Zivomezi | |||
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![]() Kubwereza kwa Earthworm | |||
Gulu la asayansi | |||
Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Dongosolo: | Zivomezi |
Padziko lapansi kapena nyongolotsi zamvula (lat. Lumbricina) - gawo lapansi la mphutsi zazing'onoting'ono kuchokera ku dongosolo Haplotaxida. Amakhala kuma kontrakitala onse kupatula ku Antarctica, komabe, mitundu yochepa chabe poyamba inali ndi mitundu yambiri: magawanidwe a oimira angapo adachitika chifukwa cha kuyambitsa kwa anthu. Zomera zodziwika kwambiri za ku Europe ndi za banja Lumbricidae.
Zojambula ndi malo a nyongolomera
Zilombozi zimadziwika kuti ndi mphutsi zotsika. Thupi la nyongolotsi ali ndi kutalika kosiyana kwambiri. Imafalikira kuyambira 2 cm mpaka 3m. Magawo amatha kuchokera ku 80 mpaka 300. Kapangidwe ka Earthworm zachilendo komanso zosangalatsa.
Amasunthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zing'onozing'ono. Ali pagawo lililonse. Chosiyana ndi kutsogolo kokha, palibe zofunikira pa iwo. Chiwerengero cha bristles sichili chapadera, chilipo eyiti kapena kuposerapo, chiwerengerochi chimafikira makumi angapo. Zambiri broples.
Ponena za kayendedwe ka magazi ka ma earthworms, kamatsekedwa ndikukula bwino. Mtundu wawo wamagazi ndi wofiira. Zilombozi zimapuma chifukwa cha kumva kwa khungu lawo.
Pa khungu, palinso ntchofu yapadera yoteteza. Maphikidwe awo ozindikira sakhazikitsidwa kwathunthu. Alibe ziwalo zamasomphenya. M'malo mwake, pali khungu lapadera pakhungu lomwe limayankha kuwala.
M'malo omwewo mulinso masamba owawa, fungo ndi kukhudza. Nyongolotsi zimatha kupanga bwino kuti zisinthe. Amatha kubwezeretsanso thupi lawo lam'ng'ono pambuyo pakuwonongeka.
Mu banja lalikulu la mphutsi, pafupifupi mitundu 200 yakhudzidwa. Zivomezi Pali mitundu iwiri. Amakhala ndi zosiyana. Zonse zimatengera moyo komanso chikhalidwe. Gawo loyamba limaphatikizapo nyongolotsi zomwe zimapeza chakudya pansi. Awiriwo adya chakudya.
Nyongolotsi zomwe zimapeza chakudya chokha pansi panthaka zimatchedwa zinyalala ndipo sizikhala zakuya kwambiri masentimita 10 ndipo sizimilira ngakhale pansi pa nyengo yozizira kapena youma panthaka. Nyongolotsi zachothi ndi gawo lina la nyongolotsi. Zamoyo izi zimatha kumira mwakuya pang'ono kuposa zoyambazo, ndi 20 cm.
Pobowola mphutsi pansi pa nthaka, kuya kwakuya kumayambira 1 mita ndikuzama. Mphutsi zowotcha nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuziwona pansi. Pafupifupi sanawonekereko. Ngakhale akukhwima kapena kudyetsa, iwo satuluka kwathunthu kuchokera kumakolo awo.
Moyo wapadziko lapansi kukumba kwathunthu kuyambira koyambira mpaka kumapeto kumadutsa pansi pa ntchito yaulimi. Zivomerezi zimapezeka kulikonse, kupatula malo ozizira a Arctic. Mphutsi zopukutira ndi zowonda zimakhala bwino m'madothi okhala ndi madzi.
Zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi, m'malo opanda phokoso komanso m'malo otentha okhala ndi nyengo yofunda. Zinyalala komanso zinyalala zanyansi zimakonda taiga ndi tundra. Nthaka yabwino kwambiri mu steppe chernozems.
M'malo onse amatha kusintha, koma amakhala omasuka nyansi m'nthaka nkhalango zokulitsa. M'nyengo yotentha, amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi dziko lapansi, ndipo nthawi yozizira imapita mozama.
Kumanga
Kutalika kwa nthumwi za mitundu yosiyanasiyana kumasiyana kuchokera ku 2 cm (mtundu Dichogastermpaka 3 m (Megascolides australis) Chiwerengero cha magawo chimasinthanso: kuyambira 80 mpaka 300. Mukasuntha, nyongolotsi zam'madzi zimadalira zing'onozing'ono zazifupi zomwe zimapezeka mbali iliyonse kupatula kutsogolo. Chiwerengero cha bristles chimasiyana kuchokera pa 8 mpaka makumi angapo (m'mitundu ina yotentha).
Dongosolo loyendayenda mu mphutsi limatsekedwa, limapangidwa bwino, magazi amakhala ndi mtundu wofiyira. Nyongolotsiyo ili ndi mitsempha iwiri yayikulu: dorsal, yomwe magazi amayenda kuchokera kumbuyo kupita kutsogolo, ndi m'mimba, momwe magazi amayenda kuchokera kutsogolo kupita kumbuyo. Zotengera ziwirizi ndizolumikizidwa ndi ziwiya zapagawo chilichonse, zina mwa izo, zotchedwa "mitima", zimatha kugwira mgwirizano, zimapereka kayendedwe ka magazi. Zoyendera nthambi kukhala zing'onozing'ono. Kupuma kumachitika kudzera pakhungu lomwe lili ndi maselo achilengedwe, omwe amakutidwa ndi ntchofu woteteza. Mucus imakhala yodzaza ndi ma enzyme ambiri omwe ali antiseptics. Mphamvu yamanjenje ya Earthworms imakhala ndi ubongo wosakhazikika bwino (ziwalo ziwiri zamitsempha) ndi unyolo wam'mimba. Amakhala ndi luso lotha kusinthanso.
Earthworms ndi hermaphrodites, munthu aliyense wokhwima pamagonedwe amakhala ndi njira yolerera ya akazi ndi abambo (synchronous hermaphroditism). Amaberekanso zachiwerewere pogwiritsa ntchito umuna wamtanda. Kuberekanso kumachitika kudzera mwa lamba, momwe mazira amakhathamirana ndi kukulira. Lambalalo limakhala mbali zingapo zakutsogolo za nyongolotsi, ikuimirira pafupi ndi thupi lonse. Kutuluka kuchokera ku lamba wa nyongolotsi zazing'ono kumachitika pambuyo pa masabata 2-4 mwa mawonekedwe a coco, ndipo pambuyo pa miyezi 3-4 amakula mpaka kukula kwa akulu.
Chikhalidwe komanso chikhalidwe cha nyongolotsi
Ambiri mwa moyo wa anthu opanda pakewa amakhala mobisa. Chifukwa chake ma nyansi nthawi zambiri amakhala kuti amapezeka? Izi zimawapatsa chitetezo. Maukonde ochezera osiyanasiyana akuzama amakumbidwa mobisa ndi zolengedwa izi.
Ali ndi ufumu pansi panthaka. Kusalala kumawathandiza kusuntha ngakhale dothi lovuta. Sangakhale pansi pano kwa nthawi yayitali, kwa iwo kuli ngati kufa chifukwa ali ndi khungu loonda kwambiri. Ultraviolet ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu kwa iwo, chifukwa chake, kwakukulu, nyongolotsi zili mobisika ndipo nyengo yamvula imangokwiririka.
Nyongolotsi zimakonda kukhala moyo wachisangalalo. Ndi usiku kuti mungathe kukumana ndi ambiri aiwo padziko lapansi. Poyambirira nyansi m'nthaka Amasiya gawo lina la matupi awo kuti akafufuze momwe zinthu ziliri koma pokhapokha malo owazungulira osawawopsa, amapita panja kukapeza chakudya.
Matupi awo amatha kutambalala bwino. Zambiri zazikulu za nyongolotsi zimawerama kumbuyo, zomwe zimateteza kuzinthu zakunja. Ndikosatheka kutulutsa nyongolotsi yonse kuti isakung'ambe chifukwa, kuti ititeteze, imakhomera pazomangira.
Nyengo zina zanyengo zina nthawi zina zimakhala zazikulu
Zakhala zikunena kale kuti ntchito ya nyongolotsi kwa anthu abwino kwambiri. Sangokulitsa nthaka ndikuidzaza ndi zinthu zofunikira, komanso kumasula, ndipo izi zimathandizira kudzaza dothi ndi mpweya. M'nyengo yozizira, kuti azitha kupulumuka kuzizira, ayenera kupita kutali kwambiri kuti asasungidwe ndi chisanu ndi kugwa.
Amamva kubwera kwa masika kudzera munthaka komanso madzi amvula, omwe amayamba kuyenda mozungulira. Ndi kubwera kwa masika nyongolotsi inatuluka nayamba ntchito yake yogwira ntchito yolimbitsa thupi.
Mtengo Wogwiritsidwa ntchito
Charles Darwin anali m'modzi mwa oyamba kuwonetsa kufunikira kwa ma earthworms munthawi yopanga dothi mu 1882. Zomera zoyenda pansi zimapanga ma dothi m'dothi (osachepera 60-80 masentimita akuya, mitundu yayikulu mpaka 8 m), zimathandizira pakukula kwake, kupukutira, ndi kusakaniza. Nyongolotsi zimasuntha m'nthaka, zikukankha tinthu tating'onoting'ono kapena kuwameza. Panthawi yamvula, ma fumbi padziko lapansi amabwera pamtunda, chifukwa amatha kupuma pakhungu ndikuyamba kuvutika ndi vuto la kuchepa kwa mpweya m'nthaka yamadzi.
Zomera zam'madzi za padziko lapansi zimapezekanso ndi mitundu yambiri ya mbalame zam'mapapo zam'mimba zam'mimba.
Anthu ang'onoang'ono amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyambo yayitali pakusodza kwa amateur.
Chikhalidwe
Kubzala ma worldworms (vermiculture) kumakuthandizani kuti mufufuze zinyalala zamitundu mitundu kukhala feteleza wabwino kwambiri wachilengedwe - vermicompost. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha kufinya kwa nyongolotsi, michere yawo imatha kuchulukitsidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chakudya chowonjezera pakudya kwa nyama za pafamu ndi nkhuku. Pakakhala kuswana mphutsi, manyowa amakonzedwa kuzinyalala zingapo monga manyowa, manyowa a nkhuku, udzu, utuchi, masamba, udzu, mitengo ndi mitengo, zinyalala zochokera ku malo ogulitsira, malo ogulitsa masamba, ndi zina. , nyongolotsi zimakhazikika kompositi. Pakatha miyezi 2-3, mphutsi zimasungidwa kuchokera ku biohumus yomwe idayamba.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina ya ma fumbi opangira manyowa apangidwe ku United States, a George Sheffield Oliver ndi a Thomas Barrett adakhala apainiya kudera lino. Omaliza adachita kafukufuku pa Earthmaster Farms kuyambira 1937 mpaka 1950 ndipo adachita mbali yofunika kutsimikizira anzanga za kufunikira komanso kufunikira kwa ma nyanjomawa mu ukadaulo waulimi [ gwero? ] .
Mtengo wamunthu
Ku Western Europe, ochapa manyowa kapena ufa kuchokera ku mphutsi zouma adayikidwa pa mabala kuti achiritse, ndi chifuwa chachikulu ndi khansa, tincture adagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ufa, kupweteka m'makutu kumathandizidwa ndi msuzi, nyongolotsi zomwe zimaphika mu vin - jaundice, mafuta ophatikizidwa ndi mphutsi - wolimbana ndi rheumatism. Dokotala waku Germany Stahl (1734) adapereka ufa kuchokera ku mphutsi zouma za khunyu. Ufa unkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala achikhalidwe cha ku China monga mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ndipo mu mankhwala wowerengeka ku Russia, madzi omwe amachoka pamchere komanso kuwotcha ma foseni anathira m'maso ndi zowawa.
Mitundu yayikulu ya nyondzo za pansi pano imadyedwa ndi Aaborijini aku Australia ndi anthu ena aku Africa.
Ku Japan, ankakhulupirira kuti ngati mungakokometse pamtunda wam'madzi, ndiye kuti malo opangika amatha.
Kodi mphutsi ziwiri zimamera kuchokera kumagawo awiri?
Zomera za dziko lapansi zimatha kusinthanso magawo otayika, koma kuthekera kumasiyana pakati pa mitundu ya nyama ndipo zimatengera kuwonongeka kwake.
Stephenson (1930) adagwiritsa ntchito nkhaniyi papulogalamu yake, pomwe G.E. Gates adatha zaka 20 akuphunzira kusinthidwa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, koma "popeza panali chidwi chochepa", Gates (1972) adangofalitsa zina zomwe adangonena. zomwe zidawonetsa kuti ndizotheka kuti zamtundu wina kukula mphutsi ziwiri zonse kuchokera kuzowoneka bwino. Malipoti a Gates akuphatikizapo:
- Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826) ndi kusinthanso kwamtsogolo kwa mutu, ndikotheka pamlingo uliwonse wogwirizira mpaka 23/21, pomwe michira imapangidwanso pamlingo uliwonse mu 20/22, i.e. mphutsi ziwiri zimatha kukula kuchokera kumodzi .
- Lumbricus terrestris Linnaeus, 1758, m'malo mwa nyumba zakunja kumayambiriro kwa 13/14 ndi 16/17, koma kusinthika kwa mchira sikunapezeke.
- Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872, idasinthanso mosavuta ziwalo zotayika za thupi, kutsogolo kuyambira 17/18 ndi kutsogolo kupita ku 20/22.
- Lampito mauritii kinberg, 1867 ndi kusinthika kwambri kumadongosolo onse mpaka 25/266 komanso kuwongolera mchira kuyambira 30/31. Amakhulupirira kuti kubwezeretsa mutu kumachitika chifukwa chodulidwa kwamkati chifukwa cha matenda omwe amapezeka ndi mphutsi za Sarcophaga sp.
- Criodrilus lacuum hoffmeister, 1845, ilinso ndi kuthekanso kusinthika ndikubwezeretsa "mutu", kuyambira 40/41.
Zakudya Zanyanja
Ichi ndi chopanda tanthauzo. Earthgorm Organs adakonza kuti athe kumeza dothi lalikulu. Pamodzi ndi izi, masamba owola amagwiritsidwa ntchito, onse koma olimba komanso osanunkhira bwino nyongolotsi, komanso mbewu zatsopano.
Mu chithunzi, kapangidwe ka nyundo
Amakoka chakudya chonsechi mobisa ndipo ayamba kale kudya pamenepo. Masamba azitsamba omwe sakonda, nyongolotsi zimagwiritsa ntchito gawo lofewa la tsamba. Zilombo za dziko lapansi zimadziwika kuti ndizopambana.
Amasunga masamba m'minyewa yawo posungiramo, ndikukupinda bwino. Komanso, amatha kukumba dzenje lapadera kuti lisungidwe. Amadzaza dzenje ndi chakudya ndikuchiphimba ndi dothi lapansi. Osamapita kuchipinda chosanja mpaka mutafunikira.
Kuberekanso komanso kukhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali
Awa ndi hermaphrodites opanda zingwe. Amakopeka ndi fungo. Amakwatirana, amalumikizana ndi nembanemba ndipo, umuna wokhala ndi pakati, osinthana ndi umuna.
Nyongolotsi za nyongolotsi zimasungidwa mu coco cholimba pam lamba wa kholo. Samawonekera ngakhale pazinthu zovuta kwambiri zakunja. Nthawi zambiri nyongolotsi imodzi imawoneka. Amakhala zaka 6-7.
Mawonekedwe a Earthworm ndi Habitat
Thupi la nyongolotsi limatha kutalika mamita atatu kutalika. Komabe, ku gawo la Russia kuli anthu wamba omwe kutalika kwa thupi lawo sikupitirira masentimita 30. Pofuna kusuntha, nyongolotsi imagwiritsa ntchito zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimakhala mbali zosiyanasiyana za thupi. Kutengera mitundu, magawo akhoza kukhala kuchokera pa 100 mpaka 300. Dongosolo loyendetsa magazi limatsekedwa ndipo limapangidwa bwino kwambiri. Imakhala ndi mtsempha umodzi komanso mtsempha wapakati.
Kapangidwe ka kachilombo ka manthaka sikodabwitsa kwambiri. Kupuma kumachitika mothandizidwa ndi maselo apadera a hypersensitive. Khungu limatulutsa ntchofu zodzitchinjiriza ndi zokwanira zachilengedwe. Kapangidwe ka ubongo ndi kakale kwambiri ndipo kamangokhala ndi mitsempha iwiri yokha. Malinga ndi zotsatira za zoyesa zasayansi, zolengedwa zam'madzi zatsimikizira kuthekera kwawo kwabwino kwambiri pakusintha. Mchira wosokedwa umamera pakapita nthawi yochepa.
Mitundu ya nyongolotsi nayonso si yachilendo kwambiri. Aliyense payekha ndi hermaphrodite. Ilinso ndi ziwalo zachimuna. Zamoyo zathu za mphutsi zonsezi zitha kugawidwa m'magulu angapo. Oimira amodzi mwa iwo akufuna chakudya padziko lapansi. Ena amagwiritsa ntchito dothi lokha ngati chakudya ndipo samawoneka pansi.
Worldworm ndi mtundu wokhala ndi zingwe. Pansi pa khungu pali dongosolo lamatumbo, lokhala ndi minofu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Khomo lotseguka kuchokera pomwe chakudya limalowera kummero kudzera pharynx ili kutsogolo kwa thupi. Kuchoka pamenepo, imatengedwa kupita kumalo okukulira goiter ndi kukula kochepa kwa m'mimba.
Nyowani zinyalala ndi zinyalala zimakhala m'malo okhala ndi dothi lotayirira komanso lonyowa. Makonda amapatsidwa dothi lonyowa, malo osyanthika ndi m'mphepete mwa malo osiyanasiyana osungirako. Mitundu ya nyongolotsi zamtundu zambiri zimapezeka m'madera otera. Mitundu ya zinyalala imakhala taiga ndi nkhalango-tundra. Chochulukitsa chachikulu cha anthu chimadzitukumula.
Kodi nyongolotsi zimakonda dothi lotani?
Kodi nchifukwa ninji nyansi za pansi zimakonda dothi lamchenga ndizodzaza? Dothi lotere limadziwika ndi acidity yotsika, yomwe imakhala yoyenera kwambiri pantchito zawo zofunika. Mulingo wa asidi pamwambapa pH 5.5 umawononga vutoli kwa omwe akuimira awa. Dothi lamtunda ndi imodzi mwazofunikira pakukulira kuchuluka kwa anthu. Pakakhala nyengo yotentha komanso yotentha, nyongolotsi zimapita pansi pamadzi ndikulephera kubereka.
Kodi nyongolotsi zimakhalabe bwanji nyengo yachisanu?
M'nyengo yozizira, unyinji wa anthu amadzisamalira. Kutsika pang'ono kutentha kumatha kuwononga nyongolotsi, motero amayesa kubisala panthaka mozama, nthawi zambiri kupitirira mita imodzi. Zomera za m'nthaka zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukonzanso kwachilengedwe ndi kupatsa chidwi ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso kufufuza zinthu.
Pindulani
Mukakumba masamba owola, thupi la nyongolotsi limapanga ma enzymes enaake omwe amathandizira m'badwo wokangalika wa humic acid. Dothi, lomwe limadziwika kuti limasula fumbi, limakhala loyenerera kwa oyimira osiyana kwambiri a mbewu zonsezo. Tangated tunnel system imapereka kutheka kwapamwamba komanso mizu ya mpweya wabwino. Chifukwa chake, kuyenda kwa nyongolotsi ndikofunikira kwambiri pantchito yobwezeretsa zabwino m'nthaka.
Kwenikweni Earthworm ndiyothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu. Imapangitsa nthaka kukhala yaconde ndikuwachulukitsa ndi mitundu yonse ya michere. Komabe, chiwerengero cha anthu m'magawo ambiri ku Russia chikuchepa kwambiri. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuyambitsidwa kosasamala kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, feteleza ndi michere kusakanikirana m'nthaka. Mbalame zambiri, timadontho, ndi makoswe osiyanasiyana ogwirira padziko lapansi.
Kodi nyongolotsi zimadya chiyani?
Usiku, khungubwi limakwiririka pansi ndikusunthira zotsalira za mbewuzo ndikuchokamo. Zakudya zake zimaphatikizanso dothi lolemera mu humus. Mmodzi mwa amodzi mwa mitunduyi amatha kukonza mpaka theka la gramu ya nthaka patsiku. Poganizira kuti anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni angapo akhoza kukhala munthawi ya hekitala imodzi, amatha kukhala osintha malo osavomerezeka.
Kapangidwe kwakunja
Nyongolotsi, kapena nyongolotsi, wokhala ndi thupi lalitali, 10-16 cm. Thupi ndi lozungulira mozungulira, koma mosiyana ndi zozungulira, limagawidwa ndi zigawo zingapo.
Pa gawo lililonse lagoli 8 laling'ono kwambiri. Zili pafupi kuoneka, koma ngati mungagwiritse zala zanu kuchokera kumapeto kwa nyongolotsi kupita kutsogolo, ndiye kuti tidzamva izo. Ndi bristles, nyongolotsi amabisala mukasunthira dothi losagwirizana kapena m'makoma a maphunzirowo. Kubadwanso kwina munzeru za dziko lapansi kumalongosoledwa bwino.
Khoma la thupi
Ngati titatenga nyongolotsi m'manja, titha kupeza kuti khoma lake ndi lonyowa, yokutidwa ndi ntchofu. Buluzi limathandizira kuyenda kwa nyongolondo m'nthaka. Kuphatikiza apo, kudzera mu khoma lonyowa la thupi ndi pomwe nyongoyi imalowa mu oxygen yomwe imafunikira kuti ipume.
Khoma lam'madzi lanyumba, monga ma annelids onse, limakhala ndi kansalu kochepa thupi, kamene kamasungidwa ndi epithelium yopanga limodzi.
Habitat
Masana, nthenga za pansi zimagwira m'nthaka, m'mene zimakhazikika pamalowo. Ngati dothi lofewa, ndiye kuti nyongolotsi imalowa mkati mwake ndi mathero akutsogolo a thupi. Nthawi yomweyo, amakakamira mbali yakutsogolo ya thupi, kuti ikhale yocheperako, ndikuyigunduza patsogolo. Kenako kumapeto kwake kumakukula, kufalitsa dothi, ndipo nyongolotsi imakoka kumbuyo kwa thupi.
Munthaka yonyowa, nyongolotsi imatha kudya njira yake podutsa pansi kudzera m'matumbo. Zinyalala zitha kuwoneka panthaka - zimasiyidwa pano ndi nyongolotsi. Mvula ikasefukira kudutsa, nyongolotsi zimakakamira kunthaka (motero dzina loti mvula). M'nyengo yotentha, nyongolotsi zimakhala m'nthaka, ndipo nthawi yozizira zimakumba mink mpaka 2 m kuya.
Matumbo oyenda
Pakamwa pamakhala kutsogolo kwa thupilo, ndipo anus amakhala kumbuyo.
Nyongolotsiyo imadya chakudya chovunda chomwe chimameza limodzi ndi nthaka. Imathanso kukoka masamba agwa pansi. Chakudya chimamezedwa chifukwa cha kupindika kwa minofu ya pharynx. Kenako chakudyacho chimalowa m'matumbo. Zotsalira zopanda kanthu pamodzi ndi dziko lapansi zimatayidwa kunja kudzera pa anus kumapeto kwa thupi.
M'matumbo mwake mumazunguliridwa ndi ma capillaries am'magazi, omwe amachititsa kuti magaziwo azilowa m'magazi.
Njira yozungulira
Dongosolo loyenda limapezeka mu nyama zonse zotsogola, kuyambira ma whelids. Kupezeka kwake kumalumikizidwa ndi njira ya moyo (poyerekeza ndi nyongolotsi zapamphati ndi pulayimale). Mafuta a minelids amagwira ntchito mwachangu motero amafunikira michere yambiri komanso mpweya wabwino, womwe magazi amabwera.
Nyongolotsiyo ili ndi mitsempha iwiri yayikulu: dorsal, yomwe magazi amayenda kuchokera kumapeto kwa thupilo kupita kutsogolo, ndi m'mimba, pomwe magazi amayenda mbali inayo. Zombo zonse ziwiri mgawo lililonse zimalumikizidwa ndi zombo zapanyumba.
Mitsempha ingapo yayikulu ndi minofu, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake, kayendedwe ka magazi kamachitika. Mitsempha yama minofu ("mitima") yomwe ili m'magawo 7 mpaka 11 imakankhira magazi kulowa m'mimba. "Mumitima" ndi chotengera cham'mimba, mavuvu amathandizira kuti magazi asinthe.
Kuchokera pazombo zazikulu zimachokerakachepera, kenako ndikumakhala nthambi zing'onozing'ono. M'matumba amenewa, mpweya umalowa mkati mwa thupi, komanso michere kuchokera m'matumbo. Kuchokera pama capillaries omwe amakhala m'misempha, amabwerera mpweya woipa komanso zinthu zowola.
Magazi amayenda nthawi zonse kudzera m'matumbo ndipo samasakanikirana ndi madzimadzi am'magazi. Dongosolo lotero loyendayenda limatchedwa lotsekeka. Magazi amakhala ndi hemoglobin, yomwe imatha kunyamula mpweya wambiri, imakhala yofiyira.
Kachitidwe kodziyimira
Dongosolo loyang'ana pang'onopang'ono ndi ma machubu mbali iliyonse ya thupi (kupatulapo matendawo).
Kumapeto kwa chubu lililonse kumakhala kholingo lomwe limatseguka lonse, kudzera mmenemo zinthu zofunika kwambiri (zoyimiriridwa ndi ammonia) zimatulutsidwa.
Machitidwe amanjenje
Mphamvu yamanjenje ya Earthworm ndi mtundu wa nodal, wopangidwa ndi mphete yamitsempha ya peri-pharyngeal ndi chingwe cham'mimba cham'mimba.
Mchiberekero yamitsempha yam'mimba mumakhala ulusi wamanjenje yayikulu yomwe, poyankha kuzizindikiro, imayambitsa minyewa ya nyongolotsi. Mchitidwe wamanjenje ngati uwu umapereka ntchito yolumikizana ya zigawo za minofu zomwe zimakhudzana ndi burwashi, mota, chakudya komanso zogonana zawende.
Kodi nchifukwa chiyani nyongolotsi zimakwawa mvula ikagwa?
Mvula ikafika phulusa komanso pamwamba pa dothi mumatha kuwona nyongolotsi zambiri, zimawapangitsa kuti azituluka? Ngakhale dzina loti "earthworms" limawonetsa kuti amakonda kwambiri chinyezi ndipo amathandizira mvula ikagwa. Onani zifukwa zingapo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyongonyota zibowolere mvula ikagwa padziko lapansi.
Kupanda mpweya
Chiphunzitso chachitatu chikufotokoza kuti mvula ikagwa m'nthaka pamakhala mpweya wambiri, ndiye nyongolotsi zimakwera m'mwamba. Madzi amalemeretsa kumtunda kwa dziko lapansi ndi mpweya, ndipo mitundu yambiri ya nyongolotsi zimakonda chinyezi ndipo imafunikira mpweya wabwino wokwanira. Ndipo kupyola pa thupi, mpweya umalowa bwino m'malo otentha.
Ulendo
Katswiri wasayansi waku Britain, Chris Lowe, adati nyongolotsi zimakwawa padziko lapansi mumvula kuti zitha kupitilira gawo lina. Nyongolotsi zimatha kumera patali kwambiri kuposa pansi panthaka, ndipo nthaka youma imasowetsa mtendere pamene ikuyenda, kukangana kwamphamvu kumapangika, mchenga umamatirira pansi pa nyongolotsi, ndikuvulaza. Ndipo pakumala mvula, padziko lapansi ndi lonyowa kwambiri, komwe kumawalola kuyenda momasuka kumadera atsopano.
Kubalana ndi chitukuko
Earthworms ndi hermaphrodites. Pokonzekera anthu awiri, umuna umachitika, ndiye kuti, kusinthana kwa nyama zamasewera zamphongo, kenako abambowo amwazikana.
Thumba losunga mazira ndi ma testic amapezeka m'magawo osiyanasiyana kumapeto kwa thupi. Malo omwe dongosolo la ziwalo zoberekera limasonyezedwera Chithunzi 51. Pambuyo pokopera, lamba limapangidwa kuzungulira nyongolotsi iliyonse - chubu chokulira chomwe chimabisa chipolopolo.
Coco amalandila michere yomwe pambuyo pake imadyetsa mazimba. Chifukwa cha kukulira kwa mphete zomwe zimakhala kumbuyo kwa coco, zimakankhidwira kutsogolo mpaka kumapeto.
Pakadali pano, mazira 10-12 amaikidwa mu cocoon potsegulira oviduct. Kupitilira apo, paulendo wa coco, umuna kuchokera ku ma seminal receptors omwe amalandiridwa ndi munthu wina nthawi yakupanga umalowa, ndipo umuna umachitika.
Mtengo (udindo) m'chilengedwe
Kusunthira dothi, nyongolotsi zam'madzi zimamasula ndikuthandizira kulowetsedwa kwa madzi ndi mpweya m'nthaka, zofunika kuti mbewu zikule. Phulusa lomwe limasungidwa ndi nyongolotsi limamatirana limodzi dothi laling'onoting'ono, motero limalepheretsa kukokoloka ndi kukokoloka. Zimakumba zinyalala m'nthaka, zimathandizira kuti ziwonongeka ndikupanga nthaka yachonde.
17 mfundo zosangalatsa za ma annelids
- Mosiyana ndi flatworms, alibe luso lochita kubwezeretsa, ndipo sangabwezeretse thupi lonse pachidutswa chimodzi (mfundo zosangalatsa za flatworms).
- Zomera za padziko lapansi, komanso zofananira ndi ma annelids, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu m'maiko ambiri. Kuposa 80% ya unyinji wawo ndi mapuloteni oyera.
- Ngati nyanjayo yadulidwa pakati, theka limodzi lokha ndi lomwe lidzapulumuke - yomwe mutu umakhalapo.
- Ma Annelids alibe mapapo ndipo alibe dongosolo la kupuma pa se. Amamwa mpweya wonse pakhungu.
- Nyongolotsi yotalikirapo kwambiri yomwe idapezeka inali chitsimikizo chautali wa mita 6.7 yopezeka ku South Africa (mfundo zosangalatsa za South Africa).
- Ku Australia kuli nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale zam'madzi zokhala ndi mbewa, zopangidwa ndi nyongolotsi ya mita 100. Alendo amalimbikitsidwa kuyendetsa nyongolotsi mkati, nthawi zina ngakhale kukwawa.
- Njira zodukiza za nyongolotsi zinazake zabwino zitha kukhala zazitali kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, nyongolotsi zimatha kukhala kwa maola angapo motsatizana.
- Pali mitundu pafupifupi 18,000 ya ma annelids padziko lapansi.
- Pokonzekera kusinthika, nyongolotsi zina zovomerezeka zinatuluka pamadzi kupita kumtunda ndikuzolowera moyo wamalo otentha. Izi zikuphatikiza ndi mitundu ya misempha yopezeka kumayiko otentha.
- Mu mita ya kiyubiki dothi labwinobwino, pakhoza kukhala ma nyundo mazana mazana angapo.
- Zipatso za ku Amazon zomwe zimakhala m'madzi a Amazon, omwenso ndi mphete, amafikira kutalika kwa masentimita 45. Amatsutsa anacondas ndi caimans, ndipo amatha kupha, mwachitsanzo, ng'ombe kapena munthu (mfundo zosangalatsa za Amazon).
- Pafupifupi mitundu 500 ya ma annelids ndi a leeches.
- A Mongol ambiri amakhulupirira kuti m'chipululu cha Gobi mumakhala nyongolotsi yamagetsi yamagetsi, ndikupha omwe akhudzidwa ndi magetsi. Ma Cryptozoologists amati cholengedwa chodabwitsachi ndi ma eyelids. Zowona, palibe umboni womwe wapezeka wokhalapo wa Olga-Horkhoi.
- Monga tsoka lowopsa la malo omwe Columbia yakhala ikusonyeza, ma eyeloni amatha kupulumuka 2500g. Omwe ali m'mabokosi apadera adapulumuka kuwonongeka, komwe kunapha anthu onse.
- Nyongolotsi zambiri zowopsa zimawopa dzuwa, popeza kuwala kwa ultraviolet kumawavulaza.
- Akatswiri azomera amati maelon ndi ma mollusks mamiliyoni a zaka zapitazo anali ndi kholo limodzi.
- Ma Annelids nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mtima wopitilira umodzi. Zomera zamtundu wa pansi zimakhala ndi zidutswa zokwana 9.
Dothi limadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa iwo m'mizere yodzazidwa ndi mpweya, wotchedwa porosity (kapena porosity) wa dothi.
Pores imatha kupanga gawo lalikulu la kuchuluka kwa dothi. Chifukwa chake, m'minda yolimidwa voliyumu ya mpaka 500 mpaka 30%, ndipo kumtunda mpaka 60% ya voliyumu ya nthaka. Mokulira kwambiri kukongola, malo abwino okhala m'nthaka. Ma pores akuluakulu, pafupifupi 0,3 mm kukula kwake, amatha kukhala ndi madzi, pomwe nthawi yomweyo amapereka mpweya wam'mlengalenga m'nthaka, i.e., mpweya wabwino ndi kupuma kwa okhala m'nthaka. Ma pores ang'onoang'ono (0,03-0,03,3 mm) amatenganso gawo lina: amapanga dongosolo lofunikira kwambiri la capillaries m'nthaka, momwe madzi oyambira pansi amatulutsidwa pansi kuchokera pansi. Dongosolo lopendekera dothi limagwira ntchito yopanga madzi, popereka dothi lokwera kumtunda ndi madzi chifukwa chamadzi oundana, omwe nthawi zina amakhala akuzama. M'malo ouma izi ndizofunika kwambiri kwa anthu okhala m'nthaka. Komabe, m'malo a steppe, kukwera kwa nthaka ndi mphamvu za capillary kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoipa: motere, zigawo zapamwamba za nthaka zimapangitsidwa ndi mchere, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale dothi lamchere ndi mimbamu yamchere. Ma pores ang'ono, makamaka ang'onoang'ono (osakwana 0.003 mm), nawonso ndiofunikira kwambiri chifukwa kutuluka kwamadzi kumachitika pang'onopang'ono kwambiri mwa iwo. Chifukwa chake, atha kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu zazing'onoting'ono za dothi ngati malo osungirako madzi, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pachilala. Zoyala m'nthaka, monga tionere pambuyo pake, ndizomwe zimapezeka tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri komanso zinyalala za dothi. Dothi lokhala ndi miyala yocheperako, monga dothi louma, silikhala bwino ndi nyama.
Mwanjira imeneyi Dongosolo la malembedwe ndi njira munthaka pang'ono okhala ndi madzi, pang'ono ndi mpweya wofunikira kupumira kwa zinyama zadothi. Kapangidwe ka mpweya wa nthaka kumasiyana ndi nthaka yam'mlengalenga ndi mpweya wocheperako ndipo makamaka ndi mpweya wambiri wambiri. Izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha kunyowa kwa mpweya ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimapangitsa nthaka kukhala yopanda mphamvu, kupumira kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, komanso kumasulidwa kwa mpweya woipa kuchokera munthaka zomwe zimapukusidwa ndi nthaka. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi kaboni diokosijeni zimatengera mtundu wa dothi komanso kuya kwa nthaka. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa kaboni kumawonjezeka ndi kuya komanso kutsika kwa porosity. Chifukwa chake, moyo wa dothi la zolengedwa zonse zopumira mpweya (i.e., nyama zonse ndi zomera, kupatula mabakiteriya a anaerobic), ziyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri pamtunda wa dothi. M'madothi onse, izi zimawonedwa. Udindo wofunikira pakugawika kwa moyo kwa dothi komweko sikumaseweredwa mochuluka kwambiri ndi kuchepa kwa mpweya muzozama za dothi, monga poizoni wa mpweya woipa, womwe mwachilengedwe umachulukana ndimphamvu zake.
Kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi kaboni diokosijeni m'nthaka kumasinthanso nyengo. M'madenga apamwamba kumtunda, kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumakhala kovuta nthawi zonse pachaka, koma m'malo ake ozama amatsika kwambiri nthawi yozizira, ndipo kuyambira Meyi imakwera pang'onopang'ono, mpaka kufika pofika Ogasiti okha. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa kumatsikiranso pang'ono nthawi yozizira.
Kuti mudziwe momwe zakhalira panthaka, muyenera kudziwa kuchuluka kwa nthaka yomwe ili munthaka. Amadziwika makamaka ndi madzi ndi kutentha kwa nthaka. Dothi limatentha masana ndipo limazizira usiku. Kuzirala kwa dothi kumachitika mwachangu, ndipamenenso kumakhala chinyezi. Ziwerengero zomwezi zimawonedwa pakusintha kwanyengo. M'nyengo yozizira, kutentha kwa dothi kumatsika, chifukwa chake, m'malo otentha kwambiri, kumtunda kwake kumazizirira ndipo moyo mwa iwo umasokonezedwa kwakanthawi. Njira zonse zamankhwala zili m'nthaka komanso kayendedwe ka madzi mmenemo zimasokonekera. Koma nthaka zakuya kwambiri pansi zimakola pang'ono, sizizirala, ndipo matenthedwe amasungidwa chaka chonse. Kutali chakumpoto, ndikofupikitsika nthawi yomwe nthaka yogwira ntchito m'nthaka ndiyotheka, motero mapangidwe a dothi. Kumpoto kwakutali, nthawi yachilimwe yopanda kupendekera, dziko lapansi silikhala ndi nthawi yopewa komanso kupanga dothi kuli pafupi.
Mkuyu. 39. Kusintha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kutentha kwa chirimwe. (Kuchokera N.P. Remezov).
1 pamtunda, 2 - pakuya masentimita 5, 3 - pakuya masentimita 10, 4 - pakuya masentimita 15, b - pakuya 20 cm.
Kutentha kwadothi kumatengera msipu ndi chipale chofewa. Dothi lophimbidwa ndi udzu, makamaka mitengo yamitengo, imawotha ndipo imazizira pang'ono pamtunda, i.e. chomera chomera ndichinthu chomwe chimawongolera nyengo yam'munda molingana ndi kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku. Monga momwe tikudziwira, chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa chimathandizanso kuteteza nthaka kuti isazizidwe kwambiri ndi nyengo yozizira.
Titha kuwona kuchokera pamwambapa kuti nyengo yakukhala ndi usiku, poyerekeza ndi lapansi, ngakhale ndizolimba kwambiri mokhudzana ndi kuperewera kwa okosijeni, ndizokhazikika. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yozizira nthaka yake imakhala pothaŵirapo nyama zambiri
Sitinatchulepo mbali yofunika kwambiri panthaka, yomwe ndi humus, kapena humus. Humus ndi kuphatikiza zinthu zachilengedwe za m'nthaka, zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zikhale gawo lakufa la mbewu, chimbudzi cha nyama ndi mitembo ya nx. Izi zidadziwika kale Lomonosov, yemwe adalemba mu nkhani yake "Pa zigawo za dziko lapansi" (1763): "Palibe chikaiko kuti chernozem ndichinthu choyambirira, koma chimachokera pakukodwa nyama komanso matupi okulira" (matupi akukula ndi achigololo. )
Pakadali pano, zimadziwika kuti mabakiteriya achilengedwe, mafangayi, ndi ena ambiri amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga humus. nyama zamkati. Kupanga kwa humus ndi njira yovuta kwambiri ya mankhwala, zomwe zimapangidwa zomwe sizongopeka kwa mamolekyulu achilengedwe, komanso kaphatikizidwe kake kuchokera pazinthu zosavuta. Monga mukudziwa, chifukwa cha mizu ya mbewu, zinthu zachilengedwe zokha sizimatheka ndipo zimangoyamwa mchere wa mchere. Komabe, kupezeka kwa humus ndiko komwe kumatsimikizira chonde mu nthaka. Izi ndichifukwa choti chilengedwe cha dothi ndi gawo lapansi la moyo, gwero la chakudya chomera komanso nyama zambiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito dothi la humus pakudya, michere ya dothi imapitiliza kuwononga zinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe kale zinali mbali ya thupi la zinthu zina zamoyo. Zinthu zomaliza za kuvunda izi ndizopanga zinthu. Chifukwa chake, pakudya komanso zakudya za nthaka, zomwe zimadziwika kuti michere yazachilengedwe zimachitika. Chofunika kwambiri ndi kuchepa mphamvu kwa mchere wa nayitrogeni, phosphorous, potaziyamu ndi zinthu zina zofunika pazomera zapamwamba. Udindo wofunikira kwambiri pomanga matendawa ndi mabakiteriya achinyama, ndipo nyama zimachita mbali yayikulu pakusintha zinthu zachilengedwe m'nthaka.
Ngati tikumbukira kuti mizu yomera imatha kuyamwa nayitrogeni, phosphorous, potaziyamu ndi zinthu zina zingapo zofunika kuti amange thupi lawo, pokhapokha njira zamadzimadzi zamchere, ndiye kuti gawo la zinthu zachilengedwe munthaka yayikulu ya zinthu zomwe zimachitika mobwerezabwereza padziko lapansi. . Pakadali pano, dothi silimadzazidwa m'zinthu zofunikira zokha, popeza malo obiriwira omwe amaphukira bwino pansi, zinyalala za mbewu zambiri zimalowanso munthaka. Osati m'malo mwake, ngati njira ya humus mineralization yachedwa, ndiye kuti zochulukirapo zimayambitsa kuchepa kwachuma chonde, makamaka pamene chasinthika ndikusandulika kukhala peat ndi chinyezi chowonjezera.
Makulidwe a dothi lamakinidwe komanso mawonekedwe ake a morphological m'malo osiyanasiyana ndi osiyana. Pofuna kumveketsa, titha kupereka chithunzi chotsatirachi cha gawo lofanana ndi dothi. Pamwamba, thambo limalumikizidwa ndi zomerazo; m'munsi mwake muli masamba ofunikira ndikuwonekera pamwamba panthaka. Pansi pake pali turf ndi wosanjikiza wa humus (the humus wosanjikiza L). Umu ndi momwe zinthu zachilengedwe zambiri zam'madzi zimakhalira. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi kupindika B, momwe kuchuluka kwa humus kumachepera mofulumira ndi kuya. Moyo kuno umakhazikika ming'alu, m'machubu otsalira kuchokera kumera zakufa za zomera, komanso mumayendedwe a nyansi. Dengali limayenda pang'onopang'ono m'thanthwe (kumtunda B), pansi panthaka.
Tiyeni tiwone mwachidule kusiyanasiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa nthaka kuti timvetse bwino za malo ndi mphamvu zina zomwe zanyanja zimakhalamo.
Choyamba, izi zimaphatikizapo mitundu yayikulu ya mabakiteriya ndi bowa, omwe khalani mipata yonse pakati pazunthaka, mpaka tating'onoting'ono. Bacteria ndi bowa ndizopangika ndipo m'mbali zonse zofunika kwambiri za nthaka, zomwe zimayimiriridwa mumilimita iliyonse ya nthaka ndi anthu ambiri. M'mabatani okhala ndi mpweya, amapezeka ambiri pamakoma awo yokutidwa ndi mafilimu amadzi. Zosavuta kwambiri, zomwe ndi nyama zazikulu kwambiri, zimakhalanso m'mafilimu awa. Amaimilidwa ndi dothi amoeba, rhizopods, ciliates, ndi flagellates ena. Kuphatikiza pa protozoa, anthu okhala m'madzi amadzimadzi ndi mafilimu amadzimadzi ozungulira dothi
Mkuyu. 40. Kapangidwe ka gawo la nkhalango ndi zitsa. (Wolemba Fork).
Mizere yakuda ndi mayendedwe a nyansi. A0 ndi zosanjikiza za masamba owola, Pokhala dothi lodzaza ndi humus, B ndi malo opanda miyala, B ndi malo osanja ndi miyala, ndipo C ndi thovu lamapiri.
M'malo mwake, pali mphutsi zapansi (ma rotifers, nematode) ndi magulu ena a ma invertebrates. Pamtunda wapamwamba wa dothi ndi masamba owola, mafilimu amadzi awa amadzaza ndi nematode ambiri, ndipo nyongolotsi zapamwamba zimapezekanso pamenepo.
Zokhala m'malo okhala ndi mpweya mkati mwa dothi ndi zanyumba zikulowera munthaka m'nthaka, komanso ma arthropod osiyanasiyana: nsabwe za nkhuni (kuchokera ku crustaceans), zinkhanira zabodza, mitundu yambiri ya nkhupakupa (kuchokera ku arachnids), millipedes ndi tizilombo.
Mwa zomerazi, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono totsika tambiri tili ochulukirachulukira, masikulidwe abwinobwino aomwe sapitilira 1-2 mm, ndi mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo tambiri, tomwe nyerere, mphutsi za kafadala komanso ntchentche, mbozi za agulugufe ndizambiri. Pomaliza, tizilombo tambiri nthawi yozizira m'nthaka. Malinga ndi kuwerengera kwa zolengedwa, pafupifupi 95% yazilombo zonse zimakhala ndi izi kapena zokhudzana ndi dothi.
Gulu lapadera lokhala ndi nthaka kukumba nyama. Kuphatikiza pa ma worldworms, awa akuphatikiza nyongolotsi zomwe zimakhala m'gulu limodzi - enchitreids, ochulukirapo mu dothi lonse. Awa ndi nyongolotsi zazing'ono zocheperako, kawirikawiri sizachulukirapo kuposa 1.5 cm, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa. Izi zimaphatikizanso tizilombo, tomwe timayala m'nthaka yayitali komanso nthawi zina, mphutsi ndi tizilombo tina tambiri, komanso akangaude ena ndi nsabwe za nkhuni. Mwa nyama zam'madzi, nyama zomwe zimakonda kukhala ndi timadontho. Kuphatikiza apo, zinyama zingapo zomwe zimapanga mabowo m'nthaka, makamaka makoswe (pansi agologolo, baybaks, hamsters, mitembo, ndi zina), ngakhale atangokhala gawo limodzi la moyo wawo m'nthaka, ndizofunikirabe pakusintha kwa dothi.
Munthu atha kudziwa za kuchuluka kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama, okhala m'nthaka, kuchokera kwa anthu omwe apatsidwa gawo la nthaka yolimidwa ku Central Europe (Fran, 1950).
Phokoso lamvula
Wasayansi wina, pulofesa Joseph Gorris wa ku USA, adanenanso kuti ma Earthworms amawopa ndi kuwomba kwa mvula, chifukwa kugwedezeka komwe amapanga kuli kofanana ndi mkokomo wofika kwa mdani wawo wamkulu - mole. Ndiye chifukwa chake asodzi ena amagwiritsa ntchito njirayi kuti akope nyamboyo kumtunda: amaika ndodo pansi, pepala lachitsulo limayikidwa pamwamba pake ndikuikoka kuti lipangitse kugwedezeka, komwe kudzasunthidwira pansi kudzera pansi. Pochita mantha, nyongolotsi zimafika padziko lapansi ndipo zimasavuta kugwiritsa ntchito asodzi odziwa ntchito.
Kuberekanso komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali wa padziko lapansi
Earthworm ndi hermaphrodite. Ili ndi ziwalo zonse wamkazi komanso wamwamuna. Komabe, sangathe kudzilimbitsa nokha. Ndi isanayambike nyengo yofunda yofunikira kuti kubereka, anthu amawolokera awiriawiri, nkumagwiritsa ntchito pamimba, ndikupanga mtundu wosinthana ndi mbewu. Pambuyo pake, lumikiza limasinthidwa kukhala coco, pomwe mazira amakula.
Mitundu ina imasiyanitsidwa ndi kubereka kwapaxual. Thupi la nyongolotsi limagawika pawiri, pomwe mbali imodzi imapanganso mbali yakutsogolo, kenako inayo. Palinso mitundu ya mphutsi zomwe zimasamba popanda mbewu poyika ma spermatophores. Kutalika kwa moyo wa mphutsi kumatha kupitilira zaka khumi.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Earthworm
Lumbricina ali m'gulu la ochepa nyongolotsi zazing'ono ndipo ndi wa Haplotaxida. Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri ku Europe ndi a banja la Lumbricidae, lomwe lili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 200. Kupindula kwa ma earthworms mu 1882 adadziwika koyamba ndi wolemba zachilengedwe Wachingelezi Charles Darwin.
Nthawi yamvula, ma mbewa a nyongolotsi zam'madzi amadzazidwa ndi madzi ndipo amakakamizidwa kuti azikwiririka pansi chifukwa chosowa mpweya. Chifukwa chake dzina la nyama. Panthaka, amakhala m'malo ofunikira, kulemeretsa dothi ndi humus, kukhuta ndi mpweya, kukulitsa zipatso.
Kanema: Earthworm
Ku Western Europe, mphutsi zouma zimasinthidwa kukhala ufa ndikuyika mabala kuti muchiritsidwe mwachangu. Tincture anagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa komanso chifuwa chachikulu. Amakhulupirira kuti msuzi umathandizira kupweteka m'makutu. Opanda mafuta, ophika mu vinyo, amawotcha jaundice, komanso mothandizidwa ndi mafuta, omwe amaumirizidwa ma invertebrates, amalimbana ndi rheumatism.
M'zaka za zana la 18, dokotala wochokera ku Germany, Stahl, adathandizira odwala omwe anali ndi khunyu wopukutira ndi ufa wa nyongolotsi. Mankhwala achikhalidwe achi China, mankhwala adagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi matenda a atherosulinosis. Chithandizo cha ku Russia chinkachita mankhwala a matenda amkati mothandizidwa ndi madzi kukhetsa ku minyewa yokazinga. Adamuika m'maso.
Chosangalatsa: Aaborigine aku Australia amadya mitundu ikuluikulu ya nyongolotsi, ndipo ku Japan amakhulupirira kuti mukakakoka ndi nyongolotsi, malo obisalako adzatupa.
Ma Invertebrates amatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu azachilengedwe, kutengera chikhalidwe chawo:
- epigeic - osakumbapo mabowo, khalani pansi pamtunda,
- endogeic - khalani mumizere tating'ono,
- anecic - chakudya pamafuta okhala ndi mphamvu, kukumba mabowo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Earthworm pa Earth
Kutalika kwa thupi kumadalira mitunduyo ndipo kumatha kukhala osiyana masentimita awiri mpaka 3 mita. Chiwerengero cha magawo ndi 80-300, iliyonse yomwe ili ndi mabulamu afupikitsa. Chiwerengero chawo chikhoza kukhala kuyambira magawo 8 mpaka makumi angapo. Zomera zimadalira iwo akamayenda.
Gawo lililonse lili ndi:
- khungu
- minofu yayitali
- zam'mimba
- minofu ya mphete
- setae.
Minofu imakhazikika bwino. Zolengedwa zimasakanikira ndikulimbitsa minofu yayitali ndi ya mphete. Chifukwa cha zopangika, sizingangokwawa m'mabowo, komanso kukulitsa mabowo, ndikukankhira dothi kumbali. Nyama zimapuma kudzera m'maselo amtundu wakhungu. Epithelium imakutidwa ndi ntchofu woteteza, womwe umakhala ndi michere yambiri ya antiseptic.
Njira yoyendayenda imatsekedwa, kukonzedwa bwino. Magazi ndi ofiira. Invertebrate imakhala ndimitsempha iwiri yayikulu: the dorsal and ventral. Amalumikizidwa ndi sitima zapanyanja. Ena a iwo amayamba kugwira ndikukhala ndi magazi, kumayendetsa magazi kuchokera ku msana kupita kumadzi am'mimba. Zotengera nthambi mu capillaries.
Mimba imakhala ndi khomo lotseguka, pomwe chakudya chimalowa pharynx, kenako kulowa m'minyewa yokhazikika, kenaka ndikulowetsedwa m'mimba. M'matumbo apakati, chakudya chimagwidwa ndi kugwidwa. Zotsalira kudzera mu zotsegulira zotulutsa. Mchitidwe wamanjenje umakhala ndi unyolo wam'mimba komanso ziwalo ziwiri zamitsempha. Msempha wam'mimba wam'mimba umayamba ndi mphete ya periopharyngeal. Ili ndi maselo amitsempha kwambiri. Kapangidwe kameneka kamaonetsetsa kuti magawo azigwira ntchito mosadalira komanso kusasinthika kwa ziwalo zonse.
Ziwalo zowoneka bwino zimaperekedwa ngati timachubu tating'onoting'ono, mbali imodzi yomwe imalowera m'thupi, ndi inayo kunja. Metanephridia ndi ma pores odzipereka amathandizira kuchotsa poizoni m'thupi kulowa m'chilengedwe atadziunjikira mopitirira muyeso. Palibe ziwalo zamasomphenya. Koma pakhungu pali maselo apadera omwe amamva kupezeka kwa kuwala. Palinso ziwalo zogwira, zonunkhira, masamba opaka. Kutha kubwezeretsanso ndi mwayi wapadera wobwezeretsa gawo lotayika la thupi pambuyo pakuwonongeka.
Kodi nyongolotsi zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Earthworm ku Russia
Opanda kanthu amagawidwa m'magawo omwe amadzipezera okha chakudya pobisalira, ndipo amene amasaka zakudya pachakudya. Zakalezi zimatchedwa zinyalala ndipo sizikumba maenje akuya kupitirira masentimita 10, ngakhale nthawi yozizira kapena youma pansi. Dothi lonyowa litha kulowa pansi mwakuya ndi 20 cm.
Nyongolotsi zopepuka zimatsikira pansi mita imodzi. Mtunduwu suwoneka kawirikawiri pamtunda, popeza sikuwuka. Ngakhale pokonzekera kukhwima, ma invertebrates samatulutsa kwathunthu kuchokera kumakungwa.
Mutha kuwona zonyansa kulikonse, kupatula malo otentha kwambiri a Arctic. Magulu owotcha ndi zofunda amamva bwino mu dothi lonyowa. Amatha kupezeka pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, m'malo otetezeka komanso m'malo okhala ndi chinyezi. Nthaka ngati steppe chernozems, zinyalala ndi zinyalala za dothi - tundra ndi taiga.
Chosangalatsa: Poyamba, panali mitundu yochepa yokha yomwe inali yofala. Kukula kwa masanjidwewo kudachitika chifukwa chakuyambitsa kwa anthu.
Zamoyo zouluka zokha zimatha kusintha magawo aliwonse ndi nyengo, koma zimakhala momasuka kwambiri m'malo okhala nkhalango zowoneka bwino. M'nyengo yotentha amapezeka pafupi ndi pamwamba, koma nthawi yachisanu amakhala mozama.
Kodi nyongolotsi zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Big Earthworm
Nyama zimadyera zotsalira za chomera chovunda zomwe zimalowa mkati mwa zida zam'kamwa komanso pansi. Mukadutsa pakati pamatumbo apakati, dothi limaphatikizidwa ndi zinthu organic. Kupukusa kwa ma invertebrates kumakhala ndi nayitrogeni kasanu, kuchuluka kwa phosphorous, kuchuluka kwa 11 potaziyamu poyerekeza ndi nthaka.
Zakudya za earthworms zimaphatikizapo zowola zotsalira za nyama, letesi, manyowa, tizilombo, mavwende a masamba. Zolengedwa zimapewa zinthu zamchere ndi acid. Kukoma kwa nyongolotsi kumakhudzanso zomwe amakonda. Osakhalitsa anthu, podzilungamitsa dzina lawo, amafunafuna chakudya kunja kukuda. Zitsamba zimasiyidwa, zimangodya mnofu wa tsamba.
Akapeza chakudya, nyamazo zimayamba kukumba dothi, ndikuigwirizira pakamwa. Amakonda kusakaniza chakudya ndi nthaka. Mitundu yambiri, mwachitsanzo, mphutsi zofiira za chakudya, zimapatsidwa poizoni pansi. Zomwe nthaka yachilengedwe m'nthaka itachepa, anthu amayamba kuyang'ana malo abwino okhala ndikuyenda.
Chosangalatsa: Kwa tsiku limodzi, nyongolotsi zimadya zochuluka momwe zimalemera.
Chifukwa chachedwekera, anthu alibe nthawi yokwanira kumera masamba kumtunda, choncho amakokera chakudya mkati, chokhutira ndi organic, ndikuisunga pamenepo, amalola abale awo kudya. Anthu ena amakumba kogula modyeramo zakudya ndipo ngati kuli kofunikira, mudzawachezere kumeneko. Chifukwa cha zotumphukira zokhala ngati dzino m'mimba, chakudyacho chimakola mkati ndi tizinthu tating'onoting'ono.
Masamba opanda kanthu sagwiritsidwa ntchito pachakudya chokha, komanso chophimba pakhomo la dzenje. Kuti achite izi, amakoka maluwa, zitsinde, nthenga, mapepala, ubweya wofikira pakhomo. Nthawi zina petioles kuchokera masamba kapena nthenga amatha kutuluka kulowa.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Red Earthworm
Zomera zam'madzi padziko lapansi zimakhala nyama zapansi panthaka. Choyamba, chimapereka chitetezo. Zolengedwa zimakumbira nyemba pansi kuchokera pakuya masentimita 80. Mitundu ikuluikulu imaphwanya m'mitsinje mpaka mainchesi 8, chifukwa nthaka ndi yosakanikirana. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta nyama zamtundu timakankha mbali kapena kumeza.
Mothandizidwa ndi ntchofu, ma invertebrates amasunthira ngakhale m'nthaka yolimba. Sayenera kukhala pansi pano kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa izi zimawopseza nyongolotsi ndi imfa. Khungu lawo limakhala loonda kwambiri ndipo limawuma msanga. Ultraviolet imakhala ndi zovulaza pazotseketsa, kotero nyama zimatha kuwoneka pamvula nyengo.
Ogonjerawa amakonda kukhala ndi moyo wamadzulo. Mumdima, mutha kupeza magulu a zolengedwa padziko lapansi. Atatsamira, amasiya gawo la thupi pansi, kuti athe kuona momwe zinthu ziliri. Ngati palibe chomwe chikuwopsa, zolengedwa zimasankhidwa kwathunthu kuchokera pansi ndikuyang'ana chakudya.
Thupi la ma invertebrates limatambalala. Mabatani ambiri amagwada, kuteteza thupi ku zinthu zakunja. Ndikosavuta kutulutsa nyongolotsi yonse pochotsa mbewa. Nyama imateteza ndikumata ndi zomata m'mphepete mwa mink, kotero ndikosavuta kung'amba.
Zopindulitsa za ma earthworm zimakhala zovuta kuzidalira. M'nyengo yozizira, kuti chisasokonekere, imagwera pansi pa nthaka. Pofika kumapeto kwa kasupe, nthaka imayamba kutentha ndipo anthu amayamba kuzungulirazungulira. Ndi masiku ofunda oyamba amayamba ntchito yawo.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Zomera za padziko lapansi pamalopo
Nyama ndi hermaphrodites. Kuberekanso kumachitika pogonana, pamtanda wopanda. Munthu aliyense amene wafika paunyamata amakhala ndi maliseche aakazi ndi aamuna. Nyongolotsi zolumikizidwa ndi nembanemba mucous ndi kusinthanitsa umuna.
Chosangalatsa: Mating invertebrates amatha mpaka maola atatu motsatizana. Pa nthawi ya chibwenzi, anthu amalowa wina ndi mzake maulendo 17 motsatizana. Kugonana kulikonse kumatha mphindi 60.
Njira yolerera imakhala kutsogolo kwa thupi. Maselo a umuna amapezeka m'matumba a testicles. Pakukhwima, ntchofu zimasungidwa pagawo 32 la selo, lomwe kenako limapanga dzira la mazira, lopatsidwa madzi amapuloteni a mluza. Kutulutsa kumasinthidwa kukhala malaya a mucous.
Mazira opanda kanthu amagonamo. Mimbayo imabadwa pambuyo pa masabata 2-4 ndipo imasungidwa mu coco, yotetezedwa ku zinthu zilizonse. Pakatha miyezi 3-4, amakula mpaka kukula. Nthawi zambiri, mwana mmodzi amabadwa. Chiyembekezo chamoyo chikufika zaka 6-7.
Mtundu wa ku Taiwan Amynthas catenus mkati mwa chisinthiko adataya maliseche awo ndipo amaberekanso kudzera mwa parthenogenesis. Chifukwa chake amafalikira kwa mbadwa 100% za mitundu yawo, chifukwa chomwe anthu ofanana amabadwa - ma foni. Chifukwa chake kholo limathandizira m'malo mwa abambo ndi amayi.
Adani achilengedwe a nyongolotsi
Chithunzi: Earthworm m'chilengedwe
Kuphatikiza pa zochitika zanyengo zomwe zimasokoneza moyo wabwinobwino wa nyama ndi kusefukira kwamadzi, chisanu, chilala ndi zina zofananira, nyama zodyera ndi majeremusi zimayambitsa kuchepa kwa anthu.
Izi zikuphatikiza:
Timadontho tambiri timene timadya tambiri tambiri. Amadziwika kuti m'makola awo amakhala pomwepo nthawi yachisanu, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nyongolotsi. Zilombazo zimaluma mutu wosaphulika kapena kuupweteketsa kwambiri kuti zisang'ambe mpaka gawo lomwe linang'ambikiridwanso. Chosangalatsa kwambiri cha timadontho ta mbewa ndi nyongolotsi yofiira yayikulu.
Timadontho-mbewa ndizowopsa makamaka ma invertebrates. Nyama zazing'ono zimasaka mphutsi. Achule osusuka amayang'ana anthu pafupi ndi mabowo awo ndikuwukira usiku, mutu ukangowoneka pamwamba pa nthaka. Mbalame zimawononga kwambiri manambala.
Chifukwa cha kuwona kwawo lakuthwa, amatha kupanga malekezero a nyongolotsi zochokera kumapeto. M'mawa uliwonse, akakhala akusaka chakudya, amatulutsa timabowo tokhala ndi milomo yakuthwa. Mbalame zimangodya osati akuluakulu, komanso kunyamula cocoons ndi mazira.
Mphesa zamahatchi, zopezeka m'matupi osiyanasiyana amadzi, kuphatikiza zikondwerero, sizimenya anthu kapena nyama zazikulu chifukwa cha nsagwada. Simatha kuluma pakhungu lowonda, koma amatha kumeza nyongolotsi. Atangofika pamtunda, nyongolotsi zowonjezerazo zinali m'mimba mwa zilombo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Earthworm
Mu dothi losasinthika labwino pamafamu olima amatha kukhala mphutsi zana limodzi mpaka miliyoni. Kulemera kwawo kokwanira kumatha kilogalamu zana limodzi mpaka chikwi pa hekita limodzi. Alimi olima mbewu zaulimi amalimitsa chakudya chawochawo kuti chonde chambiri.
Nyongolotsi zimathandizira kukonza zinyalala za organic kukhala vermicompost, womwe ndi feteleza wabwino. Alimi akuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ma invertebrates kuti azidyetsa chakudya cha ziweto ndi mbalame. Kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa nyongolotsi, kompositi imakonzedwa kuchokera ku zinyalala zamanyowa. Asodzi amagwiritsa ntchito zopanda nsomba kuti aphe nsomba.
Pophunzira dothi lakuda wamba, mitundu itatu ya nyongolotsi zapezeka: Dendrobaena octaedra, Eisenia nordenskioldi ndi E. fetida. Woyamba mu lalikulu lalikulu la nthaka ya namwali anali mayunitsi 42, malo olimapo - 13. Eisenia fetida sanapezeke mu dothi lamtambo, m'nthaka yolima - pamlingo wamunthu umodzi.
M'malo osiyanasiyana, ziwerengero zimasiyana kwambiri. M'mphepete mwa madzi osefukira mumzinda wa Perm, 150 ind./m2 anapezeka. Mu nkhalango yosakanikirana ya dera la Ivanovo - 12,221 ind./m2. Nkhalango yaini ya dera la Bryansk - 1696 ind./m2. Mu nkhalango zamapiri za Altai Krai mu 1950 panali makope 3,000,000 pa m2 iliyonse.
Chitetezo cha Earthworm
Chithunzi: Red Book Earthworm
Mitundu 11 yotsatirayi yalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia:
- Allolobofora wamutu wobiriwira,
- All chikondiofora
- Allolobofora Snake,
- Eisenia Gordeeva,
- Eisenia Mugan,
- Eisenia ndiwokongola
- Eisenia Malevich,
- Eisenia Salair,
- Eisenia Altai,
- Eisenia Transcaucasian,
- Dendroben ndi pharyngeal.
Anthu akuchita bizinesi yakukhazikitsanso madera omwe sikokwanira. Nyama zimachita bwino kupitilizidwa. Njirayi imatchedwa zoological land reclamation ndipo imangolekerera kuti isunge kokha, komanso kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zolengedwa.
M'malo omwe kuchuluka kwake kulibe kochepa, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa ntchito zaulimi. Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumakhudza kwambiri kubereka, komanso kugwa kwa mitengo, msipu. Wamaluwa amawonjezera zinthu zachilengedwe panthaka, kukonza malo okhala ma invertebrates.
Nyenyezi Ndi nyama yolumikizana komanso yolumikizirana kudzera pakukhudza. Chifukwa chake gulu la nkhosalo limasankha njira yosunthira aliyense wa mamembala ake. Kupeza kumeneku kukuwonetsa chikhalidwe cha mphutsi. Chifukwa chake, mukatenga nyongolayo ndikuisamutsira kumalo ena, mutha kukhala mukugawana ndi abale kapena abwenzi.