Makoswe wamba - Ichi ndi nyama yanyama yomwe ili m'gulu la makoswe. Panthawi ya chisinthiko, ziwalo zonse za nyamayi zimasinthasintha kukhala moyo wapansi.
Maso adatseguka kwathunthu ndikulephera kuwona. Izi ndizochitika pokhapokha polimbikitsidwa pang'onopang'ono pomwe panali kutayika kotheratu. Khalidwe la zolengedwa zoyamwitsa izi ndizobisalira mobisa. Makoswemonga timadontho, timakumba ma labyrinths a ndima, ndipo timakankhira dothi lokwanira lomwe limasokoneza iwo mpaka pansi.
Mu makoswe a banja, pali mitundu inayi. Iliyonse ya iyo ili ndi malo ake okhala. Nyama yakuba nyama Amasankhira moyo wake mapilo, zipululu, mapiri ndi nkhalango. Dothi loyenera liyenera kukhala lozama. Dothi lamchenga ndi mchenga sizikugwirizana nawo. Malo omwe amakhala ndi monga nkhalango ndi mapiri a Moldova, Ukraine ndi Russia.
Makoswe amakumba pansi ndi mano ake
Awa ndi malo odyetserako ziweto kapena malo osawerengeka okhala ndi udzu. Mole mole rat yaying'ono pakokha. Kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 30 mpaka 32. Kulemera kuchokera ku 700 g. mpaka 1 makilogalamu. Amakhala moyo wabwinobwino, ochepa anthu omwe adamuwona ali ndi moyo. Kuti tikonze cholakwika ichi ndikuti tidziwe mawonekedwe a nyama iyi, tikukudziwitsani zingapo chithunzi cha makoswe.
Monga mukuwonera m'chithunzichi, alibe makutu, maso ake amabisala pakhungu, ndipo mchira wake wawung'ono suwoneka. Miyendo ya munthu wokhala pansi panthaka ndiyifupi, ndipo mutuwo umakhala ngati tsamba la bayonet. Mwa njira, amakumba ngalande zake mole mole rat kokha ndi mano, osati maula.
Izi zimachitika motere, zikhomo zakulumayo zakukulira m'nthaka, kenako mothandizidwa ndi mutu wooneka ngati fosholo, zigumula za pansi zimatulutsidwa. Kapangidwe kapadera ka m'nsagwada ndi minofu kumakupatsani mwayi kuti mukanikizire zitsulo zam'munsi ndikuzisunthira kutsogolo kapena kumbuyo.
Ntchito yotere imayambitsa kuvala kwamano kwambiri makoswe. Koma musadandaule, zopangira zimakula mwachangu, ndiye popanda "chida" ichi chokumbira tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe pansi pano sichikhala. Mwa njira, chifukwa cha ntchito yake, samangogaya odulira, komanso kukukuta pamene akuterera m'nthaka. Chifundo chochulukacho chimayenererana ndi akapolo.
Alibe mwayi wokukukutira mano ndipo nthawi zina samatha kutseka pakamwa pawo chifukwa zopanga zazikulu zimakula kwambiri. Ubweya wa zimphona izi ndi wofewa kwambiri, wamtundu wakuda. Mphuno imakutidwa ndi keratinized wosanjikiza khungu. Ndi danga ili lomwe limateteza. Imateteza ku zowonongeka zingapo zamakina pakakongoletsa makoma a dzenje.
Chikhalidwe komanso moyo wa mod rat
Ngati timadontho-timadontho tamasula dothi ndi kutsogolo kwawo, ndiye makoswe mchenga wogwiritsa ntchito zida zamphamvu zamphamvu. Mitunda yamtunda pambuyo pa ntchito yawo imakhalabe yayikulupo kuposa timadontho-timadontho, ndi kufikira 0,5 m.
Chithunzicho, rat ya mchenga
Kulemera kwa mulu umodzi wotere kumatha kufika 10 kg. Kuyambira 1 mpaka 20 nthumwi zamtunduwu zimakhala pamtunda wa 1 ha. Nthawi yogwira ntchito kwambiri ya makoswewa imagwera m'miyezi yophukira. M'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira, amakhala otakataka, koma osagwera. Ma labyrinths osuntha a mbewa zamphona wapadera mawonekedwe.
Chawo chomwe chimasiyanitsa ndi makina omangira. Chifukwa chake, malo apamwamba a "nyumba yotere" amawerengedwa kuti ndi chakudya, amakhala pamtunda wa masentimita 25. Pakadali pano, makoswe amatenga chakudya: tubers, rhizomes chomera. Pansanja yachiwiri pali timiyeso, zisa zam'chilimwe komanso nthawi yozizira komanso ma pantries. Ili mkati mwakuya kwambiri - 3-4 m.
M'nyengo yozizira, khomo lolowera kuzithunzizi pansi panthaka limatsekeka ndi dziko lapansi, ndipo nyamayo imakhala pano mpaka nthawi yotentha. Malo onse olemba ma labyrinth oterewa ndi 450 m. Kuchuluka kwa malo okhala zakudya zotere m'magawo oterowo kumatha kufikira zidutswa 10, ndipo matenthedwe a chisanu amatha 10 kg. Nayi nyama yopambana.
Khalidwe la makoswe akuluakulu amakhala osungulumwa. Amasamala malire a gawo lawo. Nthawi zina, mikangano pakati pa amuna awiri amathera pamiyendo ikuluikulu. Zochita zawo zimabweretsa chiwopsezo chachikulu pa ulimi.
Zizindikiro za khoswe wamaluwa m'mundamo - Ichi ndi chowongolera dziko lapansi. Siziwononga mawonekedwe okongola a malowo, komanso zimawononga mbewuzo. Kuchokera nyama zapansi panthaka, chimanga, nyemba, kaloti, beets ndi mbatata ndizomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri. Patsiku limodzi, munthu m'modzi amatha kuwononga zitsamba zisanu ndi zitatu za mizu. Roti wa Mole khalani patsamba lanu, momwe mungathanirane nawo?
Mutha kuthana ndi tizilombo ngati kamakumba nthaka. Chifukwa chake fafaniza matsenga amtundu wawo. Zimachitika kuti sanyansidwa ndi fungo losasangalatsa, chifukwa chake mutha kugwiritsa ntchito othandizira ogulitsa mwapadera. Njira imodzi ndikumenya nkhondo Kugwidwa kwa makoswe ndi dzanja. Kuti izi zitheke, khomo lolowera kubowo limatsimikizika ndipo khomo linafunidwa. Kenako amakumba chidutswa pakati pawo.
Pachithunzichi pali chimphona chachikulu
Nyamayi siyilekerera kukonzekera, chifukwa chake imayesetsa kuthana ndi zowonongeka. Ndiye pakadali pano kuti zitheke kugwira izi. Kutulutsa mole wa mole makoswe zotheka ndi madzi. Pezani mulu wa dothi wosakanizika ndi dongo ndi kuthira madzi mu dzenje pafupi.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Makoswe a Mole amakhala Zokhazokha, koma nthawi yakubala imapanga magulu a mabanja. Banja lotere limaphatikizapo 1 wamwamuna ndi wamkazi 1-2. Monga lamulo, mamembala a mabanja otere amakhala pafupi ndi oyandikana nawo. Wamphongo amakumba ngalande kwa wokondedwa wake. Amasamukira kumawu omwe mkazi amapanga.
Ngati pali akazi awiri pagulu, ndiye kuti amaberekana. Chaka chimodzi ndi choyamba, chachiwiri ndi china. Mgwirizano wotere umasweka, pokhapokha atamwalira. Ana 2-3 amabadwa pachaka. Ichi ndi chochitika chofunikira kwambiri kuyambira nthawi ya Okutobala mpaka Meyi.
Kukhazikitsidwanso kwa m'badwo wachinyamata ndikodabwitsa. Chifukwa chake "asungwanawa" amasunthidwa kumapeto patatha chaka kuchokera kuonekera kwawo, ndipo "anyamata" - chaka chachiwiri, kumunsi kotsika. Amakhala okhwima pakugonana patatha zaka 2-3. Lifespan wa mole makoswe ali ndi zaka 2,5 mpaka 9.
Kufotokozera kwamkati
Kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira pa 23 mpaka 30 cm, mchirawo ndi waufupi. Makutu akusowa, maso amatseguka ndikubisika pansi pa khungu, ndichifukwa chake nyamayo idatchedwa dzina. Zilonda zazifupi, manja ndi mapazi ndizokulitsidwa pang'ono. Zovala ndizazikulu, koma zazing'ono kuposa zomwe zabor. Ubweya ndi wamfupi, wakuda, wofewa kwambiri, wopanda mafuta. Mphamvu zonse zimapangidwa bwino, kungowona komwe kulibe. Tsitsi lamkati lalitali limamera mozungulira pakamwa, m'masaya, pamphumi, pamimba komanso kumbuyo kwa thupi.
Zopatsa thanzi pazakudya za mole
Makoswe a Mole amadya kwambiri mobisa wa mbeu: mizu, ma rhizomes, mababu ndi ma tubers. Zoyala zam'mlengalenga zimadyanso, zomwe zimakokedwa ndikununkha ndi muzu.
Mwa zina mwa zakudya zomwe makoswe amadya, zomwe zimapezeka ndi Asteraceae, Umbrella, ndi Legumes. Kwa nthawi yozizira, nyama imapanga nkhokwe zazikulu (zoposa 10 kg).
Kugawa kwa makoswe
Zogawa zamtunduwu zimaphatikizapo Europe, Western Asia ndi North Africa. Makoswe amayenda kumapiri, kumapiri ndi kwa chipululu.
Kuchulukana kwa anthu kumasiyana mosiyanasiyana, mpaka 20 kapena kuposerapo pa hekitala imodzi, ndipo mwachilengedwe ndizokhazikika ndipo sizingasinthe kwambiri. Kuchulukana kwambiri kwa makoswe a mole ndi anthu atatu pa hekitala iliyonse, ngati kuchuluka kwa makoswe kumachepera kupita kwa anthu awiri pa hekitala iliyonse, chiopsezo chakuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kumawonjezeka. Kuchuluka kwa makoswe a mole kumasinthasintha pakusintha kwachilengedwe, mwachitsanzo, chilala komanso kuchuluka kwa chinyezi, komanso kulima, sikumakhudza.
Makoswe wamba kapena a South Russia kapena ang'ono-eyed mole (Spalax microphthalmus)
Chingwe chachikulu chokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi la akulu kuyambira 20 mpaka 32 cm, wolemera 700 g kapena kupitirira. Thupi ndi lokwera, cylindrical, khosi silitchulidwa. Zilonda zimafupikitsidwa kwambiri, mchira umachepetsedwa, kubisala pansi pa khungu. Mutu ndi lathyathyathya, lonse, mawonekedwe pamwamba amakhala ngati fosholo. Maso amachepetsa, obisika pansi pa khungu. Khutu lakunja limawoneka ngati khushoni yaying'ono ndipo limabisikanso pansi pa tsitsi. Mphuno imakutidwa ndi chikuto chofunda cha nyanga yakuda kapena ya bulauni. Zotsogola zakutsogolo ndizazikulu, zimalunjikitsa patali kuposa pakamwa ndipo zikuwoneka bwino. Ubweya wake ndi utoto wonyezimira, koma nthawi zambiri mtunduwu umadziwika ndi kusiyanaku mitundu.
Mitunduyi imakhala yodziwika bwino ku Russia ndi ku Ukraine pakati pa Dnieper ndi Volga, ku Moldova. Malire akum'mwera audutsa amadutsa mu Caucasus Range. Thumbo la mole limakhala kumadera okhala ndi udzu wamtchire, sililowa kwambiri m'nkhalango, koma limatha kukhala m'mphepete, m'mipanda yamtchire, m'malo omata, komanso m'misewu yamnkhalango. M'malo olimidwa, kuchuluka kwa anthu kumakhala kochepa.
Makoswe akuluakulu (Spalax giganteus)
Makoko akuluakulu okhala ndi kutalika kwa 25 25 cm, kulemera pafupifupi 1 kg. Thupi lakumwamba ndilopepuka, laimvi kapena lofiirira. Mwa okalamba, mutu pamwamba umakhala woyera. Tummy ndi imvi yakuda. Nthawi zina pamakhala mawanga oyera pamimba ndi pamphumi.
Mitunduyi imakhala kumapeto kwenikweni kwa dera la Caspian kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Ciscaucasia. Imapezeka pafupi ndi mitsinje Kuma, Terek ndi Sulak. Makoswe okhala ndi anthu omwe amakhala m'mbali mwa mtsinje wa Ural ku Kazakhstan nthawi zina amakhala osiyana ndi mtundu wa Ural mole rat (Spalax uralensis).
Khalidwe la rat rat
Makoswewa amakhala ndi moyo wapansi panthaka, amakumba ma mink ovuta mpaka 250 m, kutalika kwa pafupifupi 3.5 m.
Makoswewa amayamwa pansi ndi zida zawo zakutsogolo, koma osazikumba. Milomo yamilomo yotsalira pazinthu zamkati munthawi imeneyi imatseka pakamwa mwamphamvu. Nyama imakankhira kudula pansi pake. Atapeza mulu wa dothi, makoswewo amatembenuka ndikuwakankhira pansi ndi mutu wake wokulungika. Ngati muluwo pamtunda ukakhala wokulirapo, mbeuyo imatseka yotulukayo ndikukumba yatsopano. Masana, zopota za ma mole zimakhala zotsekedwa nthawi zonse.
Zakudya zonunkhira zimayikidwa m'magulu wamba, ndipo zipinda zapadera sizinapangidwe izi. Pokhala kuti yadzaza gawo lotere, mole imakonza ndi dothi kuchokera mbali zonse. Pamtundu uliwonse muli ma “pantries” 10. Dera la gawo la chakudya cha wamkulu maere ndi 0,02-0.09 ha, kutalika kwa malembedwewo mpaka mpaka 450 ndi mamitala ochulukirapo pa munthu aliyense. Kuphatikiza apo, makoswe a mole amapanga dongosolo la zisa za chilimwe ndi nyengo yachisanu.
Makoswe a Mole amagwira ntchito chaka chonse, osagwera hibernation, koma nthawi yozizira ntchito zawo zimachepa. Pachimake pazochita za tsiku ndi tsiku zimachitika usiku ndi masana.
Makoswe akuluakulu okalamba amakhala padera ndipo amawonetsa nkhanza mwamphamvu kwa abale awo (zolimba zawo, monga lamulo, ndizakufa). Kuchulukana kwa makoswe a mole kumadziwika kuti kuli mtundu wina wa anthu, wokhala ndi magulu a mabanja a 1 wamwamuna ndi wamkazi 1-2, mamina ake omwe amalumikizidwa ndimadutsa kapena amakhala mummers. Magulu abanja oterowo amakhala osasunthika ndipo amathetsa banja lawo wina akamwalira. Pafupifupi theka la anyani amphongo amakhala kunja kwa mabanja ndipo sakukhudzidwa ndi kubereka.
Kutalika kwa moyo wama mbewa ndi pafupifupi kuyambira zaka 2 mpaka 2 mpaka 4, nthawi zina makoswe amakhala mpaka zaka 9. Kukula kwachinyamata kumadziwika ndi kupulumuka kwakukulu.
Kubwezeretsanso kwa rat rat
Makoswe amamuberekera kamodzi pachaka, kumapeto kwa dzinja kapena kumayambiriro kwa masika. M'banja lililonse, akazi amodzi okha ndi omwe amakhala azaka za 3-7. Ngati pali awiri mwa gululi, nthawi ya masika mamuna amachoka pamalo omwe amadzaberekera akazi ndikupanga banja ndi wamkazi, lomwe liyamba kuswana chaka chamawa. Ana amabadwa kumapeto kwa February mpaka pakati pa Meyi. Mu lita imodzi 2-3 ana. Chakumapeto kwa Meyi, kukhazikika kwa makoswe achinyamata kumayamba ndipo njirayi ikupitilira mpaka pakugwa. Achinyamata amuna amakhala makamaka mobisa, zazikazi - pamtunda. Pachifukwa ichi, akazi mchaka choyamba cha moyo amadziwika ndi kufa kwakukulu. Malo okhala ndikuchokera kumakumi angapo mpaka mamiliyoni mamitala.
Adani achilengedwe
Makoswe a mole ali ndi adani ochepa achilengedwe, chifukwa amatsogolera pansi pa moyo. Choopseza chachikulu kwa iye ndi steppe polecat, yomwe imagwira makoswe mu mink yake. Ankhandwe ndi mbalame zazikulu zomwe zimadyedwa pamagulu achichepere akamakula pamtunda wa tiana tating'ono. Pa mbewa zazikulu, nkhupakupa, utitiri ndi helminth zimaphatikizanso.
Zambiri Zosangalatsa
- Makoswe amayenda ndi nyama zokha. Makoswe akuluakulu amakhala okha m'makola osiyana. Amakhala osamala kwambiri ndipo samakonda kugwera mumsampha wa anthu.
- Makoswe a Mole amatha kuvulaza mbewu m'minda ndi m'minda. Kutulutsa nthaka kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kugwira ntchito yamtunda, mwachitsanzo, kukonza maudzu osaza udzu, komanso kuwononga misewu yaminda. Nthawi yomweyo, kulimbana ndi rat kumakhala kovuta chifukwa cha moyo wawo wapansi. Kuti izi zitheke, timitengo taukadaulo ndi zida zopangira zinthu tagwiritsa ntchito.
- Giant mole rat ndi mtundu wotetezedwa womwe walembedwa mu Red Book of Russia ndi Mndandanda Wofiyira wa IUCN.
Kufotokozera kwam'mimba, kusiyana pakati pa mkazi ndi wamwamuna
Makulidwe akulu kwambiri, makulidwewo amakhala ndi kutalika kwa 20 cm masentimita, kulemera magalamu 700-750, kapena pang'ono.
Makoswe amtundu wa Mole amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a cylindrical ndi thupi lalitali lopanda khosi lotchulidwa, miyendo yofupika kwambiri, komanso mchira wochepetsedwa wobisika pansi pa khungu.
Mutu wake ndi wokutidwa, ndi maso osachedwa kuwoneka. Khutu lakunja limawoneka ngati khuthu lalitali kwambiri limabisidwa pansi pa ubweya wambiri.
Gawo lammphuno limaphimba chivundikiro chopanda kanthu. Zazikulu zazikulu zakunja zimatulutsa modutsa pakamwa.
Kamvekedwe ka utoto wamba,, monga lamulo, ndi mtundu wa bulauni wonyezimira, koma anthu ena amadziwika ndi kusiyanasiyana kwamtundu.
Mkazi wachikulire ndi wocheperako 30%% kuposa wamphongo wokhwima. Kugonana kwa dimorphism mwa oyimira makoswe kumangotchulidwa pokhapokha m'chigawo cha pelvic.
Momwe amakulira, kuchulukitsa, zomwe zimadya
Mkazi mmodzi mwa amitundu iwiri pachaka. Ana awiri kapena atatu abadwa kuchokera zaka khumi zapitazi za Febuluwale mpaka Meyi 15.
Mwa chidwi kubereka ndi akazi azaka zitatu mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri.
Pakutha kwa Meyi, nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono zazikazi zimayamba kukhazikika. Tizilombo tina timene timagawidwa pansi, zina mwa nyamazo timabisala mobisa.
Kuphatikiza apo, magawo amtundu woterewo amatha kusiyanasiyana kuchokera kumakumi mpaka mazana mamitala.
Makoswe amatulutsa chakudya chambiri pansi pamizimba: mizu, mababu, ma rhizomes ndi ma tubers. Makoswewo amadyanso mbewu zakumwambazi, zomwe zimakokedwa ndikungogwiritsa ntchito muzu.
Ambulera, Asteraceae, ndi nthito zimakonda.
Zosiyanasiyana
Masiku ano, mitundu ingapo ya banja la makoswe a mole ndi makoswe a genus, koma ambiri omwe ndiofala, a Bukovinian, mchenga, ang'ono ndi akulu makoswe:
- chimphona chachikulu cha mole (Spalax giganteus) lero ndi woimira wamkulu wa ang'ono: kutalika kwa thupi ndi 25-35 masentimita, ndipo kulemera kumafika kilogalamu imodzi.
- sand mole rat (Spalax arenarius) molingana ndi mawonekedwe a craniological ali pafupi kwambiri ndi mole rat chimphona chachikulu, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi sikupitirira 25 cm,
- tambala tating'onoting'ono (Nannospalax leucodon) kutalika kwa masentimita 15 mpaka 24, ali ndi malaya ofewa ndipo poyamba anali wokhala pabanja.
Bukovinian, kapena Greek mole rat (Spalax graecus) ndi malo ophunziridwa bwino omwe amapezeka pokhapokha ku Golubitsky ndi Storozhynetsky zigawo za Chernivtsi.
Zochita ndi zoyambitsa
Malo okhala makoswe wamba amayimiridwa ndi malo okhala ndi mapiri a Russia ndi Ukraine, madera akuluakulu pakati pa Volga ndi Dnieper, komanso Moldova.
Malire akum'mwera a mapiko masiku ano ndi malire ndi Caucasus ridge.
Makoswewo adafalikira m'malo omwe muli udzu, koma popanda kuzama kwambiri m'nkhalangomo.
Nyama zoterozo zimakhala m'mphepete mwa nkhalangoyi, zimapezeka m'njira zodutsa m'nkhalango, m'miyala ndi m'nkhalango. Chiwerengero chokwanira cha makoswe chimatsika m'minda yolimidwa, koma gawo lalikulu la anthu limayang'ana kwambiri m'malo a msipu ndi msipu, komanso pafupi ndi zisa.
Chifukwa chiyani zili zowopsa?
Makoswe wamba amatha kuvulaza kwambiri malo olimapo komanso ulimi wanyumba zanyengo, zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi zizolowezi komanso ndi moyo wa makoswe.
Malo okwera kwambiri, angapo odutsa pansi, opangika mosavuta m'moyo wamakhola, samangophwanya zokongoletsa zamapaki, komanso amakondweretsa kwambiri ntchito m'minda ndi minda. Zomera zikadyedwa, malo obzala m'munda amawonongeka ndipo mabedi amaluwa amawonongeka.
Minda ya mbatata, anyezi ndi minda ya chimanga, mbewu za nyemba, kaloti, chakudya cham'madzi ndi masamba a shuga zimavutika kwambiri ndi kulimbikira kwa nyama. Kwa tsiku limodzi, nyama zachikulire zowonongeka kuyambira pachitsamba zinayi mpaka zisanu ndi chimodzi.
M'madera ena, makoswe wamba amabweretsa 15-20% ya mbewu ya beet, 8-10% ya mbewu za chimanga komanso pafupifupi 12-15% ya mbewu za mbatata.
Misampha
Pali zosiyana zingapo mumisampha yopanga komanso misempha yamakina kuti iwononge makoswe.
Malinga ndi akatswiri, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zotere si njira yabwino kwambiri, koma njira yothanirana ndi makoswe.
Msampha wamakono wa SuperCat Claw kuchokera ku SWISSINNO wakhazikika. Amapangidwa pamaziko azitsulo zapamwamba kwambiri, ndizosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo adapangira kuti azigwiritsanso ntchito mobwerezabwereza.
Mtengo wapakati wazogulitsa ndi ma ruble 470-550.
Msika wa Skat-61 unayamba pomwe mbowo imadutsa mumsewu ndikuponya chitseko chapadera.
Kasupe amayendetsa mosavuta masingano olimba komanso owongoka, omwe amatsimikizira zotsatira za 100%. Mtengo wapakati wa chinthu ndi ma ruble 1350.
Mankhwala
Kugwiritsa ntchito ziphe, malinga ndi kuwunika kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, ndi njira yokayikitsa yothana ndi makoswe wamba. Zimakhala zowopsa kugwiritsa ntchito njirazi m'malo omwe ana kapena ziweto zimayenda, ndipo zinthu zaulimi zimabzala.
Rodenticidal granules apadera "Argus" Munda wozizira pa bromadiolone wogwiritsa ntchito bromadiolone amachititsa kuthyola tizirombo mobisa.
Zogulitsa zoterezi zimagulitsidwa pamtengo wa ma ruble 35 (50 magalamu).
Njira za "Anticrot" Gex Mole Killer amasiyana mosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, mtengo wotsika mtengo, kuthamanga ndi kusowa kwa masinthidwe a makoswe kumagawo omwe amagwira ntchito. Mtengo wapakati ndi ma ruble 950.
Mankhwala a m'badwo waposachedwa "Dakfosal" wozikidwa pa aluminium phosphide fumigates burrates burrrrr burrrr ndi mitsimba yamagesi. Wothandizika kwambiri amakhala ndi ntchito yabwino yopopera ndipo amalowa m'malo osafikirika. Mtengo wapakati ndi ma ruble 90 (mapiritsi atatu).
The ANTICROT rodenticide mu mawonekedwe a pellets kapena granules potengera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mawonekedwe a adyo omwe amakhala ndi bromadialone amachititsa kukhathamira kwa makoswe a mole ndipo amadziwika ndi kuthamanga kwotsimikizika. Mtengo wapakati ndi ma ruble 110 (120 gr.).
Ogulitsa
Othandizira apadera ndi chida chogwira mtima chomwe chimalola osati kungochotsa m'minda ndi tizirombo mobisika (kuphatikiza makoswe), komanso kupewa kuti asayanjanenso pamalowo.
Mole obwezeretsanso "Tornado-OZV" ndiwomwe amachititsa kuti nyama zizisangalala, mantha komanso mantha. Mtengo wapakati ndi ma ruble 950.
Repeller ya "6 acres" RemiLing imapanga mafunde apadera amawu omwe amayendetsedwa ndi chipangizochi masekondi 35-45 ndikupangitsa makoswe onse apansi panthaka kusiya malo omwe atetezedwa ndi chipangizocho. Mtengo wapakati ndi ma ruble 2200 (zidutswa 4).
Victor Pest yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zoyendera dzuwa amagwiritsa ntchito maulalasi pansi pamtunda, omwe sasangalatsa kwambiri makoswe ndi timadontho tambiri timene timapanga ngalande pansi panthaka. Mtengo wapakati ndi ma ruble 2300.
Zida zapanyumba
Pali njira zingapo zopangira chida chowonongera, komanso kupewera makoswe ndi manja awo. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu zotsika mtengo kapena zosinthika bwino zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa izi.
Zikhomo zimayendetsedwa pansi, pomwe zimatumba tini kapena zovala zamwana wamba zimavalira. Mothandizidwa ndi mphepo, zomangazi zimasangalatsa kwambiri makoswe, kusiya mawu awo.
Mabotolo akuluakulu agalasi omwe ali osabisala pansi ali ndi vuto lofanananso.
Ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri amawona luso la zomangidwe zochokera m'botolo la pulasitiki, pomwe pansi pake limapangidwa pamodzi ndi cholembapo.
Masamba amaphulika m'mbali mwa botolo la pulasitiki, lomwe limapanga phokoso pansi pa mphepo.
Kodi ndi chiyani chinanso chomwe muyenera kudziwa chokhudza makoswe?
Makoswe amagundika m'munda kapena m'mundamo, komanso gawo loyandikana nalo, ndi vuto lalikulu komanso lovuta kuthetsa, lomwe liyenera kuthetsedwa mwachangu. Kupanda kutero, chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa mbeu pang'onopang'ono kapena pang'ono
Mukamasankha njira yabwino yothanirana ndi makoswe, ndikofunikira kuganizira zina za makoswe:
- timadontho ta tizirombo toyambitsa matenda, ndipo makoswe ndi amtundu wa makoswe, chifukwa chake amafunafuna chakudya pafupi ndi malo, ndikuwononga masamba ambiri okhala pansi,
- madutsa obisika amakhala ndi mainchesi mpaka 20 cm, ndipo makoswe akuluakulu amafukula masamba awo mwachangu kwambiri komanso mwachangu, chifukwa chake mbewu zowonongeka, ngati pali makoswe m'deralo, zimawonekera posachedwa,
- dongosolo la nthambi lomwe limayimiridwa ndi "malo obisika" limayipitsa nthaka yonse, yomwe imabweretsa zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri,
- achichepere ndiosiyanitsidwa ndi kusazindikira komanso kusayenda pang'onopang'ono, kotero ndikosavuta kuwapeza ndikuwagwira, osagwiritsa ntchito njira zovuta zomenyera,
- m'misasa yotetezedwa ya makoswe imayimiriridwa ndi ma labyrinths ambiri ndi maulendo ovuta, zipinda zothandizira, zotchingira matumba ndi zimbudzi.
Pali njira zingapo zoyesedwa, zosavuta komanso zotsika mtengo, koma zogwira mtima pochotsa makoswe.
Pachifukwa ichi, mipira yochokera ku mbuzi zatsopano kapena zinyalala za nkhumba, gruel ya anyezi imathiridwa mumiyala ya makoswe, komanso brine kapena palafini.
Makoswe wamba sangakhale makoswe kapena timadontho, koma makoswe wamba ogwirizana ndi nkhumba ndi zonyansa.
Ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa za kukhalapo kwa tizilombo touluka mobisa uyu, koma aliyense yemwe anakwanitsa kukumana ndi nyama zachilengedwe zomwe zimapezeka mdera lawo sangaone konse zotsatira za moyo wawo momwe angatherere mbewu, malo owonongeka komanso maluwa.
Habitat
Malo okhala makoswe ndi malo okhala m'nkhalango, malo opondera, kapena zipululu, zomwe zimapezeka kumpoto kwa Africa, Central Asia ndi Europe. Zofunikira kwambiri pakugawidwa kwa makoswe mole m'malo ena ndi kugwiritsa ntchito dothi komanso mpumulo.
Mmodzi mwa mitundu ya nyamayi, makoswe wamba, amakonda kukhala m'mizere ndi zomera zosiyanasiyana monga chimanga ndi zitsamba. Itha kukhalanso munkhalango, m'malo obisalirako ndi malo odyetserako ziweto. Ndibwino kuti mukukonda nthaka yachonde kwambiri. Utoto woterewu umawonedwa kumadera a Ukraine, Russia ndi Moldova.
Makoswe opanga ma genus amakhala pansi mobisalira mosiyana ndi nkhope. Ziwawa zochepa zomwe zimachitika pakubwezeretsaku ndikuyenda kwa achinyamata. Oyimira banja lino amapanga mchenga wokhala ndi nthambi zambiri zopanga timiyala tambiri. Kutalika kwa malembawa kungafike mita 250, ndikufikira pansi mpaka pansi mpaka 3 mita. M'matangadza, nyamayo imakhala ndi zipinda zambiri zopezera chakudya ndi zosowa. Chingwe chapamwamba chimakhala chachitali kuposa chocheperako ndipo chimangokhala 25 cm kuchokera kumtunda wamtunda. Kupumula kwakanthawi koteroko kumapangitsa kuti nyamayo ipeze mizu ndi zipatso za mbewu mosavuta.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti makoswe a ma cell amakumba ndima awo osati ndi ma thumba awo, koma ndi milomo yawo, kapena, makamaka, ndi incisors. Pokhala ndi mano olimba chonchi, makoswe amatha kumasula pansi ndi iwo, panthawiyi pakamwa potseguka loksekedwa mwamphamvu, kuti dothi lisalowe m'mphepete konse. Nthaka yotsegulidwayo imakankhidwa ndi munthu wokhala pansi panthaka ndi zipsyinjo zake, kenako ndikumapukusira kwina kutuluka panthaka, ndikupanga makhoma a dothi. Zoyambitsa nyama zimakula moyo wonse.
Nyama izi zimakhala ndi mitundu isanu ndi umodzi, chifukwa cha kubisala kwawo, nyama sizimamveka bwino. Mitundu yonse ndi yofanana ndi inzake, ndiyosiyana kukula, mthunzi ndi malo okhala.
- Makoswe wamba. Mtundu wodziwika bwino wabanjali. Kuchuluka kwa nyama ndizambiri ndipo ndizokhazikika, motero, sizifunikira chitetezo. Kulemera kwa makoswe akuluakulu kumakhala pafupifupi 700 g ndi kutalika kwa thupi kwamasentimita 25. Amakhala m'malo ambiri a Moldova, Ukraine ndi Russia. Chifukwa cha chovala chodabwitsa cha ubweya, posachedwa, makoswe am'mimba amatha kukhala chinthu choyenda pokonzekera zikopa ndi kukongoletsa ubweya. Zovala zoterezi zimapangidwa kale, koma pakadali pang'ono kuchokera mkati mwa 1900.
- Chingwe chachikulu. Woimira wamkulu kwambiri wamtundu wamba amalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu imodzi ndi kukula kwa masentimita 35. Chimphona chija chimakhala ndi mtundu wowala wokhala ndi mithunzi ya imvi, yakuwala komanso yofiirira, ikadzala nyama, mbewa yayikulu imayamba. Mtunduwu umakhala makamaka m'madambo owuma ndipo mosiyana ndi abale ake, amakonda dongo kapena dothi lamchenga. Chifukwa chakuchepera kubereka, anthu awa adalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia, komanso mu Red Book of the International Union for the Defense of Animal.
- Mchenga wamankhwala. Mwa mawonekedwe wamba, imakhala pafupi ndi chimphona chachikulu chokhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 28. Wokhala m'nkhalango yamchenga yam'munsi mwa Dnieper. Katswiri wojambula yemwe amakhala pansi pobisalira, koma, amawopsezedwa ndi chitukuko cha zachuma pamchenga wa Dnieper. Poganizira izi, nyamayi yalembedwa mu Red Book of Ukraine ndi Red Book of the International Union for the Defense of Animal. Mu 2005, ndalama ziwiri zamayiko awiri zidaperekedwa ku Ukraine ndi chithunzi cha makoswe a mchenga.
- Mole rat Podolsky. Nyama yaying'ono imakonda moyo wofananawu, wonga wa abale. Mtundu wa makoswe amtunduwu umachokera kumpoto kwa Ukraine kudera lamtsinje wa Dnieper mpaka kumwera kwa dzikolo. Mkhalidwe wamtunduwu watsala pang'ono kuwopseza, chifukwa chake anthu omwe adalembedwa mu Red Book of Ukraine ndi IUCN.
- Makoswe oyera okhala ndi zoyera. Utoto wocheperako wabanja sudutsa masentimita 20. Mtunduwu ndi wopanda khungu. Amakhala ku Moldova, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Turkey, Ukraine ndi Greece. Ku Ukraine, amakhala m'malo a Chernivtsi ndi Odessa. Mitunduyi ilinso ndi malo otetezedwa mu Red Book of Ukraine ndi IUCN.
- Mole Bukovinsky. Amakhala kudera la Eastern Carpathian, dera la Chernivtsi, komanso Moldova ndi Romania. Mtundu wamba wa makoswe wamtundu umasiyana ndi mitundu ina pazinthu zina zamutu. Mabuku ofiira a Ukraine ndi IUCN ndi omwe amachititsa kuti anthu azisamalira bwino anthu.
Mu mitundu yonse, nthawi yobereketsa imakhala yofanana ndipo imachitika kamodzi pachaka. Makoswe ang'onoang'ono amabadwa amaliseche, osalemera kuposa magalamu asanu, koma amakula msanga kwambiri. Achinyamata amasiya amayi awo nthawi yomweyo ndikakumba njira zatsopano.
Amadya chiyani?
Kodi makoswe amadya chiyani? Kuthengo, makoswe amadya makamaka mobisika zam'mera wa mbewu: ma rhizomes, mizu, tubers, mababu. Nthawi zina gawo la chomera limadyedwa, limakokedwa ndi dzenje ndi muzu. M'mundamo, kanyumba ndi maiko ena, nyamayi imadya mizu yamitengo yamitengo, nthangala, chimanga, komanso timazira ta mbatata, anyezi ndi kaloti, osayiwala kusungira nyengo yachisanu. Mitengo yodyetsa bwino makoswe awa ndi mitundu yambiri.
Kusiyana kwakukulu kuchokera kwa mole
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa makoswe ndi ma moles kumatha kuwoneka pachithunzichi, koma, kuphatikiza apo, amapatsidwa maudindo osiyanasiyana. Mosiyana ndi makoswe a herbivorous, molekyu amadya tizilombo ndipo ali ndi kukula kwamagulu ang'ono. Komanso, mole imakumba mabowo ndi matako ake, ndi nyama yakhungu yokhala ndi zolocha. Mtundu wa nyama zomwe uli pachithunzichi ndi wosiyana kwambiri, kuwonjezera pamenepo, malekezero a matimu a mametawo samakulidwa ngati miyendo yamphamvu ya mole. Kufanana kwa nyama ndikuti onse amaponyera dothi pansi, popeza amakhala kwambiri pansi pamadzi, komanso m'mawonedwe.
Mu chilengedwe, mitundu yonseyi imachita mbali yachilengedwe. Ubwino wa nyama ndikuti amasakaniza dziko lapansi nthawi zonse, amadzaza ndi mpweya, ndikugawa mbewu za zakutchire.
Kuvulaza makoswe
Zomwe zimawonongeka ndi mbewa za mole nthawi zina zimagwera masoka ochulukirapo. Zovuta zimatha kuphatikizidwa ndikuwoneka bwino komanso nthaka. Mapiri okumbidwa samangowononga malo owoneka ngati udzu, maluwa ndi malo okhalamo, komanso zomangirazi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kugwira ntchito m'magawo ang'onoang'ono komanso m'minda.
Makoswe akakhala m'malo olimidwa kapena ku nazalere m'nkhalango, zimapangitsa kuti mbewuzo ziziwonongeka kwambiri. M'munda ndi mbatata, makoswe amatha kuwononga tchire 30 za mbewu yam'tsogolo usiku umodzi. Beets la shuga, parsley, chimanga, ma legamu, kaloti, anyezi, ndi udzu winawake ndizomwe zimawonongeka ndizowononga nyumba kupatula mbatata. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, m'malo ena tizirombo anawononga mpaka 50% ya zokolola zonse.
Kodi mungachotse bwanji tizilombo?
Momwe mungachotsere tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'dziko, m'minda ndi malo ena olimidwa? Chifukwa chokhala mwachinsinsi, makoswe amatha kubereka anthu ochenjera, chifukwa chake, kulimbana ndi makoswe nthawi zambiri kumatsimikiziridwa ndi njira zingapo nthawi imodzi. Ndikofunikira kuthana ndi makoswe ngati momwe zimakhalira ndi mole, koma njira zambiri zomenyera kapena kuwedza sizothandiza kwenikweni, chifukwa chake zimafuna njira zazitali komanso zopitilira.
Kuthengo, kusaka mbewa zamtchire kumachitika ndi adani ake achilengedwe - olusa. Chifukwa cha moyo wake wapansi, pali adani ochepa otere; akuphatikiza steppe polecat, nkhandwe ndi mbalame zolusa. Komanso nyamayi imatha kugwidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'ono ndi nyongolotsi: helminths, nkhupakupa kapena utitiri.
Obwezeretsa Akupanga
Zowonjezera zomwe akupanga amaziona ngati njira yabwino kwambiri yolimbana ndi tizirombo mobisa. Mwa kukhazikitsa chipangizo chamagetsi cha akupanga, mudziteteza nokha ndi nthaka osati ku makoswe, komanso ku tizirombo monga ma moles, shrews ndi zimbalangondo.
Pulogalamu yamagetsi nthawi zambiri imakhala pama batri kapena pa chipangizo cha kulipiritsa, pomwe mitundu yodula kwambiri imakhala ndi mapanelo a dzuwa. Momwe zimasinthira ndi zofanana ndi zida zofananira: zimafikitsa mafunde amtundu wina kudutsa pansi, zomwe zimakhudza khutu la nyama.
Phokoso la cholembera limapangidwa pamakina mpaka 60 kilohertz, omwe, malinga ndi omwe amapanga, akuti sakutengedwa ndi khutu la munthu. Ndipo chipangizocho chimatha kupereka mutu kapena kulira m'makutu pokhapokha ngati chimakhala nthawi yayitali pafupi nacho. Koma, kwenikweni, izi sizowona konse: khutu la munthu limatenga phokoso lotere.Pankhaniyi, kuti musapeze vuto pa chipangizocho, simuyenera kutumizira nokha mukakonzekera tchuthi m'munda. Makamaka, izi zikugwiranso ntchito pakumva chidwi cha ana!
Mitundu yamagetsi yopangidwa ndi wotsatsa, kutengera mtundu, gwiritsani ntchito njira yosinthira mitundu ina. Masikweya mita akhoza kukhala makumi, mazana kapena ngakhale masauzande omwe chipangizo chimatha kuphimba. Koma, tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti pamaso pokweza kapena zopinga zilizonse mu nthaka, gawo la kupikako limatsitsidwa. Chifukwa chake, ngati pali zomangidwe kapena zosemphana ndi chiwembuchi, ndikwanzeru kuyika angapo obwezeretsa.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala kwambiri ndikukumbukira mayendedwe azisamba ndi ana. Ngakhale poizoni amatengedwa ngati njira yothandiza kwambiri pakuwongolera tizilombo, izi zimangoyenera ngati nyamayo ili ndi njala kotero kuti ivomera kumeza chinthu chomwe chikukayikira. Kuphatikiza apo, pogwiritsa ntchito ziphezi zosiyanasiyana, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti zimatha kuvulaza mbewu zomwe zikupezeka pafupi, zomwe pambuyo pake ndizosayenera kudya.
Zoziziritsa poizoni nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito chimodzimodzi ngati makoko ang'onoang'ono. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimagwira poyizoni ndi Nutcracker. Koma olima odziwa zamaluwa amalimbikitsabe kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa pazowonjezera zonunkhira, monga Anticrot kapena Krotomet.
Roti ya mole si gulu la zinyama, chifukwa chake ngati mungathe kuchotsa chikwanje kapena kuchithamangitsa, vutoli likhoza kutha kwa nthawi yayitali kuchokera kumunda wanu wamasomphenya.
Mole rat nyama. Kufotokozera, mawonekedwe, mitundu, moyo ndi malo okhala ndi makoswe
Ngati patsiku lomwe kanyumba kamanyengo kasinthira kwambiri: pali milu yamtunda ndi mayendedwe achilendo, tchire zingapo zamasamba zatheratu, ndiye nthawi yofuula. Sitikukayikira kuti mundawo udagundidwa ndi makoswe - nyama yacinyengo, yodalirika yomwe imayesetsa kulongedza mbewu yonse m'mipanda yake.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Makoswe a mole ndi a gulu la makoswe. Pakusintha, adasinthiratu ndi moyo wapansi, womwe udakhudza maonekedwe ake:
- ali ndi thupi laling'ono, mpaka 32 cm,
- Kulemera kwa nyama kungafikire 1 kg,
- opanda makutu
- Matako ndi mchira wake ndi waufupi, chifukwa chake suwoneka,
- Thupi limakutidwa ndi ubweya wakuda
- Maso anadzidzimuka, ndikulephera kuwona. Chifukwa cha khola la khungu, adakhala osawonekeratu.
Makoswe Mole mu chithunzi chikuwoneka ngati cholengedwa chodabwitsa komanso chamanyazi.
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa mole rat ndi mole
Anthu ena amaganiza molakwika kuti makoswewo ndi timadontho-timadontho, koma izi ndi nyama zosiyananso. Pali zosiyana ziwiri zazikulu pakati pawo:
- Roti wa mole ndi wokulirapo.
- Mkuluyo amamanga makatani ake mothandizidwa ndi ma paw, ndipo chachiwiri sichikulitsidwa bwino, chimakhala ndi zikhadabo zazing'ono, chifukwa chake amagwira ntchito yomanga chifukwa cha kutsogolo kwake.
- Timadontho-timadontho timadya tizilombo tambiri, ndipo makoswe amakonda mbewa ndi mizu ya mbewu.
Mwachilengedwe, pali mitundu ingapo ya makoswe omwe ali osiyana mtundu, kukula ndi malo omwe amakhala:
- Makoswe wamba kapena waku South Russia ali ndi imvi. Ndi za mitundu yodziwika bwino. Amakhala mdera la Moldova, Ukraine, Russia. Khungu lake lofewa limayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga malaya a ubweya, koma osati m'miyeso yayikulu, chifukwa manambala wamba sanatchulidwe mu Red Book ngati mitundu yomwe ili pangozi. Amadziwikanso ndi gulu lokhazikika, chifukwa chomwe kuchuluka kwa nyama izi kumasamalidwa.
- Chingwe chachikulu - Uyu ndiye woimira wamkulu kwambiri, yemwe kulemera kwake kumafika kilogalamu. Imakhala ndi mtundu wa imvi kapena mtundu wa bulauni. Mwa achikulire, mawanga oyera amapezeka pamutu ndi thupi. Mtunduwu umadziwika ndi kubereka bwino, chifukwa adalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia ndi Mndandanda Wamayiko Osiyanasiyana Wachilengedwe.
- Malinga ndi deta yakunja, woyimira mchenga amawoneka ngati chimphona chachikulu. Amakonzekera kukhala m'nkhalango-steppe komanso pafupi ndi Dnieper. Makoswewo nawonso amayang'aniridwa.
- Maonekedwe a Podolsky ali ndi kukula kocheperako. Ili pafupi kutha, chifukwa chake imawerengedwa kuti ndi nyama yomwe ili pangozi.
- White-toot ndiye thunzi tating'onoting'ono kwambiri, kutalika kwake kamafikira masentimita 20. Ili ndi mtundu wakuda wakuda. Makoswe a Mole amakhala ku Turkey, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece.
- Woimira Bukovinian ndi wosiyana pang'ono ndi mitundu ina momwe mawonekedwe. Mtunduwu umapezeka m'maiko aku Europe.
Moyo & Habitat
Banja la makoswe, kutengera malo omwe amakhala, agawika mitundu inayi yomwe imakonda kukhala m'chipululu, nkhalango-steppe, steppe komanso kunja kwa nkhalango. Ali ponseponse ku Europe, Asia, Africa. Nyama zimakhala pafupifupi moyo wawo wonse mobisa. Pamenepo amakonzekeretsa mazira onse komwe amakhala omasuka.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti nthomba zomwe zimatulutsa makoswe zatulukiranso ndipo zidasiya kuwona. Dothi lochepa pang'ono ndilabwino makoswe. Amapewa dongo ndi dothi lamchenga. Zokongoletsera zimasankha msipu womwe uli ndi masamba obiriwira. Nthawi zambiri amakumana makoswe m'munda.
Mawonekedwe a nyumba
Nyama zimakumba mabowo awo m'mano. Pomanga maze, ngakhale mutu umaphatikizidwa. Nyamayo imaluma nthaka ndi mano ake akumaso, ikankhira dothi padziko lapansi mothandizidwa ndi mutu, womwe umakhala ngati mawonekedwe. Adasinthidwa kuti azigwira ntchito yomanga ndi nsagwada yapansi. Chifukwa cha minofu, zoyambitsa zimatha kuyenda.
Chifukwa cha kuyala kwa ngalawo, mano a kutsogolo akupera, koma amakula mwachangu, chifukwa zomangirazi ndizothandiza kwa omwe akukhala mobisa. Anthu omwe amakhala mu ukapolo amavutika kwambiri chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zinthu zochuluka. Mu makoswe, milomo yawo siyatseka chifukwa cha iwo.
Adasinthidwa kuti azigwira ntchito yomanga ndi mphuno ya nyama. Imakutidwa ndi khungu la keratinized, lomwe limalepheretsa kuvulala kwamakina pakuphwasula dziko lapansi. Pa hekitala imodzi mutha kukumana kuchokera kwa anthu awiri mpaka khumi. Nyama zimapanga zolimba masika kumapeto kwa chirimwe, ndipo nthawi yotentha zimakhala moyo wosalira zambiri. Wokhalamo mobisa samagwa.
Warmblood mod timamanga nyumba zingapo:
- Choyamba chimakhala chipika, chomwe chimakhala pakuya kwa 20-30 cm. Chimatchedwa chakudya. Mmenemo, nyamayo imasungira nkhokwe zosungirako.
- Chipika chachiwiri chili pamalo akuya pafupifupi mita 4. Muli zisa za pantry, chilimwe ndi chisanu.
M'nyengo yozizira, labyrinth imakutidwa ndi dziko lapansi ndipo satsegula mpaka nthawi yamasika. Tora limodzi limakwanitsa malo pafupifupi 450. Mmenemo muli zipinda pafupifupi 10. Ngati dothi yambiri itathiridwa pamtunda, nyamayo imaphwanya kutuluka kwatsopano. Masana nthawi zonse chimakhala chotsekedwa. Nyama imayamba kugwira ntchito usiku komanso masana.
Anthu okhala pansi panja amakhala moyo wosungulumwa. Iwo amasamala gawo lawo kuchokera kwa anthu ena. Pakachitika vuto la anyamata pakati pa amuna, mikangano imachitika yomwe ingachititse kuti mmodzi wa iwo aphedwe.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Zomera zam'madzi ndizothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu okhala pansi panthaka. Amaba mbatata ndi beetroot kuchokera kwa alimi. Makoswe a Mole samakana. Ndi chisangalalo chachikulu amadya nthangala.
Okonda kubzala mabedi a maluwa sangawerengere mbewu zingapo zomwe zimakhala ndi mababu. Zonsezi zimagwera nyama zomwe zimadzipangira ndekha makilogalamu 10 m'nyengo yozizira.
Kuvulala kwa makoswe kwa anthu
Ubwenzi wovuta wapezeka pakati pa makoswe ndi anthu. Nyama zimavulaza kwambiri m'dera lanyanjayi ndipo zimabweretsa zowonongeka zazikulu kwa alimi. Nyama imodzi imatha kuwononga zokolola zonse zanyengo. Amasungira nkhokwe zambiri m'malo mwake, akumaba masamba kwa anthu okhala chilimwe komanso alimi. Masana, tizilombo timatha kukoka tchire 6 ta mizu.
Kukumba kwa labyrinths mobisa kumabweretsanso mavuto ambiri. Nyumba yanyengo yachilimwe yokhala ndi milu yosungika siimawoneka bwino kwambiri. Popeza mutalowa pansi pang'onopang'ono, mutha kugweramo mosavuta. Zovuta kuchokera pamakina zimamveka m'misewu yamunda, yomwe nyama mole makoswe sizidutsanso.
Njira Zowongolera Tizilombo
Pankhondo yolimbana ndi makoswe, ziphe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu zomwe zimapangidwa kuzunza makoswe ndi timadontho, misampha, misampha ndi amphaka. Kugwiritsa ntchito poizoni akadali njira yothandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi makoswe.
Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala, muyenera kusamala kwambiri. Kupatula apo, zimatha kukopa ziweto zanzeru kapena zanjala. Ndikofunikanso kuganizira kuchuluka kwa poizoni wa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, chifukwa zimatha kulowa mu dothi ndikuvulaza mwiniwake.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tadziwika kwambiri pakati pa alimi:
- "Brodifan" - mankhwalawa amapezeka mu mawonekedwe amadzimadzi. Amayika nyambo, chifukwa 1 makilogalamu mudzafunika 20 g ya Broadifan. Patsiku la 4 atamwa poyizoni, makoswe amayambanso kumva kuwawa. Amatha kubwera pamtunda ndikufa nthawi yayitali.
- "Testox" imapezeka mu mawonekedwe a briquette ofiira, olemera 10 g. Amakhala ndi fungo labwino la mtedza, mpendadzuwa, vanila ndi tchizi. Zochita zake ndizofanana ndi mankhwala a Brodifan. Patsiku 4, nyama zimadwala mphumu, ndipo patsiku la 6 zimafa chifukwa cha kupunduka kwa kupuma kwamphamvu.
- Mankhwala "Mkuntho" amadziwika kuti ndiwothandiza kwambiri. Adapangidwa ndi kampani yaku Germany ya BASF. Thupi limapangidwa mu mawonekedwe a briquette a buluu. "Mkuntho" uli ndi fungo lamphamvu lomwe lidzakopa tizilombo.
Kodi ndichabwino kugwiritsa ntchito misampha
Makoswe amakhala ndi nzeru zapamwamba, chifukwa cha iwo amakola misampha ndi misampha yosiyanasiyana. Okalamba amadziwa bwino kuopsa kwake. Ndiposavuta kuwakopa mumsampha.
Vutoli limakulanso chifukwa chakuti nyama zimakhala mobisa, pomwe sizingatheke kukodwa mumsampha. Mulimonsemo, muyenera kuyesa ndikupita kuchinyengo. Mwadzidzidzi, wokhala pansi panthaka atha kukhala maso ndipo agwera mumsampha.
Kuti mupeze msampha, muyenera kupeza msewu wokumba ndi mbowo ndikukumba dzenje, ndikuzama mita imodzi. Mole mole rat Sakonda kukonzekera, chifukwa chake adzawoneka kutuluka mu dzenje kuti atseke maphunzirowo, ndipo apa msampha wokhazikitsa udzafika bwino, womwe uyenera kuphimbidwa ndi plywood kuti umaswe.
Makoswe ali ndi fungo labwino laumunthu, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa msampha wokhala ndi magolovesi. Zambiri za zomangirazi ziyenera kuthandizidwa ndi anyezi, omwe fungo lawo labwino limapha fungo la munthu.
Njira zokuthandizani zolimbana
Okonda nyama omwe akumva chisoni kuti awononge makoswe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zotchinga. Ngakhale sangawononge mdani, amatha kuwakakamiza kuti achoke pamalowo. Tizilombo timatha kununkhiza bwino, motero timatha kuponyera kachidutswa kamatumba la palafini kapena mafuta a dizilo. Anthu okhala pansi panthaka adzawaona ngati owopseza ndipo achoka m'gawolo.
Makoswe sangathe kuletsa kununkhira kwa chowawa, elderberry, peppermint, muzu wakuda ndi mankhwala, gramu, fungo losasangalatsa lomwe limachokera ku babu yeniyeni. Mukabzala mbewu zotere pamalopo, mutha kuyembekeza kuti makulidwewo adzadutsa. Sakonda makoswe a mole ndi phokoso lochulukirapo, chifukwa ndi manja awo omwe mumatha kupanga repeller yomwe ingathandize kuwathamangitsa:
- Chidutswa cholimbitsa chimakonzedwera pansi kuti masentimita 40 akhale pamwamba pamwamba.
- Amayika chidebe chopanda kanthu pamenepo, ndikuyembekeza nyengo yamvula.
- Kuchokera pamatumba a banki ayamba kugunda zokhoma, ndipo phokoso losasangalatsa lifalikira mobisa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino polimbana ndi tizirombo ndi zida zapadera zomwe zimatulutsa ma ultrasound. Pogula chida choterocho, muyenera kulabadira mfundo izi:
- Radius yochitira. Sungani malowa ndi chipangizo chimodzi sizikugwira ntchito. Nthawi yomweyo muyenera kugula angapo omwe akupanga emitters.
- Kupezeka kwa makonda. Payenera kukhala kotheka kusintha ma frequency. Kupanda kutero, makoswe azizolowera ndikuleka kuzungulira malowo.
Ubwino wazida izi ndikuti umachotsa tizirombo tina. Tsambali lipitilira chitetezo chodalirika.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwamadzi
Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi kuthana ndi tizirombo ndi njira yotengera nthawi:
- Mufunika kupeza komwe kuli burashi ya mole khoswe, ndikukumba m'malo angapo.
- Bweretsani payipi yamadzi m'mabotolo ndikudzaza timipata tonse ndi iyo.
- Pambuyo pake nyamayo imaganiza zosiya kabowo, ndipo akhoza kuyikhomera.
Asaka nyumba
Kusaka agalu omwe azolowera kuzunza mobisa kungathandizire kupulula makoswe. Zoyenerera bwino pazolinga zotere, ma dachshunds ndi. Mphaka akagwira makoswe, amathanso kuphunzitsidwa kusaka makoswe. Makamaka pankhani ya amphaka amphaka omwe ali okonzeka kuchita chilichonse kuteteza ana ake.
Kuti akope tizilombo, muyenera kukumba labusinthala yake, osachepera mita, kukumba bowo lina masentimita 40 pafupi ndi panjirayo. Monga mukuwonera, pali njira zambiri zolimbana ndi makoswe. Ena mwa iwo ndi amisala, pomwe ena ndi ankhanza.
Ndi thandizo lawo, mutha kuwononga tizirombo, kapena kuonetsetsa kuti achoka pamalowo. Popeza kuti ali ndi miyendo yosakhazikika bwino, nyama sizingapite patali, koma kungosamukira kwa oyandikana nawo. Kumbali imodzi, makoswe amadzetsa mavuto ambiri paminda, ndipo kumbali ina, adalembedwa mu Red Book. Chifukwa, momwe mungachotsere makosweKuti mumuphe kapena ayi, iyi ndi nkhani yachinsinsi kwa aliyense wokhala pachilimwe.
Kodi nyama yamtunduwu ndi yamtundu wanji?
Ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa kuti palinso tizilombo tomwe timatha kutenga gawo lalikulu la mbewuzo kuchokera kwa eni ake. Ndizosatheka kuwona pansi panthaka chifukwa cha zinthu monga kuwononga mbewu.
Zambiri Zambiri:
- Tizilombo titha kukula mpaka 30 cm.
- Alibe maso, ndipo m'malo mwawo mumakhala khungu, kumtunda kwake kumatsuka tsitsi.
- Mchira ndi makutu sizikulu konse, ndipo miyendo yakutsogolo ndiyifupi.
- Chovala chanyamacho chimakhala ndi mthunzi wakuda ndi wamtambo, ndipo achikulire amadziwika ndi "imvi" yodziwika bwino.
- Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timakhala ndi timatabwa tambiri totsogola tomwe timathandizira kukumba pansi patali mobisa. Zoyambitsa 2 zokha zakutsogolo ndizodziwika bwino.
- Tizilomboti timakumba timiyala tambiri tambiri.
- Zakudya za nyama zimaphatikizapo mbatata, kaloti, beets, mphutsi, tizilombo, ndi zina zambiri. Kwambiri amakonda kwambiri anyezi.
- Chingwe chamagetsi chikawoneka pachawo, chimayamba kuwononga mbewu zazikulu, ndikuzikoka ndikukumba. Pambuyo pake, amadya nsonga, ndikuyika mizu mosungiramo. Nthawi zina mu storages ake mpaka 50 kg zosiyanasiyana mizu mbewu.
- Sikovuta kudziwa kukhalapo kwa nyamayi ngati mutchera khutu kuzilonda zazitali, zomwe zimakhala zofananira ndi khomo lanyongolotsi. Malo oterowo amatha kuwoneka m'mundamu ndi pafupi ndi iwo.
Zifukwa za maonekedwe
Izi, monga ena ambiri, likuyang'ana kena kake kopindulitsa. Mwachilengedwe, m'nyumba yanyumba kapena chilimwe, eni ake amakulitsa chilichonse chofunikira kudyetsa makoswe. Kuphatikiza pa masamba, pali nyongolotsi ndi tizilombo tambiri pamalowo. Mukakolola zochuluka pachimelo, pamakhala mwayi woti tizilombo tomwe tiziwoneka pano.
Galu la mole silimazizira nyengo yachisanu, ndiye kuti chakudya chambiri chimafunikira. Ndikotheka kuti tizilombo timeneti timakhala m'dera lomwe amasamalira mbewuyo.
Kuchokera pa zomwe zidachitika pang'onopang'ono pali masamba ambiri m'munda wamitundumitundu, komanso m'malo obisika, momwe nyamayo imasungira gawo la zokolola zomwe eni ake ali m'minda yawo. Monga lamulo, amadya makamaka msipu wobiriwira, ndikuwonjezeranso mizu yachisanu. Ngakhale khola limodzi limatha kutenga gawo lalikulu la mbewu.Ngati pamapezeka anthu angapo pamalopo, mutha kuyiwala za zokolola zambiri monga mbatata, anyezi, beets ndi kaloti.
Kuphatikiza apo, amakumba madawo akuluakulu, okhala ndi mainchesi 5 mpaka 15, chifukwa amawononga mbewu zina pamalopo. Ma batire apansi amatha kukhala akuya mainchesi atatu, ndipo apamwamba kwambiri akuya masentimita 10. Makatani oterewa mobisika nthawi zambiri samapereka chitukuko chambiri kwa mbewu zambiri zobzalidwa.
Momwe mungachotsere makoswe mderalo
Omwe amayenera kulimbana ndi ndodoyi adawunikiranso kuti phulusa limagwera pansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nkhondo yolimbana nawo ikhale yolimba. Monga tanena kale, nyamayo imatha kukumba mozama mainchesi atatu, chifukwa chake, kuti mutenge, muyenera kukumba malo onse. Pamenepa, eni ambiri akuganiza momwe angapangire nyama kuti apulumutse mbewu. Monga mukuwonera, mtengo wa zovuta ndizofunika kwambiri.
Ogwira ntchito zamaluwa aluso adayesa njira zambiri ndikufufuza momwe angachotsere dera losafunikira ili. Ndipo apa chinthu chofunikira kwambiri sikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu, chifukwa anthu angapo omwe ali ndi ana awo atha kulanda mbewuyo, makamaka chifukwa makoswe amatulutsa mabere mwachangu.
Ntchito msampha
Misampha imagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi makoswe ambiri, kuphatikizapo kuthana ndi makoswe. Koma choyambirira, ndibwino kudziwa yemwe amaba mbewuzo, kuti zotsatira zakukhazikitsa misampha ndizokwanira.
Kuti muthane ndi vuto loyenera kuchita izi:
- Choyamba, muyenera kupenda malowo mosamala kuti mupeze khomo la dzenje.
- Pamalo ano, muyenera kukumba bwino bwino, kuti kusokonekera kuonekere mu makoswe. Kupumula kumapangidwa pafupi ndi khomo lolowera mtunda wa 50 cm ndipo mumayikiridwa msampha. Kuchokera pamwamba msampha wokutidwa ndi plywood.
- Popeza kuti tizilombo timeneti tikuwopa kusodza, chizingotuluka mu dzenje kuti chivundikire. Zotsatira zake, nyamayo imagwera mumsampha.
Ena mwa eni akuphwanya dothi ndipo mkati mwa njira zingapo zamiyala yambiri, makontena amadziyikiratu, chifukwa choti makoswe sangatuluke. Iyi ndi nthawi yowononga nthawi, chifukwa muyenera kukumba pansi kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, sizotheka nthawi zonse kupeza zotsatira zomwe mukufuna.
Zindikirani! Pali njira imodzi koma yabwino yothanirana ndi oyandikana nawo. Kuti muchite izi, tengani mbozi, ikanyowetsereni mafuta, palafini ndi zinthu zina zonunkhira, ndikuyika pansi dothi ili m'malo osiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, nyamazo sizigwira bwino mafuta ofunikira a mbewu monga bulugamu, mkungudza, lavenda ndi ena.
Kufotokozera kwa ma rat ambiri
Kutalika kwambiri kwa mapendawa kumafika masentimita 32 ndipo kulemera kwawo ndi 700 g. Ali ndi thupi lalitali mokhazikika ngati cylinder, khosi lalifupi, paws ndi mchira komanso mutu wothambalala kumtunda. Makutu a nyamazo saonekera, ndipo maso amabisika pansi pa khungu ndipo sakutuluka. Mitundu ya anthu osiyanasiyana ikhoza kukhala ndi kusiyana.
Tsitsi zofewa lalifupi la makoswe a mole nthawi zambiri limawoneka ngati msanganizo wa bulauni, imvi ndi bulauni pamitundu yosiyanasiyana, nthawi zina malo owala amapezeka pamutu ndi thupi. Makoswe amakhala ndi mphuno yotakata, nthawi zambiri imakakidwa yakuda kapena yofiirira. Pokumana koyamba ndi makoswe wamba, zoyambira zapamwamba komanso zam'munsi zimatsogola kumaso.
Komwe makoswe wamba amakhala
Kuti zikhale kosatha, makoswe wamba amakonda kusankha njira yotsata kapena nkhalango. Amakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi mitengo, m'misewu yogawa minda, ndi misewu yamatchire. Itha kupezeka ku Russia, Ukraine ndi Moldova. Kumpoto kwa mtunduwo, makoswe wamba amatengedwa ngati osowa, ngakhale ndi mitundu yotchuka yamtundu wake, yomwe imaphatikizanso mchenga, chimphona, Bukovinian ndi Podolsk mole makoswe.
Pakadali pano, kuteteza zachilengedwe zochulukirazi kukuwopsezedwa ndikulima kwa nthaka, miyeso yosintha malo ndikuteteza mbewu. Pakadali pano, sizinganenedwe kuti mtunduwu watsala pang'ono kutha. Kuda nkhawa pakati pa mabungwe komwe kumachitika kumangokhudza kusungidwa kwa anthu kumadera ena kumpoto ndi kum'mwera komwe makoswe wamba amakhala. Buku Lofiyira la International Protection Union lili nacho pamndandanda. Chifukwa cha izi, kulanda nyama m'malo ena ndizoletsedwa, ndipo zochita za anthu m'malo awo okhala ndizochepa.
Momwe makoswe wamba amakhala
Makoswe wamba, mwachidule, moyo wawo wonse, ndipo izi ndi zapakati pa zaka 2,5 mpaka 4, ndizabisala, kukumba misewu yovuta kwambiri ndikupanga chakudya. Kwambiri, nyama imakonda mizu, tubers ndi mababu a mbewu, komanso imatha kusangalala ndi tsinde ndi masamba. Pafupifupi makilogalamu 10 a chakudya ayenera kukonzedwa ndi makoswe am'nyengo yachisanu. Pakadali pano chaka, ntchito yake yofunika imachepa kwambiri, koma makentedwe ake sakhala obisika.
Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa ma rat ndi anthu atatu pa hekitala iliyonse, koma kuchuluka kwake kumatha kufika pa 20. Pogwiritsa ntchito zofunikira zakuthwa ndi ma tchire, nyama zimadula mabatani awo. Chingwe chapamwamba chimakhala chakuya masentimita 20-25, ndipo m'munsi, pomwe mamolekitala amapanga nyumba zachiwerewere ndikugawa chakudya, ali pakuya kwa mamita 3-4. Zibowo zakunja sizikhala zokhazokha, koma zimangopangidwira kuti muchotse dothi pansi .
Momwe nyama imaberekera
Makonda a makoswe wamba amapangidwa ndi magulu am'banja, omwe amaphatikizapo wamwamuna m'modzi kapena wamkazi kapena awiri. Ngati pali akazi awiri, amadzaberekanso chaka chimodzi. Kukwatirana kumachitika mchimake, ndipo ana opangidwa ndi ana atatu atha kubadwa kuyambira pa febulo mpaka Meyi. Theka la anyaniwa amakhala mosiyana ndipo sabala ana.
Kukhazikika kwa nyama zazing'ono kumachitika patali la makumi kapena mazana mamitala. Akazi amachita izi chaka choyamba cha moyo, akukwera pamwamba, zomwe zikufotokozera kufa kwawo kwakukulu. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zomwe zimasaka mbalame zodyedwa ndi nkhandwe. Amuna amapatukana ndi amayi awo patatha chaka chimodzi, osasiya matumbo a dziko lapansi. Mdani wamkulu wapansi panthaka wa makoswe wamba ndi steppe polecat.
Tizilombo
Ma labyrinths oyenda pansi panthaka ali abwino kwa moyo wa makoswe, koma amatha kubweretsa nkhawa kwa anthu. Ngati dimba kapena dimba lasanduka manyowa, mutha kunenanso kuti mkango ukamabzala. Mwambiri, nyamayi imakonda kaloti, mbatata ndi anyezi. Imathanso kulawa maluwa anyezi, nyemba, chimanga ndi mitengo yaying'ono.
Milu yosatha, malo ochepera, kutha kwadzidzidzi kwa mbewu zobzalidwa ngakhale mitengo yaying'ono - izi ndi zomwe anthu amawona pamene mbewe wamba imakhazikika pamtunda wawo. Kufotokozera kwa kuwononga kwake kungathe kupitilizidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, ndikuwayimitsa ndi ntchito yosatheka kwa ambiri.
Momwe mungayendetsere ngongole ya mole
Funso limodzi lokha limapezeka ngati khoswe wamba wobzalidwa pamunda wabwino - angachotse bwanji tizilombo? Kwa ambiri, iyi imakhala ntchito yosatheka. Kupatula apo, nyamayo imabisala pansi nthawi zonse komanso kupezeka kwake, ndikupanga milu yatsopano ndikuwononga mbewu zobzalidwa, usiku wokha.
Ndikofunika kuyesa kupanga zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyamayo ichokere kumtunda. Njira zambiri zidapangidwira izi, koma palibe ndi imodzi yomwe imatsimikizira kuti nyamayo imathawa kwamuyaya. Koma, komabe, ndikofunikira kuchita chilichonse kuti muchotseretu mole popanda kutaya magazi ake.
Njira imodzi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndikudzaza ngalande ndi madzi. Koma izi zitha kufuna madzi ochulukirapo, popeza magawo a pansi pa nyamayo ali ndi nthambi zambiri. Ndipo ngati dothi limatenga chinyontho mwachangu, njirayi ndi yopanda ntchito konse. Ena amayesa kusuta fodya wokhala ndi miyendo inayi ndi utsi, kuthira mafuta palafini kapena fetid mu dzenje. Njira inanso ndikupanga phokoso losasunthika m'dera lomwe akukhalamo, lomwe makoswe wamba samalekerera. Kapenanso, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kukhazikitsa kwa omwe akupanga obwezeretsanso.
Njira zosinthira zochotsera makoswe
Pakakhala kotheka kuthamangitsa makoswe, ena amapitilira muyeso wina kwambiri - kupha. Kuti muchite izi, mutha kuyang'ana nyamayo ndikutsegula chimodzi mwa mayendedwe ake. Sakonda zojambula, motero adzafuna kutseka dzenje ndi nthaka. Atangoyandikira, padzakhala mwayi woti amuwononge.
Njira ina ndikupanga dzenje mu dzenjelo ndikuikamo msampha kuti mbeuyo imalowamo mwa njirayo yotseguka yotseguka. Ndikofunika kuti msinjawo ulibe fungo la munthu, chifukwa chake ndi woyenera kulipaka ndi mbatata kapena nthaka. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito poizoni kupha makoswe. Koma ngati pali china chake chaphindu patsambalo, makoswewo sangayesedwe ndi zakudya za poizoni.
Wamba makoswe ndi makoswe, omwe ochepa adawona amoyo. Moyo wapansi pansi ndi zochitika zausiku zinapangitsa kuti ochepa adziwe za kukhalapo kwake. Ambiri angakonde kuti asadziwe konse za kukhalapo kwa munthu wokhala pansi panthaka, mmalo mowona momwe amawonongera mbewu zomwe zikulira pamalopo.