Pterodactyls (lat. Pterodactyloidea, kuchokera ku Greek. "

Mu 1784, mafupa a cholengedwa chomwe sichimadziwika kale amapezeka ku Bavaria (Germany). Mwala womwe umayalidwa ndipo umaunikiridwa, unapangidwanso chojambula. Komabe, nthawi imeneyo, ofufuzawo sakanatha kupereka dzina kwa nyama yomwe yapezeka ndikuigawa.

Mu 1801, zotsalira za cholengedwacho zinabwera kwa wasayansi waku France Georges Cuvier. Adapeza kuti nyamayo idatha kuwuluka ndipo ndi ya machitidwe a ma dinosaurs ouluka. Cuvier adamupatsanso dzina la "pterodactyl" (dzinali limachokera chala chakumanzere chakumanzere chakumapeto kwa buluzi komanso mapiko amkhungu kuchokera kumiyendoyo mpaka kumbuyo.

Gulu lapadera kwambiri limazolowera kukhala mlengalenga. Ma pterodactyl amadziwika ndi chigaza cha kuwala kwambiri. Mano ndi ochepa. Mitsempha yam'mlomo wamkati imakhala yodutsa, popanda nthiti za khomo pachibelekeropo. Kutsogolo kumaso ndikuwombera kanayi, mapiko ndi amphamvu komanso mulifupi, zala zouluka zikukuluka. Mchira wake ndi waufupi kwambiri. Mafupa am'munsi mwendo amachepetsa.

Kukula kwa ma pterodactyl anali osiyanasiyana - kuyambira ang'onoang'ono, kukula kwa mpheta, mpaka ma pteranodons akuluakulu okhala ndi mapiko otalika mpaka mamita 15, mbalame ndi azhdarchid (quetzalcoatl, aramburgiana) wokhala ndi mapiko ofika mpaka 12 metre.

Ochepa adadya tizilombo, zazikulu - nsomba ndi nyama zina zam'madzi. Zotsalira za pterodactyl zimadziwika kuchokera ku Upper Jurassic ndi Cretaceous amana ku Western Europe, East Africa komanso ku America, Australia, komanso dera la Volga ku Russia. M'mphepete mwa Volga kwa nthawi yoyamba, zotsalira za pterodactyl zidapezeka mu 2005.

Pterodactyl wamkulu kwambiri wapezeka ku Romania m'tauni ya Sebes ku Alba County, mapiko ake ndi 16 m.

Gululi limaphatikizapo mabanja angapo:

Istiodactylidae - banja lomwe oimira ake adakhala nthawi ya Jurassic ndi Cretaceous. Zotsatira zonse za banja ili zidapangidwa kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi - North America, Europe ndi Asia. Mu 2011, mtundu watsopano, Gwawinapterus beardi, adapatsidwa banja ili. Idapezeka ku Canada ku Cretaceous sediments yokhala zaka 75 miliyoni.

Pteranodontidae- Banja la ma Cretaceous pterosaurs akuluakulu omwe amakhala ku North America ndi Europe. Banja ili ndi mtundu wotsatira: Bogolubovia, Nyctosaurus, Pteranodon, Ornithostoma, Muzquizopteryx. Mitembo ya Ornithostoma, wamkulu kwambiri m'banjali, idapezeka ku UK.

Tapejaridae yodziwika kuchokera ku China ndi Brazil pa nthawi ya Cretaceous.

Azhdarchidae (dzina lachokera ku Ajdarxo (kuchokera ku Azi Dahaka wakale wa Persia), chinjoka chochokera ku nthano za ku Persia). Amadziwika makamaka kuyambira kumapeto kwa Cretaceous, ngakhale kuti ma vertebrae angapo odziwika amatchuka kuchokera ku Cretaceous (zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo). Banja ili ndi zina zazikulu kwambiri zouluka zomwe zimadziwika ndi sayansi.