1. Mbalame zimawulukira kumwamba
Mafunde amagunda miyala
Kuwaza nsomba m'madzi
Nayi kukula kotero!
Amenya mchira ndi zipsepse,
Ndi kunyezimira ndi mamba!
Koma pakadali pano - kuti ndife abwenzi
Sanapeze imodzi!
R: Zilibe kanthu - kuzizira!
Ndipo kutentha, mvula, ndi mphepo - zilibe kanthu!
Chifukwa popanda ntchito,
Chifukwa popanda ntchito
Musagwire nsomba yayikulu kuchokera padziwe!
2. Takhala sabata,
nsomba zokha siziluma!
Ntchentche zidangogonjetsedwa
Dzuwa limaphika mutu wanu!
Mphepo imaseka mosangalala:
Yokhazikika pansi.
Koma, ndikudziwa, bwerani
Ndikulondola nsomba mbedza.
R: zomwezo
(zolemba za wolemba - kalembedwe ka reggae)
Kale kwambiri zisanachitike chilankhulo, makolo athu amalankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito manja. Ndipo tsopano, zambiri zomwe timauzana si zonena. Koma chifukwa chiyani timasisilira mano athu tikamafuna kuonetsa kuti ndife ochezeka? Chifukwa chiyani tikuseka? Malingaliro ndi Zochita Zimamasulira nkhani yonena za komwe kumayambira kumwetulira.
Zolankhula zathu zakumtima zimawoneka zachilengedwe, ndi gawo limodzi la cholowa chathu. Komabe, malingaliro awo ophunzirawo amakhalabe achinsinsi. Kodi tingawerengere zikhalidwe izi kuyambira pachiyambi penipeni, kuchokera kuzomwe zidasinthika kupita ku zomwe makolo athu adachita?
Pafupifupi zaka khumi zapitazo, mu labotale ya Princeton University, tidaphunzira momwe ubongo umayang'anira malo otetezeka kuzungulira thupi ndikuwongolera ma tiles, kunenepa, kuwononga komanso kuchita zinthu zina zomwe zimatiteteza ku zotsatira za ena.
Kuyesera kwathu kunali kokhazikika pamalo enaake mu ubongo wa anthu ndi anyani. Magawo awa a ubongo "adakonza" malo mozungulira thupi, kugwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso ndikusintha kayendedwe. Tinayang'anira zochitika za ma neuron amtunduwu m'malo amenewo, kuyesera kumvetsetsa momwe amagwirira ntchito. Titaonera makanema athu, ndidawona kufanana kulikonse: chitetezo cha anyani chidali chofanana kwambiri ndi chizimba cha anthu. Chifukwa chiyani, mukaomba nyani kumaso, mawu ake modabwitsa ngati kumwetulira kwa munthu? Chifukwa chiyani, kuseka, zikuwoneka kuti tikugwiritsa ntchito zina mwanjira yoteteza?
Zotsatira zake, sitinali oyamba kufunafuna ubale pakati pa mayendedwe oteteza ndi chikhalidwe chathu. Haney Hediger, wosunga Zurich Zoo mu 60s, adagawana nzeru zake. Anayesetsa kudziwa momwe angagawanirane danga la nyama pakati pa zinyama kuti athe kuganizira zosowa zawo, chifukwa chake nthawi zina amafunsa upangiri wofufuza zachilengedwe wa zoo. Ndipo nthawi zambiri ankadabwa akapeza momwe nyama zimagwirizanirana ndi chilengedwe.
Pamaulendo ake opita ku Africa, komwe anapezako zojambula zatsopano zanyama, Hediger anawona chizolowezi chobwereza nyama zomwe zimasakidwa ndi zilombo. Mwachitsanzo, mbidzi imangothawa mkango. M'malo mwake, akuwoneka kuti akumanga gawo lake losaoneka. Pomwe mkango uli kunja kwa chigwa, mbidzi ndiyabwino. Mkango ukadutsa malire, mbidzi imasintha malo ake ndikubwezeretsa malo otetezedwa. Mkango ukalowa m'malo ocheperako, mbidzi imathawa. Mbidzi zomwezizi zimakhala ndi "zoteteza" zofananira pakati pawo, ndipo ngakhale ndizochepa kwambiri, zimasamalidwa mwaulemu. Mwinji, mbidzi siziyandikira pafupi. Amayenda ndikusuntha kuti asunge malo oyenera pakati pawo.
Mu 60s, katswiri wama zamaganizo waku America a Edward Hall adasinthasintha lingaliro lomwelo la chikhalidwe cha anthu. Hall adapeza kuti munthu aliyense ali ndi malo oteteza 60-90 cm, kukulira kumutu ndikukoka kwa miyendo. Dera silikhala ndi kukula kosakhazikika: ngati mumachita mantha, imakula; ngati mukupumulako, imapanga. Zimatengera chikhalidwe chanu. Malo anu ocheperako ndi ochepa ku Japan komanso ku Australia. Ikani a Japan ndi aku Australia mu chipinda chimodzi - kuvina kwachilendo kumatsata: Achijapani adzapita patsogolo, aku Australia adzabwereranso, motero adzatsata wina ndi mnzake. Mwinanso osatengera zomwe zikuchitika.
Hediger ndi Hall anatitsogolera kuti tipeze zofunika. Amayendedwe omwe timagwiritsa ntchito kuteteza amatipangiranso kukhala maziko azomwe timakhala nawo. Mapeto ake, amapanga mtundu wa ochezera pakati pa malo ochezera.
Kumwetulira, imodzi mwazida zazikulu zoyankhulirana, ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri. Mlomo wapamwamba umakwera kuti uwonetse mano. Tchizi zimafalikira mbali zonse. Khungu kuzungulira maso makwinya. Duchenne de Boulogne, dokotala wamatsenga yemwe adakhala m'zaka za m'ma 1800, adawona kuti kumwetulira kozizira, kopeka nthawi zambiri kumangokhala pakamwa, pomwe kumwetulira kochokera pansi pamtima nthawi zonse kumakhudza maso. Kumwetulira kochokera pansi pamtima kumatchedwa a Duchen pomupatsa ulemu.
Kumwetulira kungathenso kugonjera. Ogwira ntchito omwe amadaliridwa ndi winawake amamwetulira kwambiri, pokhala pakati pa anthu otchuka. ("Zinachitika, / Ndikumwetulira, mauta anakumana, / sindinagwada, / Monga mkachisi!" - Patroclus analemba za Achilles mu "Troilus ndi Cressida").
Izi zimangowonjezera chinsinsi. Kodi nchifukwa ninji kuwonetsa mano kuli chizindikiro chaubwenzi? Chifukwa chiyani izi monga chizindikiro cha kudzichepetsa? Kodi mano safunikira kuchitira umboni zaukali?
Akatswiri ambiri azikhalidwe amavomereza kuti kumwetulira kuchokera ku malingaliro akuti chisinthiko ndi chinthu chakale komanso kuti zosiyana zake zimapezeka m'mbuyomu. Ngati mungayang'ane gulu la anyani, mudzazindikira kuti nthawi zina amapatsana zomwe zimawoneka kuti ndizosangalatsa. Amayankhulana popanda kupsa mtima; akatswiri azamalamulo amati izi ndi "kungokhala chete kwa mano." Ena amati chipangizochi chinachokera kwina kapena pang'ono - pokonzekera kuukira.
Koma ndikuganiza kuti poyang'ana kwambiri mano, amasemphana kwambiri. M'malo mwake, "chiwonetsero cha mano" ichi chimaphatikizapo thupi lonse. Ingoganizirani anyani awiri, A ndi B. Monkey B atadutsa mseri A. Ma neuron awiri omwe amayang'anira kuwunika kwa malo amunthu amayamba kusokonekera, ndikupangitsa chidwi choyankha. Monkey A ndikumenya, kuteteza maso ake. Milomo yake yapamwamba imakoka. Amasambitsa mano, koma izi ndi zotsatira zoyipa: Tanthauzo la milomo yolimba silili kwambiri kuti tikonzekere kuukira, koma kumangiriza khungu pakhungu, pang'ono pang'ono kuphimba khungu ndi makutu amaso. Makutu "amachoka" kumbuyo, kuti atetezedwe kuzowonongeka. Mutu umatembenuka ndipo mapewa amatuluka kuti amaphimba kukhosi ndi khosi. Mutu umachoka kuzinthu zomwe zikupezeka. Torso imapita patsogolo kuteteza m'mimba. Kutengera komwe kuli chiwopsezo, manja amatha kuwolokera kutsogolo kwa torso kapena kumaso. Nyani nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati zoteteza, zomwe zimateteza mbali zosalimba m'thupi.
Monkey B atha kuphunzira zambiri powona momwe nyani 4 A. Monkey A imadzitetezera, ngati kuti imayankha mokwanira zochita za nyani B, ndiye ichi ndichizindikiro chowonetsa kuti nyani A ndi wamantha. Sakhala womasuka. Danga lake limatengedwa. Amazindikira kuti nyani B ndi mdani, wamkulu kuposa iye. Komabe, nyani A amatha kuyankha “mosatekeseka” pang'onopang'ono m'maso ndikutembenuza mutu wake. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nyani A sachita mantha kwambiri - samawona kuti B ndi nyani wamkulu kwambiri monga mdani kapena mdani.
Zambiri zoterezi ndi zothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu am'magulu. Monkey B atha kuphunziranso kuti azikhala pati kuti asonyeze ulemu kwa nyani nyani A. Chifukwa chake, njira yotsogola imakhazikika, kusankha kwachilengedwe kumakonda nyani zomwe zimatha kuwerenga kugonjera pagulu lawo ndikusintha machitidwe awo motsatira. Mwa njira, iyi mwina ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pankhaniyi: zambiri zakusinthika zimagwera iwo omwe amalandira chizindikiro, osati kwa iwo omwe amawatumiza. Nkhaniyi ndi yokhudza momwe tidayambira kumwetulira.
Nthawi zambiri chilengedwe ndi mpikisano wa mikono. Ngati nyani B amatha kuthana ndi chidziwitso chofunikira ndikungoyang'ana nyani A, ndiye kuti nyani A A ndiwofunikira kuti awonetse izi kuti apangitse nyani B. Ndiye kuti, chisinthiko chimakonda anyani omwe amatha kuchita zinthu motayirira, podziteteza. Ndikofunika kutsimikizira ena kuti simukuwaopseza.
Tiyeni tiwone koyambira kwa kumwetulira: Uku ndikoyerekeza mwachidule kwa kaimidwe koteteza. Mwa anthu, pali mtundu wokhawo wokhawokha, womwe minyewa ya nkhope imakhudzidwa: milomo yapamwamba imalimbikitsidwa, masaya amakhala ndi mbali ndi mmwamba, maso amawoneka. Masiku ano timagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kulumikizana kuchokera pachiwopsezo chankhanza kuposa kuchoka pagulu lathunthu ndi thandizo.
Komabe, titha kuyang'anabe zochita za "nyani". Nthawi zina timangomwetulira posonyeza kugonjera kwathunthu, ndipo kumwetulira kotereku kumatha kuchitika limodzi ndi mawu otetezedwa mthupi lonse: mutu pansi, mapewa, mkono wokwezeka, mikono patsogolo pa chifuwa. Monga nyani, timachitapo kanthu pazinthu izi zokha. Sitingachitire mwina koma kumva kutentha kwa iwo omwe akuwonetsa kumwetulira kwa Duchenne. Sitingathe koma kunyansidwa ndi munthu yemwe amamvera kunja, monga momwe sitingachitire koma kukayikira awo omwe amatsanzira chisangalalo chosamwetulira chopanda moyo ndi maso ozizira.
Ndizodabwitsa kuti zochuluka kwambiri zimatha kuchokera ku mizu yosavuta chonchi. Njira yakale yodzitetezera, makina omwe amafufuza malo mozungulira thupi ndikulinganiza kayendedwe kodzitchinjiriza, amapezeka mwadzidzidzi kudziko lamatsenga, ozungulira akumwetulira, kuseka, kulira ndikusokonekera. Iliyonse yamtunduwu imagawidwa m'magulu angapo, ndikukula kukhala bukhu la siginecha kuti ligwiritsidwe ntchito munthawi zosiyanasiyana. Sikuti zonena zonse za anthu zomwe zingafotokozedwe kudzera izi, koma zochuluka kwambiri. Kumwetulira kwa Duchenne, kumwetulira kozizira, kuseka nthabwala, kuseka kuyamika kuwoneka bwino, kuseka mwankhanza, kukokomeza komwe kunapangidwa kuti musonyeze ulemu, kapena kubwerera molunjika posonyeza chidaliro, mikono yopingasa ikusonyeza kukayikira, manja otseguka ("Takulandirani!"), Sad mawonekedwe omwe timawonetsa kuti timamvera chisoni munthu wina chifukwa chomva chisoni - mawu onsewa akhoza kutuluka kuchokera kumakina amodzi oteteza kutengera mawu omwe samatha kulumikizana.
Kuchokera grin mpaka kumwetulira .. gawo limodzi ndi mamiliyoni a zaka chisinthiko
M'masiku amenewo pamene munthu sanali wosiyana kwambiri ndi abale ake padziko lapansi (nyama), anawonetsa mano ake ndi alendo mosamala. Kumwetulira, monga njira yolandirira, kunalibe panthawiyo.
Anthu ndi nyama akupera mano kuti awonetsane zida zawo (pali mano, kotero ndimatha kuluma). Nkhondo sizinayambire poyenda phokoso, zinayambitsidwa ndi zipsera, kusilira, kubangula. Anthu ndi nyama adathamangira kunkhondo pokhapokha ngati vutoli lithetsa chifukwa chakuwopsezana.
Kenako grin mwa anthu idasandulika chiwonetsero champhamvu. Oimira awiri olimba a Homo sapiens pamsonkhano bwino adawonetsana mano awo, ngati kuti, "Ndine wamphamvu ndipo ndili ndi zida ndikupatsani moni, omwe ali ofanana kwa ine mphamvu." Kotero kumwetulira kwamtendere kunawonekera patapita nthawi.
Izi sizinachitike mwa nyama. Kwa iwo, grin idakhalabe yopweteka.
Koma kodi mukudziwa kodi chifukwa chake galu wa ziweto amasangalala ndikamwetulira kwanu?
Kuyambira ubwana, adazolowera chikhalidwe chanu, pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe adawona, adadziwonetsa kuti ngati muluma mano, ndiye kuti muli osangalala ndipo mukusangalala ndi machitidwe ake.
Agalu ndi zolengedwa zowonetsetsa kwambiri, kuphatikiza apo, akumva kufunikira kwakukondweretsa, monga mtsogoleri wa paketi. Chifukwa chake, maubwenzi ndi inu samawongoleredwa kwambiri mwanjira yokhala ndi zolumikizana: chabwino, mumamva kuwawa pamene zonse zili bwino, zachilendo, koma mungatani? Chachikulu ndikuti inu (mtsogoleri) wakhutitsidwa.
Ndipo yesani kumwetulira 32 mano osokera
Ndiye kuti, musayese. Galu yemwe wakula pakati pa "ake" ndipo osalankhulana ndi munthu amangoona kumwetulira ngati grin, ndiye kuti, ngati chiwopsezo. Ndipo atha kuthawa kapena kuwonetsa mano ake, ndipo koposa zonse, adzakuthamangirani ndikuluma.
Izi zikugwirira ntchito makamaka osati kwa agalu osochera omwe amathamanga mu mzindawo, koma kwa omwe mungakumane nawo kunja kwa mzere, ndiye kuti theka kapena kuthamanga kwathunthu.
Ngati simukufuna kukangana ndi agalu osokera - opanda mano. Mutha kuwamwetulira ndi makomo amilomo ndi maso, ngati kungatheke popanda kuyang'anitsitsa m'maso anu, kapena kusiya mawonekedwe anu osayang'ana nkhope. Lachiwiri ndi labwino.
Tithokoze chifukwa cha "zokonda. Njira iyi idaperekedwa kwa nyama, kulembetsa, ngati mukufuna :)
Mawu
NYIMBO YA ANTOSHA
Muses O. Sandler, mawu olembedwa ndi B. Turovsky
Pamapiri atali
Kumbuyo kwa zopondera
Mtsinje umayenda ngati nyimbo yolira!
Pali ndikudikirira kutali
Msungwana wamaso amtambo,
Msungwana wanga wokondedwa!
Pamalo otsetsereka mtsinje,
Mtsinje woyandama - kusowa tulo
Ndidzadikirira mpaka kucha ndi iye.
Mukuyembekezera kalata yoyankha,
Mukuyembekezera kalata ya osilira,
Amayi okalamba, okondana.
Pamapiri atali
Kumbuyo kwa zopondera
Anzathu, abwenzi akundiyembekezera kumeneko.
Wokondedwa wanga wayembekeza pamenepo,
Dziko langa lokondedwa
Dziko langa lalikulu!
Kwambiri
Nyimbo B. Terentyev, mawu A. Oislander.
Wolemba: Boris Chirkov.
Tikapita platoon ife
Mbali yakutali
Mkulu wanga wamisasa
Nthawi zonse panjira ndi ine.
Nthawi zonse amakhala ngati watsopano
Mphepete zopindika
Asitikali, ankhanza,
Wokondedwa wanga.
Mdani akakhala wankhanza
Munkhondo tidzapambana
Tidzabweranso kutali
Kwa abwenzi ake.
Ndipo chotsani chosaiwalika
M'dziko lakwawo
Mafuta osweka akumenya nkhondo,
Amubeleke.
Tileke nkhondo ya anthu
Tili ndi cholinga choyera
Nthawi zonse monga ife
Mafuta ankhondo.