiri, subalpine ndi mapiri a alpine, imakhala m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda mpaka pamtunda wa 2500 m pamwamba pamtunda wa nyanja. Imadyetsa makoswe onga mbewa. Zambiri. Biology siphunziridwa pang'ono.
Zoopsa, ziweto komanso nthawi zambiri anthu amavutika chifukwa chakuluma. Chidacho chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mankhwala.
Mitundu yofananira. Amasiyana ndi njoka yakuda yopanga utoto wowoneka bwino, kuchokera ku Asia Ndalama pakakhala mipiringidzo, osati masikelo ang'ono kumtunda kwa muzzle, ndipo imasiyanitsidwa ndi njoka wamba.
Njoka wamba - Vipera berus (L.)
Map 115. Viper wamba
Mawonekedwe. Kukula kwapakatikati: nthawi zambiri thupi kutalika 50-60 cm (mpaka 80 cm). Mutu umasiyanitsidwa bwino ndi thupilo, muzzle uli pamwamba, kutsogolo kwa mzere kulumikiza mbali zakumbuyo kwa maso, ili, kuphatikiza zazingwe zazing'ono, zazikulu 3 (kutsogolo ndi 2 parietal). Msonga wa muzzle ndi wozungulira. Kutseguka kwammphuno kumadulidwa pakati pachikopa cha mphuno. Pamwamba pa imvi, yotuwa kapena yofiirira, yokhala ndi chingwe chamdima chakuda. Pamutu pali mawonekedwe ooneka ngati X. Mzere wakuda umayambira kuchokera kumaso mpaka pakona pakamwa. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala njoka zakuda.
Kufalitsa. Madera apakati komanso kumpoto kwa gawo la ku Europe, kumwera mpaka 40 ° C. N, Siberia, Kumpoto Kumpoto kukafika ku Sakhalin kophatikiza kumpoto mpaka 61-63 ° C. w.
Moyo. M'nkhalangozi muli nkhalango ndi malo okhala m'nkhalango. Mumakonda nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi malo okhala, madambo, kuwotchera, mitsinje ya mitsinje, nyanja ndi mitsinje. Mapiri akukwera mpaka 3000 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Monga njoka zambiri zakumpoto komanso kotentha, imagawidwa mosagawanika m'gawo lonselo, ndikupanga "njoka foci" m'malo oyenera, koma osapezeka konse mu malo akulu. Malo omwe njoka imayang'ana njoka nthawi zambiri imadziwika ndi nyengo yabwino yozizira. Monga lamulo, njoka zimasokonekera, osasunthira kupitirira 60-100 m, ndipo malo a njoka ndi 1.5-4.0 ha. Panyengo yachilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira yokha kukafika nyengo yachisanu ndi njoka zam'mbuyo zimatha kuyenda mpaka 2-5 km, nthawi zina zimadutsa nyanja ndi mitsinje yambiri. Amabisala pansi, pansi pa kuzizira kozungulira, pakuya masentimita 40 mpaka 2, nthawi zambiri pamiyala yamakedzana, timadontho, m'malo am'mizu yamitengo yopingidwa, m'mabowo a matumba a peat, pansi pa malo okumbika, m'malo otentha, malo otentha. sikugwera pansi pa 2-4 °. Nthawi zambiri, njoka zimabisala mosawoneka kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, komabe, njoka za nyengo yozizira za 200 20000 zimadziwika m'malo abwino. Pambuyo yozizira, amawonekera mu Marichi - Epulo, nthawi zina mu Meyi. Amuna ndi oyamba kusiya chisanu m'masiku otentha kwambiri, pomwepo padali chipale chofewa m'malo ambiri m'nkhalango. Amanyamuka nthawi yozizira mu theka lachiwiri la Seputembala - mu Okutobala. Chapakatikati, njoka zimasungidwa m'malo otentha, kugwiritsa ntchito poizoniyu ndikumalumikizana ndi dothi lotentha, miyala yotentha, mitengo yotsika, chitsa, zina. Kutentha kwabwino kwa amuna ndi 25 °, akazi 28 °. Pamwambapa 37 ° mu vipers thermal rigor mortis ndipo kufa kumachitika. M'nyengo yotentha, malo ogona amakhala zingwe, zitsa zowola, tchire, ming'alu m'nthaka, zomasuka pakati pa miyala. Kuthamanga padzuwa kumangotuluka nthawi zambiri tsiku lonse, koma pitani kokasaka madzulo ndipo ndiwokangalika kwambiri theka loyamba lausiku. Njoka zodyetsedwa bwino sizingachokere masiku atatu. Makoswe onga mbewa ndi achule amapanga maziko azakudya nthawi yonse yogwira, kupatula chiyambi cha chilimwe - nthawi ya kuchuluka kwa mbalame zazing'ono. Pakadali pano, kuyambira kumapeto kwa Meyi mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Julayi, anapiye a anapiye, masiketi, ma bampu, ndalama, etc., nthawi zambiri amagwiridwa ndi mphaka. Nthawi zina mumagwira abuluzi owonjezera. Achichepere nthawi zambiri amadya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nyongolotsi. Matenga amapezeka patatha masabata 2-4 atachokapo nyengo yachisanu, nthawi zambiri mkati mwa Meyi. Nthawi ya bere ndi pafupifupi miyezi itatu. Kumpoto kwa gawo, imaberekanso chaka chilichonse. Zachikazi zimabweretsa nthawi zambiri ana osambira 8-12 kuchokera theka lachiwiri la Julayi mpaka kumapeto kwa Seputembara. Achichepere pobadwa amakhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi masentimita 16. Pambuyo maola ochepa kapena masiku awiri, amasungunuka, pambuyo pake amafalikira ndikuyamba kudyetsa. M'tsogolo, kusungunuka kwa achinyamata ndi akulu kumachitika kawiri pamwezi. Mukasungunuka, njoka zimabisala m'misala ndipo sizidyetsa. Njoka zazikazi zimakhwima pofika zaka zisanu ndi kutalika masentimita 54-55, zazimuna pazaka zinayi, zazitali pafupifupi masentimita 45. Chiyembekezo cha moyo ndi zaka 11-12 (mpaka 14-15).
Zoopsa, koma zamtendere komanso sizimakonda kuluma munthu. Kwa zaka zambiri, milandu yokhayokha yakhala ikudziwika ngati kulumidwa ndi njoka kunaphetsa, koma sizikudziwika ngati poyizoni kapena zovulaza, "chithandizo" cholakwika ndicho chomwe chidayambitsa kufa. Poizoniyu amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala. Zokhala m'mazamba.
Mitundu yofananira. Amasiyana ndi steppe viper kukula kwake kwakukulu, malo amphuno mkati mwa mphuno, ndi mbali yowongoka, yopingasa ya muzzle. Kutalikirana kwina ndi njoka zina.
Njoka zam'mimba * - Vipera ammodytes (L.)
* (Njoka iyi imadziwikanso kuti yamchenga kapena yokhala ndi nyanga. Mayina onse awiriwa ndi osatheka, chifukwa njoka imeneyi simupezeka mumchenga, ndipo njoka zina zomwe zimakhala m'chipululu cha Sahara ndi Peninsula ya Arabian (Cerastes), zomwe zidakuliratu kunja kwa maso awo, zimatchedwa kuti zokhala ndi nyanga. mphuno ndi njira yopanda mawonekedwe pa "mphuno".)
Mawonekedwe. Makulidwe ake amakhala pafupifupi, nthawi zambiri kutalika kwa thupi ndi 60-70 cm (mpaka 90 cm). Pamwamba pamutu pali yokutidwa ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono, omata nthawi zambiri, koma miyeso ya muzzle nthawi zambiri imakhala yosalala. Pamapeto pa chopondera, kupitirira pang'ono komanso pang'ono pang'ono kowongoka kofikira masamba 3-5 mm, kokutidwa ndi mamba. Mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri, wonyezimira kapena wa bulauni, wokhala ndi mzere wakuda wa zigzag kapena mikwingwirima yayikulu kapena yopingasa kumbuyo. Mimba imakhala yachikasu, madontho ang'onoang'ono komanso mawanga. Chingwe cha mchira pansipa ndi chofiira, chikasu, kapena kubiriwira.
Chith. 57. Mutu wanyoka wamphongo
Kufalitsa. Adakumana pamiyala ya Trialeti ndi Meskheti ku Georgia.
Moyo. Imakhala m'miyala yamapiri yokutidwa ndi zitsamba, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'miyala yakale, m'miyala yamiyala, nyumba zowonongeka, mulu wa miyala. Imasaka m'bandakucha ndi theka loyamba lausiku. Imadyera makoswe, mbalame, abuluzi ochepa. Matching March - April. Mu Ogasiti - Seputembala, zazikazi zimabweretsa kutalika kwa 20 20-30 cm.
Zoyipa, koma imfa siyikudziwika ndi anthu. Chidacho chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mankhwala. Kuthamangitsa makoswe.
Mitundu yofananira. Imasiyanasiyana ndi njoka zonse poyambira pamphuno.
Asia Wamng'ono Viper * - Vipera xanthina (Grey) (= V. raddei)
* (Mtunduwu umatchedwanso kuti viper Radde, kapena njoka ya ku Armenia.)
Mawonekedwe. Makulidwe ake ndi apakatikati kapena akulu: kutalika kwa thupi nthawi zambiri kumakhala 60-75 masentimita (mpaka 110 cm). Pamwamba pamutu paphimbidwa ndi miyeso yamiyala, popanda nthiti kokha mamba akumapazi. Pamwamba pa diso lirilonse, pamakhala gawo lalikulu kwambiri lomwe limatuluka pamwamba pa diso (the infraorbital flap), lolekanitsidwa ndi masikelo ang'onoang'ono kuchokera kumphepete yamaso. Pali zosakwana 38 pawiri za zikopa za mchira. Pamwamba pa imvi yakuda ndi utoto wonyezimira. Pafupipo, pali mzere umodzi wamtambo wamtambo wachikasu kapena wofiirira wokhala ndi mkombero wakuda, nthawi zina kuphatikiza mu mzere waukulu wa zigzag m'mphepete. Mikwingwirima iwiri yakuda ndiyima kumbuyo kwa mutu. Mimba imayalidwa ndi mawanga ang'onoang'ono achikuda, nsonga ya mchirayo ndi ya lalanje wachikasu pansipa.
Chith. 58. Mutu wa njoka yaying'ono yaku Asia
Kufalitsa. Armenia ndi Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Moyo. Amakhala m'mapiri pamtunda wamtunda wa 1000 mpaka 3000 m pamtunda wa nyanja, pamiyala yamiyala yokhala ndi zitsamba za mitengo kapena zomera zamapiri. Amadyetsa makoswe, mbalame, abuluzi ndi tizilombo. Njoka zazing'ono zimadyera makamaka dzombe. Zimakhazikika pamiyala yamiyala yomwe imachoka mu Epulo - Meyi. Mating mu Meyi, kubadwa kwa achichepere mu Ogasiti. Zachikazi zimabweretsa ma 5-10 cubic 16-20 cm.
Zoopsa, mwina zakupha anthu. Chidacho chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mankhwala.
Mitundu yofananira. Amasiyana ndi nthenga wokhala ndi mphuno chifukwa chakusakutuluka kwa nsonga yotseka pamphuno, kuchokera ku Caucasian imodzi - pogwiritsa ntchito miyeso yakuthimbirira yophimba chizungulire kuchokera pamwambapa, kuchokera ku gyurza - ndi kukhalapo kwa scutellum yaying'ono ndi yaying'ono (mpaka 38 38) ya chitetezo chamkati.
Gyurza - Vipera lebetina (L.)
Map 116. Gyurza
Mawonekedwe. Miyeso ndi yayikulu: kutalika kwa thupi nthawi zambiri kumakhala pafupifupi 100 cm (mpaka 160 cm). Pamwamba pamutu paphimbidwa ndi miyeso yamiyala, popanda nthiti kokha mamba akumapazi. Palibe miyeso ya infraorbital, ndipo miyeso ya dera la infraorbital imatsogolera molunjika maso. Pamwambapo adapakidwa utoto wamtambo kapena wamtundu wonyezimira, kumbuyo kwake kuli malo ena angapo amtundu wakuda. Malo ang'onoang'ono akuda m'mbali mwake. Mutu ndiwowonekera, wopanda mawonekedwe. Mimba yake ndi yopepuka, yokhala ndi malo ang'onoang'ono akuda. Toni yamtundu wathunthu imasiyanasiyana kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zina njoka zamtundu umodzi zimapezeka.
Chith. 59. Mutu wa gyurza
Kufalitsa. Dagestan, Transcaucasia, kumwera kwenikweni kwa Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Western Tajikistan.
Moyo. Amakhala m'malo owuma, kumapiri a mapiri okutidwa ndi zitsamba, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje. Mapiriwo amakwera mpaka 1,500 m kuchokera pamwamba pa nyanja. Zikhazikitsidwa m'minda ya zipatso, minda ya mpesa, m'mabwinja a nyumba. Amasunthasuntha, akukamba nthawi yozizira m'miyala yamiyala, pomwe nthawi zambiri amakumana m'magulu akulu. M'chilimwe, nthawi zambiri amasonkhana m'madziwe, kusamba modzifunira ndikugwira mbalame zikafika pamalo othirira. Mu kasupe iwo amawonekera mu Marichi - Epulo, akatsogolera moyo wamasiku onse. Pambuyo pake, amasinthana ndi zochita zamadzulo ndi usiku. Njoka zazing'ono zimadyera abuluzi, wamkulu - makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Akuluakulu amadya kwambiri makoswe, koma kumapeto kwa mbalame ndi nthawi yophukira, mbalame zikamadutsa, kukwera tchire, kudikirira mbalame, pomwe oatmeal ndi ngolo zimakonda kudya. Njoka zikukhala m'minda yamphesa, zochuluka, zimadyera mpheta zomwe zimabera zipatso. Matching mu Epulo - Meyi. Kumapeto kwa chilimwe, gyurza amayikira mazira 15-20 mu chigoba chopyapyala chomwe chimapangidwa kale mazira. Pambuyo masiku 35-45, achinyamata 23-25 cm kutalika kuchokera mazira.
Zoopsa kwambiri. Poizoniyu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mankhwala. Zokhala m'mazamba.
Mitundu yofananira. Amasiyana ndi njoka yaku Asia posakhala ndi scutellum ya infraorbital, yochulukirapo (opitilira 40) yazovundikira zamkati, zokulira ndi utoto, komanso njoka zina zazing'onoting'ono zomwe zimakwirira mutu kuchokera kumwamba.
Mitundu ya Efa - Eisis
Mchenga efa - Echis carinatus (Schneid.)
Map 117. Sandy Efa
Mawonekedwe. Zingwe zazifupi: kutalika kwa thupi nthawi zambiri kumakhala 50-60 cm (mpaka 75 cm). Mutu umakutidwa ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi nthiti. Makala a Dorsal okhala ndi nthiti zakuthwa kwambiri. Mbali za thupi zimadutsa mizere 4-5 yaing'ono komanso yopyapyala, yolunjikitsidwa moyang'ana pansi ndipo ili ndi nthiti zolimba. Zovala za caudal zimapezeka mzere umodzi wautali. Pamiyeso ya mchenga wamtambo, wokhala ndi mapiri obiriwira nthawi zambiri amakhala amdima kuposa onenepa. Pakati pa mamba omalizira ndi ofanirana, mbali iliyonse ya thupi limodzi ndi gawo limodzi loyera la zigzag. Pamwamba kumbuyo kwake kuli koyera, kotalika kudutsa mawanga, komwe kuli pakati pa nsonga za zigzag. Pamutu pali mawonekedwe owala, owoneka ngati mawonekedwe a mbalame yowuluka.
Chith. 60. Makala a mchenga wamtsogolo
Kufalitsa. Turkmenistan, South Uzbekistan, Southwest Tajikistan.
Moyo. Miyoyo mumchenga wamapiri wokutidwa ndi saxaul, m'malo opumira ndi matope, m'matchire, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi m'mabwinja a nyumba. Mu nthawi ya masika amapezeka kumapeto kwa mwezi wa February - Machi- mar ndipo mpaka Juni amayamba kugwira ntchito masana, nthawi yotentha amasinthira zochitika zausiku, ndipo nthawi yophukira nthawi zambiri amawonekeranso masana. Amanyamuka nthawi yozizira mu Okutobala, kukabisala m'makola a mapanga, ming'alu ndi m'maenje m'matanthwe. Pakakhala masiku ofunda, nthawi zina limapita kukasamba dzuwa. Amadyanso ndodo zazing'ono, abuluzi ambiri, mbalame, achule a m'mbali mwa nyanja, mikanda yobiriwira, nthawi zina njoka zazing'ono. Maefano achichepere amadya dzombe, kafadala wakuda, scolopendras, zinkhanira ndi abuluzi ang'ono. Kuyambika mu Marichi - Epulo, mu Julayi - Ogasiti, yaikazi imatenga kutalika kwa 3 mpaka 16 cm 10-16 cm. Efa imasunthira "pambuyo pake", pomwe imaponyera mutu wake kumbali, kenako imatenga kumbuyo kwa thupi chammbali ndi kutsogolo, kenako ndikukokera mbali yakutsogolo. torso. Zikuwoneka kuti njokayo ikulowa osati mtsogolo, koma mmbali. Njira iyi yoyendayenda imapanga chithandizo chabwino kwambiri cha thupi pamtunda wotayirira. Njira ya "sitiroko yam'mbuyo" imakhala ndi timizere tosiyana tating'ono tokhala ndi malembawo. Efa wosokonezekayo amakhalanso ndi chithunzi chotchinjiriza. Atapendekera m'mphete ziwiri ndi kumangirira mutu pakati, amapaka ling'i ina mbali inayo, ndipo miyeso yam'mbali yokhala ndi nthiti zopindika imapanga phokoso lalikulu, ndikukumbukira za mafuta mumphika wowotcha.
Zoopsa kwambiri. Poiziyi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonzekera zachipatala. Zokhala m'mazamba.
Mitundu yofananira. Amasiyana bwino ndi njoka zina za mtundu wake komanso mamba ofikira, okhala ndi nthiti zolimba.
Mawonekedwe
Njoka yaing'ono ya Burmese Fairy, kapena njoka za ku China (Azemiops fea) ndi amtundu wa njoka zapoizoni. Kutalika kwa thupi la akulu kumafika masentimita 76-78, ndipo zishango zazikulu zimakhala pamutu. Mtundu wa thupi lakumwamba ndi la bulauni la azitona. Gawo lam'munsi la thupi limakhala lotsekemera, ndipo m'mphepete mwake mumakhala mitunda yachikasu. Mutu ndi wachikaso kapena wakuda bii. Oimira onse amtunduwu ali m'gulu la njoka zodzala mazira.
Toad viper (Causus) ndi gulu lochita kupatula limodzi lokha lausus Sausus. Njoka zoterezi ndi gulu la nthumwi zakale kwambiri komanso zakale za banja chifukwa cha izi:
- oviparous
- kapangidwe kazinthu zopanga poyizoni,
- macheza osadziwika bwino
- ana.
Ming'alu yaying'ono ya njoka, kutalika kwake sikupita mita, imakhala ndi wandiweyani, wozungulira kapena wobooleka pang'ono, wopanda thupi lozama. Komanso, kuwopsa kwa khomo lachiberekero kulibe. Mchira wake ndi wafupi. Mutu umakutidwa ndi zingano zazikulu, zoyesedwa moyenera pamiyeso yolondola, chifukwa choti mimbulu ya anyoka imafanana ndi njoka zoyambirira komanso zowoneka bwino. Scutellum yoyeserera ndi yotakata ndi yayikulu, ndipo nthawi zina imakwezedwa. Masikelo pathupi amakhala osalala kapena okhala ndi nthiti zazifupi (mizere ya dorsal). Ana a maso ali mozungulira.
Dzenje la dzenje, kapena kuti njoka za m'madzi (Crotalinae) ndi njoka zam'madzi zapoizoni zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa maenje owopsa omwe amawoneka kuti ali pakatipa pakati pa mphuno ndi maso. Mpaka pano, ndi mitundu yoposa mazana awiri ya gulu laling'ono ili lomwe lafotokozedwa.. Pamodzi ndi mamembala ena am'banja, ma pitheads onse ali ndi mano awiri okhala ndi mano owopsa. Mutu uli, monga lamulo, wopindika patatu, ana amaso ndi amtundu wowongoka. Ma bulu awiri a thermoreceptor mumutu amamva kuwopsa kwa ma radiation, zomwe zimathandiza kuti njoka za banja lino zizindikire zomwe zikuyang'anira malinga ndi kusiyana kwa kutentha kozungulira ndi nyama. Makulidwe a pitheads amayambira 50 cm mpaka 350 cm.
Viper subfamily pakadali pano imakhala ndi mitundu khumi ndi iwiri ndi mitundu yoposa isanu ndi umodzi:
- Wood Vipers (Atheris),
- Mountain Vipers (Adenorhinos),
- African Vipers (Vitis),
- Chain Viper (Daboa),
- Nyanga Vipers (Cer ladha),
- Ephis (Eschis),
- Giant Vipers (Masrovipera),
- Nyoka zolimbana (ericophophis),
- Mountain Kenyan Vipers (Montatheris),
- Njoka za nyanga zamphongo (Zabodza),
- Nyenyezi zam'madzi,
- Njoka zenizeni (Virera).
Oimira a subfamily alibe maenje otentha (infrared), ndipo kutalika kwa akuluakulu kumatha kusiyana pakati pa 28-200 cm ngakhale zina zambiri. Mitundu ingapo ili ndi chikwama chogwira ntchito, chomwe chimapezeka pamphuno ya njoka. Chikwama choterocho ndi chikwama chachikopa pakati pamiyendo yamkati ndi m'mphuno, yolumikizidwa ndi mitsempha ya cranial yomwe imadutsa.
Dzina lodziwika bwino la ku Russia "rattlesnake" lidachitika chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa chingwe chapadera, chomwe chili kumapeto kwa mchira, mgulu la North America genera Pit (mutu wa Crotalus ndi Sistrurus). Chingwe choterechi ndi chosinthika, ndikupanga zigawo zosunthika. Phokoso lodziwika bwino ngati "mabingu" limachitika chifukwa cha kugundana kwa magawo munthawi yomwe kunjenjemera kwa mchira.
Moyo, machitidwe
Vipers m'magulu sitingayikidwe ndi mbiri yoyendetsa. Zodzoladzola zotere nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa kwambiri, ndipo zimatha kukhala pafupifupi tsiku lathunthu pamalo abodza, osagwedezeka popanda chifukwa. Kutacha kwamadzulo, njoka zimayamba kugwira ntchito ndipo ndi nthawi iyi pomwe akuyamba ntchito yomwe amawakonda, yomwe ndi kusaka. Akuluakulu amakonda kunama kwa nthawi yayitali, kudikirira kuti agwiritse aliyense mdera lomwe lakhudzidwalo. Pakadali pano, serpenti saphonya mwayi wa madyerero, chifukwa chake akuukira nyama zawo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nthawi zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mawu akuti "chithaphwi chodzaza ndi njoka," nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowona osati zachidziwikire.
Chochititsa chidwi chachikulu cha njoka ndi kuthekera kosambira bwino, kotero kuti zosefera zoterezi zimatha kuwoloka mosavuta ngakhale mtsinje waukulu kapena madzi ena aliwonse. Nthawi zambiri, njoka zam'mimba zimapezeka m'malo osungira mitundu yambiri zachilengedwe, komanso sizipewa ma mawa.
Kugonana kwamanyazi
Nthawi zambiri, mtundu wamtundu wa kugonana suchitika mwa mitundu yambiri ya njoka, kupatula kuti amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mchira wokulirapo - mtundu wa "chosungira" cha hemipenis yawo. Pakadali pano, njoka zimachita zachiwerewere. Amuna okhwima mwakugonana amuna ndi akazi osiyanasiyana amakhala ndi machitidwe angapo, omwe pakati pawo pali kusiyana kosiyana ndi kukula kwa mitundu. Njoka zazimuna zazikulu nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mitundu yambiri yosiyanasiyana, ndipo zazikazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mitundu yowala komanso yowala kwambiri. Ndi mtundu wa melanistic, mtundu wa dimorphism palibe.
Mwa zina, pafupifupi 10% ya anthu achikhalidwe, mosaganizira jenda, ali ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa anyamata kapena akazi. Zachikazi zamitundu yambiri nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu zokulirapo ndipo zimakhala ndi mchira wochepa thupi komanso wamfupi, wamfupi komanso waukulu. Malo amtundu wa akazi nthawi zonse amakhala ochulukirapo, ndipo mawonekedwe ake ali pafupi ndi mawonekedwe amakona atatu ofanana. Amuna amasiyana m'mutu wocheperapo komanso wamtali, zomwe zimafanana ndi mawonekedwe amakono atatu.
Mitundu ya Vipers
Mu kalasi la Reptile, dongosolo la Scaly, ndi banja la Viper, pali mabanja anayi apabanja omwe alipo:
- Burmese Vipers (Azemiopinae),
- Viper Toad (Causinae),
- Dzenje (Crotalinae),
- Viper (Viperinae).
Ma Pitheads kale anali amodzi monga mabanja, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka zam'ma 2000 izi kunalipo mitundu yochepera mazana atatu.
Viper Venom
Chifukwa chachilengedwe chake, njoka zamatumba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndipo ndizothandiza popanga mankhwala ambiri azachipatala komanso zodzikongoletsera zotchuka. Ululu wanjoka ndi malo ogona kwambiri, omwe amaphatikizapo mapuloteni, lipids, ma peptides, ma amino acid, mashuga ndi mchere wina wachilengedwe.
Kukonzekera komwe kumachokera ku njoka zam'mimba kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinkiller chogwira mtima kwambiri pa rheumatism ndi neuralgia, pochiza matenda ena a pakhungu ndi matenda oopsa. Othandizira oterewa awonetsedwa kuti ndi othandiza kwambiri kuthetsa mphumu ya bronchial, magazi, komanso njira zina zotupa.
Ululu wanjoka umalowa m'thupi la anthu kapena nyama kudzera m'mitsempha ya m'mimba, pambuyo pake imalowa m'magazi nthawi yomweyo.. Zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri za kulumidwa ndi njoka zimaphatikizira ululu woyaka, redness, ndi kutupa kuzungulira bala. Monga lamulo, mawonetseredwe onse akunja a kuledzera kofatsa amadutsa m'masiku angapo popanda zovuta zazikulu kapena zowopsa pamoyo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Poizoni wa mphiri iliyonse amadziwika kuti ndiwowopsa kwa anthu, ndipo zotsatira za kuluma kwa oimira ena a banja la Viper zitha kupha.
Munthawi yayikulu ya poizoni, Zizindikiro zimatchulidwa. Pafupifupi kotala pafupifupi ola limodzi kuchokera pakumwa njoka, kuoneka zizindikiro zowoneka bwino, zoyimiriridwa ndi chizungulire, mseru ndi pakamwa, kumva kupweteka komanso kugunda kwamtima. Zotsatira za kuchuluka kwa poizoni ndikakomoka, kukomoka, komanso kukomoka. Vipers ndizovuta kwambiri pakubzala, kuyambira pafupifupi mwezi wa March mpaka Meyi.
Habitat, malo okhala
Malo okhala nthumwi za banja lalikulu kwambiri la njoka zapoizoni, omwe amadziwika bwino kuti njoka, pakali pano ali osiyanasiyana. Vipers imatha kupezeka pagawo lalikulu la Africa, komanso ku Asia ndi mayiko ambiri ku Europe. Vipers timangomva bwino kwambiri osati malo owuma kwambiri, komanso nyengo zotentha za nkhalango za equator.
Oimira banja lino amatha kukhala m'matanthwe okhala m'mapiri, komanso nthawi zambiri amakhala kumitengo yakumpoto. Monga lamulo, njoka zimakonda kutsogola moyo wokhalitsa pamtunda. Ngakhale zili choncho, pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, anthu omwe amakhala moyo wobisika mobisa amapezeka nthawi zambiri. Choyimira chochititsa chidwi cha mitundu yotereyi ndi njoka yamtundu, ya mtundu waukulu wa Shpilkovye (Atractaspis).
Ndizosangalatsa! Kutalika kwa nthawi yozizira ya njoka kumadalira pamlingo wawo, chifukwa chake, mitundu yakutchire ya kumpoto nthawi yozizira pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi inayi pachaka, ndipo okhala m'mizere yotentha amadziwika ndi kutuluka kwa zotumphukira zoterezi kuzungulira March-Epulo, pomwe ayamba kubereka mwachangu.
Vipers overwinter, nthawi zambiri kuyambira October-November. Monga "nyumba" yabwino kwambiri yozizira yokhala ndi zotupa, mabowo osiyanasiyana amasankhidwa omwe amalowa pansi. Nthawi zambiri, kuya kwa kuzizira kwa njoka sikudutsa mamitala angapo, komwe kumalola nthumwi za banja la Viper kuti zizitha nyengo yozizira pamalo otentha a boma. M'malo okhala kuchuluka kachulukidwe, mkati mwake momwemonso nthawi zambiri mazana ambiri aanthu amodzi amasonkhana nthawi imodzi.
Zakudya za Viper
Vipers ndi amphaka odziwika bwino, omwe amakhala ndi moyo wabwino kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri nyama zamtunduwu zimadyedwa ndi njoka. Nyamayo imagwidwa ndi kuponya mwachangu kwambiri, pambuyo pake kulumidwa ndi ma sumu owopsa. Mothandizidwa ndi poizoni, munthu wanjoka amakumana ndi mphindi zingapo, kenako njoka imayamba kudya.
Mukamadyetsa, nthawi zambiri nyama zam'madzi zimameza zonse. Zakudya zazikulu za njoka zimaphatikizira mitundu yayikulu kwambiri osati michere, buluzi ndi zatsopano, achule achisamba komanso mitundu ina ya mbalame. Njoka zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimadya kafadala wamkulu, zimadya dzombe, ndipo zimatha kugwira agulugufe ndi mbozi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chosangalatsa ndichakuti njoka ya Schlegel imasaka nyama yake pamalo opachikika, itakhala pamtengo, ndipo nsonga yowala ya mchira wake ndi nyambo.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Nyengo yakukhwima ya njoka zapoizoni imachitika mchaka, makamaka mu Meyi, komanso nthawi yomwe nthendayo imakhala ndi pakati, limodzi ndi zina zambiri zouluka kuchokera mkalasi, zimatengera nyengo nyengo ndipo zimatha kuyambira miyezi itatu mpaka isanu ndi umodzi. Nthawi zina njoka zapakati zimatha ngakhale yozizira.
Monga lamulo, kuyambira ana khumi mpaka makumi awiri amabadwa omwe nthawi yomweyo amalandila chawopsezo kuchokera kwa makolo awo. Maola angapo pambuyo pobadwa kwa njoka zazing'ono. Ng'ombe zimakonda kukhala m'nkhalango zowirira kapena m'makola akuluakulu, ndipo tizilomboto timagwiritsidwa ntchito pazakudya. Njoka zazimuna zimakula msinkhu pafupifupi zaka zinayi.
Adani achilengedwe
Mu chilengedwe, njoka zimakhala ndi adani ambiri. Ambiri aiwo sachita mantha konse ndi zoyipa za oimira banja lalikulu kwambiri zomwe zimagwirizanitsa njoka zapoizoni. Ankhandwe ndi ma badu, nkhumba zakuthengo ndi zonyansa, zomwe sizimagwira ntchito chifukwa cha poizoni womwe umapezeka mu njoka ya nambalayi, zimakondwera ndikudya nyama ya njoka. Kuphatikiza apo, zolengedwa zam'madzi zoterezi zimatha kukhala nyama zodya nyama zambiri, zoyimiriridwa ndi kadzidzi, heron, agulugufe ndi chiwombankhanga cha njoka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zoyala zamtunduwu zimagwidwa kuti zitheke komanso kuti ikhale yofunikira poizoni wamankhwala. Komanso, mitundu ina ya njoka zimasakidwa kwambiri ndi malo osakwanira am'mapiri.
Mbidzi zam'mango, zomwe siz nyama zomwe zimadya njoka, nthawi zambiri zimachita nkhondo ndi njoka. Nthawi zambiri, ndi ma hedgehogs omwe amatuluka mumenyanowu monga opambana osaneneka. Mdani wamkulu wamitundu yambiri ya njoka pakadali pano ndi anthu. Ndi anthu omwe nthawi zambiri komanso cholinga chawo amafafaniza njoka iliyonse yomwe yakumana nayo. Vipers nthawi zambiri amavutika ndi njira zachisangalalo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakusaka kosasaka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chiwerengero cha mitundu ya njoka chikucheperachepera. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa njoka wamba kumachepera kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Kukula mwachangu kwa njoka zodziwika bwino, kusefukira kwa malo okhala ndi kusefukira kwamadzi osefukira, kusefukira kwa misewu yambiri komanso malo osiyanasiyana kosasokoneza sikukhudza anthu ambiri.
Chofunikanso ndikucheperachepera kwa chakudya chamafuta azirombo zolengedwa.. Zinthu ngati izi zimayambitsa kugawikana, komanso kuchepa kwambiri kwa anthu m'magawo omwe anthu amadziwa bwino. Ngakhale kuti madera ena nkhalango zimasungidwa kwathunthu ndipo zikhalidwe zoterezi zimayenda bwino, njoka wamba zimalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira la zigawo zingapo nthawi imodzi, kuphatikiza Moscow, Saratov, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod ndi Orenburg.
M'mayiko otukuka ku Europe, nambala ya njoka zonse zikuchepa kwambiri. Pakadali pano, zopindulitsa za chilengedwe zachilengedwe zoterezi ndizowonekera. Njoka zoterezi zimakhudzidwa ndikuwongolera kwachilengedwe kwa kuchuluka kwa anyani onyamula matenda, kupanga zida zamtengo wapatali zopangira mankhwala opangira mankhwala ndi seramu yapadera yotsutsa-viper.