Newt
Amuna a newt yovala wamba komanso yovala matching
Gulu la asayansi

• Lacerta vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758
• Lacerta aquatica Linnaeus, 1758
• Lacerta palustris Linnaeus, 1758
• Triton palustris Laurenti, 1768
• Triton parisinus Laurenti, 1768
• Salamandra exigua Laurenti, 1768
• Gecko triton Meyer, 1795
• Gecko aquaticus (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Salamandra taeniata Schneider, 1799
• Salamandra palustris (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Salamandra abdominalis Latreille, 1800
• Salamandra punctata Latreille, 1800
• Lacerta triton Retzius, 1800
• Salamandra elegans Daudin, 1803
• Molge punctata (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Molge palustris (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Molge cinerea Merrem, 1820
• Triton taeniatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Lacerta taeniata (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Triton abdominalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Triton vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Triton aquaticus (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Triton punctatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Molge taeniata (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Salamandra vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Salamandra lacepedii Andrzejowski, 1832
• Triton exiguus (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Lissotriton punctatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Lophinus punctatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Triton laevis Higginbottom, 1853
• Pyronicia punctata (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Molge vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Gekko anayesa Schreiber, 1912
• Triton hoffmanni Szeliga-Mierzeyewksi ndi Ulasiewicz, 1931
• Lophinus vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Triturus vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758)

Newt (lat. Lissotriton vulgaris) - mitundu yodziwika bwino yazatsopano kuchokera ku mtundu wa zatsopano (Lissotriton) dongosolo la ampudate amphibians. Mtunduwu udafotokozedwa koyamba mu 1758 ndi wolemba zachilengedwe ku Sweden a Karl Linnaeus.

Kufotokozera

Ortinary newt ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri ya zatsopano, kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira 7 mpaka 11 cm, kuphatikizapo mchira, womwe ndi theka la kutalika kwathunthu kwa thupi. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala okulirapo kuposa akazi, makamaka kukula kwake kumawonekera nthawi yakukhwima. Komanso nthawi imeneyi, amuna achizolowezi wamba amatha kuoneka ngati akhungu. Nthawi yonseyi, amuna ndi akazi omwe amakhala osiyana kwambiri wina ndi mnzake.

Khungu limakhala losalala kapena loyesedwa pang'ono. Mtundu wakuda ndi woderako kapena maolivi, m'mimba ndi wachikasu kapena lalanje lowoneka ndi mawanga amdima, amuna amakhala ndi khungu lakuda.

Chizindikiro cha newt wamba ndizovala zazitali zakuda kudutsa m'maso mbali zonse za mutu kuposa malo ena. Zatsopano zatsopano nthawi zambiri zimasokonezedwa ndi ma nitrous tritons (Lissotriton helveticus), ndizotheka kudziwa mosazindikira kuti mitunduyi ilipo chifukwa cha malo amdima pakhosi - sizikupezeka mu newt yokhala ndi nitrite. Chikhulupiriro cha newt chopanda kanthu chilibe kanthu m'munsi mwa mchira, mosiyana ndi newstststst.

Chiyembekezo chamoyo m'chilengedwe ndichilengedwe mpaka zaka 6 ndi pafupi zaka 20 ali mu ukapolo.

Kuzungulira kwa moyo

Kumayambiriro koyambira, kuyambira mwezi wa Marichi mpaka Epulo, ma newts amapita m'matupi amadzi. Mitundu yatsopano imakonda kugonjetsedwa ndi kutentha kochepa. Nthawi zina nthumwi zamtunduwu zimapezeka m'madzi omwe amaphimbidwa ndi ayezi.

Pafupifupi mutangodzuka, newts zimayamba kuchulukana. Maonekedwe a zatsopano nthawi yamkaka ikusintha - mtundu wa akazi umakhala wowala, abambo kumbuyo chakumutu mpaka kumapeto kwa mchira amakhala ndikuwonekera kowoneka bwino kapena kosagwedezeka kwambiri, wokhala ndi ziwiya zapamwamba komanso wogwira ntchito ngati njira ina yopumira. Ntchito imodzimodziyo imachitidwa ndi nembanemba pamatumbo. Chingwe cha buluu chimayambira pansi pa mzere.

Wamphongo amakopa chidwi chachikazi ndi miyambo yachilendo - amasunthira ngati kavalo. Kusangalatsa chachikazi, iye amatulutsa kavalo, komwe iye amatola kamphika. Feteleza limapezeka mkati mwa thupi la mkazi.

Pakupita masiku angapo, zazikazi zimayikira mazira paokha, pafupifupi mazira 10 patsiku, nyengo yonse yoberekera, mazira mazana angapo (malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, kuyambira 60 mpaka 700). Kukula kwa mazira ndikuchokera 2 mpaka 3 mm, mawonekedwe ake ndi ozungulira. Dzira lililonse limakhala lophatikizana ndi masamba a zomera zamadzi.

Pakatha pafupifupi milungu iwiri kapena itatu (kutengera kutentha kwa madzi), mphutsi za kukula kwa theka la sentimita zimawonekera. Mphutsi zimadya udzudzu ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Mosiyana ndi mtundu wakale wa Newt, kupuma m'mapapo kumachitika mothandizidwa ndi ma gills akunja. Nthawi zambiri, mphutsi zimakumana ndi gawo la metamorphosis kumapeto kwa chilimwe, koma pali zochitika pamene mphutsi zimakhalabe m'matupi am'madzi mpaka kumapeto kwa chilimwe, komanso milandu ya mphutsi zamkati zam'maso.

Ma triton achichepere amatha kusungunula kangapo nthawi yotentha. Kuchita usiku, kubisala masana.

Kutha msanga mu newt kumachitika pazaka zitatu. Zisanu, atsopano amatenga nthawi yobisalira masamba obisika, mabowo, zipinda zapansi.

Moyo

Imakhala makamaka m'madzi, makamaka munthawi ya kubereka - m'malo osaya osaya ndi madzi osayenda kapena ofowoka (madamu, mafinya, maenje). Imapezeka m'mapaki, m'chigwa cha mitsinje. Mitunduyi imakwera tchire m'madambo osefukira komwe amakhala kutali ndi nkhalango zowuma ndi zophatikizika. Nthawi zina zatsopano zimapezeka pafupi ndi malo olimapo, m'minda ndi minda. Pamtunda, achikulire amakhala tsiku lonse m'malo opanda nkhalango, pansi pa mitengo, miyala ndi mitengo, nthawi zina masana amawoneka mumvula yamvula kapena kusamukira kumalo osungirako.

M'madzi, moyo watsopano, chakudya chamtundu wina chimadyedwa ndi ma crustaceans ang'onoang'ono, mphutsi zamtchire, ndi mapira am'madzi. Padziko lapansi, zakudya zazikuluzikuluzi ndi kachilomboka, mbozi za gulugufe, milongoti, nthata za chipolopolo, akangaude ndi nyongolotsi. Mphutsi zimadya daphnia, mphutsi zaudzu ndi nyama zina zam'madzi zam'madzi.

Adani achilengedwe a newt ndi nyama zam'madzi zomwe zimadya, mphutsi zawo, nsomba, achule ndi mitundu ina ya mbalame.

Kuteteza zachilengedwe

Chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu zakuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa zatsopano zachilengedwe ndikuwonongeka komanso kubisika kwa matupi amadzi - malo achilengedwe amtunduwu. Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, ku Switzerland mu 1950s, pafupifupi 70% ya malo obisalamo omwe adatulutsa, chifukwa chake pofika 1972 kuchuluka kwa wamba ku Switzerland kudatsika kanayi.

Masanjidwe

Pakadali pano, maumwini 7 a newt wamba amawonedwa ponseponse [ gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 1926 ] :

• Lissotriton vulgaris ampelensis Fuhn, 1951 - Ampel Newt, kapena Grape Triton [gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 1926], wopezeka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Romania. Dorsal crest ndi yotsika, mpaka 2 mm mm kutalika kwakukulu pamalo pakati kumbuyo.
• Lissotriton vulgaris graecus - Areca wamba newt [gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 1926], Inakhala m'dera la Greece (kuphatikiza zilumba za Ionia), Albania, Macedonia, ndikupezeka ku Bulgaria.
• Lissotriton vulgaris kosswigi - Kosswig Common Triton [gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 1926], Mumakhala gombe lakumwera chakumadzulo kwa Black Sea (Turkey).
• Lissotriton vulgaris lantzi - Ordinary Newt Lanza [gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 1926], Mumakhala gombe lakummawa kwa Nyanja Yakuda - madera akumwera kwa Russia, Georgia, kumpoto kwa Armenia, Azerbaijan. Imapezeka ku Russia ku Krasnodar ndi Stavropol Territories, ku Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia ndi North Ossetia.
• Lissotriton vulgaris meridionalis - Southern Common Newt [gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 1926], Dwell kumwera kwa Switzerland, kumpoto kwa Italy, Slovenia.
• Lissotriton vulgaris schmidtlerorum - Schmidtler Common Triton [gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 1926], Yopezeka kumadzulo kwa Turkey.
• Lissotriton vulgaris vulgaris ndi gulu lolemba mayina, lili ndiwofalikira kwambiri pamitundu yonse yatsopano yatsopano - kuchokera ku Ireland kupita ku Western Siberia. Ku Russia, mabungwewa amakhala kumadera akumadzulo kwa dzikolo, kuphatikizapo Karelia ndi Caucasus. Amasiyana ndi ma subspecies ena ndi chikopa chapamwamba komanso chodumphika, chofika kutalika kwambiri m'dera la cloaca. Mapeto a mchira akuwonetsedwa.

Zojambula ndi malo a newt

Newt amati kalasi amphibians. Chifukwa moyo wake umachitika pazinthu ziwiri: madzi ndi nthaka. Buluzi wamtunduwu ndi wofala kwambiri ku Europe. Iye ndiochepetsetsa pazonse zomwe zimapezeka ku Russia.

Kukula kwa triton kumasiyana pakati 9-12 cm, ndipo theka lake ndi mchira. Thupi limakutidwa ndi chosangalatsa kukhudza, khungu loyipa pang'ono. Mtundu wake umatha kusintha m'moyo wonse: kupepuka kapena mosiyanasiyana.

Utoto wa msana womwewo, nthawi zambiri umakhala wonyezimira, wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yopapatiza. Amuna, malo akulu akuda amatha kuwoneka pa thupi, omwe akazi alibe. Kukhetsa kumachitika mu newts sabata iliyonse.

Mu buluzi uyu, khungu limatulutsa chiphe. Kwa munthu, siwopseza, koma ngati alowa m'thupi la nyama yofunda, imatha kupha. Imawononga m'mitsempha m'magazi, ndipo mtima amayima choncho newt wamba imadziteteza.

Pa nthawi yakuswana, crest yayitali imayamba kukula m'mphongo, yopangidwa ndi malaya a lalanje ndi abuluu. Imagwira ntchito yolumikizira chiwalo chopumira, popeza imalowetsedwa ndimitsempha yamagazi yambiri. Chisa chitha kuwonedwa chithunzi wamwamuna newt wamba.

Miyendo yonse inayi ya abuluzi amakhala opangidwa bwino ndipo onse ali ndi kutalika kofanana. Zala zinayi zili kutsogolo, ndi zisanu kumbuyo. A Amphibians amasambira mokongola ndikuthamanga mwachangu pansi chotsalira, pamtunda sangadzitame pa izi.

Chochititsa chidwi ndi wamba wamba silingabwezeretse miyendo yotayika yokha, komanso ziwalo zamkati kapena maso. Tritons amapuma pakhungu ndi zotumphukira, kuphatikiza, pali "khola" pamchira, mothandizidwa ndi buluziyo kutulutsa mpweya m'madzi.

Amawona bwino kwambiri, koma izi zimatha chifukwa cha fungo labwino. Ma tritons amatha kuwona kuthyolako kutali ndi mamitala 300. Mano awo amakankhira pakona ndikugwira zolimba.

Watsopano umakhala ku Western Europe, ku North Caucasus. Mutha kukumana naye kumapiri, pamalo okwera kupitirira 2000 metres. Ngakhale ndizachilendo kwa iye kukhala m'nkhalango pafupi ndi dziwe. Mtundu umodzi wa abuluzi umatha kuwoneka m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda, izi newt of Lanza.

Chikhalidwe komanso chikhalidwe cha zinthu zatsopano

Moyo abuluzi watsopano ikhoza kugawidwa nthawi yachisanu ndi chilimwe. Pofika nyengo yozizira, kumapeto kwa Okutobala, ananyamuka nthawi yachisanu. Pothawirako, amasankha milu ya nthambi ndi masamba.

Kupeza dzenje losiyidwa, mosangalatsa, lidzagwiritsa ntchito. Nthawi zambiri kubisala m'magulu a anthu 30-50. Malo osankhidwa amapezeka pafupi ndi malo achisungiko "amtundu". Kutentha kwazizira, buluziyo imasiya kuyenda ndipo imayamba kuzizira.

Pofika kumapeto kwa kasupe, kale mu Epulo, newts amabwerera kumadzi, kutentha kwake komwe kumatha kukhala kotsika kuposa 10 ° С. Amatha kuzolowera kuzizira komanso kulekerera. Tritons ndi abuluzi osakhalitsa, sakonda kuwala kowala ndipo samatha kulekerera kutentha, amateteza malo otseguka. Masana amatha kuoneka mvula kokha. Nthawi zina amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono azidutswa zingapo.

Chitha kukhala newt mu mnyumba. Sizovuta, mukusowa malo owotera, nthawi zonse okhala ndi chivindikiro kuti buluyo asathawe. Kupanda kutero, imangofa.

Kuchuluka kwake kuyenera kukhala okwanira malita 40. Pamenepo muyenera kupanga gawo lamadzi ndi chilumba chaching'ono. Sabata lililonse, ndikofunikira kusintha madzi ndikusunga kutentha pafupifupi 20 ° C.

Kuwunikira makamaka ndikuwotchezeratu malo a terarium sikofunikira. Amuna awiri akakhala pamodzi, ndewu chifukwa cha gawo lake ndizotheka. Chifukwa chake, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti zizisungidwa mumabotolo osiyanasiyana, kapena kuwonjezera kukula kwa malo ochulukirapo kangapo.

Thanzi la Triton

Chakudya newt limakhala makamaka ma invertebrates nyama. Kuphatikiza apo, ali m'madzi, amadya nyama zing'onozing'ono ndi mphutsi, amapita kumtunda, mosangalala, amadya nyongolotsi ndi maulesi.

Omwe akuvutikira amatha kukhala ma tadpoles, nthata za chipolopolo, akangaude, agulugufe. Ma caviar omwe amapezeka m'madzi amapitanso kukadya. Ndizosangalatsa kuti, kukhala m'madzi, zatsopano zimakhala zowala kwambiri, komanso zimadzaza kwambiri m'mimba. Mabuluzi am'nyumba amazidyetsa ndi nyongolotsi zamagazi, shrimp ya aquarium ndi ma nyansi a pansi.

Kodi triton ndi chiyani

Ma tritons ndi amphibians omwe amagwirizana mu banja la salamander. Iwonso imagawika m'mabanja atatu. Mmodzi wa iwo amatchedwa Pleurodelinae kapena Tritons. Ili ndi gulu la amphibians osokonekera. Dzinali limafotokozeredwa kuti silikhala ndi mwatsatanetsatane, ndipo dzinalo litha kuphatikizidwa ndi dzina la nyama yochokera mosiyanasiyana. Zinachokera ku nthano zakale.

Amphamvulu amtunduwu amakula masentimita 20, ngakhale kuli kwakuti mtengo wake ndi 9cm.Msana wamphongo nthawi zambiri umakhala wofiirira kapena wa maolivi wofiirira wokhala ndi mawanga amdima, ndipo mwa akazi umakhala utoto wamitundu yayitali kwambiri.

Nthawi zambiri khungu lawo limakhala losalala, koma pali mitundu yokhala ndi khungu loyera, loyipa.

Mitundu ya zatsopano ndi zambiri, ndipo pakati pawo ndizosangalatsa komanso zofala kwambiri zomwe zingasiyanitsidwe, zomwe tidzakambirana pambuyo pake m'nkhaniyo.

Comb Newt

Amphibians ali ndi kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi 10 mpaka 18 cm (amuna ndi akulu). Thupi lakumwamba ndi mchira wake ndi wakuda kapena wakuda. Pamimba pake ndi lalanje achikuda ndi mawanga akuda.

Chachilendo cha mtundu uwu wa newt ndi chowongoletsa chokhazikika, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimamera mwa iwo nthawi yakukhwima.

Monga triton wamba wofotokozedwa pamwambapa, wokhulupirira amakhala kumayiko ambiri ku Europe; sapezeka kumpoto kokha kwa Scandinavia Peninsula ndi ku Pyrenees. Pa gawo la Russia, malo ake amafikira kumwera kwa Sverdlovsk. Kukhazikika komwe kamapezeka kumeneku ndi mitengo yosakanikirana ndi yosakanikirana, komanso malo olimidwa m'nkhalango.

Alpine Newt: Kufotokozera

Mtunduwu, mwina, ndi umodzi mwabwino kwambiri pakati pa ma amphibians osokoneza. Khungu kumbuyo kwa amuna limakhala lotuwa bwino komanso laimvi. M'mphepete mwa miyendoyo muli mawanga amdima akuda. Mimba imakhala yofiirira ndipo imakhala yofiirira, ndipo mchira kumtambako ndi imvi ndi utoto wabuluu, ndipo m'munsi ndi tint ya azitona.

Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu kumatha kufika 13 cm, koma, monga lamulo, ndi pafupifupi masentimita 11. Alpine newt ndizofala kumapiri ndi kumapiri a Denmark, Greece, Italy ndi Spain. Ma Amphibian amtunduwu samapezeka ku Russia.

Marble Triton

Oimira amtunduwu ali ndi mtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira wokhala ndi mawanga akuda, omwe amapatsa khungu khungu lokongola kwambiri. Pali malo oyera oyera pamimba pamimba. Akazi amasiyanitsidwa ndi kamtambo kakang'ono kwambiri kofiyira kapena lalanje mumtundu womwe umayenderera m'thupi. Zatsopano zatsopano zimakhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 17 cm.

Ma trakoni am'madzi amakhala m'malo osungirako ndi madzi kapena mitsinje yothamanga pang'onopang'ono. Khalidwe la marble triton ndizofanana, limakonda malo oyandikana ndi mitsinje kapena mitsinje yopendekera pang'ono.

Oimira amtunduwu amakhala ku Portugal, France ndi Spain.

Asia Minor Newt

Mtunduwu umafikira kutalika kwa masentimita 14. Mbali yodziwika bwino ya amphibian imatchulidwa kwambiri nthawi yakubala - mwaimuna, khungu limakhala ndi mtundu wowala wamkuwa wa azitona wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yasiliva komanso malo ang'onoang'ono akuda. Alinso ndi mbambo yolumikizira kumbuyo, osatembenukira kumchira.

Oimira mtunduwu amakhala m'madzi oyenda, m'nkhalango zowuma komanso zosakanikirana. Amadyetsa zakudya zokhala m'madzi, mphutsi, mphutsi ndi arachnids. Kugawidwa ku Iraq, Turkey, Georgia, Israel, Russia (Krasnodar Territory), Abkhazia.

Kuwala Newt

Triton iyi ndi ya bulauni ndipo ili ndi mawanga ofiira ofiira osakhalitsa. Tinge yofiirira ya pamimba imakutidwa ndi timadontho tating'ono takuda. Chodziwika bwino cha nthumwi izi ndi kusowa kwa chimbudzi kumbuyo kwa abambo nthawi yakukhwima, komanso nthiti zomwe zimatuluka mabowo pakhungu. Zotsalazo zimakhala ndi poizoni. Anthu akuluakulu nthawi zina amakula mpaka 23 cm.

Mtunduwu, mosiyana ndi abale ake, umatha kutsogolera zochitika zam'madzi komanso zapadziko lapansi. Amamva bwino m'malo osungirako zinthu zakale komanso m'malo okhala zachilengedwe, komanso ngakhale m'maenje ndi mumiyala yonyowa. Kugawidwa ku Portugal, Morocco ndi Spain.

Mitundu ina

Kodi triton ndi chiyani? Liwuli silimatanthawuza kuti ndi mlendo wamba, koma mitundu yodabwitsa. Kuphatikiza pa zomwe tafotokozazi, palinso mitundu yambiri yazamoyo izi.

1. Triton Karelina. Kutalika - 13-18 cm. Iyi ndi imodzi mwamitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya subfamily. Malo okhala: mapiri a Georgia, Bulgaria, Serbia, Turkey, Crimea ndi gombe la Nyanja Yakuda ku Russia.
2. Ussuri amawomba newt. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi mchira kumafika masentimita 18.5. Mchira wake ndiwotalikirapo kuposa thupi lokha. Ma Habitats - nkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso zosakanikirana za Korea, kum'mawa kwa China, kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Russia.
3. Triton wokhala ndi chikasu. Kutalika kwa thupi - mpaka masentimita 22. Habitats - gombe lakumadzulo kwa USA ndi Canada. Monga mitundu yambiri ya zatsopano, tetrodotoxin (poyizoni wamphamvu) umatuluka.
4. California Triton. Imatha kutalika mpaka 20 cm. Malo omwe amakhala ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa United States (Mapiri a Sierra Nevada).
5. Dwarf Triton. Maonekedwe ochulukirapo, okhala ndi dzina lina - Chinese wokhala ndi moto newt. Amalumikizidwa ndi kuponyera kwa mtundu wofiira wowoneka bwino pamimba. Habitat - China (chakum'mawa komanso pakati pa dzikolo). Nthawi zambiri imasungidwa m'madzi am'madzi.

Kukhala ndi zakudya zoyambira

Moyo wa buluzi wamadzi umagawika pawiri: chilimwe ndi chisanu. Chotsiriziracho chimadziwika ndi kuchoka kwa amphibian nyengo yachisanu. Kuti achite izi, akuluakulu amafunafuna pobisalira pobisalira kapena pobisalira. Newts hibernate m'magulu omwe akhoza kukhala ndi anthu 50. Kutentha kukafika pa ziro, buluzi wamadziyo umayamba kuzungulira, kusiya zonse kuyenda.

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Kale kumayambiriro kwa Marichi-Epulo, atsopano amadzuka ndikuyamba masewera a mating. Nyama sizimakonda kuwala kwa dzuwa, nyengo yotentha, chifukwa nthawi yayitali yogwiritsa ntchito usiku imachitika usiku.

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Amphibians amadya ma invertebrates. M'madzi, newts amadya mphutsi, crustaceans, caviar ndi tadpoles. Padziko lapansi, zakudya zawo ndizosiyanasiyana ndi nyongolotsi, nthata za chipolopolo, maulesi, akangaude, agulugufe. Pokhala mu dziwe, chidwi chake chimakula mu zatsopano, ndipo amayesa kudzaza mimba zawo momwe angathere.

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Mitundu ya Tritons

Pali mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yaomwe akukhulupirira m'gululi:

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• wamba - yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa masisitini apamwamba kumbuyo,
• Triton Lanza - amakonda kumakhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi zochulukirapo,
• okwanira (mphesa) - achikulire amakhala ndi kamfupi kakang'ono ka dorsal kofikira 4 mm kutalika,
• Chi Greek - chopezeka ku Greece ndi ku Makedoniya,
• Kossvig Triton - anali wowoneka ku Turkey kokha,
• kumwera
• Schmidtler Triton.

Nthawi zambiri, akatswiri wamba amafunafuna malo okhala ndi masamba ambiri, chifukwa chake amapezeka padziko lonse lapansi.

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Kuswana

Pofika zaka ziwiri, zatsopano zimatha kutha msinkhu. Kuyambira pa Marichi mpaka Juni, amakhala ndimasewera ophatikiza, amavina ndi mavinidwe apadera ndikukhudza nkhope ya mkazi. Kudabwitsa osankhidwa, amphongo amayimirira kutsogolo kwawo ndipo posakhalitsa amapanga nsapato zolimba, chifukwa chomwe mtsinje wamadzi umakankhidwira pachikazi. Oyimilira achimuna ayamba kumenya mchira wawo mbali ndikuyang'ana achikazi. Mnzako akachita chidwi, amachoka, napita kukasankha wochita kusankha.

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Akazi mothandizidwa ndi ma cesspool awo amameza ma spermatophores omwe amasiyidwa ndi amuna pamiyala, ndipo umuna wamkati umayamba. Akazi amatha kuikira mazira 700, pomwe pambuyo pake pamatuluka mphutsi zitatu. Pamtunda, phula limatuluka pakatha miyezi iwiri.

Mawonekedwe

Newt wamba ndi imodzi mwatsopano kwambiri. Masanjidwe 9 amadziwika. Khungu limakhala losalala kapena loyera. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa kufiyira, kubiriwira-kubiriwira ndi chikasu. Zitseko zimapangidwa ndi mizere yofanana, kutembenukira pang'ono kumbuyo. Mzere wautali wakuda umadutsa m'diso. Mchirawo ndi waufupi, wofanana, kapena wamtali pang'ono kuposa thupi wokhala ndi mutu. Akuluakulu a newt molts kamodzi pa sabata. Thupi la wamwamuna limakutidwa ndi malo akulu amdima (chaka chonse), omwe palibe mwa akazi. Munthawi yakubereka, yamphongo imakulanso - chophatikizira kupuma. Chisacho chimaperekedwa mokwanira ndimitsempha yamagazi, yomwe imakweza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kupuma kwa khungu. Mtsinje wa newt ndi wolimba, utapinda pang'ono kumtunda, malire a lalanje ndi Mzere wa buluu kudutsa kuchokera pansi. Mwa mkazi, samayamba. Zomwe mwaphunzira mumagwiritsa ntchito moyo wonse. Mphamvu ya fungo imapangidwa bwino: kuchuluka kwa maselo olandirira pa 1 masentimita 2 a zing'wenyeng'wenye amafikira 200,000.

Habitat

Mu nthawi ya masika ndi nthawi ya kubereketsa, mbalame yatsopano imakhala m'madzi osaya okhala ndi mitengo yambiri (pH 5.6-7.8) yamadambo osakanizika ndi osakanikirana. Imasungidwa mwakuya masentimita 5-50. Pambuyo pofalikira, imasunthira m'nkhalango zoterera m'nkhalango. Nthawi zina amapezeka pamtunda wa 300 mamita kuchokera pamadzi oyandikira. Sikhala m'madambo okhala ndi mpweya wambiri komanso osowa madzi otseguka.

Chakudya / Chakudya

M'madzi, nyambo wamba imagwiritsa ntchito mphutsi za udzudzu, tinthu tating'onoting'ono, tinyezi, tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, achule a udzu, nthawi zina timaluka tambiri, mazira nsomba, shrimps, ndi nkhono zamadzi. Padziko lapansi, amadya nyongolotsi, ma mbewa, kafadala, agulugufe, mbozi, nthata za carapace, akangaude ndi ma invertebrates ena. Mimba ya newt, pomwe imakhala m'madzi, 70-90% yodzaza, ndipo pamtunda - 65%.

Mwambo wa chibwenzi

Wamphongo akudikirira wamkazi mu dziwe. Pakawoneka wamkazi, amamuyandikira, amasambira pafupi, ndikumgwira chiuno chake, ndi kumwetulira. Pambuyo poonetsetsa kuti njirayo ili patsogolo pake, yamphongo imayamba kuvina. Amasunthira patsogolo, ndikupeza kuti ali patsogolo pa nkhope ya mkaziyo. Pafupifupi masekondi khumi, yamphongo imayimirira pansi mozondoka, ikukweza chingwe chake m'mwamba ndikutsamira kumbuyo kwawoko. Kutsekemera kumatsalira, mutu waimphongo umakhala pafupifupi pamalo omwe unali, thupi limatsika, mchira umagwada mwamphamvu ndikusenda madzi mwachindunji. Wamphongo wamwamuna amatenga tulo, kenako, itaimirira moyang'anizana ndi yaikaziyo, ndikugwedeza mchira wake ndikuwakhomera panokha. Kenako amayimirira, ndipo nsonga ya mchira wake imapindika. Yaikazi imayamba kupita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono, yamphongo - kumbuyo kwake.

Chachikazi

Kukula

Mphutsi zatsopano zatsopano mamilimita 6-8. Mtundu wake ndi wopepuka, pafupifupi wowoneka bwino, wokhala ndi mawalo owala m'mbali, kumbuyo kumakhala chikasu kapena chikaso chofiira. Zili ndi mchira wowonekera bwino, womwe umazunguliridwa ndi khola lowoneka bwino, pali zofanizira za kutsogolo ndi girrus lakunja. Masiku oyamba amoyo, mphutsi za newt zimapuma ndi ma gills, ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa nthawi yotsitsimuka zimayamba kupuma. Mipira imasowa mu njira ya metamorphosis. Suckers kulibe, ndipo glandular outbrowths amapezeka m'mbali mwa mutu - mipiringidzo yomwe imazimiririka msanga.

Zoyang'ana kumbuyo ndi miyendo yakumbuyo zimawonekera patsiku la 20 la moyo. Kukula kwa mphutsi kumatenga miyezi 2-3. Maola oyamba a mphutsi satha ntchito. Pakutha kwa tsiku loyamba la moyo, kusiyana kwa pakamwa kumaonekera mwa iwo, ndipo tsiku lachiwiri, pakamwa pamabuka ndipo mphutsi zimayamba kudyetsa mwachangu. Mphutsi zimayamba kuzindikira zolimbikitsa pa tsiku lachitatu la moyo. Kuyambira tsiku lachinayi, zolimbikitsira zopatsa mphamvu zimatha kuyambitsa mantha m'miphutsi, ndipo kuyambira tsiku la 9-12 amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro awo amfungo kufunafuna chakudya. Kusaka kwa mphutsi, kubisala m'nkhalangozi, kudziponyera nyama ndi mpeni wakuthwa (akhwangwala ang'onoang'ono ndi mphutsi) ndi milomo yawo potseguka. Pa gawo lazous, kufa kwa anthu kumakhala kwakukulu. Kukwaniritsidwa bwino kwa metamorphosis kumachitika pambuyo pa masiku 60-70. Kutalika kwa matayala achinyamata akafika pamtunda ndi masentimita 3-4, pomwepo magawo ndi zotsalazo zimatha. Pambuyo pa metamorphosis, mitembo imadyera pamtunda wokha.

Kuchulukitsa / kusamalira

Newt yolembedwa ku Red Book of Russia, Azerbaijan. Mtundu wachilendo ku UK. Kuphatikizidwa ndi Msonkhano wa Berne (Annex III). Imapezeka pamtunda ndi anthu osakwatira, m'madzi omwe amakhala ndi madzi ndi 0,016-16000 anthu / ha, m'malo ena imafikira madzi 110 / mamilimita atatu.

Chosangalatsa: Makungu a khungu la Triton ndiwotupa, koma poizoni sakhala woopsa kwa anthu. Kwa nyama yamagazi ofunda, muyeso wowopsa ndi 7 mg pa kilogalamu imodzi yakulemera kwa thupi. Poizoniyu amachititsa kuti magazi azichulukirachulukira, kuwonongedwa kwa maselo ofiira am'magazi komanso kupangika kwa magazi, m'malo ovuta kwambiri, ziwalo zimapezeka, kupuma kumayuma, kugunda kwa mtima kumatembenuka ndipo chinyama chimafa.

Zomwe zimawoneka ngati za newt: chithunzi ndi mafotokozedwe achidule

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zochepa kwambiri: kutalika konse sikumapitirira 10 cm, ndi pafupifupi 5 cm pamchira uliwonse. Miyendo imakulitsidwa bwino, chimodzimodzi m'litali. Khungu limakhala losalala kapena lambiri.

Mtundu wa kumbuyo ndi wobiriwira wa maolivi kapena bulauni wokhala ndi mawanga amdima, mbali yamkatiyo ndi lalanje wokhala ndi mawanga akuda. Kuchokera ku zatsopano zina, wamba zimasiyana ndi kukhalapo kwa mikwingwirima yamdima yakuda pambali ya mutu.

Mu nthawi yakusamba, nthawi ya msambo, anyani amphongo amavala zovala zapadera - mtundu wakumbuyo umakhala wowala, ndipo kuchokera kumapeto kwa mchira wawo wamkulu wopendekera wokhala ndi malire a lalanje ndi mzere wamtambo wa buluu umakula. Pa zala zakumiyendo zamiyendo zamiyendo zopamira. Mitundu ya akazi panthawiyi imakhalanso yowonjezereka.

Nyengo ya kubereka itatha, zazimuna zazimayi zimatsika ndipo zatsopano zimasinthira kukhala moyo wamoyo.

Habitat

Newt wamba wafalikira kuchokera ku England kupita ku Altai, kuchokera ku Tyumen kumwera kwa dera la Saratov. Sili ku Crimea kokha, kumwera kwa France, ku Spain ndi Portugal.

Amakhala m'nkhalango zowuma ndi zosakanizika, zitsamba, m'nthambi zoteteza, komanso m'mapaki ndi m'minda. Popewa malo otseguka: minda yayikulu, mead, etc. Chapakatikati, nthawi yakuswana, newt amakhala m'madzi osakhalitsa kapena opanda madzi komanso osakhalitsa.

Masewera achikondi, mawonekedwe a ana

Chakumapeto kwa Marichi - kumayambiriro kwa Epulo, zatsopano zimasiya malo ogonera nthawi yachisanu ndikusamukira kumadzi. M'madziwe, amayamba masewera ophatikiza. Njirayi ikuyandikira, nthawi zambiri yamphongo imakhudza mchira wa mkazi. Kenako amayamba kusambira, kwinaku akugwirana mwamphamvu, kenako nkumachoka. Wamphongo akugwedeza mchira wake molimba, mkazi amakhala akukulira. Pomaliza, amaika paketi ya gelatinous - spermatophore, yomwe mkaziyo amagwira mu cesspool.

Pa nthawi yonse yobereka, yaikazi imayikira mazira 60 mpaka 700. Amayika dzira lililonse papepala lomwe limamizidwa ndikukhotera kumapeto ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo, ndikusintha kukhala "chikwama". Chipolopolo cha dzira chimakhala chomata, ndipo tsamba lozunguliralo limagwira mwamphamvu, kuteteza mazira.

Pafupifupi masiku 14-15, mphutsi zodetsedwa za 6.5 mm kutalika kuchokera mu dzira. M'mphepete mwa mutu wake, m'maso mwake muli nthenga zowoneka, ndipo pansi pake miyendo yakutsogolo idalembedwa pang'ono. Masana, mphutsi zimafa ndi njala, kubisala pakati pazomera zam'madzi. Patsiku lachiwiri, kusowa kwa kamwa kumayamba mwa iye ndipo amayamba kudyetsa, kufunafuna mapira, ma cyclops, ndi mphutsi za udzudzu. Mphutsi za newt sizisaka nyama, koma ziyembekezereni kuti zibisalire.

Mphutsi za newt zokhala ndi ma pinki obiriwira ochokera ku ma gills akunja ndizokongola kwambiri. Pakatha milungu itatu, ali ndi miyendo iwiri komanso kunja akufanana ndi zatsopano. Kukonzanso kwawo kwamkati sikulinso kofunika kwambiri.

Mwachilengedwe, metamorphosis imatha miyezi 2-2,5. Pofika nthawi imeneyi, mapilitsi akunja amachoka, kupuma kwamapapu kumayamba. Kumpoto kwa madera kapena nthawi yozizira, mphutsi zokhala ndi mapiritsi akunja zimapita kukazizira ndi kukonzekera kwathunthu kwa metamorphosis yotsatira.

Ma tritons nthawi zambiri amasungidwa m'madzi am'madzi - amakhala bwino mu ukapolo ndipo amatha kukhala ndi zaka 28! Mwachilengedwe, amakhala mndandanda wa kukula kochepera - pafupifupi zaka 10 mpaka 14, zomwe sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa m'malo awo okhala ndi adani ambiri.