Imodzi mwapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi (yachiwiri pambuyo pa ma capybaras), ma beavers amakono (lat. Castor) amatsogoza mbiri yakukhala kwawo kuchokera kwa anyani akuluakulu akale omwe amakhala ku Europe (mitundu Trogontherium) ndi North America (onani Castoroides) mamiliyoni a zaka zapitazo.
Umboni wopezeka unawonetsa kuti ma bele akale sanali kumanga madamu, amakhala m'malo otambalala, ndipo moyo wawo sunalumikizane kwambiri ndi matupi amadzi ngati mbadwa zawo.
Kwa mamiliyoni a zaka, mawonekedwe a makoswewo sanasinthebe, koma maimidwe amakono sangadzitamande chifukwa cha mphamvu ndi mphamvu za makolo awo akale - mikanda ikuluikulu inali ndi zingwe zakuthwa pafupifupi ma sentimita khumi ndi asanu, mchira wakuda wopitilira theka la mita, ndipo sanali otsika kutalika kwa chimbalangondo chakuda chachimuna.
Zaka mazana awiri apitawa sanali osangalatsa kwambiri m'moyo wa anthu okongoletsa - anali atangotulutsidwa, kusaka ubweya wofunda, womwe panthawiyo udagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ndalama. Ndipo zaka 50 zapitazi zinthu zinayamba kusintha, ndipo nyama zanzeru zamtunduwu pang'onopang'ono zikupezanso malo awo kuthengo.
Muulamuliro wazinyama zonse, mulibe omanga ena aluso kuposa owaluka. Ndi kuthekera kwawo pakusintha madera ozungulira, ali wachiwiri kwa munthu. Beavers ndi amodzi mwa nyama zochepa zomwe zochita zake sizimangokhala zachibadwa zokha, komanso pazomwe apezazo, amatha kuphunzira ndikuwongolera luso lawo la uinjiniya moyo wonse.
Chida chachikulu cha beaver ndi mano owongoka, ophimbidwa ndi enamel wolimba. Izi zothandizira zinayi zimakulitsa moyo wawo wonse, ndipo wowumayo safunikira kuda nkhawa ndi kuvala kwawo asanakwane. Kuphatikiza apo, amazololedwa, kukhala chida chodalirika chomanga.
Ntchito zonse zaukatswiri za beaver zimayendetsedwa ndi chikhumbo chofuna kutonthozeka ndi chitetezo. Amamanga nsapato zawo - nyumba - pakati pa dziwe, ndipo amadutsa njira zofikira pamadzi kuti asasokonezedwe ndi alendo osawadziwa. Zomangira izi zimakhala ndi nthambi zazikulu zomangidwa pamodzi ndi matope.
Mu nthawi yophukira, chisanu chisanayambe, ma beavers amalimbitsa nyumba zawo ndi dothi latsopano, lomwe litasungika chisanu, limasandutsa nyumbayo kukhala cholimba chomwe chitha kupirira nyengo yachisanu.
Komabe, kuti mumange bwato lanyumba, muyenera kupanga kaye damu lomwe limapanga madzi abwinoko. Kuti muchite izi, ma bampu amataya mitengo, kenako, mwa malamulo onse aukadaulo, ikawayika mumtsinje, ndikuchepetsa kuyenda kwake.
Madamu otere amakhala nyumba yabwino osati omangawo okha, komanso kwa ena ambiri okhala mderalo - achule, nsomba, mbalame ndi akamba.
Beavers sizimadzisangalatsa. Amakhala nyengo yonse yachisanu m'chipinda chofunda, chophimbidwa ndi chipale chofewa chomwe chimazunguliridwa ndi banja lawo - wamkazi ndi ana asanu ndi mmodzi mpaka asanu ndi atatu. Popewa ana kuti asafe ndi njala, mutu wabanjawo amasunga nthambi za mitengo, ndikuziika pansi pa madzi mpaka pansi pake. Ngakhale pansi pa madzi oundana, banja limapeza chilichonse chofunikira.
Beavers amasambira mokongola ndipo amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi pafupifupi khumi ndi zisanu. Pakakhala ngozi, wofesayo amatha kulowa pansi, ndikumangoyendetsa mchira wake m'madzi. Atamva izi, okongoletsa ena nthawi yomweyo amatsatira chitsanzo chake.
03.09.2018
Beaver ya ku Canada (Latin Castor canadiens) ndi makoko akulu ochokera ku banja la Beaver (Castoridae). Oimira mtunduwu ndi otchuka chifukwa cha luso lawo lomanga. Mu 2007, iwo adapanga ku Canada damu lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lotalika mamitala 850. Mutha kusilira ntchito iyi ya zomangamanga mu Wood Buffalo National Park, yomwe ili m'chigawo cha Alberta.
Izi zisanachitike, madamu okongoletsa pafupi ndi tawuni yaying'ono ya Atatu Forks ku United States ku Montana adawonedwa ngati gawo lalikulu kwambiri. Mbiri yakale inali 652 m.
Mosiyana ndi European beaver (Castor fiber), yomwe kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20 inali pafupi kuwonongedwa kwathunthu, nyama iyi idapulumuka mosavomerezeka ndikolowekedwa ndi azungu aku North America ndi azungu.
Kukula kwa chiwerengero chake pano akuyerekeza anthu miliyoni miliyoni.
Kufalitsa
Malo amenewa amakhala pafupifupi kumpoto konse kwa North America. Kuchokera ku Alaska kupatula zigawo zakumadzulo ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo ndi Canada kudzera ku United States kupita kumpoto kwa Mexico.
Ma bea aku Canada sapezeka ku Nevada, mbali zina za Florida, komanso kumpoto kwa California. M'maboma 15, anthu awo atsika kwambiri chifukwa chosaka kosalamulirika ndikuchepetsa malo okhala.
Mu 1946 anabweretsedwa ku malo azisumbu a Tierra del Fuego, komwe anakwanitsa kuyendetsa bwino ntchito yawo, ndipo chifukwa cha kulibe adani achilengedwe, adachulukana mwachangu kudera la Lake Fagnano.
Pazaka 50 zapitazi, masheya awo akwera kuchokera pa awiriawiri mpaka 25,000 anthu.
Kuphatikiza mitunduyi kumachitika ku Finland, Kamchatka ndi Sakhalin.
Malo okhala ndi miyala amakhazikika pafupi ndi mitsinje, nyanja ndi dziwe. Amasankha m'mphepete mwa nyanja zomwe zimakutidwa ndi udzu komanso mitengo yofewa yolimba, yomwe imakhala chakudya komanso zinthu zomanga nyumba zodula.
Mpaka pano, systematics imasiyanitsa masheya 24 a Castor canadiens.
Khalidwe
Anthu okonza ma Canada amakhala m'magulu a mabanja, omwe ali ndi mibadwo ingapo ya makolo ndi ana awo. Nyama zokhwima zimakonda kusiya mabanja awo pazaka pafupifupi ziwiri. Akazi amakonda kulamulila amuna.
Zovala zonunkhira zimakhala ndi moyo wam'madzi. Amagwira usiku, masana amatha kuwoneka kawirikawiri. Nyama sizichotsedwera kutali ndi matupi amadzi, pachiwopsezo chochepa chomwe amabisala m'madzi. Zimasambira komanso kulowa pansi mosangalala, ndikukhala pansi pa madzi kwa mphindi 10. Phokoso limaperekedwa pomenya mchira pamalo amadzi.
Nthawi zambiri m'mabanja mumakhala anthu 5-8. Amateteza malo awo kuti asatengeke ndi anthu amtundu wawo ndikulemba kwambiri malire awo ndi zinsinsi za tiziwalo tambiri, ndikuziyika pamulu wa matope ndi silt. Chinsinsi ichi chimakhala ndi fungo lokhazikika ndipo chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyeretsa ndi kuyowetsa ubweya.
Beaver amapanga nyumba zabwino za nthambi ndi udzu, zomwe zimakutira khoma. Makomo awiri apansi pamadzi ndi abwino kwa iwo, pansi pawo amaphimbidwa ndi makungwa ndi zokutira nkhuni. Kutalika kwa nyumba kumafikira 1 mita ndi kutalika pafupifupi mamita 2. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira.
Nyama imodzi usiku uliwonse imatha kudula ndikudzaza payokha mtengo wokhala ndi thunthu masentimita 30 mpaka 40. Kuti achite izi, amayimirira ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo ndikupumira mchira wake pansi. Masamba achichepere ndi masamba ake ndi chakudya, ndipo mbali zotsalazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga madamu omwe amathandizira kuyendetsa madzi padziwe. Omanga okhala ndi matayala amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zitsa zazikulu komanso miyala pomwe akamanga.
Ntchito zamangidwe ngati izi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mphamvu yokopa. Ena mwa iwo amatha kupirira kavalo pamodzi ndi wokwerapo.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Chakudyacho chimangokhala chakudya cha mbewu zokha. Kapangidwe ka m'mimba kameneka kumakupatsani mwayi wokumba chimbudzi. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhalamo timatha kuthana ndi mapadi. Khungwa ndi zipatso za mitengo yabwino kwambiri zimapezeka menyu tsiku lililonse makamaka nthawi yozizira: msondodzi (Salix), mapulo (Acer), popula (Populus), birch (Betula), alder (Alnus) ndi aspen (Populus tremula).
Zomera zosiyanasiyana zam'madzi zimadyedwanso mofunitsitsa, makamaka mabango wamba (Phragmites australis) ndi maluwa a madzi (Nymphaea alba). Chakumapeto kwa chilimwe komanso nthawi yophukira, nyama zimapanga chakudya m'nyengo yozizira. M'malo osungira nyama, amasangalala kudya kaloti, letesi, mbatata, kabichi ndi mbatata yabwino.
Tsiku lililonse, nyama zomwe zimadya izi zimadya chakudya chambiri mpaka 20% ya kulemera kwake.
Akuluakulu samakhala nyama yolusa. Ankhandwe (Canis lupus) coyotes (Canis latrans), baribals (Ursus americanus), grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis), wolverines (Gulo gulo), lynx (Lynx canadiens) ndi otters (Lutrinae) ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu kwa mbadwo wachichepere.
Kuswana
Beavers imapanga mabanja olera okha omwe amakhalabe mpaka mmodzi wa omwe adagwirizana nawo. Kutha msinkhu kumachitika pazaka zitatu. Mbewuzo zimawonekera kamodzi pachaka. Kum'mwera kwa masanjidwewo, nyengo yakukhwima imakhala kumapeto kwa Novembala ndi Disembala, ndipo kumpoto mu Januwale kapena Febere. Estrus imangokhala ndi maola 12-16.
Yaikazi imabereka mwana kutengera nyengo ya Epulo mpaka June. Mimba imatenga masiku 105-107. Mu litala limodzi muli zikwangwani za 1-4. Makanda amabadwa amawonedwa ndi kupangika, ola limodzi atabadwa amatha kusambira.
Pobadwa, kulemera kwawo ndi 250-500 g, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi kumafika 30-35 cm.
Kudyetsa mkaka kumatenga pafupifupi miyezi itatu, ngakhale kuti opanga mkaka amayamba kulawa chakudya chomera kumapeto kwa sabata lachiwiri. Makolo onse ali ndi vuto la kuleredwa. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, ana amachoka pakhomopo ali ndi masiku 7- 7. Mayiyo amaponyera ana ake mosamala m'dziwe ndipo amapita nawo kukafufuza malo ozungulira.
Kufotokozera
Chinyama pakati pa makoswe ndi chachiwiri kokha mwa capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) kukula kwake. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 85-115 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake kumachokera ku 19 mpaka 32 kg. Thupi lodzala minofu limakutidwa ndi ubweya wakuda. Utoto wofiirira kapena wonyezimira wakuda.
Chifuwa ndi chachikulu, miyendo ndiyifupi. Pakati pa zala zakumanzere ndi miyendo yosambira. Pamutu wocheperako, koma wamkulu, ma auricles akuluakulu amakhala; maso amakhala pafupi.
Kutalika kwa mchira wotakata wopendekera pamwamba kumafika 20-25 masentimita, ndipo m'lifupi mwake ndi masentimita 136. Umatha ndi nsonga yoloza pang'ono ndi miyeso yakuda ya keratinous. Makutu ndi mphuno zimangokhala zokhala pansi pa madzi. Zofukizirazo ndizakutidwa ndi enamel wofiirira. Pansi pa mchira wake pali tiziwalo tating'ono totulutsa misempha.
Zaka zokhalira ndi moyo wa munthu wamtchire waku Canada kuthengo ndi zaka 15 - 15. Ali mu ukapolo, ndi chisamaliro chabwino, amakhala zaka 30.
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Nyama za mdera la Saratov
Beaver wamba, kapena wowedza wa mitsinje (Latin Castor fiber), ndiwunyama wam'madzi wamtunduwu, mmodzi mwa oimira awiri amakono a banja la beaver (limodzi ndi beaver waku Canada, omwe kale ankawaganizira kuti ndi mabungwe). Chovala chachikulu kwambiri cha nyama zam'madzi za Dziko Lakale ndi zomata zazikulu kwambiri pambuyo pa capybara. Nyanja kapena Kamchatka beaver ndimtchire wanyanja (sea otter), ndipo nyanjayi ndimakhala ndi nutria. Alibe ubale ndi banja la Beaver. Nyama iyi imakhala ndi moyo wamadzi, ikumanga madamu pamitsinje ndi m'mitsinje. Ubweya wake umawonedwa kwambiri pamakampani azokongola, ndipo ndege zake mumakampani opanga mankhwala. Beaver ndi imodzi mwazomangira zolimba kwambiri zomwe zakhala m'gawo la dziko lathu kwazaka zambiri. Anali anthu ake omwe adatha kupanga chithunzi cha wogwira ntchito m'nkhalango, yemwe, ndi kukula kwake pang'ono, amatha kugwetsa mtengo wokulirapo.
Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti liwu loti "beaver" limatanthauzira ubweya wa munthu wofunda, osati nyama yokha. Liwu loti "beaver" linachokera ku chilankhulo cha ku Europe-pre-Indo-European, chomwe chimapangidwa ndi kusakwaniritsidwa kokwanira ka dzina, brown, tanthauzo lakale la dzina lake linali "chilombo chofiirira, chofiirira." Malo osinthidwanso * bhe-bhru-. Malinga ndi zinenedwe za mchaka cha 1961, liwu loti beaver liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza chinyama kuchokera pamakedzedwe a makoswe okhala ndi ubweya wamtengo wapatali, komanso kutetezera tanthauzo la ubweya wa nyama iyi: kolala yokhala ndi ubweya, zovala pang'onopang'ono. Komabe, mu chilankhulo chamtali, liwu loti beaver limagwiritsidwa ntchito pofanizira mawu oti beaver (monga nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe, thovu ndi polecat).
Kukula kwa beaver kumafika pafupifupi mita kutalika ndi kutalika pafupifupi 25. Ubweya wake ndi wokulirapo komanso wodera. Koma mchira wachikopa wopanda kanthu, womwe umakumbukira za mbulu kapena oar, umadziwika. Mchirawo umakhala wowumbidwa ndi oar, wopendekeka mwamphamvu kuyambira pamwamba mpaka pansi, kutalika kwake mpaka 30 cm, m'lifupi ndi 10-13 cm. Tsitsi pamchala limakhala pokhapokha. Wokongoletsayo amakhala ndi miyendo yachidule yokhala ndi zibwano zamphamvu. Pakati pa zala pali malo osambira, opangidwa mwamphamvu kumiyendo yakumaso ndikulimba patsogolo. Zovala zamtambo ndizolimba, zopindika. Chiwonetsero cha chala chachiwiri cha miyendo yakumbuyo chimakhala chofunda - chomwe chimapangitsa kuti ubweya ukhale ndi ubweya. Ichi ndi nyama yodyetsedwa bwino ndikuphedwa yomwe imateteza yamafuta ambiri. M'mawonekedwe, makutu a beaver ndi ochepa kwambiri, koma izi ndizokwanira kuti amve ngoziyo patali kwambiri. Makamaka dongosolo la chitetezo cha mphamvu zam'madzi. Munthu wakumwa akamira, chikope chachitatu chimatseka maso ake, ndipo mphuno zake ndi makutu ake zimangotseka malembawo. Zoyambitsa zake zotchuka ndi chida chapadera. Komanso, kapangidwe kamkamwa mwa beaver ndikosadabwitsa: kumatha kukukutira tirigu m'madzi, koma madziwo sadzalowa mkamwa mwake.
Beaver imakhala ndi ubweya wokongola, womwe umakhala ndi ubweya wakunja wowoneka bwino komanso pansi pamunsi. Mtundu wa ubweya umayambira pa chestnut yowoneka bwino mpaka wodera wakuda, nthawi zina wakuda. Mchira ndi miyendo yake ndi zakuda. Kumwaza kamodzi pachaka, kumapeto kwa kasupe, koma kumapitilira pafupifupi nthawi yachisanu.
M'deralo ndi tiziwalo timene timayenda tating'onoting'ono. Kununkhira kwa mtsinje wa beaver kumakhala kalozera kwa owoneka bwino ena kumalire amalo okhala ndi beaver, ndiwopadera ngati zidindo za zala. Chinsinsi cha Wen, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito molumikizana ndi ndegeyo, chimakupatsani mwayi woleketsa chizindikiro kuti chikhale "chogwira ntchito" chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amafuta, omwe amatuluka nthawi yayitali kuposa chinsinsi cha mtsinje wa beaver.
Beaver amakhala m'mphepete mwa malo osiyanasiyana osungira: nyanja yaying'ono, mitsinje yoyenda pang'onopang'ono, malo osungira, ngalande ndi maiwe. Pewani mitsinje yokulirapo komanso yachangu, komanso zotetemera zomwe zimazizira mpaka nyengo yozizira. Kwa owotchera, ndikofunikira kukhala ndi mitengo ndi zitsamba kuchokera ku mitengo yolimba yokhala m'mphepete mwa malo osungirako madziwo, komanso masamba ambiri azomera zam'madzi komanso zam'madzi zomwe zimadya. Nyanja zimasambira komanso kulowa pansi kwambiri. Mapapu akulu ndi chiwindi zimawapatsa malo okhala ndi mpweya komanso magazi ochepa omwe amakhala ndi madzi kwa mphindi 10-15, akusambira mpaka 750 m nthawi ino.
Beaver ndiwophuka masamba, nthawi yotentha imadya masamba ndi mphukira zazing'ono za mitengo ndi zitsamba, ma rhizomes a zomera zam'madzi, nthawi yozizira imayenda makamaka ku nthambi ndi makungwa a mitengo. Amadyetsa makungwa ndi mphukira zamitengo, amasankhira aspen, msondodzi, popula ndi birch, komanso mbewu zamtundu wina wa herbaceous (kakombo wamadzi, dzira laling'ono, iris, katambala, bango, etc., mpaka mayina 300). Kuchuluka kwa mitengo yofewa ndi njira yofunika malo awo. Hazel, linden, elm, chitumbuwa cha mbalame ndi mitengo ina ndizofunikira kwambiri pakudya kwawo. Alder ndi oak nthawi zambiri samadyedwa, koma amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba. Acorn amadya mwakufuna kwawo. Chakudya cha tsiku lililonse chimakhala mpaka 20% ya kulemera kwa beaver.
Pafupifupi nyengo yophukira, anthu okongoletsa ndodo amayamba kupanga chakudya chamthambi, chomwe nthawi zina mitengo yayikulu imadulidwa, ndikukutira kumunsi kwa thunthu. Nyamayo imakoka mbali zina za mtengowo kudziwe, ndipo nthawi zina zimakumba ngalande kapena mwina kutalika kwamamita. Imagundika pansi, pakhomo lolowera mnyumbayo.Kuchuluka kwa masheya kumatha kukhala kwakukulu - mpaka 60-70 kiyubiki mita pa banja.
Mano akulu ndikuluma kwamphamvu kulola ma beaver kuthana ndi chakudya chokhazikika chomera. Zakudya zokhala ndi cellulose zimayamwa ndi microflora m'matumbo. Kutalika kwa matumbo a beaver amapitilira kutalika kwa thupi lake maulendo 12. Gawo lakapangidwa bwino lakhungu la m'matumbo, lokhala ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, timapangitsa kuti chimbudzi chizigundidwa. Nthawi zambiri, wokonza zakudya amangodya mitundu yochepa chabe yazakudya, kuti asinthe ku chakudya chatsopano amafunika nthawi yoti masinthidwe amitundu azikhala ndi chakudya chatsopano.
Njira yopangira madamu komanso malo ogona a beaver ndi sayansi yonse ya nyama. Amakonza labuseni yeniyeni momwe mlendo angatayike konse. Koma aliyense amene angalowe m'nyumba mwake sangalowe: khomo nthawi zonse limakhala pansi pamadzi, ndipo pali njira zambiri zodziwonekera. Nyumba ya beaver makamaka ndi dzenje lozama komanso lakuya lomwe lili ndi kutuluka kwamadzi. Komabe, ngati gombe la malo osungiramo madzi ndi lochepa kwambiri kapena lotalika kwambiri kuti mulimbe kukumba mabowo, ma bea amaimika kanyumba - mulu wooneka ngati chitsamba, womangika ndi silika mpaka mamitala awiri mpaka atatu, mkati momwe amakonza chipinda chochezeramo - ndi malo opezekamo madzi.
Zingwe pamtunda ndizochedwa ndipo zimatha kukhala osavuta kwa adani ambiri, motero amayesera kupitilirabe m'madzi, ndikulowa pogona osawonekera. Kuti asunge madzi osasinthika mumtsinje kapena mumtsinje, opanga matabwa amapanga timiyala totseka pamitengo ya mitengo ikuluikulu ndi nthambi, kuwalimbitsa ndi kamba ndi silika. Nthawi zambiri, madzi akakwera, zitsamba za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zimagwira ngati zithandizo zatsopano zowonjezera madamu. Damu likufunika kuti kutuluka kuchokera kumalo osungira madzi kumakhala nthawi zonse pansi pamadzi, ndipo nthawi yozizira - kuti chisanu chofunda chisatseke kutuluka uku.
Ngati malo osungirako madzi ali ndi madzi osungirako kapena osungirako pang'ono, ma beaver amatha kukhalamo osakhazikitsa nyumba iliyonse. Tsoka ilo, ma beawa amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito malo osavuta monga mapaipi opopera kuti akole madzi osungirako, ndikuwakhomera ndi nthambi ndi silt, zomwe zimapangitsa kusefukira kapena kukokoloka kwa magawo amisewu.
Beavers amagwira ntchito usiku ndi madzulo. M'nyengo yotentha, amachoka kunyumba kwawo kukachita ntchito mpaka m'ma 4-6 m'mawa. Mukugwa, kukolola kwa nyengo yozizira kumayambira, tsiku logwira ntchito limakulitsidwa mpaka maola 10-12. M'nyengo yozizira, ntchito zimachepa ndikuyenda masana, nthawi iyi ya chaka pafupifupi palibe zokongoletsera zomwe zimawoneka pamtunda. Kutentha kotsika −20 ° C, nyama zimakhalabe m'nyumba zawo.
Kuti muwone nyama zamtunduwu, zomwe zimatsogola kukhala nthawi yamadzulo, pamafunika mwayi, koma malo omwe amakhala - madamu, mahagi, kutchetchera ndi mitengo yakugwa - amatha kupezeka m'malo ambiri m'nkhalango, kuphatikizaponso mizinda yayikulu. Nthawi zamadzulo mukamayenda m'mphepete mwa dziwe, mutha kuwotcha owotchera chakudya. Nthawi yomweyo, chilombo, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimabisala mwakachetechete, chimatulutsa alarm - ndikumenya koopsa kumenya madzi ndi mchira wake. Pakakhala zoopsa, osambira akuwombera kwambiri michira pamadzi ndi kugwetsa pansi, yomwe imakhala ngati mtundu wa alamu.
Makhalidwe. Kukhalapo kwa ma beauver kumatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndikuluma kwamakhalidwe. Nthambi ndizochepa thupi kuposa masentimita. Okongoletsa amaluma kudya nthawi yomweyo (zomwe palibe makina athu omwe angachite). Mtengowo umadulira pakati pa bwalo, pomwe mano ake akuwonekera bwino, ngati kuti asiya ndi chisel. Mwa kukhalapo kwa mitengo yolumikizana ndi kulumikizidwa koteroko, munthu amatha kusiyanitsa damu ngakhale atangoyamba kumene kupanga kuchokera ku blockage yachilengedwe. Kuzungulira damu lokongola, mutha kupeza maenje akuwela mkati mwake mwake mpaka theka la mita - njira zomwe zimaloleza nyama kuti izikafika kokadyetsa, kapena kugula zinthu zomanga pansi pa madzi. M'malo momwe anthu owaza masamba amadutsa pamtunda kuchokera kumtunda wina kupita kwina, amapondaponda masentimita 30- 35 mulitali, wopanda zomera ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala akuya masentimita 10-15.
Banja lathunthu limakhala ndi anthu a 5-8: banja ndi okongoletsa achinyamata - ana azaka zam'mbuyomu komanso zaposachedwa. Tsamba lamabanja nthawi zina limakhalapo mu banja m'mibadwo. Dziwe laling'ono limakhala banja limodzi kapena munthu wobzala limodzi. M'madzi akulu akulu, kutalika kwa chiwembu cha m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi kumayambira 0.3 mpaka 2.9 km. Beavers samachotsedwa kawirikawiri m'madzi ndi oposa 200. Kutalika kwa malowa kumadalira kuchuluka kwa chakudya. M'madera okhala ndi masamba ambiri, masamba amatha kukhudza ngakhale kudutsana. Beavers amaika malire am'madera awo ndi chinsinsi cha tiziwalo tosiyanasiyana tating'onoting'ono. Zizindikiro zimayikidwa pamatope apadera, matope ndi nthambi zazitali 30 cm mpaka 1 m. Beavers amalumikizana wina ndi mzake pogwiritsa ntchito zilembo zowoneka ngati fungo, kuyimba, kumenya mchira pamadzi ndikumveka ngati likhololo.
Beavers ndi monogamous, wamkazi amawalamulira. Ziphuphu zimabweretsedwa kamodzi pachaka. Nyengo yokutha matendawa imatha pakati pa Januware mpaka kumapeto kwa mwezi wa February, kukhwima kumachitika m'madzi pansi pa ayezi. Mimba imatenga masiku 105-107. Ma Cuba (1-6 mu ana) adzabadwa mu Epulo ndi Meyi. Amawona pang'ono, amatha kupindika bwino, kulemera pafupifupi 0,45 kg. Pakatha masiku 1-2 kuti athe kusambira, mayiyo amaphunzitsa zikwangwani, ndikuzikankhira kukhonde lamadzi. Pakadutsa masabata 3-4, amwewo amapitilira kudya masamba ndi masamba ndi zitsamba zofewa, koma mayiyo amapitilira kuwadyetsa mkaka mpaka miyezi itatu. Kukula kwachinyamata komwe kumakula nthawi zambiri kumasiyira makolo kwa zaka zina ziwiri. Kungoyambira zaka 2 zokha, achinyamata omwe amatha kutha msambo ndikuchoka.
Ali mu ukapolo, wokongoletsayo amakhala zaka 35, zachilengedwe zaka 10 mpaka 17 mpaka 17.
[Sinthani] Chiyambi
Banja la beaver lomwe linabuka nthawi ya Tertiary limadziwika ku North America kuchokera ku Lower Oligocene - zaka 32 miliyoni zapitazo, ku Europe - kuchokera ku Upper Oligocene, ndi ku Asia - kuyambira kumapeto kwa Miocene. Chifukwa chake, m'mbiri, ma genera osiyanasiyana adasinthana wina ndi mnzake kapena adakhala ofanana.
Mafotokozedwe 22 amafotokozedwa, ndipo oimira ena mwa iwo anali akuluakulu. Chifukwa chake, ku Pleistocene, European Trogontberium ndi North American Castoroides adafika kukula kwa chimbalangondo chofiirira ndipo chimalemera mpaka 200-300 kg.
Masiku ano, mtengowo ndiwotchera kwambiri ku North Hemisphere, ndipo umalemera mpaka 30 kg. M'madera ena, ku South America, cholembera chimakhala ndi capybara, komanso makina am'madzi olemera mpaka 50 kg.
[Sinthani] Kufotokozera mwachidule banjalo
Beavers ndiye wamkulu kwambiri pamakongoletsedwe amakono, ofikira mita 1 m'litali ndi kulemera makilogalamu 30, wogwirizana ndi moyo wamadzi pamadziwisi ozizira.
Torso zazingwe, zazingwe, zokhala ndi zofooka zakutsogolo komanso zamphamvu zam'mbuyo zamiyendo isanu.
Zoneneratu khalani ndi zala zachizolowezi, ndipo zithunzi zakumaso kwathunthu kuzungulira pakati pa zala zonse.
Zingwe pa zala zonse zopangidwa bwino, zopendekera komanso zopindika pang'ono. Chiwonetsero cha chala chachiwiri cha miyendo yakumbuyo sichimaso, ndipo mbali yakumunsiyo chimasunthira kumtunda. Chilombo chikuphatikiza tsitsi lawo ndi izo.
Mchira wozungulira komanso wokutidwa ndi tsitsi kokha m'munsi, mpaka 30 cm kutalika, 10-13 cm. Ambiri a maliseche ndi okutidwa ndi mamba opepuka, pakati pomwe tsitsi losachedwa komanso lalifupi limakhala. Pakati mchira pali nyanga yolimba keel.
Chophimba kwambiri kusiyanitsidwa mu coarse awn ndi wandiweyani zofewa undercoat. Mtundu wa ubweya umayambira ku kuwala mpaka bulauni.
Maso yaying'ono, yokhala ndi zotupa zotuluka.
Makutu wamfupi, lonse, wosatuluka pamwamba pamiyeso ya ubweya. Mabowo ndi mphuno zotseka zimatsekedwa mukamatsamira pansi pa madzi.
Tsitsi wamtali, wandiweyani komanso wofewa, wokhala ndi fluff wopangidwa bwino.
Mano okhazikika wokutidwa, nduwira-nduwira lalitali, ndikukula mosalekeza.
[Sinthani] Mitundu ndi mitundu
Mitundu yamakono ya Beaver imagawidwa kukhala mitundu iwiri.
- Zopatsa chidwi wamba (Fota ya Castor), amakhala kudera lochokera pagombe la Atlantic, kupita kudera la Baikal ndi Mongolia
- Canada Beaver (Castor canadensis- - amakhala ku North America.
Awa ndi oimira omaliza omwe adakhalapo amodzi mwa mabanja angapo omwe anali ndi makoswe - onyamula.
Akatswiri ena opanga zinyama amawona kuti ku beaver ku Canada ndi gawo la zakumwa wamba, koma izi ndikutsutsana ndi ma chromosomes angapo (48 ofala ndi 40 ku Canada).
Katekisimu wamakono amasiyanitsa mitundu isanu ndi itatu ya beaver wamba.
[Sinthani] Zomwe zimayambira mkati mwamabanja
- Castor Linnaeus, 1758
- Castor anderssoni † (Schlosser 1924)
- Castor calhumeleleicus † (Kellogg 1911)
- Castor canadensis (Kuhl, 1820)
- Fotor fiber (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Zinthunzi † (Stirton 1935)
- Zintche browni † (Shotwell 1963)
- Hystricops venustus † (Leidy 1858)
- Sinocastor † (Wachinyamata 1934)
- Steneofiber † (Geoffroy 1833)
- Steneofiber depereti † (Mayet 1908)
[Sinthani] Zowonjezera
Ngakhale m'nthawi zam'mbuyomu, anthu okongola mitengo amakhala kudera lomwe kuli kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, mpaka kufika pagulu la nkhalango zotambalala ndipo limalowerera limodzi ndi nkhalango zowirira mpaka kudera la theka-chipululu, steppe ndi nkhalango tundra.
Dera lalikulu kufalikira kumwera kumpoto kwa Mexico, Transcaucasia, kumpoto kwa Mongolia komanso madera apakati kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Siberia, pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. adagawikana padera padera.
Malo amakono ku North America, Europe ndi Asia.
[Sinthani] Moyo
Beavers amakonda kukhazikika pamitsinje yaying'ono, yoyenda pang'onopang'ono kapena nyanja. Dziwe lalikulu limapewedwa.
Amasambira ndi kulowa pansi kwambiri. Pansi pamadzi, amatha kukhalabe mpaka mphindi 4-5 komanso kupitilira pang'ono ndikusambira nthawi iyi mpaka 750 m.
[Sinthani] Nyumba
Nyama zanyumba zimakonza zodzaza.
Burrows kukumba pamaso pamiyala. Khomo lolowera dzenje nthawi zonse limakhala pansi pamadzi.
Huts Amanga m'malo omwe kukumba ndi kosatheka, - m'mphepete mwa madambo kapena m'malo osaya.
Pakatikati pa kusefukira kwamadzi, ma bea amalima pamwamba pa tchire bedi la nthambi ndi nthambi zokhala ndi udzu wouma.
Nthawi zina mdera lokhala ndi phokoso mumakhala zimbudzi. Beaers ndi oyera kwambiri, samawononga nyumba zawo ndi zinyalala ndi chakudya.
[kusintha] Burrows
Burrows ikubowola m'mphepete mwa mapiri; iyi ndi njira yovuta ndi 4-5 yolowera. Makoma ndi kudenga kwa bowo amapindika mwaluso ndi kukongoletsa. Chipinda chochezera mkati mwa dzenje chimakhala pakuya kosaposa mita 1. M'lifupi mwake m'chipindacho ndi kupitirira mita, ndipo kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 40-50.
Pansi liyenera kukhala masentimita 20 pamwamba pamadzi. Madzi mumtsinje ukakwera, wokondedwayo amakweza pansi, ndikukuta pansi padenga.
Nthawi zina ma beawa amawononga denga la dzenje, m'malo mwake, amakonza pansi makala ndi burashi, ndikusintha dzenje kukhala malo osinthika - pobisalira theka.
[Sinthani] Huts
Matchuthiwa amawoneka mulu waukulu wa mitengo yamatabwa, yomata ndi silika, mpaka ma 1-3 m mpaka mpaka 10 mamilimita.
Makoma a chipindacho amaphatikizidwa mosamala ndi dongo komanso dongo, kotero kuti amasandulika kukhala malo achitetezo enieni, osagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi omwe amadyera, mpweya umalowa kudzera padenga. Beavers amathira dongo m'manja.
Mkati mwam'kati mwake muli manholes m'madzi ndi nsanja yomwe imakwera pamwamba pamadzi. Ndi matumba oyamba, ma beavers amakhalanso amateteza matumba ndi dongo latsopano.
Khoma lalikulu limapangidwa mkati mwam'kati, kutuluka komwe kumatsogolera kumadzi. M'nyengo yozizira, matenthedwe abwino amasungidwa mumatumba, madzi samazizira, ndipo ma bea ali ndi mwayi wolowa pansi pa madzi oundana.
Wozizira kwambiri pamizuyo pali nyini, komwe kumakhala chizindikiro cha nyumba.
[Sinthani] Madamu
M'malo osungira madzi osakhazikika, komwe kumatsika kumatha kutulutsa zotchinga kuchokera kumakumba kapena pogona, ma beaever amapanga madamu pansi pa malo kuti azikhalamo mitengo, nthambi ndi burashi, yomangidwa ndi dongo, silika ndi zinthu zina. Ngati madzi am'madzi amatuluka mwachangu ndipo pali miyala pansi, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zomangira. Kulemera kwa miyala kungafike 15-18 kg.
Pomanga madamu, malo omwe mitengo imamera pafupi m'mphepete mwa gombe amasankhidwa. Kupanga kumayamba ndi ma beavers omata nthambi ndi mitengo kuti ikhale pansi, kulimbitsa mipata ndi nthambi ndi mabango, ndikumadzaza matopewo ndi dothi, dongo ndi miyala. Monga chingwe chothandizira, ma beawa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito matabwa omwe agwera mumtsinje, pang'onopang'ono ndikuyika ndi zida zomangira mbali zonse.
Kutalika kwa mayiwa kwa masiku onse ndi 20-30 m, m'lifupi m'munsi ndi 4-6 m, ndipo matenthedwewo ndi 1-2 m. Kutalika kwa damu nthawi zambiri kumakhala 2 m, ngakhale kuli kotalika 4.8 m.
Ngati nyanjayi ndi yolimba kwambiri, ndiye kuti anthu okonza ndewo amapanga madamu ena owonjezera kumtunda. M'damu, kukhetsa kumakonzedwa nthawi zambiri kuti asadutse madzi osefukira.
Pafupifupi, banja lokwera mtengo limatenga pafupifupi sabata kuti limange damu la 10 m. Beavers amayang'anitsitsa chitetezo cha mayiwe ndikuchikonza ngati chitha kutaya. Nthawi zina mabanja angapo omwe amagwira ntchito mashifiti amatenga nawo mbali pomanga.
[Sinthani] Chitetezo ndi mawonekedwe amtunduwo
Beaver imapereka ubweya wapamwamba kwambiri, nyama yotsekemera, "beaver river" imagwiritsidwa ntchito mumsika wamafuta. Potengera izi, nyamayi idazunzidwa ndi anthu kwanthawi yayitali.
Chifukwa chakuwedza kwambiri, zinali pafupi kutha: kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, chiwerengero chonse sichinapitirire nyama 1000, malo okhala okhaokha omwe anali m'misasa ya Rhone, Elba, Don, Dnieper, ku Northern Trans-Urals, kumtunda kwa Yenisei. Kusungidwa m'malo osungirako.
Zoyeserera zamphamvu zachitidwa kuti zibwezeretse manambala ake.
[Sinthani] Zosangalatsa
Ogwira ntchito ku National Park of Canada adapeza malo omwe ali kutali kwambiri ndi Alfred Wood Buffalo Park ndipo ndi dziwe lalikulu kwambiri lokhala ndi minda ya mpira 8 - 850 m. Mapaki aku Canada adatulutsa zithunzi za dziwe lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, lomwe ndilokulirapo kotero kuti likuwonekera bwino kuchokera kumalo. Woyimira wamkulu wa Park adanenetsa kuti ogwira ntchito adadziwa zam'madzi zaka 2 zapitazo ndikupanga ntchentche, chifukwa palibe njira ina yowonera malowa.