Kestrel wamba | |||||
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![]() Amuna | |||||
Gulu la asayansi | |||||
Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Chinsinsi: | Makanda |
Onani: | Kestrel wamba |
Kestrel wamba (lat. Falco tinnunculus) - mbalame yochokera ku banja la mtundu wa falcon, mbalame yodziwika kwambiri yodya nyama ku Central Europe pambuyo pa buzzard. Mbalame ya 2007 ku Germany ndi 2006 ku Switzerland, chizindikiro cha SOPR (Russian bird Conservation Union) cha 2002. Posachedwa, mbalameyi yayamba kukonda mizinda ndi madera oyandikana nawo, ikukhala pafupi ndi anthu. Imatha kuyendetsa bwino.
Moyo
Pakusaka, kestrel imapachikika mlengalenga, nthawi zambiri imakutumula mapiko ake ndikuyang'ana nyama. Ikazindikira mbewa kapena kachilombo chachikulu, imagwa pansi mwachangu. Khwangwala wamkulu amadya pafupifupi makoswe khumi patsiku.
Kukongola kowonekera kwa kestrel wamba kumakhala kotalika 2.6 kuposa anthu. Munthu yemwe ali ndi masomphenyawa amatha kuwerenga tebulo lonse kuti ayang'anire patali kuchokera pa 90 metres. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalameyi imawona kuwala kwa ultraviolet, motero mankhusu a mkodzo wotsalira ndi makoswe (mkodzo umawala kwambiri m'kuwala kwa ultraviolet ndi kutsitsimuka, kowala), pafupi komwe kuli kutsekemera.
Etymology ya dzinalo
Dzina lasayansi tinnunculus Kestrel wamba imamveka mawu ake, kukumbukira mawuwo "Tee tee", Mtundu, kutalika ndi pafupipafupi zomwe zimasiyana malinga ndi momwe zinthu ziliri. Chilatini tinnunculus amatanthauzira ngati sonor ngakhale kulira.
Mu zilankhulo za East Slavic (kupatula Chiyukireniya, chomwe mbalameyi imatchedwa "Borivіter" yokhala ndi etymology yowonekera) kestrel amachokera ku liwu loti "chopanda kanthu", makamaka chifukwa mbalameyo ndi yosayenera kufumbwa. Malinga ndi mtundu wina, dzina la "kestrel" lomwe mbalame idalandira kuchokera kokasaka m'malo otetezeka (msipu) ndipo limachokera ku "pass" (limveka ngati "pastel") ndipo linali ndi tanthauzo la "kuyang'ana kunja".
Mapaundi
Mu kuchuluka kwa kestrel, kugonana kwamatsenga kumafotokozedwa. Chochititsa chidwi chomwe chimasiyanitsa amuna ndi akazi ndi mtundu wa mutu. Wamphongo amakhala ndi mutu wonyezimira, pomwe wachikazi amakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni. Kuphatikiza apo, kumbuyo kwa bulauni kwamphongo, mutha kusiyanitsa malo ang'onoang'ono akuda, pang'ono oyimbidwa ndi diamondi. Nthenga zapamwamba za mchira wamphongo, kumbuyo kwa msana (m'chiuno) ndi nthenga za mchira (mchira wokha) ndizovala zonyezimira. Pamapeto pa mchira pali zingwe zakuda ndi malire oyera. Wamkatiyo ndi kirimu wowoneka bwino wopepuka ndi mikwaso ya bulauni kapena mawanga. Dera lokhala ndi mapiko komanso kunsi kwa mapiko ake ndi loyera.
Akazi achikulire amasiyanitsidwa ndi gulu lakuda losunthira kumbuyo, komanso mchira wa bulauni wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yopingasa komanso malire omveka kumapeto. Gawo lam'munsi la thupi limakhala lakuda kuposa laimuna, ndipo limayatsidwa ndi mawanga. Mbalame zazing'ono zimafanana ndi zazikazi zazambiri. Komabe, mapiko awo ndi afupikitsa komanso ozungulira pozungulira kuposa akulu. Kuphatikiza apo, nsonga za nthenga za nthenga zimakhala ndi malire. Mphete ya sera ndi mphete yozungulira maso ndi chikaso m'makedzana achikulire, ndipo anapiye amakhala ndi utoto kuchokera ku buluu wowala mpaka wobiriwira.
Mchira wa mbalame zamphongo zonsezo ndi wokulungidwa, chifukwa nthenga za mchira wakunja ndizofupikirapo kuposa pafupifupi. Mu mbalame zazikulu, nsonga zamapiko zimafika kumapeto kwa mchira. Miyendo yake ndi yachikasu, zibwano zakuda.
06.08.2019
Common Kestrel (lat. Falco tinnunculus) ndi wa banja Falcon (Falconidae). Uyu ndi mmodzi mwa oimira kwambiri komanso otchuka kwambiri a Falconiformes (Falconidae). Pakati pa mbalame zodya nyama ku Central Europe, imakhala yachiwiri ndi buzzard (Buteo buteo) kukula kwake. Chiwerengero chonse chikuyerekezedwa ndi akulu akulu mamiliyoni 4-6, ndipo dera lomwe amakhalamo ndioposa mamilimita 10 miliyoni.
Chizindikiro cha kestrel ndi kuthekera kukapachikika mlengalenga malo amodzi. Pofuna kupulumutsa mphamvu, amatha kuchita izi ngakhale ndi mkondo wamphamvu. Mbalameyi imatha kuisunga mutu kuti isayende pansi, kuti thupi lake iziyenda mokhazikika mpaka khosi litatalika mpaka kutalika.
Munthawi izi, amagwiritsa ntchito njira yothandizira kuthawa, zomwe sizitengera mphamvu kwa iye. Kenako, mothandizidwa ndi kukupiza kwamapiko mwachangu, kestrel'yo imagundanso chamtsogolo pang'ono, ndipo khosi lake limapindika. Njirayi imabwerezedwa kangapo motsatana, kulola kuti mbalame ipulumutse mpaka 44% mphamvu. Nthawi zambiri imapachika kutalika kwa 10-20 m kuti isamalire wozunzidwayo.
Mtunduwu udafotokozedwa koyamba mu 1758 ndi msonkho wachi Sweden waku Karl Linney.
Thupi
Kukula kwa mapiko ndi mapiko ake a kestrel kumasiyana kwambiri kutengera ma subspecies ndi munthu payekha. Subtype yoyimiriridwa ku Europe Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus Amuna, pafupifupi, amatalika masentimita 34,5, ndipo zazikazi 36 cm. Mapiko aamuna amakhala pafupifupi pafupifupi masentimita 75, komanso kwa akazi akulu kwambiri - 76 cm.
Amuna ambiri amadya pafupifupi 200 g, zazikazi pafupifupi 20 g zolemera. Amuna, monga lamulo, amakhala ndi kulemera kwakanthawi chaka chonse, ndipo kulemera kwa akazi kumasiyanasiyana: ambiri mwa akazi onse amalemera pakumanga (kuposa 300 g ndi zakudya zabwinobwino). Nthawi yomweyo, pali kulumikizana kwabwino pakati pa kulemera kwa mkazi ndi zotsatira za makulidwe: zazikazi zolemetsa zimapanga zazikulu ndipo zimaswana bwino ana.
Kugawa
Zisa zambiri zodziwika bwino za ma kestrel zimapezeka ku Palearctic. Anthu okhala ku Middle East, North Africa, Asia Minor, Western, Southern ndi gawo lina ku Central Europe akhazikika. Ku Scandinavia ndi Eastern Europe, komanso ku Europe kwa Russia, mbalame zimawoneka nthawi yobala ndipo zimasamukira kumwera zitatha.
Alibe njira zina zosunthira, motero amawuluka patsogolo, kuthana ndi zopinga zazikulu pamtunda ndi pamadzi panjira zawo. Amagonjetsa nsonga za Alps, Pyrenees ndi Caucasus. Mosiyana ndi mbalame zina zambiri zodya nyama, ma kestrel amauluka panyanja ya Mediterranean m'mbali mwake kwambiri, osati pafupi ndi Gibraltar ndi Bosphorus.
Nthawi yozizira imakhala ku Africa kumwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara. Pakusala nyengo yozizira, amasankha masamba otseguka okhala ndi mitengo yamatchire, kupewa mapiri amvula ndi madera ouma.
Mapulogalamu 11 amadziwika. Ma subspecies apamwamba omwe adagawidwa ku Europe konse. Mabungwe otsalira amakhala ku Africa, Siberia, China, Korea, Japan, India ndi Peninsula ya Arabia.
Khalidwe
Kestrel wamba amakhala ndi moyo wokhazikika. Anthu okhala m'chigawo chakumpoto kwa mitunduyo, ndipo mbalame zazing'ono sizizolowera kusamuka. Ndi chakudya chochuluka, zimakhazikika.
Ophatikizidwa amasunthidwa pafupipafupi, nthawi zina m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Mbalame zakale zimawuluka makamaka kugombe la Mediterranean, ndipo ana auluka amapita ku Africa.
Oimira amtunduwu amakhala mitundu mitundu. Amakonda malo otseguka kumene zisumbu za mitengo yayitali zimamera. Amakopeka ndi mapiri, kuthengo kwakuthengo pakati paminda ndi madambo okhala ndi masamba ochepa.
Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za XIX, kestrel imakhazikika m'mizinda yayikulu, yomwe ili pamizindwi yayitali yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo owonera. Amakonda kukhala m'mphepete mwa msewu ndi zingwe zamagetsi, kufunafuna zomwe zingagwire koma osalabadira galimoto yomwe ikudutsa.
Mbalame imatha kuwona mboziyo motalikira pafupifupi 50m ndi mbalame yaying'ono yokhala ndi mamita 300. Maso ake amagwira ngati mandala a telephoto, kumangoyang'ana zinthu zoyenda. Ndizokulirapo ndipo zimalemera magalamu 5. Poyerekeza, kulemera kwa ubongo ndi magalamu 4. Kumva ndi kumva kununkhira kumachita mbali yachiwiri. Khutu lakunja ndi chitseko chotseka mu chigaza popanda zomangamanga zovuta kutulutsa mawu.
Mbalame zimalumikizana wina ndi mzake pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazizindikiro, zomwe zimagawika m'magulu 9. Kukula kwawo, mamvekedwe awo komanso ma frequency awo amasintha kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri. Pakakhala zoopsa, amapanga mawu okokomeza. Amuna amati akamabwera amafulumira kulira, pomwe zazikazi ndi anapiye amafunsa chakudya kuchokera kwa iwo.
Mwa akazi, kuyereketsa kumayamba pa makulidwe omanga, ndipo amuna atadyetsa ana kuyambira mu Ogasiti mpaka Seputembala. Ana azaka molt pambuyo nthawi yachisanu yoyamba. Nthawi zina, kusungunuka kumatha kupitilira masiku 130. Monga lamulo, zimadutsa pang'onopang'ono komanso m'miyezi yotentha kwambiri yotentha.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Maziko azakudya ndizochepa makoswe. Kestrel amadya mbewa, ma voles, matumba ndi ma hamsters. Nthawi zina omwe amamugwirira amakhala achikondi (Mustela nivalis). Mwanjira yocheperako, kusaka kumachitika kwa mbalame, nyimbo, zolengedwa komanso tizilombo.
Pofunafuna wozunzidwa, nyama zakutchire zimayenda mozungulira pamtunda pang'ono. Pothawa mozungulira, imatha kuthamanga mpaka 50-66 km / h, koma nthawi zambiri imawuluka pang'onopang'ono nthawi 2-3.
Kuwona nyama, kestrel imawulukira mwachangu ndikuyipha ndi mlomo kumutu. Mumau ndi mbewa, amaluma kaye kumutu, kenako nkudya. Nyama zikuluzikulu, mbalame imayamba kutulutsa zibowo zakuthwa, kenako ndikamaliza ndi ndevu yake.
Asanafike podziwa luso la kusaka, ana amafunafuna makamaka tizilombo. Mbalame zina zodya nyamayi zimakonda kugunda chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, zikafuna kubisala mvula kapena kukhala ndi nthenga zonyowa.
Nthawi zambiri ma kestrel amasaka kuchokera kuzowonera. Akhoza kukhala mitengo, mitengo kapena chilichonse chachitali chomwe chimapereka chithunzithunzi chabwino cha malo ozungulira. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zachikulire zimayendayenda padziko lapansi, zikudya tizilombo komanso nyongolotsi.
Kuswana
Kutha msinkhu kumachitika pazaka pafupifupi ziwiri. Nthawi yakukhwima ku kontinenti ya ku Europe imayamba kuyambira pa Marichi mpaka Epulo.
Amuna akuyesera kukopa chidwi cha akazi omwe ali ndi aerobatics. Amawombera ndi mapiko akuthwa, amazungulira mozungulira ndi kutembenuka mwachangu ndikuwuluka. Amuna omwe alipo pakalipano amafuula mokweza, kutengera ufulu wawo kudera lomwe amakhala.
Woyambitsa kukhazikika nthawi zonse amakhala wachikazi. Amayitanira mnzake yemwe amamukonda ndi chidwi chobisalira. Atakwatirana, mwamunayo amanyamula wamkazi kupita naye kukawonetsa malo ake osankhika, akum'kongoletsa ndi mbewa.
Zotsatira zake sizimamanga chisa, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zisa m'miyala yamiyala ndi m'miyala yamiyala kapena zimagwiritsa ntchito zisa za crows (Corvinae), magpies (Pica) ndi mbuna (Corvus frugilegus). M'matawuni, ma kestrel wamba nthawi zina amapanga magulu ang'onoang'ono. Amapezeka pafupi wina ndi mnzake, koma amateteza gawo molunjika pafupi ndi chisa chawo.
Yaikazi imayikira mazira atatu mpaka 6, owala-achikasu achikasu kapena bulauni 40x32 mm. Amadzipatula yekha kwa masiku 27-29. Wamphongo nthawi zina amalowa m'malo mwake kuti atambasule minofu yake.
Mayi amakhala m chisa sabata yoyamba, amawotcha anapiye. Pakubadwa, amalemera 17-19 g.
Amayi amawadyetsa iwo ndi timinyama tating'onoting'ono, ndikuwatulutsa mu mbewa zobweretsedwa ndi amuna awo, ndipo iye amakhutira ndi ubweya, khungu ndi viscera. Kuyambira sabata yachiwiri, yaikaziyo imalumikizana ndi yamphongo kukafunafuna chakudya cha anapiye. Amakula msanga ndipo amafikira kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu kumapeto kwa sabata lachitatu.
Pakadali pano, makolo amayamba kusiya chakudya pafupi ndi chisa, kukakamiza ana kuti atuluke. Mchaka za njala, anapiye olimba okha ndi omwe amapeza chakudya, ena onse kufa ndi njala. Ali ndi zaka 27 mpaka 35, amakhala ndi mapiko, koma amakhalabe ndi makolo awo kwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi, kuphunzira kusaka makoswe.
Ana abwana ang'ono amawopa mbewa zokhala ndi moyo, popeza amazidyetsa nyama zomwe zafa kale. Choyamba, amathawa kwaiwo, kenako amawadzitchinjiriza ndi kuwaopseza ndi milomo yawo. Akamaphunzira, amakhala kuti akugwira ntchito mwachangu, akugwira mbewa ndi mchira, miyendo, ndi makutu.
Pa gawo lotsatila, anapiye amawagwira ndikuwatulutsa mpaka 20-30. Maphunziro amachitika kokha panthaka. Mbalame zazing'ono zimawathamangitsa ndikuzigwadumpha ndikumalumpha kuchokera pafupi. Maluso osaka osasunthika amawonekera ali ndi miyezi itatu, pambuyo pake ana amapita kukakhala payokha.
Anapiye ophunzitsidwa amagawana ndi makolo awo ndikuuluka makilomita 50-100 kuchokera komwe adabadwira mosiyanasiyana. M'chaka choyamba cha moyo ,imfa yawo imafika 50%.
Kufotokozera
Kutalika kwa thupi ndi masentimita 32-39. Mapiko otsegula mapiko ndi 64-82 cm.Chipiri cha 160-230 g. Akazi ndi okulirapo komanso kulemera kuposa amuna. Mu nthawi yakuswana, amatha kulemera mpaka 300. Akazi okwanira bwino amayikira mazira ambiri ndipo amatha kubereka ana osataya.
Mutu, nape ndi mbali za khosi la amphaka adazijambulapo zakuda zamtambo. Sera ndi zozungulira mozungulira maso ndimaso achikasu. Zowonjezera zam'mbuyo ndizofiirira, zokhala ndi timiyala ting'onoting'ono. Mapiko ndi mchira wake ndi imvi. Mikwingwirima yakuda yokhala ndi malire yoyera imadziwika m'mutu wa mchira. Creamy underwax. Gawo lam'munsi la mapiko ndi m'mimba ndi loyera.
Akazi amakhala makamaka amtundu wa bulauni wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda kumbuyo. Zowonjezera zam'munsi zimadetsedwa ndipo zimakhala ndi madontho ambiri.
Mbalame zazing'ono zimafanana ndi zazikazi, koma zimakhala ndi mapiko ofupikira. Mtundu wa sera wawo umatha kusintha kuchokera kumtambo wobiriwira mpaka maolivi.
Nthawi yayitali kwambiri yokhala kutchire ndi zaka pafupifupi 15. Ali mu ukapolo, mosamalidwa mosamalitsa, akukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 22-24.
Ndege
Kestrel wamba yachikazi mu kuthawitsa kwamphamvu, mapiko ndi mchira wake wokupiza kwambiri
Kestrel wamba pouluka mothawathawa, mapiko amatalika kwambiri momwe angathere
Kestrel wamba wokhala ndi makoswe
Kestrel amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha kuthawa kwakeko. Amagwiritsa ntchito kufufuza nyama, kukhazikika pamtunda wa 10 10 m ndikuyang'ana chinthu chabwino chosaka. Kukutira kwamapiko ndikothamanga kwambiri komanso pafupipafupi, mchirawo umawombera komanso kutsitsidwa pang'ono. Mapikowo amayenda mu ndege imodzi yopingasa ndipo nthawi yomweyo amayenda masautso akulu amlengalenga. Poona nyama yomwe ingagwire, mwachitsanzo, volo, kestrel imagwera pansi ndikuigwira, ndikutsika pang'onopang'ono pansi.
Ndege yofulumira ya malo osaka - kuwuluka kwanjira - imatheka mothandizidwa ndi mapiko akuwuluka mwachangu. Mphepo yabwino kapena kudya nyama, kestrel imathanso kupanga mapulani.
Zizindikiro zomveka
Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti zazimayi zimakhala ndi zikwangwani zosiyanasiyana 11, ndipo zazimuna zimakhala ndi zoposa zisanu ndi zinayi. Pakati pawo, zitsanzo zingapo zimatha kusiyanitsidwa, zomwe zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana, phokoso ndi kuchuluka kwa mawu kutengera nyengo. Kuphatikiza apo, onse mwa akazi ndi amuna, chizindikiro cha nkhuku chodyetsa chimasiyanasiyana. Zizindikiro zamtunduwu zimamveka bwino kwambiri nyengo yakukhwima - zazikazi zimatulutsa pamene zimapempha chakudya kwa amuna (amodzi mwa magawo a chibwenzi).
Zomveka ti ti ti, zomwe olemba ena amafotokozanso kuti kikiki, Ichi ndi chizindikiro chokongola, chimamveka makamaka ngati usokoneza mbalame pachisa. Kusiyana kwa kuyitanaku, komabe, kumamveka patatsala nthawi yayitali kuti wamphongo abweretse nyama.
Dera
Chitsanzo cha kufalitsa kestrels ku Old World ndizomwe zapezeka ku Europe, Asia ndi Africa, komwe zakhala zikuchitika pafupifupi nyengo zonse za Paleofaunistic, Ethiopia ndi East. Kestrel ndizofala kwambiri kumapiri. Munthawi yayikuluyi, ma subspecies angapo afotokozedwa, kuchuluka kwake kumasiyana kuchokera kwa wolemba mpaka wolemba. Gawo lotsatirali m'mabungwe amtunduwu limagwirizana ndi Piechocki (1991):
- Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus - kusankha mtundu, wokhala pafupifupi Palearctic yonse. Mtundu wa nesting ukufalikira ku Europe kuyambira 68 ° C. w. ku Scandinavia ndi 61 ° c. w. ku Russia kudutsa zilumba za Nyanja ya Mediterranean kupita ku North Africa. Izi subspecies ndizofala ku British Isles.
- F. t. alexandri amakhala kuzilumba za Cape Verde F. t. kunyalanyaza amapezeka kuzilumba zakumpoto kwa Cape Verde. Mabukuwa ndi owala kuposa mawonekedwe amtunduwu ndipo amasiyanitsidwa ndi mapiko ang'onoang'ono.
- F. t. canariensis amakhala kumadzulo kwa Canary Islands ndipo, kupezekanso, amapezeka ku Madeira. F. t. dacotiaem'malo mwake, amakhala kum'mawa kwa Canary Islands.
- F. t. rupicolaeformis amapezeka m'dera la Egypt ndi kumpoto kwa Sudan kupita ku Arabian Peninsula.
- F. t. interstinctus amakhala ku Japan, Korea, China, Burma, Assam ndi Himalayas.
- F. t. rufcens amakhala kumwera kwa Africa kumwera kwa Sahara kupita ku Ethiopia.
- F. t. archeri amapezeka ku Somalia ndi zipululu zakumwera kwa Kenya.
- F. t. rupicolus kufalikira kuchokera ku Angola kummawa ku Tanzania ndi kumwera kumapiri a Cape.
- F. t. phenurgatus opezeka kumwera ndi kumadzulo kwa India komanso ku Sri Lanka.
Malo achisanu
Mothandizidwa ndi gulu lankhondo, zinatheka kutsata ma kestrel ndege. Chifukwa cha kafukufuku wotere, tsopano zimadziwika kuti kestrel imatha kukhala mbalame yokhazikika komanso yokhala pamtundu wina, komanso yotamandika. Makhalidwe ake osamukasamuka amakhudzidwa makamaka ndi momwe chakudya chikugawidwira.
Kestrels nesting ku Scandinavia kapena madera a Nyanja ya Baltic nthawi zambiri amasamukira kumwera kwa Europe nthawi yozizira. M'mbuyomu pomwe kudumpha kudali anthu ambiri, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Finland kudali kothekanso kuwona ma kestrel nyengo yachisanu pamodzi ndi chikwama chamiyendo ndi zikwangwani wamba. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wambiri wawonetsa kuti mbalame zokhala pakati pa Sweden zimasamukira ku Spain komanso zina mpaka ku North Africa. Mbalame zochokera kumwera kwa Sweden, Mosiyana, nthawi yozizira makamaka ku Poland, Germany, Belgium ndi kumpoto kwa France.
Mbalame zomwe zimakhala ku Germany, Netherlands ndi Belgium nthawi zambiri zimakhala komanso zimangokhala. Ndianthu okha omwe amapanga maulendo ataliatali komanso nthawi yozizira kumadera komwe mbalame za Scandinavia zimapezekanso. Ma kestrel a kumpoto kwa Asia ndi kum'mawa kwa Europe amasamukira kumwera chakumadzulo, pomwe mbalame zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimakhala kutali. Pamodzi ndi kumwera kwa Europe, Africa ndiyonso malo awo achisanu, komwe amafikira m'malire a nkhalango yamvula yotentha. Mbalame zokhala ku Europe ku Russia zimagwiritsanso ntchito nyengo yozizira ya Nyanja ya Mediterranean nyengo yachisanu.
Malo osala nthawi yachisanu opezeka ku Asia kwa ma kestrels amayambira ku Caspian ndi kumwera kwa Central Asia mpaka Iraq ndi kumpoto kwa Iran. Izi zikuphatikizanso gawo lakumpoto la Front India. Komanso, mbalame za ku Asia ndizokhazikika kapena zosasunthika, ngati malo omwe akukhala nthawi yozizira alipo.
Khalidwe losamukasamuka
Ma kestrel amasamukira ku njira yomwe amati ndi yopingasa, yopanda kutsatira njira zachikhalidwe ndipo nthawi zambiri amayenda uku ndi uku. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1973, mbalame zokwana 210,000 zakubadwa zomwe zidasuntha kudutsa mu Gibraltar Strait, pomwe pafupifupi chikwi 121,000 zinali zikumbu, ndipo 1237 okha anali ma kestrel. Chiwerengerochi chikuwonetsa, kuti, mbalameyi, yomwe imakonda kupezeka ku Central Europe, imangokhala mchenga ku Africa, ndipo chachiwiri, imawoloka Nyanja ya Mediterranean kutsogolo.
Panthawi yosamukira, ma kestrel amawuluka kwambiri ndipo ambiri amakhala pamtunda wamtunda wa 40 mpaka 100. Kuuluka sikumasunthika ngakhale pakakhala nyengo yoipa. Ma kestrel samadalira kwambiri kukwera mafunde amlengalenga kuposa mbalame zina zodyera, motero amatha kuwuluka pamwamba pa mapiri a Alps. Kusamukira kudutsa m'mapiri kumachitika makamaka kudzera m'mphepete, koma ngati kuli kofunikira, mbalame zimawuluka pamwamba pa nsonga ndi matalala.
Mtundu wa Kestrel Habitats
Kestrel ndi mitundu yosinthika mosavuta yopezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana. Mwambiri, ma kestrel amapewa malo obiriwira omwe ali otchingidwa ndi nkhalangoyi komanso malo opanda phokoso. Ku Central Europe, amakhala pafupipafupi zikhalidwe zamtundu wachikhalidwe, zojambula zam'mphepete komanso nkhalango. Kestrel imagwiritsa ntchito malo otseguka ndi masamba otsika ngati malo osakira. Pomwe kulibe mitengo, imakhota pamiyala yamiyala yamphamvu. Mu ma 1950, nkhani ya kestrel nesting pamtunda inafotokozedwa ku Orkney.
Kuphatikiza pa kupezeka kwa malo abwino othandiza kuti nesting ikhalepo, momwe mungasankhire kestrel ndi kukhalanso kwa chakudya. Popeza zimadya nyama zokwanira, mbalamezi zimadyera msanga mosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, m'mapiri a Harz ndi mapiri a Ore, pali mgwirizano pakati pa kukhalapo kwa nyama yawo yayikulu, vole, ndi malire a kutalika komwe akumana. Ku Harz, kestrel sichivuta kupezeka pamalo okwera kuposa mamitala 600 pamwamba pa nyanja ndipo pafupifupi sizimapezeka pamtunda wamamita 900. Ku Alps, komwe amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama, imatha kuonedwa mukusaka malo odyetserako mapiri pamalo okwera pafupifupi mita 2000. Ku Caucasus, kestrel imapezeka pa 3400 metres, mu Pamirs pamtunda wa oposa 4000 metres. Ku Nepal, malo ake adayambira ku malo otsika mpaka mamita 5,000; ku Tibet, kestrel imatha kuwoneka pamalo okwezeka pamtunda wa 5,500 metres.
Kestrel monga cholosera
Kestrel imagonjetsanso madera okhala ngati malo okhala. Phindu la "kulumikizana" kotere ndikuti malo osaka ndi malo osungirako zisalemo azikhala mbali imodzi. Mwachilengedwe, abodza okhala mu mizinda nthawi zambiri amakakamizidwa kuuluka kutali kuti akapeze nyama yawo - mbewa. Chifukwa chake, ma kestrel omwe amakhala mu nsanja ya Church of Our Lady ku Munich amapanga ndege pafupi-fupi ma kilomita atatu kuseri kwa mbewa iliyonse. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti ma kestrel amatha kuchotsedwa pachisa kupita kumalo osaka kwa 5 km. Komabe, mwa anthu angapo oswana mu mzindawo, amasintha njira zosaka nyama ndi mitundu ya nyama, zomwe zikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu gawo "Njira Zosakira".
Chitsanzo cha mzinda wokhala ndi anthu ambiri ndi Berlin. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, gulu la akatswiri ku Berlin lomwe lili akatswiri a ma kestrels ku Germany Conservation Union (Naturschutzbund Deutschland) lakhala likuwerenga mbalamezi kumadera akumatauni. Zachidziwikire, mzindawu umakhala pachiwopsezo china ku nyama. Nthawi ndi nthawi, ma kestrel amayamba kuzunzidwa ndi magalimoto, akuswa magalasi. Nthawi zambiri anapiyewo amatuluka zisa, amapezeka atafooka. Akatswiri a Union amapulumutsa mbalame mpaka 50 pachaka.
Migodi
Ana a kestrel omwe amakhala m'malo otetezeka amadya nyama zazing'ono monga ma voles komanso mbewa zokha. Ma kestrel m'mizinda amakhalanso ndi timavina tating'onoting'ono, tambiri timbale tating'ono. Ndi nyama ziti zomwe zimapanga kuchuluka kwazambiri zimatengera nyengo yakomweko. Kafukufuku pachilumba cha Amrum awonetsa kuti ma kestrel kumeneko amakonda kusaka makoswe amadzi. Mosiyana ndi mizinda yayikulu, ambiri mwa omwe amadyera m'matauni ang'onoang'ono ndi ovuta. Kuphatikiza apo, ma kestrel amatha kudya abuluzi (makamaka kum'mwera kwa Europe), nyongolotsi, ndi tizilombo monga ziwala ndi kafadala. Nthongo zanthete zimagwiranso ntchito yomweyo ngati chiwerengero cha zolengedwa zazing'ono zingachepe. Poyamba, zisa zimadyanso tizilombo tating'onoting'ono komanso tating'ono tating'ono, ndipo pokhapokha ndi chidziwitso chomwe amayamba kusaka nyama zazing'ono.
Kestrel wopanda moyo ayenera kudya pafupifupi 25% ya kulemera kwake tsiku lililonse. Kubwera kwa mbalame zakufa kuchokera pangozi zidawonetsa kuti mbewa zokhala ndi mbewa ziwiri zoyenda m'mimba zawo.
Kusaka kuukira, kuthawa ndikusaka ntchentche
Kestrel ndi mtundu wamtundu wina wa nyama yomwe imagwira nyama yake ndi zibwano zake ndikuipha mkanda wake kumbuyo. Pakusaka, kusaka kumachokera kugwiriro, pomwe falcon imagwiritsa ntchito mpanda wamtengo, mitengo yolembera kapena nthambi zamtengo, kufunafuna wozunzidwapo. Kestrel wamba ndi kuuluka kofulumira. Uwu ndi mtundu wofunikira kwambiri wotsogolera, momwe ndege yayitali imayimilira mlengalenga m'malo ena, ndikupanga mapiko ake pafupipafupi, imawononga mphamvu zambiri. Komabe, ndimphepo yamphamvu, mbalameyi imagwiritsa ntchito njira zina zomwe zimapulumutsa mphamvu. Mutu wa falcon ukadakhazikika, thupi lake limasunthira kumbuyo kwa gawo lachiwiri mpaka khosi limakulitsidwa momwe angathere. Kenako amapitanso kutsogolo ndi kuwomba kwamphamvu kwa mapikowo, mpaka khosi limapinda. Kusunga mphamvu poyerekeza ndi kuuluka kanyengo kosachedwa kusefukira ndi 44%. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwuluka kwamphamvu nthawi zonse kumachitika m'malo omwe kestrel, kutsatira mkodzo wowonekera, ikusonyeza kuchuluka kwa nyama.
Kusaka pa ntchentche kumachitidwa ndi ma kestrel pokhapokha padera. Zimachitika mbalame zam'mizinda zikafuna kutenga gulu la mbalame zamalimba modzidzimutsa kapena gulu lalikulu la mbalame zazing'ono zikapezeka pafamu. Mwinanso ma falcons ena akumatawuni amatembenukira ku kusaka mbalame kuti apulumuke kumadera akumatauni. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu osachepera ochepa amakonda kusaka anapiye a nkhunda zachimuna zambirimbiri.
Nthawi zina mutha kuwona momwe ana anyani ang'ono amayang'ana nyakwawa m'minda yatsopano yolimidwa kumene.
Kukhathamiritsa kwa Mphamvu - Kuyerekeza Kusaka
Nthawi zambiri, kusaka kuukira kumachitidwa ndi ma kestrel nthawi yozizira. Ku UK m'mwezi wa Januware ndi Febere, 85% ya magawo omwe amagawidwa kusaka nyama amakhala atasaka nyama kuchokera kuwombera ndipo 15% yokha imakhala ikuuluka. Kuyambira Meyi mpaka Ogasiti, njira zakusaka izi zimatenga nthawi yofanana. Kuphatikiza apo, kusaka anthu osakuwombera nthawi zambiri kumakhala njira yayitali komanso yopanda phindu, 9% yokha yomwe amagwirira ozunzidwa nthawi yozizira ndi 20% nthawi ya chilimwe ndiyopambana. Pothawa mosachedwa, mosiyana, mu kestrel m'nyengo yozizira, 16% yaukira imakwanitsa, ndipo m'chilimwe cha 21%. Chochitika chofunikira pakusintha njira yosakira ndi ndalama zambiri zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kuthawa. M'chilimwe, ndalama zamagetsi zolanda mbewa imodzi ndizokwera m'njira zonse ziwiri. M'nyengo yozizira, mphamvu zamagetsi pogwira mbewa kuchokera ku chiwopsezo ndi theka lofanana ndi kusaka mu ndege yomwe ikunjenjemera. Chifukwa chake, kusintha njira zosaka, kestrel imakwaniritsa mphamvu yake.