Kuyambira ali mwana, Tetra von Rio wakhala akugwirizanitsidwa ndi china chake chabwino - mwina chifukwa cha tinthu tachi Germany "maziko". Pambuyo pake ndidazindikira kuti "maziko"M'dzina lamoto tetra, tetra von rio, imangowonetsa komwe mitunduyi idachokera - kuchokera kuzosungira ku Rio de Janeiro. Asitikali achijeremani adadzitchinjiriza kuti mitunduyi ndi prosaic - rubella waku Rio.
Amadziwika kuyambira makumi awiri, tetra wamoto (Hyphessobrycon flammeus), pamodzi ndi minga komanso minga, zidatenga malo ake m malo am'madzi okonda ma characinides padziko lonse lapansi. Nsombazi ndizokongola chifukwa cha mtundu wake wowala (pansi pamikhalidwe yabwino) ndipo, kuwonjezera pamenepo, ndichinthu chosangalatsa pakupanga ndi kuswana.
Chithunzi tetra von rio
Mitanda yamoto imadziwika. tetra ndi mitundu yapafupi - N. griemi, N. bifasciatus. Mu hybrids a m'badwo woyamba, zotsatira za heterosis zimawonedwa bwino (ana ndi apamwamba kuposa makolo kukula, kukula, mtundu, ndi zina). Kutengera pamitanda iyi, katswiri wazodziwika bwino wa majini komanso wazam'madzi Fedor Mikhailovich Polkanov adaganiza kuti kusankha "gulu lililonse la nsomba za ku aquarium."
Ndazindikira kuti m'zaka zaposachedwa, okonda ambiri agwiritsa ntchito bwino mitundu ya ma characin, monga tetra von rio, minga, neon ya buluu, etc., njira yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya mahomoni pakujambula, yoyesedwa bwino pa cyprinids.
Mankhwalawa amayamba ndi chakudya kapena kusungunuka m'madzi a aquarium. Zotsatira zake, nthawi zina, mitundu ya nsomba imakhala yolimba kwambiri ndipo ngakhale achichepere amapeza zovala zomwe amapangira opanga zovala. Kuphatikiza pa zabwino zake, njirayi imakhalanso ndi zovuta zake: mu gulu la "utoto", ziwonjezero zakufa zimachepa ndipo mphamvu zimachepa. Nthawi yomweyo, nditapeza mautoto amoto “amtundu”, ndinazindikira kuti zotsatira zamafuta sizinakhudze kugonana, zochita za opanga, komanso mtundu wa ana.
Kanema - tetra von rio
Komabe, ndikukhulupirira kuti njirayi siyiyenera kuyambitsidwa mu mchitidwe wama aquarium pamlingo wokulirapo: tili ndi udindo wosungira nsomba zachilengedwe mnyumba zathu zosungira.
Ma tetras amoto zabwino komanso zopanda "kujambula", muyenera kusankha malo oyenera kuti akonze ndikuwunikira.
Tetra von rio amawoneka bwino m'madzi amtali (mpaka 60 masentimita), pomwe masamba amu cirrus, wallisneria, moss wamadzi, echinodorus yaying'ono ndi yocheperako, matumbu a rotalla ndi ludwig amakula. Onetsetsani kuti mwasiya malo osambira osambira nsomba m'malire a madzi ndi pafupi ndi galasi lakutsogolo. Mu zowunikira zowunikira (nyali za incandescent zamagetsi 2540 ndi magetsi a fluorescent a mtundu wa LBU-20), sukulu ya nsomba ya akulu (zidutswa 20 mpaka 40) imawoneka ngati malo opinki a pinki. Ndizofunikira kuti amuna ambiri azikhala pagululi - ndi owoneka bwino kuposa akazi.
Chithunzi tetra von rio
Kuyambira wazaka zinayi, pamimba wamkazi amatuluka kwambiri, mwa akulu ndi siliva wachikasu. Amuna amakhala ndi thupi lonyentchera. Kutalika kwa akazi ndi masentimita 4.5, amuna - 3.5.
Mtundu waukulu wa nsomba patsogolo pa thupi ndi silvery, chikasu. Kuphimba kwa mabatani, kuyambira pakati pa kumbuyo mpaka pakati pamimba, kudutsa mizere iwiri yofewa ya bulauni; kuchokera kumlingo womaliza kufikira muzu wa mchira, mtundu wa nsombayo ndi pinki kufiira.
Zipsepse ndi zotumphukira - zipinki, zowoneka bwino, zowoneka bwino komanso zamafuta - zachikasu kapena zopanda mtundu. Zipsepse zamkati ndi ma anal zimakhala zofiira kwambiri. Amuna, mtundu wofiira paminsayo umasandulika njerwa. M'mphepete mwa zipsepazo mumakongoletsedwa ndi chopukutira chakuda chomwe chimasanduka chakuda mukatuluka.
Nkhani za Tetra von rio
Tetra von rio zili ndi ma aquariums pamatenthedwe nthawi yozizira osatsika kuposa 16 ° С, nthawi yachilimwe - 20-22 ° С. Kuuma kwamadzi kokwanira mpaka 12 °, pH 6-7. Kubwezerani pafupipafupi madzi amadzimadzi kumakhudza mkhalidwe wa nsomba. Ndikofunika kusinthitsa madzi peresenti ya 10-15 ndi madzi owiritsa kamodzi pa sabata. Kuchuluka kwazinthu zotsalira zomwe zimawonongeka kumayambitsa moto: zimasowa mtendere, kusowa chilimbikitso, kuyesera kutuluka mu aquarium.
Chithunzi tetra von rio
Nsomba ndizamtendere kwambiri ndipo zimatha kukhala komwe kumakhala mitundu yaying'ono ya haracin, catfish, cyprinids, cichlids ena aku South America, etc.
Momwe zimakhalira tetra von rio
Tetra von rio amabadwa m'njira zambiri. Ntchito yayikulu ndikukonzekera bwino madzi osungunuka, omwe amayenera kusamalidwa kwa masiku asanu ndi awiri asanatulutsidwe. Ndimachita izi. Ndimasakaniza 5 malita a madzi otentha otumphukira ndi malita 5 a distilled ndikuwonjezera madontho 20 a msuzi wa peat kapena Tingafinye. M'malo mwa peat, mutha kuyika mbewu za zipatso zitatu kapena kuwonjezera madontho awiri a phosphoric acid (hydrochloric acid adawonjezerapo kale). Pakuwonongeka kwa tetra von rio ndi mphutsi zotsekemera, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi kulimba kwa pafupifupi 4-4.5 ° ndi pH ya 6.0-6.5.
Spawers imayikidwa pamalo owala ndi dzuwa kapena yowunikira ndi incandescent nyali ndi mphamvu ya 25 watts kuchokera kutali ndi 20-30 sentimita. Kutentha kuyenera kusungidwa pa 25-26 ° C. Mukazungulira pawiri, kutalikirana kukula kwa masentimita 15x25x15 kumathiridwa ndi wosanjikiza masentimita 12-14. Mukubowola nyemba (wamkazi m'modzi ndi amuna awiri), kukula kwake kumatalika ndi masentimita 25x25x25, gawo la madzi ndi masentimita 20. Poyang'anitsitsa mabwalo akulu kwambiri okhala ndi madzi okwanira masentimita 18-20, kuwononga kwa gulu kumatheka, koma caviar yambiri imadyedwa ndi opanga.
Masiku 5-7 asanatulutse, amuna amalekanitsidwa ndi akazi, ndikuletsa aquarium ndi gridi yodzilekanitsa. Nsomba ziyenera kudyetsedwa mokwanira ndi chakudya cham'madzi ndikuwukitsa pang'ono pang'ono kutentha kwa madzi.
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timene timakhala ndi chinkhupule kapena chomera chaching'ono, chomwe chimakhala chotalikilapo maola 6 mpaka 12 mutabzala mu kupendekera, chimayi chimayikira mazira pafupifupi 600. Kuteteza mazira, timiyala tambiri totsala tokha, maunyolo opangira zovala kapena nsalu yabwino ya nylon timagwiritsa ntchito.
Chithunzi tetra von rio
Kumapeto kwa kutulutsa, opanga tetra von rio obzalidwa, kuphatikiza mphamvu yakufooka, kuchepetsa madzi kukhala masentimita 10, onjezerani madontho ochepa a yankho la methylene buluu. Mpaka 80 peresenti ya madzi amatha kusinthidwa ndi madzi owiritsa.
Kutentha kwa 26 ° C, patsiku, mphutsi zimayamba kuswa kuchokera mazira. Amabisala, kapena amasuntha m'malo obisalirako - zimayambira pamimba, ulusi wamachapira, etc. Pa tsiku la 4-5, mphutsi zimayamba kudyetsa. Ndikusowa chakudya, amafa kapena amapitilira cannibalism. Kuyamba kudyetsa ndi nauplii a ma cyclops, fumbi lokhalokha, ozungulira, ciliates, yophika dzira. Pakatha sabata, mutha kuwonjezera zakudya za nematode (koma ochepa), nauplii wa brine shrimp, cyclops ndi fumbi louma pawiri limadyetsa. Kudyetsanso kwina ndikosavuta.
Pamene mwachangu amakula, amayenera kusamutsidwira kumagulu akulu okhala ndi kusefedwa ndi kuthandizira. Achinyamata ayenera kusankhidwa. Zotsalira za chakudya ndi litsiro zochokera m'madzi owuma ayenera kuchotsedwa tsiku lililonse, osachotsa 5 peresenti yamadzi patsiku. Kuyambira pausiku wa mwezi umodzi, nsomba zimapatsidwa chakudya cham'mera: mkate, chimanga, zosakaniza zamagulu, richchia, wolfia. Chifukwa cha tetra wamoto atengeke ndi kususuka, ndikofunikira kuti achepetse kuwadyetsa oatmeal kutupa m'madzi, mikate yoyera, ndi zina. Pokadyetsa moyenera komanso moyenera, akazi okhwima azaka zapakati pa miyezi 6, amuna - mwa 8-12. Chiyembekezo cha moyo ndi zaka 4-5.
Kukhala mwachilengedwe
Tetra von rio (Hyphessobrycon flammeus) adafotokozedwa ndi Myers mu 1924. Amakhala ku South America, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Eastern Brazil ndi Rio De Janeiro.
Mumakonda misonkho, mitsinje ndi ngalande zomwe zikuyenda mosadukiza. Amasungidwa pagulu ndipo zimadyedwa ndi tizirombo, kuyambira pansi pamadzi ndi pansi pake.
Kufotokozera
Tetra von rio pamapangidwe amthupi samasiyana ndi ma tetras ena. Kwambiri bwino, pambuyo pake wothinikizidwa ndi zipsepse zazing'ono.
Amakula pang'ono - mpaka 4 cm, ndipo amatha kukhala ndi zaka pafupifupi 3-4.
Kutsogolo kwa thupi ndi siliva, koma kumbuyo kuli kofiyira kowala, makamaka zipsepse.
Pali mikwingwirima yakuda iwiri yomwe imayambira kumbuyo kwa chivundikiro. Maso okhala ndi ana abuluu.
Kudyetsa
Omnivores, tetras amadya zamtundu uliwonse zamamoyo, zokuya kapena zokumba. Ndikothekanso kuwadyetsa zakudya zabwino kwambiri, ndimwakupatsanso magazi ndi ma artemia nthawi ndi nthawi, kuti mudye kwambiri.
Dziwani kuti ali ndi kamwa yaying'ono ndipo muyenera kusankha chakudya chochepa.
Tetra von rio, nsomba zodziwika za ku aquarium. Afunika kusungidwa m'gulu la anthu 7, m'malo otetezedwa okwanira malita 50. Nsomba zochulukirapo, kuchuluka kwake kumayenera kukhala.
Amakonda madzi ofewa komanso pang'ono acid, ngati ma tetras onse. Koma pochita malonda oswana, adasinthiratu magawo osiyanasiyana kuphatikiza ndi madzi olimba.
Ndikofunikira kuti madzi am'madzi akhale oyera komanso abwino, chifukwa amafunika kusinthidwa nthawi zonse ndikuyika fayilo.
Kuposa zonse, nsomba zimayang'ana kumbuyo kwa dothi lakuda komanso mitundu yambiri yazomera.
Sakonda kuwala kowala, ndipo ndibwino kupukusa aquarium ndi zomera zoyandama. Zomera za m'madzi am'madzi ziyenera kukhala zochuluka, chifukwa nsomba ndi zamantha ndipo zimakonda kubisala panthawi yomwe ndizowopsa.
Ndikofunika kusamalira magawo amadzi otentha: kutentha 24-28 ° C, ph: 5.0-7.5, 6-15 dGH.
Kugwirizana
Izi nsomba zimakonda kukhala pakati pamagawo amadzi mu aquarium. Zikuyamba kuyenda ndipo zikuyenera kusungidwa m'gulu la anthu 7. Mukamakulitsa paketiyo, mumawonekera bwino ndipo mumakondweretsanso khalidweli.
Ngati mukusunga tetra von rio awiriawiri, kapena nokha, ndiye kuti imataya msanga mtundu wake ndipo nthawi zambiri sioneka.
Zimakhala bwino ndi nsomba zofananira, mwachitsanzo ma neon akuda, makadinala, ndi Congo.
Kuswana
Kubala tetra von rio ndikosavuta. Amatha kuwereketsa ana ochepa, motero palibe chifukwa chosankha awiri.
Kutulutsa madzi kumakhala kofewa komanso acidic (pH 5.5 - 6.0). Kuti achulukitse mwayi wopeza bwino, amuna ndi akazi amakhala pansi ndipo amakhala ndi chakudya chopatsa mphamvu kwa masabata angapo.
Ndikofunikira kudyetsa ndi zopatsa thanzi - tinthu tating'onoting'ono, magazi, artemia.
Ndikofunika kuti pakhale kuwonekera pakamasamba, mutha kutseka galasi lakutsogolo ndi pepala.
Kutumphuka kumayamba m'mawa, nsomba zimamera pazomera zazing'ono zomwe zimayikidwa kale mu aquarium, mwachitsanzo, Javanese moss.
Pambuyo pofalikira, amafunika kumangidwa, monga makolo amathanso kudya caviar. Musatsegule aquarium; caviar amamvera kuwala ndipo amatha kufa.
Pambuyo maola 24-36, mphutsi zimaswa, ndipo patatha masiku 4 mphutsi. Fryayi imadyetsedwa ndi ma ciliates ndi ma microworm; pamene ikula, imasinthidwa kukhala nauplii ya brine shrimp.
Tetra von rio - waku America wokhala ndi dzina lachijeremani
Tetra von rio (lat.Hyphessobrycon flammeus) kapena tetra wamoto amawalira ndi maluwa owonjezera pamene ali athanzi komanso omasuka ku aquarium. Tetra ili ndi siliva kutsogolo komanso lofiira kowala pafupi ndi mchira.
Koma china chake chikawopsa Tetra von rio, amatembenuka. Ndi chifukwa cha ichi kuti samazigula nthawi zambiri, chifukwa mu aquarium yowonetsera zimakhala zovuta kuti iye athe kuwalitsa ndi kukongola kwake.
Ma Aquarists ayenera kudziwa pasadakhale momwe nsomba zingakhalire zokongola, kenako sizingadutse.
Kuphatikiza pa mtundu wake wokongola, tetra von rio imakhalanso yosasangalatsa kwambiri. Itha kulangizidwanso kuti oyambira m'madzi oyamba.
Ndipo ndikosavuta kuswana, chifukwa simukufuna kudziwa zambiri. Kodi mudakwanitsa kuti musangalatse nsomba iyi?
Kuti tetra von rio iwulule mtundu wake wonse, muyenera kupanga malo oyenera mu aquarium. Amakhala m'mabusa, kuchokera kwa anthu 7, omwe amasungidwa bwino ndi nsomba zina zazing'ono komanso zamtendere.
Ngati ma tetraswa amakhala m'madzi akhazikika, amakhala otakataka. Dipo litangokwanira kumene, amasiya kukhala amantha ndipo oyang'anira nyanja azitha kusangalala ndi sukulu yokongola ya nsomba yamakhalidwe abwino.
Tetra Von Rio (tetra wofiira)
Tetra Von Rio (Hyphessobrycon flammeus), ndi tetra wofiira, tetra wamoto, tetra wonunkhira bwino, tetra wamoto - gulu laling'ono la nsomba za ku aquarium. Tetra iyi imakhala ndi mtundu wofiirira wokongola kwambiri ngati ili yabwino komanso yosavuta m'madzi. Monga lamulo, tetra iyi ndi siliva kutsogolo komanso yofiyira yamoto kumbuyo, ndipo makamaka yofiira kwambiri imawoneka pansi pa nthiti.
Ngati Von Rio tetra itakumana ndi zovuta zambiri, zimakhala zamantha kwambiri, ndipo utoto wake umasinthika. Chifukwa chake, mu malo ogulitsa ziweto nthawi zambiri samatha kuwonetsa utoto wake kwathunthu, chifukwa amadziwika kwambiri ndi zinthu zakunja: kusintha kwa malo, kugwedezeka kosiyanasiyana, mwinanso, kuyandikana ndi oyandikana nawo ankhanza. Ngati mungayang'ane tetra ya Von Rio malo ogulitsira, ndiye kuti ikuwoneka ngati nsomba yosavuta kwa inu, ndicho chifukwa chake ndizosowa kwa mitunduyi. Komabe, muyenera kudziwa izi kuti muwone kukongola pambuyo pake.
Chiyambi
Tetra von Rio kapena tetra wofiira (Hyphessobrycon flammeus) adafotokozedwa ndi Myers mu 1924. Mwachilengedwe, limakhala ku South America, m'mitsinje ya kum'mawa kwa Brazil komanso kumadera a Rio de Janeiro. Tetras timakonda mitsinje yomwe imayenda pang'onopang'ono, mitsinje ndi madzi obwerera m'madzi, amadya nyongolotsi, tinthu ting'onoting'ono komanso zomera. Khalani m'magulu.
Kudyetsa ndi kudyetsa
Ma tetras amoto ndi omnivorous; amadya zamtundu uliwonse zamtundu wamakono, chakudya chatsopano komanso chouma cha nsomba zam'madzi. Kuti muzisunga bwino nsomba zam'madzi, komanso nsomba ndi zathanzi, ndibwino kuti muziwapatsa chakudya chouma chokhala ndi nsomba zam'madzi zapamwamba kwambiri monga ma flakes, ndikuwonjezera zakudya zam'madzi komanso zouma monga brine shrimp, nyongolotsi zamagazi ndi mphutsi zina. Timbra timadyetsedwa kangapo patsiku ndi zakudya zotere kuti zimadyedwa m'mphindi zitatu kapena zochepa.
Kuswana
Von Rio tetras kapena tinyama tofiira tambiri timene timatulutsa nsomba za m'madzi, zimakhwima msanga kwambiri ndipo zimafika pa kutha kwa miyezi 6. Kukula kopambana kwambiri kumachitika m'masukulu motsatira kuchuluka kwa amuna a 6-12 ndi akazi 6. Kuti achepetse kufalikira, nsomba zimadyetsedwa chakudya chamasiku angapo. Ndikwabwino kupatula thanki yosiyanitsa ina kuti mukhale wowuma kwambiri. Zomera, monga Javanese moss, ziyenera kuyikidwa mu malo am'madzi - wamkazi amayikira mazira pamitengoyi, kuchita miyambo yofanana ndi "kupindika". Madzi azikhala ofewa komanso acidic, okhala ndi pH ya 5.5 - 6.5 ndi kutentha kwama 26 digiri Celsius. Mutha kukhazikitsa fyuluta ya siponji.
Pa nthawi ina, mkaziyo amaikira mazira khumi ndi awiri, amene umuna umaphatikiza. Pambuyo pofalikira, makolowo amachotsedwa. Kukula kwa mphutsi pambuyo pa maola 24 - 36, mwachangu amayamba kusambira momasuka pakatha masiku atatu - anayi. Masiku oyamba mwachangu amadyetsedwa ndi infusoria kapena chakudya chamadzimadzi, mwachitsanzo, kuchepetsedwa dzira yolk. Fry wamkuluyo amadyetsedwa ndi Artemia nauplia. Mwachangu mu magawo oyambilira amamvera kwambiri kuwala, kotero mphamvuyo imayenera kusinthidwa.
Tetra von rio (Hyphessobrycon flammeus)
Tetra von Rio (Hyphessobrycon flammeus) Myers (Myers), 1924
Tetra yamoto / Moto woyaka ndi mtundu wa nsomba zam'madzi otentha zam'madzi otentha.
Kupambana kwa nsomba zam'madzi izi kumalumikizidwa ndi kupumula komwe kumasinthidwa ndikumagwidwa kosiyanasiyana ndikumakana matenda. Nthawi zambiri amalimbikitsidwa kwa oyambitsa oyenda pansi pamadzi.
Kuyambira pomwe zidawonekera koyamba, nyamazo zakhala zikupezeka m'malo am'madzi padziko lonse lapansi ndipo ndichimodzi mwazomwe zimachitika kwambiri pantchito zamadzi. Pakadali pano, ambiri amakhala ku Southeast Asia.
Tsoka ilo, H. fllammeus akuwopsezedwa kuti adzawonongeka monga malo okhala ndi moto a Tetra adzabwezeretsa.
Hyphessobrycon: kuchokera ku Greek Greek hyphesson, kutanthauza "kukula kakang'ono", pamenepa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati prefix kuphatikiza dzina wamba Brycon.
Flammeus: kuchokera ku Latin, zomwe zimatanthawuza "mtundu wamoto (wofiira-wachikasu kapena lalanje)", mogwirizana ndi nyamayi, "makamaka yofiirira."
Banja: Characidae (Characidae).
Poyamba, mu 1920, nsomba izi zidadziwika kuti ndi za Tetra (Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus), koma mu 1924 katswiri wazamayendedwe waku America George Myers adadzazindikira kuti zidakhala mtundu womwe kale sunadziwike asayansi ndikuwatcha iwo ngati Hyphessobrycon flammeus. Zitsanzo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakufotokozera koyambirira zinaperekedwa ndi zinc. Patangopita zaka 20 zokha, a Myers anapeza mtunduwu ali paulendo wawo ndipo anapeza kuti umapezeka kokha pafupi ndi Rio de Janeiro.
Malo okhala ndi malo okhala
South America, Brazil.
Mtunduwu umangokhala m'maiko oyandikana ndi Rio de Janeiro ndi São Paulo kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Brazil, ngakhale momwe amagawidwira pakadali pano sakudziwika.
Ku Rio de Janeiro, amapezeka kokha m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kuphatikiza mitsinje ndi mitsinje yomwe imayenda ku Gulf of Guanabara, Rio Paraibu do Sul ndi Rio Guandu. Ku São Paulo, mtsinje wapamwamba wa Tietá umayenda kulowa chigwa cha kumtunda kwa Rio Parana, anthu akakhazikika kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo kwa mzinda wa São Paulo, pakati pa mizinda ya Susanu ndi Salopolis, m'chigawo cha Sochiériceri da Serra, motsatana.
Madera akumtunda kwa mitsinje ya Tiete ndi Paraiba do Sul m'chigawo cha São Paulo amapezeka pafupi, ndipo mwina adakhalapo gulu limodzi lochokera ku Mount Serra do Mar. Ngakhale ali ndi nsomba zingapo zofala, H. fluammeus sapezeka kumtunda kwa Paraíba do Sul, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pali kusiyana kwamtunda wamakilomita mazana angapo pakati pa anthu a Rio de Janeiro ndi São Paulo.
Carvalho et al. (2014) zikusonyeza kuti nyamazo zidayambitsidwa (mwadala kapena mwangozi) m'dera la mzinda wa São Paulo ndi amisiri am'madzi kapena ochita malonda, popeza sizinalembetsedwe m'derali mpaka 1977, mzindawu ndi malo oyendetsera malonda okongoletsa, ndipo zikuwoneka okhala malo owonongeka pang'ono mkati mwa mzinda, osapezeka m'malo achilengedwe osafikiridwa. Kuti athetse chisokonezochi, kupenda ma molekyumu ndikofunikira.
Mitsinje yomwe nsomba iyi imakhala imadutsa m'dera lodziwika bwino kwambiri ku Brazil ndipo imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ntchito yopanga madamu, ma dothi, kuipitsa, mitundu yachilendo (kuphatikiza nsomba 40 zowonjezera zamchere zokhazokha ku Rio Paraiba do Sul) ndi ena mitundu yakuwonongeka kwa anthropogenic. Umboni waposachedwa wa asayansi kuchokera kudera lozungulira Rio de Janeiro unachokera mu 1992, kuyambira pamenepo mtunduwu sujambulidwanso m'derali, koma izi sizitanthauza kuti tsopano zatha. Zotsatira zake, kuyambira 2004, H. flammeus adalembedwera m'ndandanda wa zanyama zam'madzi ku Brazil.
Habitat
Imakonda masamba ocheperako komanso osaya (masentimita 50) osayenda pang'onopang'ono komanso mitsinje yokhala ndi masamba am'madzi, ngakhale adagwidwa m'malo opezeka kumpoto kwa Rio Tiete. Malo omwe amakhala, monga lamulo, ali ndi madzi owoneka bwino, owoneka kapena bulauni komanso gawo lamchenga.
Anthu ena okhala m'malo awa, ngakhale sakhala amitundu yam'madzi mu dera lino: Yellow Tetra (Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus), H. luetkeni, Astyanax parahybae, Brycon insignis, Corydoras nattereri, Pogonopoma parahybae, Hypostomus auroguttatus, Steindocerius phyllae Geophagus brasiliensis).
Khalidwe ndi Kugwirizana
Izi ndi nsomba zamtendere, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala abwino kukhalamo osankhidwa bwino am'madzi.
Ndikofunika kuti muziyanjana ndi nsomba za haracin zofanana, zophatikizira m'mimba, lebiasin, nsomba zazing'ono zamtundu wa katemera kapena loricaria ndi ma cichlids ang'onoang'ono komanso apakati.
Aquarium
Aquarium yokhala ndi maziko oyambira masentimita 60 * 30 kapena yofanana ikuyenera kukhala yaying'ono kwambiri.
Kusintha kwa zokongoletsera sikofunikira kwenikweni, ngakhale akuwonetsa utoto wowoneka bwino akasungidwa mu malo otetezedwa bwino okhala ndi zomera zokhala ndi gawo lamdima.
Zolocha zokongola mwachilengedwe zimatha kukhala ndi gawo laling'ono lamchenga wokhala ndi matayala amtali, mizu ndi nthambi, zopangidwa mwanjira yoti malo ambiri omata apangidwe.
Kuphatikizika kwa masamba owuma kumatsindikanso kukhudzika kwa mtundu wa biotope, ndikukula kwa mabakiteriya opindulitsa pomwe akuwonongeka. Amatha kukupatsirani chakudya china mwachangu, pomwe tannins ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimapezeka mumasamba zingathandize kutengera chilengedwe. Masamba amatha kusiyidwa mu aquarium mpaka atakhwima kwathunthu kapena kuchotsedwa ndikusinthidwa masabata angapo.
Mtunduwu ndiwofunikira kwambiri kuti uzisamalira mumtundu wochepera, mbewu zoyandama zimayamikiranso.
Magawo amadzi
Kutentha: 22-28 ° C,
pH: 5.5-7.5,
Kuuma: 5 - 25 ° / 3 - 15 ° DH.
Monga nsomba zambiri zomwe zimakhala zachilengedwe m'malo omwe sizinakumanepo, zamtengo wapatali, sizigwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndipo zimafunikira madzi oyera, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kusintha kwamadzi sabata iliyonse kumayenera kuonedwa ngati chizolowezi, ndipo sikuyenera kubzalidwa m'munda wam'madzi wosanjidwa.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Omnivores omwe amadyera tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tambiri, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono.
Mu aquarium, imatha kukhalanso ndi moyo podya zakudya zouma, koma, monga nsomba zambiri zam'madzi, ndibwino kupereka menyu yosiyanasiyana, yomwe imayenera kukhala ndi magazi owundana ndi madzi oundana, tubule, daphnia, moina, ndi zina zambiri.
Iyenera kudyetsedwa kangapo patsiku, m'magawo ang'onoang'ono.
Zolemba
Mtunduwu ndi nsomba zotchuka zam'madzi ndipo zimagulitsidwa mmaiko angapo, kotero nsomba zamtchire sizikugwidwanso. Kuswana, mitundu yokongoletsa, kuphatikizapo Orange, Golide, Daimondi ndi Albino, idadulidwa.
Pambuyo polemba zolembedwazo kuchokera ku Carvalho et al. (2014), H. flammeus amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi opanga onse ndi kuphatikiza kwa zilembo zotsatirazi: Mtundu wofiirira wowoneka bwino, kupezeka kwa mbali ziwiri zolongoka, malo owoneka bwino m'mbali la lamba, kusapezeka kwa malo pa tsinde la caudal, kopanda pake kolimba, kusakhalapo kwa mtunda wamdima mikwingwirima pa thupi, mano 5-8 othandizira.
Adadziwikanso m'gulu la zolengedwa zopangidwa mwaluso, zodziwika ndi kupezeka kwa malo awiri mmbali mwa mapewa molingana ndi Geri (1977). Dera ili lidaphatikizanso Hyphessobrycon tortuguerae, H. bifasciatus, H. savagei, H. griemi ndi H. balbus, pomwe H. flammeus adasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa mano a 5-8 apamwamba, mizere 5 pamiyeso yapamwamba, komanso malo otchuka apambuyo.
Ma Hifessobricons adadziwika kuti ndi gawo lochepa la Hemigrammus, Marion Lee Durbin ndi Aigenman (1908), omwe amasiyana ndi omwe amapezeka posakhalitsa ndi sikelo pamiyeso yapa caudal.
Gululo linasinthidwa ndi Eigenman (1918, 1921), pomwe Geri (1977) adapanga magulu amitundu yozikika kutengera mtundu wautoto, ndipo matanthauzowa amagwiritsidwabe ntchito masiku ano, mwachitsanzo, gulu la H. agulha, gulu la H. heterohabdus, ndi ena. etc. Komabe, sizingawoneke ngati magulu amodzi (ochokera kwa kholo limodzi), ndipo lingaliro ili likupitilizidwanso.
TETRA VON RIO (Hyphessobrycon flammeus)
Nsombazi zidayambitsidwa ku Europe mu 1920. Nsombazo zimakhala zamtendere, zachikhalidwe, zodekha komanso zodzaza. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti azisungidwa m'ming'onoting'ono ya nsomba 6-8 limodzi ndi nsomba zachikondi zofananirana.
Tetra von Rio amakula pafupifupi masentimita 4 ndipo amakhala ndi thupi lolimba kwambiri. Mtundu wa zipsepse ndi thupi ndi wofiyira magazi, ndipo zipsepse zamkati ndi zamkati zimakhala ndi malire wakuda. Mtundu wosiyanitsa mitundu umakhala pamene aquarium isinthidwa ndikukhala ndi dothi lakuda. Pali mawanga amdima awiri kutsogolo kwa thupi. Akazi ali ndi m'mimba mokwanira komanso utoto wotumbululuka, alibe kukomoka kwa ziphuphu. Nthawi zambiri nsomba zimakhala pakati pama madzi. Tizindikire kuti mtundu wa nsomba umadalira chilengedwe - ndikuwopa pang'ono, mawonekedwe a nsomba amasintha ndipo utoto wawo umakhala utayamba kuzimiririka.
Kuti asunge gulu la nsomba zisanu ndi zitatu, malo owerengeka akuluakulu okhala ndi madzi okwanira malita 40 amafunikira. Ma parameter amadzi amayenera kukwaniritsa zofunika izi: kutentha kwa madzi kuyenera kukhala kosiyanasiyana 20-25 ° C, Komabe, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti nsomba zimaloleza kutentha ngakhale pansi pa 20 ° C. Madzi a Aquarium ayenera kukhala ofewa dH 4-8 ° ndi acidic pH 6.0-7.0 pang'ono. Kusungitsa acidity yoyenera m'madzimo, ndibwino kuti muziyika magawo a peat m'malo oyeretsa.
Ndikofunika kugwiritsa ntchito miyala yoyera yamtundu wakuda ngati dothi. Aquarium iyenera kubzalidwa kwambiri ndikukhala ndi malo osambira. Nsomba sizimakonda kuwala kowala, chifukwa chake ziyenera kubalalika.
Amadyetsa zamitundu yonse yazodyetsa. Chakudya chokhazikika chimakonda. M'chilimwe, mutha kudyetsa nsabwe za m'masamba, zomwe nsomba zimakonda kudya.
Mitundu ya nsomba iyi ndiyosavuta kubereka ndipo kwenikweni siyimabweretsa zovuta.
Asanatulutse, opanga amakhala pansi ndikuwadyetsa kwa sabata limodzi. Monga malo osambira owerengeka, sankhani malo okhala ndi madzi okwanira malita 4 mpaka 10, pansi pomwe mauna olekanitsidwa pamenepo amayala.
Madzi mu aquarium yomwe ikung'ambika iyenera kukwaniritsa zofunika izi: kutentha 24 ° C, dH 10 °, pH 6.5, (madzi ampopi owira).
Javanese moss amayikidwa mu aquarium, yomwe imakhala gawo lodziwika bwino, ndipo madzulo amadzala amapaka magawo atatu a amuna atatu pa akazi amodzi. Kutchera nsomba kumayamba m'mawa tsiku lotsatira. Mkazi m'modzi amafalitsa mazira 400. Caviar ndi yaying'ono kwambiri komanso yomata, imamatira ku moss, mauna olekanitsa, koma ambiri amapitilira ma mesh a ma mesh ndikuzama pansi. Mukangotula, amalima amabzala, ndipo madzi oboola pang'onopang'ono amasinthidwa.
Mphutsi kuwaswa tsiku limodzi. Zitangochitika izi, ndikofunikira kuchotsa tinthu tosiyanitsa tokha kuchokera m'madzi mwa kuyamba kufinya mphutsi zomwe zidatsalira pamtunda.
Pambuyo pa izi, kabati imachotsedwa mosamala ndikugunda pang'onopang'ono pamadzi kuti mphutsi zonse zigwere mu aquarium.
Pakatha pafupifupi masiku atatu, mwachangu amayamba kusambira ndikudya mwachangu. Munthawi imeneyi, amadyetsedwa ndi ufa wosalala wa ufa (artemia kapena cyclops). M'pofunika kuwunika mothandizidwa ndi madzi, chifukwa mwachangu ndizofunikira kwambiri pazowonjezera mpweya zomwe zili mmenemo. Pakatha pafupifupi milungu iwiri, mwachangu amazilowetsa m'madzi akuluakulu.
Tetra von Rio - nsomba zolimba, samadwala. Kukula mu nsomba kumachitika pazaka chimodzi chimodzi.
Mafotokozedwe ambiri
Tetra von rio ali ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wamtundu wa tetra, ndi wa banja la haracin. Izi nsomba za ku aquarium, monga lamulo, zimafika kutalika kwa 4 cm ndipo zimakhala pafupifupi zaka 3-5.
Mbali yakutsogolo ya thupi la nsomba iyi ndi silvery, imasandulika yofiira pamsana makamaka kumunsi kwa zipsepse. Kuseri kwa zozungulira, mikwingwirima yakuda iwiri imatambasuka kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi, ndipo pali mphete ya buluu mozungulira maso. Amuna amakhala ndi ma red-anal anal; mwa mkazi amakhala opepuka, nthawi zina achikaso. Akazi okha ndi omwe ali ndi nsonga wakuda pa pectoral fin.
Tetra von rio ndi nsomba yolimba kwambiri, motero ndiwambiri ngati nsomba yoyamba kusambira ya asodzi oyamba. Komabe, ngakhale atapirira motere, madzi am'madziwa amayenera kukhala oyera, popeza tetra yofiyira imayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi matenda a ichthyophthyroidism ndi matenda ena. Komanso, nsomba iyi ndi yoyenera kwa oyamba kumene omwe akufuna kuchita nawo nsomba zomwe zimawaza.
Tetra von rio ndikusintha mikhalidwe yam'madzi. Kukhala kosavuta kwa oyamba kumene kuthana ndi zomwe akamba. Amakhala ndi madzi oyera oyera m'nyumba ya nsomba. Izi nsomba zachilengedwe ngati madzi ofewa ndi a peaty okhala ndi mphamvu yofooka.
Mu aquarium, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti asinthe madzi osachepera asanu, kapena theka, kamodzi pakatha milungu iwiri. Amakonda kusambira tetra von rio pakati komanso kumtunda kwa malo okhalamo, motero ndikofunikira kuti magawolo azikhala aufulu kusambira kuchokera m'nkhalangozi za mbewu. Nsombazi zimapeza mtundu wowala kwambiri m'madzi am'madzi, momwe dothi limakhala lakuda komanso lowala.
Muyenera kudziwa kuti mukapanikizika, nsomba zam'madzi izi zimachita manyazi ndikuwala. Ndipo zopsinjika kwa iwo ndi zovuta. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti zizitsatira magawo amadzi mu aquarium momwe tetra von rio amakhala: kutentha - madigiri 23-28 Celsius, acidity - mpaka 7 (pH), kuuma - mpaka madigiri 15.
Za kukula kwa aquarium, ayenera kukhala osachepera 40 malita a madzi. Kukula uku kudzakhala koyenera kusunga sukulu ya nsomba kuchokera pazidutswa za 6-8, chifukwa uwu ndi mtundu wa nsomba.
Tetra von rio ndiopatsa chidwi. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chakudya chokhala ndi chouma ndi choyenera. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kudyetsa nsomba zamtunduwu ndi chakudya chochuluka chomwe chimadyedwa pasanathe mphindi zitatu.
Khalidwe la amtundu wamtunduwu pamadzi amtendere. Amathanso kuphatikizidwa ndi nsomba zomwezi. Mwachitsanzo, zebrafish ndi parsing, catfish ndi mitundu ina ya tetras. Tetra von rio ndi nsomba yamtendere kwambiri, yomwe siyimabweretsa mavuto kwa anansi kapena mbewu.
Makonzedwe a Aquarium
Miyeso yocheperako ya aquarium: kutalika 60 cm, m'lifupi ndi kutalika kosachepera 30 cm.
Ngati tikunena za kapangidwe ka kayendedwe ka m'madzi, ndiye kuti nsomba zimatha kusanjika bwino mulimonse, koma zimadziwika kuti mtundu wabwino kwambiri umawonetsedwa ukasungidwa mu malo okongoletsedwa bwino a m'madzi. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito driftwood ndi mbewu mu aquarium, kuyatsa sikuyenera kukhala kowala, kapena kumwazikana. Dothi limasankhidwa bwino mchenga, pokonzekera malo okhala m'madzi ndizofunikira kupanga malo ambiri okhala ndi mthunzi.
Kusintha kosayenda sikuyenera kupanga kuyenda kwamadzi mwamphamvu, ngakhale pakati kapena kofooka mu mphamvu yamadzi oyenda ndikofunikira. Kwa tetra von rio, ndi bwino kusankha pamadzi oyandama pamwamba.
Ubwino wamadzi ndi wofunikira kwambiri ku nsomba zamtunduwu, zimakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa zinyalala, motero muyenera kuyeretsa ma aquarium ndikusintha madzi osachepera 30% sabata iliyonse.
Zindikirani
Tetra von rio pakadali pano ali ndi malo omwe amakhala osaphunzira bwino. Mchaka cha 2014, Carvalho katswiri wazomera adati malo omwe akuwonetsedwa ku São Paulo sikwachilengedwe kwa nsomba zamtunduwu ndipo zikuwoneka kuti kuchuluka kwam'madzi kudachitika chifukwa cha asitikali am'madzi omwe adatulutsa nsomba m'matupi amadzi am'deralo. Kukayikira izi kudalira umboni wa asayansi womwe ukunena motsimikiza kuti mpaka 1977 malo amderali anali malo opangira zokongoletsa nsomba. Kuti mutsimikizire kapena kutsutsa izi, ndikofunikira kusanthula DNA ya nsomba.
Zidachitika kale kuti malo okhala tetra-von-rio amakhala m'chigawo chokhazikika kwambiri ku Brazil, chifukwa chomwe nsomba zachilengedwe zimapanikizidwa kwambiri ndikuwonongeka. Kuyambira 1992, nsomba zamtunduwu zakhala zikusowa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo mu 2004, nsomba zidaphatikizidwanso m'gulu la omwe ali pangozi.
Kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi
Kusiyana pakati pa oyimira amitundu sikuonekera. Pali njira ziwiri zodziwira jenda:
- Potengera kukula kwa thupi, amuna ndi okulirapo,
- Malinga ndi mtundu wa zipsepse - mwa amuna zimakhala zowala, ndipo mwa akazi ziphuphu za pectoral kumapeto kwake ndi zakuda.
Matenda ndi Kuteteza
Kuchuluka kwa von rio tetras kumakhala motengera mtundu wa zomwe zidapangidwa, kuyandikira kwawo ndi zachilengedwe. Mtambo wamba wamadzi am'madzi ndi zaka 3-4.
Tetra wamoto uli ndi chitetezo chabwino kwambiri. Matenda amapezeka ndi:
- Kusowa kwa malo m'madzimo,
- Zakudya zoperewera, zopanda thanzi,
- Kuledzera
- Kuipitsa kwa madzi a Aquarium, kudzikundikira kwa ma nitrate,
- Kupanda mpweya.
Matenda a tetra odwalawa ndi aulesi, osagwira ntchito, amakana chakudya, amatayika kowala. Pofuna kupewa matenda ndi kufa kwa nsomba, ndikofunikira kuwunika momwe madzi alili, kuyeretsa madzi pafupipafupi, kuyang'anira thanzi la fyuluta ndi aerator.
Tetra von rio ndi nsomba yokongola komanso yopanda chidwi, nyama yabwino kwa oyamba kumene mu aquarium. Imasinthika mwachangu kumikhalidwe yatsopano, sikufuna chisamaliro chapadera, sichidwala pakukhalabe madzi abwino.
Kugonana kwamanyazi
Kuyerekeza zogonana kumanenedweratu. Akazi ndi okulirapo kuposa amphongo, kutalika kwawo kumafika mpaka 4,5 cm, kukula kwa amuna, monga lamulo, sikupitirira 3.5 cm.
Utoto wa amuna umakhala wokulirapo, utoto wofiira pamipendayo umasanduka njerwa. Pamphepete m'munsi mwa anal fin pamadutsa chingwe chakuda chomwe sichikupezeka chachikazi. Malangizo a zipsepse zamkati mwa amuna ndi akuda, ndipo malembedwe achinayi alibe mtundu, mwa mkazi ndi ofiira.
Kuyambira kuyambira wazaka zinayi, pamimba pake wamkazi amayamba kuonekera, mwa akuluakulu ndi siliva wachikasu.
Kuzindikira kwa mitunduyo m'malo omwe amasungirako ndikudyetsa kumaloleza ngakhale asodzi anzeru am'madzi kuti asunge nsomba.
Zoyenera kumangidwa tetra von rio zosavuta: kuuma konsekonse kwamadzi mpaka 12dGH (m'mabuku ena kwalembedwa za kuthekera kosunga nsomba m'madzi ndi kuuma mpaka 25dGH), pH kuyambira 5.8 mpaka 7.8, kutentha kwakukulu kwa madzi ndi 20-25 ° C (pazambiri - 28 °, osachepera - 16 °).
Tetra von rio wowoneka bwino m'madzimo (mpaka 60 masentimita) ma aquariums, okhala ndi nkhokwe za maluwa am'madzi: zikhomo, wallisneria, tchire laling'ono la echinodorous, rotala ndi ludwig.
Tetra von rio mu aquarium
Mukamakongoletsa malo am'madzi, malo osambira nsomba momasuka ayenera kuperekedwa, monga mawonekedwe a mbewu pakati pa mbewu komanso pamaso pagalasi.
Mukuwala kowonekera, gulu la nsomba zachikulire, zopangidwa ndi 2040 toyesa, limafanana ndi malo ofiira apinki. Ndikofunikira kuti amuna azizindikira gulu lotere, chifukwa ndiwowoneka bwino kuposa akazi.
Kusintha kwamadzi pafupipafupi sikofunikira, kumakhudza mkhalidwe wa nsomba. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kubwezeretsa voliyumu ya 10-15% ndikuwiritsa kamodzi pa sabata.
Kuchulukitsa kwa mitundu yambiri ya nayitrogeni m'madzi, komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zinthu zowola, kumayipitsa nsomba: amakhala osakhazikika, amayamba kulakalaka chakudya, ndikuyesera kutuluka m'madzi kuti azikhala pafupipafupi.
Monga ma characin ena ang'ono, tetra von rio ndi amtendere ndipo amatha kukhala moyandikana ndi nsomba zina zazing'onoting'ono zapakatikati, zonse haracin ndi catfish, cyprinids yaying'ono, ndi ma cichlids ena a ku South America.
Makamaka kukongoletsa tetra von rio yang'anani m'madzi otchingika bwino okhala ndi dothi lakuda.
Tetra von rio mu aquarium
Ndizosangalatsa
Kuphatikiza pa kukongoletsa kwachilengedwe, tetra von rio chosangalatsa monga chinthu chosankhidwa.
Tetra von rio amatanthauza mitundu ingapo ya nsomba yomwe masiku ano imagwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu ya mahomoni yopanga bwino ndi ma cyprinids.
Kukonzekera koyenera kumayambitsidwa ndi chakudya kapena kusungunuka m'madzi. Zotsatira zake, mtundu wa nsomba umakhala wowala. Ngakhale utoto wa achichepere umapeza kukula kwa kuvala kwa nsomba zokhwima.
Pamodzi ndi zoonekera bwino, njirayi sikuti imakhala yopanda zovuta, chifukwa nsomba zojambulidwa zachepetsa mphamvu ndipo, chotsatira chake, zakufa zambiri. Mphamvu ya mahomoni siyikhudza kugona kwa nsomba, zochita za opanga ndi mtundu wa mbewu zimakhalabe chimodzimodzi monga momwe adagwiritsidwira ntchito mankhwalawa.
Orange masinthidwe a tetra maziko a rio
Mukakhala m'ndende moyenera, tetra von rio zokongoletsa komanso popanda "kujambula".
M'zaka zaposachedwa, msika wa nsomba zamadzimadzi, adawoneka nsomba zomwe zimapezeka kuchokera ku genetic engineering. Zodziwika bwino kwambiri zomwe ndi zebrafish (yotchedwa coral zebrafish, kapena Glo-Fish), oryzias (nsomba ya mpunga) "yowonetsedwa" kubiriwira, etc.
Mothandizidwa ndi makina oterewa, mitundu yatsopano ya mitundu inapangidwanso. tetra von rio, yomwe imatchedwa kuti tetra ya diamondi. Momwe mbali yonse yakutsogolo ya thupi, mpaka kumapeto kwa dorsal, imawala ndi utoto wachitsulo wachikasu, ndipo kulibe mikwingwirima yakuda m'thupi.
Nsomba zotere zimapezeka ndikulowetsa mtundu wawo wopangidwa ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe monga jellyfish, anemones ya kunyanja, ndi nyama zina.
Zomwe ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi masinthidwe achilengedwe omwe amapezeka pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi mitundu yofanana ya chromosome.
Kusintha kwa majini opanga amatha kusinthiratu mtundu wa nsomba, ndikukhalabe ndi chizolowezi. Komanso, kusintha kwa mitundu kumatha kukhala kofunika kwambiri, ndipo utoto wa utoto ukhoza kukhala wolemera kwambiri, kuphatikiza wofiyira, wobiriwira, wabuluu, wofiirira, wachikaso ndi mitundu ina yamphamvu.
Mukupita kwa nthawi, kuwoloka nsomba zosinthika kapena ana awo omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe oyambilira kumatha kupereka mitundu yatsopano yophatikizira, ndi zina mpaka infinity.
Ntchito yobereketsa mbali iyi ndi yofunika kwambiri, imafuna kuleza mtima ndi kulondola kuchokera kwa oyang'anira zankhondo.
Tikukhulupirira kutuluka kwa mitundu yatsopano ya utoto tetra von rio ithandizanso kukondweretsanso mtundu wamtunduwu.