Ufumu: Nyama (Animalia).
Mtundu: Chordata (Chordata).
Gulu: mbalame (Aves).
Dongosolo: Falconiformes.
Banja: hawk (Accipitridae).
Chingwe: Odyera njoka (Circaetus).
Nyama: Zakudya za njoka (Circaetus gallicus).
Kodi amakhala kuti?
Wodya-njoka amapezeka m'nkhalango ndi gawo lankhondo ku Europe ku Russia. Kuswana kochepa ku Caucasus komanso ku Asia gawo ladzikoli, makamaka pamalire ndi Kazakhstan, adadziwika. Kunja kwa Russian Federation, anthu omwe amadya njoka amakhala ku North-West Africa, Central ndi Southern Europe, Asia Minor, Middle East, komanso madera ena a India ndi Pakistan. Anthu omwe amadya njoka nthawi zonse amakhala mbalame zosamukasamuka. Amakhala nthawi yozizira kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa. Mbiri yayikulu idayikidwa ndi wodya njoka, woyenda mtunda wa makilomita 4700 paulendo wochokera ku France kupita kumalo achisanu ku Republic of Niger.
Kufotokozera kwa njoka
Ngakhale kuti omwe amadya njoka nthawi zina amatchedwa chiwombankhanga, powoneka ngati mbalame zoterezi ndizofanana pang'ono, kotero ndizosatheka kuzisakaniza. "Mphungu yokhala ndi zala zazifupi" - ndi pansi pa dzinali kuti wakudya njoka amadziwika kuti aku Britain, ndipo krachun amatchedwa mbalameyi ndi anthu, ndikutero mbalame zina zomwe zimadya.
Mukutanthauzira kwenikweni kuchokera ku Chilatini, dzina la mbalame yachilendoyi limamveka ngati "chubby", chifukwa cha mawonekedwe akulu ndi ozungulira a mutuwo, kupatsa kufanana kwa kadzidzi.
Zizindikiro zakunja
Wodya njoka amakhala ndi kukula kwakukulu: kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala pakati pa 67-72 cm, ndipo mapiko amafika masentimita 190. Omwe amadyera njoka amatha kulemera kuchokera ku 1,2 mpaka 2.3 kg. Monga ziwunda zina, zazikazi ndizokulirapo pang'ono kuposa zazimuna, koma oimilira a amuna ndi akazi ali ndi khungu lofananira. Mwachilengedwe, amatha kuzindikiridwa ndi kuunika kwakunja kwa thupi, kosunthika ndi madontho akuda ndi mawanga, komanso kunenepa kwa bulauni kumaso ndi elytra. Maonekedwe amatulutsa chilombo. Mutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi mbewa yolowera pansi, maso achikasu akuyang'ana patali, malaya akuthwa okonzeka nthawi iliyonse kuti akumbire mwachangu mthupi la wozunzidwayo - uku ndiye kuwonekera kwa wakudya wanjoka.
Moyo
Njira ya moyo wodya njokayo imangokhala yogonjera chakudya choyenera chake - njokayo. Njoka, njoka, njoka, akopotala ndi nyama zina zopanda nyama ndizo chakudya chachikulu cha zilombo zokhala ndi mbewa. Wodya njoka amadyetsa abuluzi nthawi zochepa. Wakudya njoka ndi mfumu yothawirako, amakhala nthawi yayitali mlengalenga, kufunafuna yemwe angamugwire kuchokera kumwamba. Nthawi zambiri pakati pa njoka ndi wakudya njoka, kumachitika nkhondo yoopsa. Njokayo ili ndi poizoni, mbalameyo imafunika kulimba mtima kwambiri kuti ipambane.
Izi ndi mbalame zopanda phokoso, zomwe mawu ake amatha kumveka nthawi yakukhwima. Amafika msinkhu wazaka zitatu mpaka zinayi. Maanja amapanga kamodzi kwa moyo wawo wonse. Odyera njoka amapanga zisa zazing'ono zosakhwima momwe mitengo ili pamwamba pa mitengoyo, ndikuiyika ndi nthambi zobiriwira ndi zikopa za njoka. Chisa chomwecho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zaka zingapo. Yaikazi imayikira dzira lokhalo lomwe limapanga masiku 47. Mwana wankhuku amabadwa wofooka komanso wopanda thandizo. Zimatha kutenga masiku ena 60 kapena 80 kufikira atakhala olimba kuti atuluke mu chisa cha kholo. Nthawi zambiri, omwe amadya njoka amakhala pafupifupi zaka 17.
Mu Buku Lofiira la Russia
Zamoyo zina ndi zina mwa magulu ofunikira kwambiri pazamoyo, popanda izi ndizosatheka kukhalabe ndi moyo zachilengedwe. Tsoka ilo, ndi omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala oyamba kuwukiridwa, kuwonongedwa mwadala ndi munthu kapena kuwonekera pangozi ina yamtundu wina. Chiwombankhanga, chomwe ndi chimodzi mwazosowa komanso zosangalatsa kwambiri cha nyama zaku Russia, tsopano zalembedwa mu Red Book ngati mitundu yofalikira ponseponse. Chiwerengero chokwanira cha anthu aku Russia ndi awiriawiri okha. Kuchulukana kwa mitundu kunayamba kuchepa kuyambira mkati mwa zaka za XIX. Zachidziwikire kuti chaka chilichonse pamakhala zotsalira zochepa zomwe zimakhala zoyenera kusaka ndi kusaka anthu omwe amadya njoka.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa njoka kukuchepa kulikonse, motero mbalame zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusowa kwa chakudya. Odyera njoka nawonso adawonongedwa mwachindunji, panali nthawi yomwe bonasi idadaliridwanso kupha mbalame yodya nyama. Pokhala osamala komanso osamala, omwe amadyera njoka amakhala tcheru kwambiri chifukwa cha nkhawa, makamaka nthawi yakuswa. Mbalameyi silivomereza kukhala muukapolo ndipo imakhala yochenjera kwambiri komanso siyikayikira anthu. Mitunduyi imatetezedwa m'malo ambiri osungirako ku Europe ku Russia.
Chochititsa chidwi
Iwo omwe anali ndi mwayi wokwanira kuwona njira yodyetsera anapiye omwe amadya njoka amati ichi ndi chithunzi chosangalatsa komanso chachilendo kwambiri. Mwana wamwamuna kapena wamkazi, amene amalumphira m'chisa, amatsegula pakamwa pake, ndipo mwana wankhuku amayamba kutulutsa njoka kuti izitulutsa pakhosi la kholo. Nthawi zambiri gawo ili limatenga mphindi 10 kapena kupitirira. Akwaniritsa cholingacho, anapiye amayamba kumeza njokayo paokha, osalephera kuyambira kumutu. Mwana wankhuku atayamba molakwika kumera, nthawi yomweyo amalavulira njokayo ndikuyambiranso. Nthawi zambiri, njoka zikadalipo, motero anapiye ayenera kuwonetsa kulimba mtima kwapadera komanso kulimba mtima kuti athe kuthana ndi ziweto.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Anthu ena amasokoneza amene amadya njoka ndi chiwombankhanga, koma osamala kwambiri amawona kufanana pakati pawo. Kutanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chilatini, dzinalo krachun limatanthawuza "nkhope yozungulira". Mutu wa wodya njoka ndiwokulirapo, wozungulira, ngati kadzidzi. A Britain adamupatsa dzina "chiwombankhanga chala ndi zala zazifupi."
Zala zake ndi zazifupi kuposa zakuba, ziboda zakuda ndizokhota. Maso ndi akulu, achikaso kutsogolo. Chimawoneka bwino kwambiri. Mlomo wake ndi waukulu, wamphamvu, wamaso amaso, mbali zake ndizosanjidwa, ndikugwada.
Zolimbitsa thupi ndi zolimba. Mtundu wa mbalame yam'mbuyo ndi yofiirira, malo a khosi ndi a bulauni, nthenga zimakhala zowala pamimba ndi malo amdima. Mikwingwirima yakuda ili pamapiko ndi mchira. Matamba ndi zala zake ndi zofiirira. Achinyamata nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi utoto wowala komanso wakuda kwambiri. Nthawi zina mutha kukumana ndi njoka yakuda.
Monga ananenera, wakudya njoka ndi wamkulu, makulidwe ake amafanana ndi tsekwe. Kutalika kwa mbalame mbalame yayikulu kukafika masentimita 75, mapikowo ndi odabwitsa (kuyambira 160 mpaka 190 cm). Kulemera kwakukulu kwa akuluakulu ndi 2 kg. Akazi amakhala ndi maonekedwe ofanana ndi amuna, koma ndi okulirapo kuposa iwo (uku ndi kuwonera zakugonana).
Amadyera njoka Zili pagulu la mbalame, dongosolo la Falconiformes, banja la achifwamba. Mwachilengedwe, pali mitundu ingapo ya anthu omwe amadya njoka. Odziwika kwambiri ndi awa.
- Wodya-njoka wamba ndiocheperako (mpaka 70 cm kutalika). Kumbuyo ndikuda, khosi ndi m'mimba ndizowala. Maso ndi achikasu owala. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mtundu wofanana ndi akulu.
- Tsitsi lakuda limafikira kutalika kwa masentimita 68, mapiko okhala ndi mapiko a 178 masentimita, kulemera kwa 2.3 kg. Mutu ndi chifuwa ndi zofiirira kapena zakuda (motero dzina). Mimba ndi mkati mwa mapikowo ndizopepuka.
- Wodya njoka wa Baudouin ndiye gulu lalikulu kwambiri. Mapiko ake ali pafupifupi masentimita 170. Kumbuyo, kumutu ndi pachifuwa, mankhwalawo ndi otuwa. Mimba imakhala yowala ndi mitundu yaying'ono yamdima. Miyendo ndi imvi.
- Brown ndiye woimira wamkulu kwambiri wamtunduwu. Kutalika pafupifupi 75 cm, mapiko 164 cm, kulemera kwa thupi mpaka 2,5 kg. Kunja kwamapiko ndi thupi ndi kofiirira, mkati mwake ndi imvi. Pa mchira wa bulauni pali mikwingwirima yopepuka.
- Korachun yakum'mwera imakhala ndi kukula (kutalika kosaposa 60 cm). Msana ndi chifuwa ndi zofiirira zakuda, mutu ndi mthunzi wopepuka. Pali zingwe zazing'ono zoyera pamimba. Mchirawo umakhala wotalikirana ndi mikwingwirima yoyera.
- Omangidwa wosaka njoka ndi mbalame yotenthetsera yomwe ili ndi mapiko ozungulira ndi mchira wawung'ono. Ziwawa kuchokera ku imvi mpaka yakuda. Pamutu pali wokhulupirira wakuda ndi woyera (chifukwa chake dzinalo), ali wokondwa kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza pa mabanjawa, kuli Madagascar ndi omwe amadya njoka kumadzulo. Ku Russia, kuli anthu omwe amadya njoka ku Europe ndi ku Turkestan.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Zakudya kudyetsa njoka yopapatiza mokwanira, menyu azikhala ochepa. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zimadya njoka, njoka, zokoka ndi nkhono, nthawi zina abuluzi. M'nyengo yozizira, njoka zambiri zimagwera makina ojambula, pomwe moyo wa mthupi umayenda pang'ono kapena kusiya, ndichifukwa chake amakhala m'malo okhazikika.
Asaka okhala ndi mbewa zokhala ndi ululu amalondola zomwe agwirira pasanafike nthawi yamasana, pomwe pali chiwonetsero chazokondera. Mbalame zimachita ndi liwiro la mphezi, chifukwa chomwe wolakwirayo alibe nthawi yolimbana nayo. Kuphatikiza apo, zishango zowopsa zimakhala pamiyendo ya mbalame, zomwe zimatetezera.
Kuphatikiza pa zokwawa, zakudya zokhala ndi thukuta zimakhala ndi akamba, mbewa, achule, ma hedgehogs, akalulu, ndi mbalame zazing'ono. Mbodzi wamkulu amatenga njoka zazing'onoting'ono zazing'ono patsiku.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Odyera njoka amapanga mabanja atsopano nyengo iliyonse. Okwatirana ena amakhala okhulupilika kwa wina ndi mnzake kwa zaka zingapo. Zovina zaukwati ndizosavuta. Amuna amathamangitsa akazi, kenako wamkazi amakhala pamtengo.
Kenako yamphonyayo imaponyera mwala pansi mamita angapo, kenako ndikukwera kumwamba. Nthawi zina pamlomo wake amagwira nyama yakufa, yomwe imagwada pansi, kwinaku ikulira.
Atangochoka kumalo otentha (koyambirira kwa kasupe), mbalame zimayamba kumanga zisa. Imamangidwa kumtunda kwa mtengowo kuti adani ake asadutse ana. Ndizolimba, banjali lakhala likugwiritsa ntchito kwa zaka zingapo, koma sizolondola komanso zocheperako.
Zachikazi sizikwanira kwathunthu pachisa: mutu wake ndi mchira wake zikuwoneka kuchokera kunja. Maanja onse akugwira ntchito yomanga, koma amunawo amawononga nthawi yambiri, chisamaliro ndi chisamaliro. Zisa za mbalame zimakhala pamiyala, mitengo, ndi tchire lalitali.
Zida zazikulu zomangira ndi nthambi ndi mfundo. Pafupipafupi, chisa chija ndi 60cm komanso mainchesi oposa 25. Mkati mwake mumadzaza ndi udzu, nthambi zobiriwira, nthenga ndi zidutswa za zikopa za njoka. Mphesa zimakhala ngati zobisika komanso zoteteza dzuwa.
Kulakwitsa kumachitika kuyambira mwezi wa March mpaka Meyi ku Europe, mu Disembala ku Hindustan. Nthawi zambiri, dzira limodzi limakhala m'manja. Ngati mazira awiri akuwoneka, ndiye kuti mluza m'modzi umwalira, pomwe makolowo amasiya kuyang'anira posakhalitsa mwana wakhanda woyamba. Chifukwa cha izi, omwe amadya njoka amawona ngati mbalame yaulesi.
Mazira ndi oyera, odera mawonekedwe. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga masiku 45. Wamphongo amatenga udindo wonse kwa mai ndi makanda obadwa kumene. Yaikazi imayamba kuthawa mwezi ukangotha kubadwa kwa anapiye. Ana akhanda nthawi zambiri amaphimbidwa ndi fluff yoyera. Pakachitika ngozi, mayiyo amasamutsa chisa chiacho ku chisa china.
Poyamba, anawo amadyetsedwa ndi nyama yodulidwa, pamene anapiyewo atasanduka milungu iwiri, amapatsidwa njoka zazing'ono. Mwana wankhuku atayamba kudya njoka kuchokera mchira, makolowo amasankha nyama ndi kuwakakamiza kudya kuchokera kumutu. Kuphatikiza apo, amayesa kubweretsa mwana njoka yamoyo kuti pang'onopang'ono iphunzire kulimbana ndi nyama.
Pazaka zitatu zokha, anapiyewo amatha kuthana ndi kutalika kwa 80 cm komanso 40 cm mulifupi. Mbalame zazing'ono zimayenera kutola chakudya kuchokera kumakolo a makolo awo: achikulire amabweretsa njoka zamoyo, zomwe anapiye ake amkoka mchira.
Pamiyezi iwiri kapena itatu, mbalame zimapita kuphiko, koma kwa miyezi iwiri imakhala "chifukwa cha makolo". Pa nthawi yonse yodyetsa, makolowo amapereka njoka pafupifupi 260 kwa mwana wankhuku. Moyo wopulumutsa njoka ndi zaka 15.
Zosangalatsa
Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti phokosili lili ndi mawu osangalatsa kwambiri, okumbutsa phokoso la chitoliro kapena Oriole. Akuchita nyimbo yachimwemwe kubwerera ku chisa chake. Akazi amakhala ndi mawu osamveka bwino. Mutha kuwona kusaka kudya kosaka njoka. Mbalameyi imakhala ndi maso abwino kwambiri, motero imasaka kumwamba.
Amatha kuwuluka kwa nthawi yayitali mlengalenga, kufunafuna nyama. Poona wovutikayo, amadziponyera pansi ndi mwala, akukwera kuthamanga mpaka 100 km / h, amafalitsa mawondo ake ndikukumba mawaya ake mthupi la njokayo. Khwangwala kamodzi, yemwe amadya njoka amagwira njoka pamutu, winayo ndi thupi, mothandizidwa ndi mulomo, amaluma zala pakhosi.
Njoka ikadali ndi moyo, wowotchera nthawi zonse amadya kumutu. Samangiduladula, ndikuimeza yonse. Pakapumira kamodzi, njoka imadyera. Wodya njoka pachithunzichi Nthawi zambiri imaperekedwa ndi njoka.
Ndikusaka njoka odya njoka wamba imadziyika pangozi nthawi zonse, koma sikuti nthawi zonse imwalira chifukwa choluma. Anthu omwe amadya njoka ali pamavuto, opunduka. Ngakhale kuchedwetsa pang'ono kungamuwonongere moyo wake.
Njokayo imatha kusokoneza mbalameyo kuchokera kumutu mpaka kumapazi, kuzisandutsa chakudya. Chitetezo chachikulu cha yemwe amadya njoka ndi nthenga zowopsa ndi mphamvu. Akatswiri a zamankhwala achita umboni kangapo, pomwe chosinkhira chomata "cholimbira" cholimba chidagwira njoka ndi mutu wake mpaka chinafa.
Mutha kuwona mbalame zikuyenda wapansi kuti zikatenge chakudya pansi. Komanso, akamasaka, wosaka njoka amayenda m'madzi osaya, atagwira nyama yake. Agogo akuluakulu amatha kupulumuka pakalibe chithandizo chomwe amakonda, koma amadyetsa anapiye okha ndi njoka.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, munthu amene amadya njoka amadya njoka pafupifupi 1000. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amadya njoka chikuchepa. Izi ndichifukwa cha zifukwa zosiyanasiyana: kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kupha nsomba, kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha zokwawa. Chifukwa chake, mitunduyi yalembedwa mu Buku Lofiira.
Mawonekedwe
Kwa m'modzi mwamanyazi komanso owoneka modabwitsa kwambiri kuposa anthu okhala ndi nyama zokhala ndi khungu, mtundu wonyezimira kwambiri wamtundu wamkati mwa thupi umadziwika. Poterepa, pali mitundu ingapo yayikulu ya omwe amadya njoka:
- Wodya nsoka wakuda ndi nyama yolusa, yotalika masentimita 68, ndipo mapiko ake ali ndi 178 masentimita, osaposa 2.2-2.3 kg. Mutu wa mbalameyi komanso malo a chifuwa amakongoletsedwa ndi maonekedwe amtundu wakuda kapena wakuda. Pamalo am'mimba ndi mkati mwa mapiko, malo opepuka amapezeka. Maso amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa golide wachikasu wagolide,
- Kadyedwe ka njoka ka Baudouin ndi mbalame yaikulupo yayitali yokhala ndi mapiko ofika masentimita 170. M'dera la kumbuyo ndi kumutu, komanso pachifuwa, pamakhala nthenga zofiirira. Mimba ya mbalameyi imakhala ndi utoto wowala bwino komanso kupezeka kwa timizeremizere tofiirira. Miyendo yokhala ndi imvi.
- Wodya njoka wakuda ndiye woimira wamkulu wamtunduwu. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu ndi masentimita 75, ndi mapiko a 164 cm ndi kulemera kwa makilogalamu 2.3-2,5. Mbali yakumtunda ya mbalameyo yapakidwa utoto wonyezimira wakuda, ndipo mkati mwa mapikowo muli mtundu waimvi. Dera lam mchira ndi lofiirira ndi mikwingwirima yopepuka,
- kum'mwera komwe kumakhala mitambo yamtambo ndi mbalame yowerengeka pang'ono, kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 58-60. Zowoneka za utoto wakuda zimakhala kumbuyo ndi pachifuwa cha wolusa. Mutu umadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa mthunzi wa bulauni. Kudutsa pamimba pali timizere tating'ono toyera. Kapangidwe kam mchira wotalikirapo kamakhala ndi mikwingwirima yoyera yayitali.
Achichepere okhala ndi utoto wamitundu yambiri amafanana ndi mbalame zazikulu, koma nthenga zowala ndi zakuda. Malo a khosi la munthu wamba yemwe amadya njoka amapaka utoto wonyezimira, ndipo m'mimba mwa mbalameyo mumadziwika kuti ndi mtundu woyera wokhala ndi mitundu yambiri yakuda. Mapiko a munthu wamkulu, komanso mchira wake, amapatsidwa mikwingwirima yakuda yoyenera.
Zomwe zimadziwikanso komanso kuphunziridwa ndi: Nicobar Crested Serpent Eater (Spilornis klossi), Andaman Crested Serpent Eater (Spilornis elgini) ndi Western Striped Serpent Eater (Circaetus cinerascens).
Kugonana kwamanyazi
Akazi achikulire a anthu ochita bwino kwambiri a Nyoka, monga lamulo, ndiwokulirapo komanso wamkulu kwambiri kuposa amphongo, koma palibe kusiyana kowoneka mwa mitundu yayikulu. Poyerekeza wina ndi mzake, anthu akuluakulu omwe amadya njoka amadziwika ndi kusewera komanso kusewera, nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona momwe amuna ndi akazi amakondera komanso kuthamangitsana.
Chosangalatsa kwambiri ndichakuti krachun yamphongo imakhala ndi mawu osangalatsa mosiyana ndi mawu a chitoliro kapena ofanana ndi kuyimba kwa Oriole wamba. Nyimbo yosangalatsayi imachitika pamene mbalameyo ibwerera chisa. Akazi amapanga phokoso loyimbira nyimbo, koma ndi mawu osauka. Nyimbo yotchedwa duet chant imasiyanitsidwa ndi nyimbo zomwe zimapezeka mumtundu wamtambo wakuda ndi osprey.
Habitat, malo okhala
Masiku ano, anthu ambiri amene amadya njoka amakhala ochepa. Ikufotokoza gawo la North West Africa ndi South Eurasia. Mbalame zodya nyama zimakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dera la Palearctic, komanso ku subcontinent ya India.
Kupezeka kwa anthu payekha kumaonekera m'zigawo za Arabia Arabia, ku Zilumba za Sunda, komanso ku Inner Mongolia. Nthawi zambiri, nthumwi za mtunduwu zimapezeka m'maiko otsatirawa: Spain, Maghreb, Portugal, komanso ku Apennines ndi Balkan, ku Central Asia kummawa kwa Nyanja ya Balkhash.
Pamagulu la alendo, oimira nyama za njoka-omwe amadya njoka amasankha kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, kumwera ndi pakati Europe, gawo la Caucasus ndi Asia Minor, komanso Middle East ndi Kazakhstan.
Zakudya zodya njoka
Zakudya za anthu omwe amadya njoka amadziwika ndi mtundu wopendekera, kotero mndandanda wawo umakhala ndi malire ndipo umayimiriridwa ndi njoka, njoka, obera kapena njoka. Nthawi zina mbalame yamphongo imadyera abuluzi. Kutayamba kwa nyengo yozizira, njoka zambiri zomwe zasankha malo obisika zimagona makanema oimilira ndikusaloledwa, zomwe zimatsegula nthawi yosaka kwa anthu omwe amadya njoka.
Kusaka kosaka owala pang'ono kumayamba kulondolera nyama yawo ikadzayamba masana, pomwe ntchito zambiri zapamwamba zimadziwika. Omwe amagwidwa kwambiri ndi nyama zomwe zili ndi mbewa ndi njoka zazing'ono, komanso njoka zapoizoni, kuphatikizapo njoka, gyurza ndi muzzle. Kuchita mwachangu mphezi kumachitidwa ndi mbalameyo, zomwe zimathandiza kupewa kuluma. Zishango za nyanga yomwe ili pamiyendo imatetezanso mbalame.
Zikho zausaka wolusa njoka zimaphatikizaponso anyani ndi akambuku, makoswe ndi akalulu, mbewa ndi hamsters, komanso nkhunda ndi akhwangwala, ndipo mbalame imodzi yotereyi imadya pafupifupi njoka zazing'ono zazing'ono masana.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Odyera njoka, maanja atsopano amapanga nyengo iliyonse. Nthawi zina okwatirana amakhala okhulupilika kwa wina ndi mnzake kwa zaka zingapo. Kuphatikiza apo, poyendetsa ndege za oimira banja la a Hawk ndi gulu lankhondo la Hawk, palibe chodabwitsa. Amphongo amathamangira pafupifupi mamita khumi pansi, kenako mapiko akuuluka awiri amalola kuti mbalame ziziyenda mosavuta. Nthawi zina amuna achikulire amakhala ndi chodzikongoletsera chakufa m'milomo yawo kutsogolo kwa osankhidwa awo, omwe nthawi zambiri amatsikira pansi. Kuchita kotereku kumayendetsedwa ndi kulira kosakhalitsa.
Ntchito yomanga chisa cha mbalameyi imangoyamba kumene kuchokera kumadera otentha, pafupifupi mu Marichi, koma ku Indochina odya njoka amapezeka mu Novembala, nthawi yamalimwe itatha. Onsewa amatenga nawo mbali pantchito yomanga nthawi yomweyo, koma ndi amuna omwe amalipira chidwi, nthawi ndi kuyesetsa kukonzekera chisa chawo. Zisa za mbalame zimakhala pamiyala ndipo mbali yapamwamba ya mitengo, pamitengo yayitali, ndipo amakonda kusankha paini ndi spruce.
Pafupifupi theka la chisa cha nthambi ndi mfundo ndi 60 cm, kutalika kwake kupitirira mita, ndipo mkati mwa mbalameyo mumakhala udzu, nthambi zobiriwira kapena nthenga za mchira. Kulakwitsa kumachitika kuyambira mwezi wa March mpaka Meyi m'dera la ku Europe la magulu, komanso ku Hindustan - mu Disembala. Mazira ndi a elliptical mawonekedwe ndi oyera mu mtundu. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga pafupifupi masiku 45-47. Udindo wonse wodyetsa mayimidwe achikazi wagona pamapewa a mwamunayo, chifukwa chake, kholo limakhala lokonzekera kuthawa kwa mwezi umodzi wokha atabadwa ana.
Poyamba, anawo amadya nyama zodulidwa, koma kuyambira milungu iwiri ana amasungidwa ndi njoka zazing'ono zazing'ono. Pazaka zitatu zokha, anapiye a banja la a Hawk ndi banja la a Hawk amatha kulimbana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokwawa 40mm mpaka 60 cm, ndipo nthawi zina mbalame zazing'ono zimatha kutunga chakudya kuchokera kumakolo a makolo awo. Pafupifupi miyezi iwiri kapena itatu, anawo amakhala amphaka, koma kwa miyezi ina iwiri mbalamezo zimakhala movutikira.
Odyera njoka amafika kutha msinkhu pokhapokha zaka zisanu, pomwe oimira amtunduwo amatha kudzipanga okha ndikuyamba kusamalira ana awo.
Kuchuluka kwa mitundu ndi mitundu ya mitundu
Kuchepetsa malo okhala kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala zachilengedwe komanso kuchepa kwa chakudya, chifukwa chake, oimira nyama omwe ali pangozi, osowa kwambiri masiku ano adalembedwa patsamba la Red Book of Russia komanso mu Red Book of Belarus. Chiwerengero chonse cha anthu onse ku Europe pakadali pano sichidutsa anthu sikisi kapena asanu ndi awiri.