Zodabwitsa: molingana ndi ziwerengero za mafunso osaka yandex, 6 pa 7 omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti molakwika alowetsa dzina la "TetrazaDon ". Wokondedwa wowerenga, ndikuwonetsa chidwi chanu kuti zilembo "Tetradon" (zopanda "o") sizolondola. Dzinalo "Tetraodon "(Tetrazadon) amachokera ku mawu awiri achi Greek: tetra - zinayi, odontos - dzino. Awo. chofunikira chogawa nsomba kumtunduwu ndi kupezeka kwa mano anayi pachibwano.
Nyanja ndizodzaza ndi zozizwitsa zachilengedwe zam'madzi mozama. Asayansi, akatswiri a sayansi ya zachilengedwe, akatswiri azachilengedwe amayesetsa kupeza ndikupeza zolemba zosiyanasiyana za nsomba. Nkhani yomwe awafufuza ndi a Tetraodons a banja la Four-Tooth. Izi nsomba zimatha kupezeka mu brackish ndi madzi abwino aku Africa, South America, South ndi Southeast Asia, ndipo chifukwa cha zotsatira za zomwe asayansi apeza m'madzi athu. Mitundu ya anthu onse amtunduwu imaphatikizanso thupi laling'ono ngati dzira likutha ndi mutu waukulu wokhala ndi maso akulu akulu. Msambo uliwonse wa nsomba umatha ndi nsonga zokhala ngati spiky, zonenepa, ndipo zipsepere zam'mimba sizipezeka konse.
Tetraodon imatchedwa oyenerera kukhala nsomba zachilendo, chifukwa chilengedwe chidadalitsa anthu ang'onoang'ono am'madziwa modabwitsa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera komanso yochitira nkhanza. Ntchito zonse zamagalimoto zolusa zokhala m'madzi zam'madzi zimaperekedwa ku zipsepse zamphamvu. Ndi chithandizo chawo, iwo, ngati osaka enieni, amawombera msangayo ndi liwiro la mphezi ndikuwapatsa imfa yowawa kuchokera pamafupa akuthwa komanso olimba omwe ali mkatikati mwa kamwa. Njira yophwanya yamphamvu imeneyi imawononga zipolopolo za oysters, mapira ndi nkhono, nyama yomwe ndiyo chakudya chachikulu cha mitundu. Oyimira nyama zakutchire samangogwira ntchito yabwino kwambiri yoyang'anira nyama, komanso amatetezeka nthawi zonse: amadzaza, ndikudzaza thumba lapadera lomwe limasiya m'mimba ndi mpweya kapena madzi, kupeza mawonekedwe a baluni, ndikuthawitsa nsomba zazikulu ndi mbalame. Masikelo ang'onoang'ono, omwe ali mwanjira zina zam'madzi, ndi njira yodzitetezera. Minofu ya Tetraodon, tiziwalo timene timagonana ndi thumba losunga mazira zimakhala ndi poizoni wosadziwika, yemwe, akamadyedwa ndi nsomba, amakhala ndi zotsatira zowononga m'mitsempha yamagetsi ndi mtima, motero sikulimbikitsidwa kuyesa mwayi wanu ndikudya.
Sizovuta kwambiri kusiyanitsa woimira wina wamkazi, kusiyana kwakunja kungathandize, monga lamulo, wamkazi amakhala ndi thupi lalikulupo komanso wopanda kuwala. Kutengera mitundu, anthu amtundu wosiyanasiyana m'njira zingapo. Zina zazikazi zimayikira mazira, ndipo zazikazi zimazisamalira, pomwe zina zimangozisiyira mazira pansi kapena pansi.
Ndizosadabwitsa kuti ma tetraodons adakhala molimba mu niche yawo m'gulu lazamalonda la aquarium, ndizosadabwitsa kuti akatswiri am'madzi, atapeza nsomba izi, akumana ndi mavuto ambiri osunga ndi kubereka. Ngakhale mawonekedwe achangu, anthu akuluakulu, kwakukulu, amakhala ankhanza kwa wina ndi mzake ndi mitundu ina. Ma tetraodon ena ndi omwe amadyera nyama zomwe zimakonda kugwira nsomba zomwe zimayenda pang'onopang'ono mwa kuluma zipsepse ndi mamba.
Vuto lina ndiloti limadziwika kuti ndi mitundu yamadzi oyera, makamaka, oimira ena a genet Tetraodon amakhala m'madzi opanda pake ndipo sangakhale ndi moyo komanso kubereka mosavomerezeka mu aquarium yamadzi oyera kwa nthawi yayitali.
Komabe, lingaliro loti nsomba izi ndi zopanda pake komanso zimangokhala bwino m'madzi amodzi okhaokha titha kuonanso kuti ndi losayenera. Mitundu ya Tetraodon imakhala ndi mitundu pafupifupi 110 (www.fishbase.org/), yomwe imasiyanitsidwa ndi kutentha komanso malo okhala.
Tetraodon steindachneri
Kuti mukhale ndi mitundu yathunthu yazinyama, ndikofunikira kulingalira za ma tetraodon ena mosiyana. Oyimira wamba pamsika amapangidwa. (T. Steindachneri kapena T. biocellatus) ndi green tetraodon, kapena Tetraodon fluviatilis.
Kukonzanso kwaposachedwa kwa a Dekkers kwapeza kuti anthu amodzi kupindika tetraodon Nthawi zambiri amapatsidwa pansi pa mayina monga T. biocellatus, Crayracion palembangensis, Tetraodon palembangensis ndi Tetrodon palembangensis, omwe ndi onfanizira. Oimira amtunduwu amakhala m'madzi abwino a mitsinje yaying'ono ndi ma ngalande aku Southeast Asia, Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, Indonesia ndi Sumatra. Zizindikiro zamadzi mu chilengedwe komanso pomwe zimasungidwa mu aquarium zimakhala ndi izi: pH 6.7-7.7 (7.0), 5-15 dH (10), 23-28 ° C.
Tetrodon steindachneri (chithunzi: www.thepufferforum.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=460).
Anthuwa amakhala ndi thupi lodzaza ndi mphumi komanso maso akulu akulu. Maluso awo a caudal ndi opanga mawonekedwe. Khungu limakhala lolimba ndipo limakutidwa ndi zingwe zazing'ono. Tetraodons ikatupa, timinsempha timatulutsa mbali zonse ndikupangitsa nsomba "kukhala zosaoneka bwino." Mtundu wa Tetrodon steindachneri umadalira kwambiri zaka komanso umunthu payekha. Mimba yake ndi yoyera, pomwe mawonekedwe amkati ndi zipsepse zimasiyana kuchokera pakuwala mpaka kutuwa. Mbali yakumwamba ya thupi imakutidwa ndi mitundu yobiriwira ndi yachikasu, pomwe mawanga, mizere, mikwingwirima ndi mabwalo amatha kusiyanitsidwa. Mtundu wa iris umasiyana ndi wachikasu mpaka wamtambo. Nthawi zambiri, T. Steindachneri amakula mpaka 10 cm. Mukamaberekana, wamkazi amayima ndi thupi lalikulu kwambiri. Dziwani kuti palibe milandu yokhudza kubedwa yomwe idalembedwa pamtunduwu; mwina imaberekanso mwa kufanana ndi mitundu ya T. nigroviridis.
Oimira a T. steindachneri ndi ankhanza, osalolera ngakhale kwa oimira mabanja awo, nthawi zambiri amamenya ndi zipsepse zamatumbo a nsomba zoyenda pang'onopang'ono. Tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tizisunga pamodzi ndi nsomba zamphamvu, monga bots, barb, zebrafish, gourami, Channel catfish. Monga chakudya, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito nkhono, tubifex, crustaceans, mphutsi za tizilombo, nyansi zam'madzi.
Tetraodon fluviatilis
Green, kapena mtsinje, tetraodon (Tetraodon fluviatilis) ochokera ku Southeast Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar ndi Borneo. Wokhazikika ku Mekong Delta). Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo okhala mitsinje komanso mitsinje imakhala pafupi ndi madzi amchere. Akuluakulu amakhala ndi thupi lamtundu wachikasu wobiriwira mpaka kutalika masentimita 17. Kumbuyo ndi mbali zake kuli malo ambiri obiriwira a maolivi kapena obiriwira, m'mimba ndi kowala. Amadyera ma mollusks, crustaceans ndi ma invertebrates ena, komanso detritus ndi zomera zamitsempha. Mukapeza mpata, lumani mamba ndi zipse za nsomba. Minofu ndi makhoma a ziwalo zamkati ndi oopsa kwambiri. Malingana ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chimadziwika ndi ma tetraodons onse, ndizambiri komanso zankhanza. Chonde ndi mazira 700, caviar satetezedwa.
Green tetraodon ili ndi ma subspecies awiri: Tetraodon fluviatilis fluviatilis ndi Tetraodon fluviatilis sabahensis (omalizirawa adalandira dzina kuchokera ku dzina la dera la Sabah kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Borneo). Mapulogalamu onse awiriwa amawasiyanitsa ndi zingwe zopondera kumbuyo zomwe zimayenda kumbuyo.
Nthawi zambiri, tetraodon wobiriwira amasokonezedwa ndimawonekedwe owopsa a Tetraodon nigroviridis, omwe amangokongoletsedwa kokha ndi dotti.
Kanemayo amajambula anthu amtundu wa Tetraodon fluviatilis ndi Tetraodon nigroviridis. Kusintha kwamitundu.
Habitat
End End to the Island of Borneo (Kalimantan), ndipo imapezeka kumpoto kokha, kogwirizana ndi Malaysia, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ya Rajang ndi Sungai. Amakhala m'madera pang'ono. Malo okhala zachilengedwe amadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwamadzi am'madzi komanso madzi osefukira pamtunda.
Zambiri:
Tetraodon nigroviridis
Kulengedwa kwamtunduwu sikuphunziridwa bwino, mwina, kumatheka m'madzi okhaokha. Opanga amatulutsa pang'onopang'ono pamwala. Kenako, amuna nthawi yonse yosasinthira mazira kuchuluka kwa zidutswa za 200-300 amateteza ana kwa iwo omwe akufuna kudya nyama yolusa yomwe amadya. Pambuyo pa masiku 3-8, mphutsi zimatuluka. Pafupifupi masiku 8 mutabereka umuna, anyamatawa amasuntha ana awo m'maenje okonzekeratu. Kudyetsa mwachangu poyamba kumabweretsa zovuta zina, chifukwa mwachangu ndizothandiza kudya. Artemia nauplii ndiye chakudya choyenera kwambiri.
Kudyetsa achinyamata a Tetraodon nigroviridis, February 6, 2006, (chithunzi: Tyler Jones).
Tetraodon nigroviridis ndiamatsenga aluso pakufa kwawo. Nsomba izi zikaona kuopsa, sizimangokhala ngati baluni, komanso zimatembenuka ndi pamimba pake pamwamba ndikuyandama pamwamba pamadzi, kumanamizira kuti zamwalira. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zina amakwanitsa kupewa kufa.
Tetraodon lorteti trant
Munthu wina woyimira madzi oyera ku Asia ndi tetraodon wamaso kapena ofiira, yemwe ali ndi dzina lasayansi Tetraodon lorteti trantzatsimikizidwa ndi kukonzanso kwa 1975. Kufalikira ku Indochina, Indonesia ndi Malaysia, kumakhala mitsinje yaying'ono komanso yayikulu pang'onopang'ono kapena matupi amadzi okhala ndi madzi oyimilira (zizindikiro za madzi: kutentha - 24-28 ° C, pH 6.0-7.5, dH 3-10). Nsombazo ndizochepa kwambiri, kutalika kwa munthu wamwamuna kukafika masentimita 6. Kutha kusintha mtundu kutengera chilengedwe. Mitundu iyi imawonetsera pang'onopang'ono kugonana, zazimuna ndi zazikazi nthawi zambiri zimafotokozedwa ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Wamphongo ndi utoto wowala, wokhala ndi mimba yofiyira, mawonekedwe amdima akuda okhala ndi malire oyera ndi kukweza kwina ngati kumbuyo kumbuyo ndi pamimba, omwe amapangidwa chifukwa cha kutsekeka kwina m'thupi. Zachikazi ndizowoneka bwino wamba.
Dzala tetraodon (Tetraodon lorteti Tirant). Amuna kumanzere, wamkazi kumanja (Chithunzi: www.fishlore.com/aquariummagazine/sept09/red-eye-puffer.htm).
Kawirikawiri zimaswana mikhalidwe yochita kupanga. Kucheka kopambana kumafunikira madzi ofewa, acidic (pH 6-6.5) ndi kutentha kwa 26-28 ° C ndi kuchuluka kwamagoli ndi nkhono ngati chakudya chamoyo. Yaikazi imayikira mazira mazana angapo mumtsinje kapena pafupi ndi mbewu, kenako imayamba kumuthamangitsa kuti isachoke. Mu aquarium, Javanese moss imagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ngati gawo lapansi. Ziphuphu zimawonekera patatha maola 30, patatha masiku 5-7, mwachangu amayamba kusambira. Opanga amayenera kuchotsedwa nthawi yomweyo ku ana, chifukwa amayamba kudya mwachangu.
Akuluakulu akuthamanga kwa kuwala amawononga nkhono mnyumba mwawo, ndipo amadyanso ma crustaceans ndi ma invertebrates ena. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tamtundu wina ndikuti sikumenya nsomba zomwe zikukhala pafupi, koma kumadya kwambiri.
Tetraodon leiurus
Tetraodon leiurus
Zodziwika ku Thailand ndi India, nsomba Tetraodon leiurus (Tetraodon fangi) (chithunzi kumanzere www.zoodrug.ru/topic1536.html) imadziwika ndi zinthu zingapo zosangalatsa, ziphuphu zake zimakhala ndi semicircular mawonekedwe ndipo zimatulukira bwino kwambiri kutsogolo, maso akuluakulu amatha kuyendetsa pawokha. Pafupi ndi maini ndi ma dorsal zipse, zomwe zimakhala palimodzi pamlingo wa mchira, pali malo yaying'ono yakuda ndi malo ofiira. Thupi limakhala lalifupi, osapitirira 6 cm. Mimba imakhala ndi siliva wachikasu, pomwe msana ndi bulawuni. Pathupi pali mawonekedwe amtundu wa azitona. Pakutuluka, mchira wamphongo umapeza chidutswa chofiira. Wamkazi ndi wamkulu komanso wopepuka kuposa wamwamuna. Amakwanitsa zaka ziwiri. Magawo amadzi ndi zomwe zili: kutentha 24-26 ° C, dGH 8-16 °, pH 6.8-7.6, mchere wa 3-5%.
M'fanizo lakumanzere, Chonerhinus modus ndi Chonerhinus naritus.
M'mitsinje yayikulu komanso yayikulu ku Southeast Asia (Thailand, Malaysia ndi Indonesia), ma tetraodons amakhala popanda mawonekedwe pathupi. Izi zikuphatikiza Golden Chonerin (Chonerhinus modus) ndi Bron Chonerin (Chonerhinus naritus).
Golide amazerin ali ndi thupi lalitali, lamtambo wobiriwira wagolide kumbuyo, lomwe limasandulika mtundu wowala pamimba. Oimira mtundu uwu ndiwothamanga kwambiri kuyerekeza ndi ma tetraodon, komanso aukali, omwe amayenera kukumbukiridwa posankha oyandikana nawo. Amakula mpaka 11 cm wokhala ndi chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 10. Zakudyazo ndizofanana ndi tetraodones. Bronze honerin imafanana ndi golide, imakhala ndi mtundu wa siliva kumbuyo. Mitundu yonseyi siyimasungira m'madzi.
Tetraodon cutcutia
Kutkutia, kapena Tetraodon cutcutiaAmagawidwa kwambiri m'mitsinje, m'madziwe, mitsinje ya Ceylon, India, Burma, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka ndi Malaysia. Zizindikiro zamadzi am'madzi: kutentha 23 - 26C, pH: 6.0 - 7.8, dH: 10. Anthu amakula mpaka 15 cm, koma nthawi zambiri osapitirira 10 cm.
Kutkutia Tetraodon (chithunzi: www.tsamisaquarium.gr/Selides/Fish/tetraodon_cutcutia.htm).
Chomwe chimasiyanitsa mitunduyi ndi mtundu wa kugonana: zazimayi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zachikasu, ndipo zazimuna ndizobiriwira. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti amuna, akamatulutsa, mchirawo amatenga mtundu wofiira kwambiri, womwe umathandizira kumvetsetsa kugonana kwa nsomba. Kutumphuka kumachitika pathanthwe, kenako amuna amalondera omanga. Mwachangu kuwaswa pambuyo masiku 7-10. Mkwiyo ndi chakudya monga mamembala ambiri amtunduwu.
Africa si olemera kwambiri mamembala am'banja la Four-Tooth, pali mitundu itatu yokha kumeneko: Nile tetraodon (Tetraodon fahaka), tetraodon Mbu (Tetraodon Mbu) ndi redraish tetraodon (Tetraodon miurus).
Tetraodon fahaka
Tetraodon fahaka, kapena Fahak, ali ndi mawonekedwe osangalatsa: kutalika kwa thupi lake kumafika masentimita 40. Amakhala kudera lalikulu kuyambira kumadzulo kwa Africa mpaka ku Nile, kuphatikiza Nailo, beseni la Chad, Niger, Volta, Gambia, Senegal ndi Hebe. Mitengo yamadzi: kutentha 24 - 27 ° C, pH 7.0.
Mtundu wamtundu wa Nile ndi nsomba zodya nyama zambiri, zimakonda kunyamula pansi zikafuna kusaka. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, imapezeka m'mizinda yayikulu yamadzi. Akuluakulu amadya shirimpu, nsomba zazinkhanira, ndi nsomba ngati chakudya.
Mtundu wa Nile. Kutalika kwa 10 cm.
Kufotokozera
Akuluakulu amafika kutalika kwa 4-5 cm. Kugonana kwamatsenga kumafotokozedwa pang'onopang'ono, amuna ndi akazi alibe kusiyana kowonekera. Nsombayi imakhala ndi thupi lopanda matupi komanso zipsepse zazing'ono. Colours ndi bulauni ndi mimba yoyera. Pamutu pali mikwingwirima yachikaso yopanga mawonekedwe ofanana ndi koterera. Maso ndi ofiira.
Monga zotumphukira zonse, nsomba imakhala ndi timakhanda tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala thupi lonse. Pakakhala ngozi, nsomba imatupa, ndikusandulika mpira wokhala ndi singano zotulutsa. Mwakutero, tetradon ya Bornean imakhala yosakopeka ndi adani.
Tetraodon mbu
Diso lina lalikulu ku Africa ndi tetraodon mbuamakhala pakati komanso kumunsi kwa Mtsinje wa Zaire. Mu malo achilengedwe limafika masentimita 75. Anthu amtunduwu ndi osagwira ntchito, monga kukumba mabowo mu Aquarium, pomwe amadzala. Amadya nkhaka, nsomba zazinkhanira, ndi mphutsi, ndipo nthawi zina amadya zakudya zam'mera (kaloti, letesi). Kusamvana pokhudzana ndi mitundu ina ndi kwa munthu payekha.
Tetraodon MBU (Chithunzi: www.kugelfischwelt.de).
Tetraodon Mbu amadya khansa.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Kapangidwe ka zida zamkamwa pakasinthidwe kwasinthidwa kukhala kanthu kena kamlomo, kamakhala ndi mafupa awiri omwe amakula moyo wonse. Mwachilengedwe, nsomba zimadyera nkhono, nsombazi, nkhanu, monga nkhanu ndi nkhwangwa, komanso algae, yomwe imakutidwa ndi miyala. Mu aquarium yakunyumba, zakudya ziyenera kukhala zoyenera. Ngati chakudyacho chilibe zinthu zolimba, ndiye kuti "mulomo" sukusoka ndipo izi zitha kubweretsa zovuta pakudya.
Kukula kwakulu kwamadzi amodzi kwa nsomba imodzi kumayambira 60 malita. Kapangidwe kameneka kamagwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwamadzimadzi am'madzi ndi malo osiyanasiyana obisalamo momwe amapangira nkhono. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti mtengo wachilengedwe umakhala ngati malo abwino kwambiri opangira zachilengedwe - kukulitsa chakudya kwa Borney tetradon. Kuti apatse madziwo mthunzi wa tiyi wosiyana, masamba a amondi a ku India kapena masamba wamba azithunzithunzi za Europe amapaka pansi. Masamba amayanika kaye ndikumanyowa mpaka atayamba kumira. Pomwe zimawola, ma tannins ndi ma tannin ena amasulidwa. Ndi omwe amapereka tiyi wamadzi kuti amwe madzi.
Ubwino wamadzi ambiri umathandizidwa ndi njira yoyeserera yoyeretsa komanso njira zosinthira nthawi zonse m'madzi: kuyeretsa dothi ndi zinthu zina zokongoletsa, ndikusintha gawo lamadzi ndi madzi abwino, kuyang'anira kuyang'ana kwa zinthu zowopsa (nitrites, nitrate, etc.).
Tetraodon miurus
Redra red tetraodon, kapena Tetraodon miurus, yemwe amakhalanso mumtsinje wa Zaire, ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi nsomba zam'nyanja, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake osalala. Mutu wa tetraodonwu mulibe kukula konse ndipo umakhala gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a thupi lonse. Mapangidwe ofanana a Tetraodon miurus ndi mawonekedwe ake ndipo amalola ngakhale osakhala akatswiri kusiyanitsa oimira amtunduwu ndi ma tetraodon ena. Nsomba, yomwe siili yayikulu kukula (kutalika kwa thupi lake imafika 15 cm), nthawi zambiri imakhala yankhanza kwambiri ndipo imakhalabe yokhulupirika ngati mdani. Mukasungidwa mu malo ogwiritsira ntchito ngalande, dothi lokwanira (6 cm) ndilofunikira, chifukwa anthu amakonda kukumba kudikirira nyama. Mu chidebe chodzalidwa, tetraodon iyi, ikaikidwa, imawoneka ngati chomera chofiyira. Kutengera mkhalidwewo, umatha kusintha mtundu kuchokera kufiira owala kukhala lalanje. Zizindikiro zamadzi amtunduwu: 24-28 ° C, pH 6.8-7.5, 10-15 ° H.
Tetraodon miurus (chithunzi: www.free-pet-wallpaper.com/Aquarium-fish-pet-wallpaper/Freshwater-fish/Tetraodon-miurus-Congo-puffer.html).
Tetraodon schoutedeni
Tetraodon schoutedeni (Pellegrin, 1926), mwanjira ina imatchedwanso nyalugwe wa tetraodon, kapena sharotel, wokhala m'madzi otsika kumtsinje wa Congo. Leopard - dzinali lidaperekedwa kwa nsomba zamadzi oyera chifukwa, chifukwa nthumwi zamtunduwu zilidi ndi zojambulajambula zanyama zokopa: thupi lonse limakutidwa ndi mawalanje amtundu wakuda ndi wakuda. Kukula kwa munthu wamkulu pakutha msambo kumafika masentimita 10. Kutumphuka kwawo kumachitika m'magawo apamwamba amadzi. Nthawi imeneyi, yaikazi imaphatikiza mazira ku mbewu zam'madzi, zomwe zimamira pansi. Ponsepo, cholengedwacho chinali chamtendere, ndipo chimayamba kumenya nkhondo pokhapokha pakuwona kuyesedwa kwa gawo lake.
Leopard tetraodon (chithunzi: atlas.drpez.org/Tetraodon-schoutedeni-fotos/aaa, Jorge las Heras).
Dziko lomaliza kumene, mu vivo, mutha kuzindikira kuti nsomba zamtunduwu ndi South America. Pali nsomba zamtundu wokhala ndi dzina lodabwitsa la parrot pufferfish, kapena Colomesus psittacus. Chifanizirochi chimafika kutalika kwa masentimita 20-30 ndipo chikufanana kwambiri ndi wachibale wake waku Asia, wotchedwa Chelonodon patoca.
Asitikali apamadzi aku Russia adapatsidwa mwayi wobereketsa nyama zazing'ono zam'madzi zoterezi kunyumba mu 1910. Mwa mitundu 100 ya ma tetraodon omwe adalipo mu ukapolo, pafupifupi 10. Amamva bwino ku ukapolo: nsomba zomwe zimatha kukhala ndi moyo wopangidwa ndi anthu zimaphatikizapo Kutkut, green, leopard ndi Thai traodons. Oyamba kumene omwe akufuna kubereketsa nsomba zakunja ayenera kukonzekereratu malo okhala ndi ziweto zawo zam'tsogolo. Kukonzekera koyambirira kumathandizira kukhala mwamtendere kwa ma tetraodon omwe ali mu ukapolo, ndipo atapatsidwa moyo wawo wothamangitsidwa, zithandiza kupewa zotsatira zosayenerera kwa oimira a genera ena omwe akukhala mu aquarium. Pali maupangiri angapo othandiza kuchokera kwa akatswiri omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha mitundu iliyonse yomwe ili muukapolo, makamaka, zinsinsi za kuswana kwa tetraodon, ndi malingaliro owasamalira.
Chochitika chofunikira komanso chofunikira kwambiri chokonzekera koyambirira ndikusankha kwa aquarium. Popeza mtundu wamtundu wa tetraodons, mtundu wa aquarium wamtundu wabwino ndi malo abwino kuwasunga. Mu malo osungiramo nyama oterowo, mosiyana ndi chokongoletsera, nthumwi za mtundu wina zimadulidwa kochepa. Chifukwa cha kupangidwa kwa malo abwino osungira nsomba, asodzi am'madzi amakhala ndi mwayi wowunikira mawonekedwe a machitidwe awo pakudya, kuwaza ndi kusamalira mwachangu. Omwe anadzipangira nyama zanyama zam'madzi adapeza njira yabwino yochotsera nkhono zosafunikira mu malo osakanikira amadzi: amatulutsa tetraodon kwa okhalamo kwakanthawi kochepa. Pambuyo paphwando la nsomba zokometsetsa pazakudya zawo zomwe amakonda, amangoichotsa mu malo osungirako zinyama ndikusunga zipolopolo zopanda kanthu kuchokera pansi. Kusiya tetraodon limodzi ndi nsomba zina ndizowopsa kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa nkhonoyi itatha, nsomba zimayamba kubaya ziphuphu za anansi awo okhala m'madzimo.
Kuti mupeze ma tetraodon okhala ndi malo abwino okhala, muyenera kuyika gulu laling'ono la anthu 8-10 mu malo akuluakulu okhala ndi madzi okwanira 100 malita. Pansi pa malo osungiramo zinthu zakale a tetradons ayenera kukhala ndi miyala yosiyanasiyana ndi nyumba zake zosiyanasiyana. Oimira ena amtunduwu amayikira mazira pamiyala iyi. Ngakhale kuti akatswiri athu asamaberekane samaswanitsa mitunduyi ku ma masse, pali nthawi zina zoswana. Kuwonetsa kukuwonetsa kuti nsomba zam'madzi ndi malo abwino kuwasungira nyama zodyerazi, koma zangokhala chimodzi: payenera kukhala malo ambiri okhala ndi nsomba iliyonse, njira zodziwikirazi zingathandizire kupewa kupewa kubedwa. Kukonzekeretsa malo okhalamo ziweto, osaziphatikiza ndi zomerazi, ndikokwanira kuzigawa m'mphepete zamkati mwa aquarium.
Munthawi zachilengedwe za tetraodons, kutentha kwa madzi m'matupi amadzi ndi madigiri 22-26, motero, ndikofunikira kutsatira boma lotentha ili. Oyimira zamtunduwu amakonda kwambiri nitrites ndi ammonia, chifukwa chake muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa kuyera kwa madzi. Ndikofunikira kuti musinthe sabata iliyonse ndi 15-20%. Musadzaze aquarium ndi madzi ofewa kapena amchere. Kukhala bwino kwa nsomba, ngati mungawonjezere mchere wamchere wapamtunda motere: supuni 1 yamadzi 10 alionse. Malinga ndi akatswiri, mchere wamchere nawonso ndi njira zodzitetezera. Mwa anthu okhala m'madzi amchere pang'ono, chiwopsezo cha matenda chimachepa.
M'madera am'madzi, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chothandizira pamoyo ndicho kusefa. Anthu okhala kumadzi amadya mapuloteni, omwe momwe amapangidwira ndi nsomba ndiwo omwe amayambitsa kuipitsa kwamadzi. Malo oyambilira pakuyeretsa kwamadzi ndi adamulowetsa kaboni. Udindo wofunikira polenga zochitika za moyo wa ma tetraodons omwe ali mu ukapolo umaseweredwa ndikuwunikira kwa aquarium. Iyenera kukhala pafupi ndi kuwala kwachilengedwe komanso popanda chowala.
Mitundu ya Pufferfish
Mwa ma puffer, madzi abwino ndi nsomba zam'madzi ndizodziwika, zazing'ono, ngati Tetraodon yofiyira kapena yobiriwira, kapena yayikulu, ngati pufferfish yooneka ngati nyenyezi, wokonda mtendere kapena wankhanza.
Omwe akufuna kupeza nsomba zakunja, amalimbikitsidwa kuti azisamalira mitundu:
- Tetraodon fluviatilis (pufferfish wobiriwira). Ili ndi mtundu wokongola wachikasu wokhudza kubiriwira, mbali ndi kumbuyo ndizokongoletsedwa ndi mawanga akulu akuda. Monga nsomba zonse za puffer, ndi thermophilic (imakhala m'madzi 24-27 ° C). Kukula kwa munthu wamkulu kumafika mpaka masentimita 10. Kuchulukitsa kwa nsomba kumawonjezera kukwiya, kuwononga khungu pakamakalamba.
![](http://img.thinkfirsttahoe.org/img/imag-2020/3021/riba-iglobryux-polnaya-F0A44.jpg)
- Tetraodon miurus (pufferfish yofiira) - ndi yofiira, lalanje, ndipo imakhala ndi khungu pakhungu. Mtunduwu umakhala m'madzi olimba ndipo umakula mpaka 15 cm.
- Canthigaster valentini (wamtambo-wamamba-wakuda) - imasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa malo owoneka okha, komanso mikwingwirima yakuda angapo kumbuyo, mchira wowala wachikaso. Amachita zinthu mwamphamvu, amatha kuyanjana ndi nsomba zina zomwe sizingakhumudwe. Monga mitundu ina, imakonda madzi ofunda (mpaka 27˚˚).
Star Pufferfish - Arotron
Mmodzi mwa oimirira kwambiri pamtunduwu ndi pufferfish wooneka ngati nyenyezi. Kukula kwa nsomba ndi 60 cm, kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 120. Pufferfish yooneka ngati nyenyezi ndi chikaso, bulauni, lalanje ndipo imakutidwa ndi njira yaying'ono yowoneka ngati singano. Nsomba ndimulungu kwa oyendetsa. Nthawi zambiri Arotron amabisika kwa maso opondaponda pakuya kwa 60 m, chifukwa chake sachita mantha ndi kuyang'ana kwachitatu ndi makamera.
Kudyetsa
Pofuna kuti ma tetraodons asadye abale awo kapena oyandikana nawo m'madzi, osawapatsa chakudya, amakhala amadziwa chakudya chokha cha nyama. Bwino, mtima wowiritsa ndi wosankhidwa kapena chiwindi chosankhidwa, nyama yang'ombe, inde, mutha kuwadyetsa chakudya chamoyo: ufa ndi nyongolotsi, mphutsi za udzudzu, shrimp yatsopano, nsomba zazing'ono. Musaiwale za ma mollusks, omwe ma tetraodons amadya ndi chisangalalo chachikulu, chifukwa samakonda nyama ya nkhono zokha, komanso njira yoluma zigoba. Mwa kukumba pa chigobacho, ma tetraodons amafafaniza maphokoso awo opanga mano. Zakudya za nyama zimawerengeredwa malinga ndi kukula kwa anthu okhala m'madzimo.
Koma munthu wokhala mwamtendere kwambiri pamadzi amtundu uliwonse wamadzi ndi kambuku. Ngakhale abambo, omwe mwachilengedwe amakhala ndi mkwiyo, pofuna kuteteza banja, ndipo koposa zonse ana, alibe chizolowezi chakuukira anthu okhala m'madzimo omwe amakhala pafupi.
Fish pufferfish ku Japan - nsomba zodziwika bwino za puffer
Ziwawa zomwe zimawoneka ngati zowopsa kwambiri. Dzinalo ndi "kufa-kwaw nsomba", chifukwa mu 60% ya anthu omwe adazunzidwa ndi poizoni adamwalira.
Malinga ndi ma gourmets, kukoma kwa chakudya chowopsa sikungafanane ndi chilichonse. Mutayeserera kuthawathawa nthawi 1, pali chikhumbo chosalephera kulawa mobwerezabwereza. Mtengo wa mbaleyo umachokera ku 500-1000. e. Kudula kumangodalira kuphika kwachilolezo chokha. Kuti alandire, omwe akufuna atenga maphunziro apadera, pamapeto pake mayeso amawayembekezera: kudula otukumula ndikuphika sashimi. Ngati mukulakwitsa, muyenera kudikirira zaka 2 kuti mulembe mayeso.
Poizoni ndi wodziwika bwino wa nsomba
Kudya pufferfish ndi kowopsa pamoyo. Magawo omwe ali ndi poizoni kwambiri ndi chiwindi, khungu, nsomba zopaka, koma izi sizitanthauza kuti nyamayo ilibe poizoni. Pamenepo amapezekanso, koma Mlingo wocheperako.
Ndikofunika kwambiri kuphika the puffer moyenera
Nsomba zikafika mkati, zochita za wolimba mtima zimayamba. Choyamba, wovutikayo amamva kuti miyendo yake ili ndi dzanzi, ndiye kuti maso ake okha ndi omwe amakhala osasunthika komanso kupuma.
Malangizo Panyumba
Ndi mano akuthwa komanso maonekedwe owoneka bwino, sizovuta kudziwa nyama yolusa yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito pufferfish. Kuti anthu ena okhala m'madzimo asavutike, ndibwino kuyika khoma logawanitsa kapena kuyikamo tanki ina.
The pufferfish imakhala momasuka mu aquarium yamtundu wopatsa chidwi - malita 200. Pankhaniyi, muyenera kusamalira Kutentha, popeza pufferfish imakulunga m'madzi 23-30˚С.
Kwa puffer, madzi amadzi ndiofunikira. Mitundu ina imakhala m'makumwa amchere pang'ono. PH iyenera kuyambira pakati pa 7-8 ndi kuuma kuyambira 2.4 mpaka 5 mEq / L. Kuti muchepetse kuuma, mutha kuwiritsa madzi kapena kuyimirira kwa masiku angapo ndikungokhetsa mbali yokhayo. Kuonjezera kuuma - onjezerani calcium kapena magnesium chloride, supuni (1 tsp. Kufika 50 l) kumadzi kapena kuyala pansi ndi matanthwe a korali, zipolopolo za rapana.
Mchenga wozungulira ndi woyenera kubwezeretsanso. Makamaka amakonda kukumba mmenemo, otchedwa "omanga mapulani" awo osokoneza bongo pomanga mabatani ozizwitsa pamchenga. Chifukwa chake, ma pufferfish ooneka ngati zoyera amapangira chisa ndikukopa chidwi cha akazi omwe ali okonzeka kupitiriza mtunduwu ndi njonda yabwino.
Ziphuphu zimayikidwa pansi pamadzi
Mutha azikongoletsa malo okhala nsomba ndi zoyandama. Ngati mizu ya thewera imayikidwa mumchenga, pufferfish imawachotsa pomwepo.
Zakudya za Aquarium
Nsombazo zimakhala ndi nsagwada zabwino kwambiri. Mano awo amaphatikizana ndi ma mbale anayi a monolithic ndipo amatha kuluma ngakhale zida zamagetsi. Pufferfish amatchedwanso "anayi-toothed" (lat. Tetraodontidae). Anthu pawokhapawokha ndiwowonekera ndipo amafunika kudya pafupipafupi.
Zakudya zazikulu zimaphatikizapo chakudya chamoyo, chipolopolo, chisoti, nkhanu, nsomba ndi nsapato, squid, zidutswa za nsomba, nsombazi, nyama yoboola. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito plankton youma, iyenera kuyamba kunyowa. Nthawi zina mumatha kugwiritsa ntchito herbivores.
Mano a puffer amakula nthawi zonse, kotero chakudya cholimba ndichofunikira pakukupera.
A rarity yeniyeni - kuswana mu aquarium
Kuti muswe mu pufferfish muukapolo, ziyenera kulengedwa:
- gulani nsomba yosanja yokhala ndi malita 100,
- konzekerani malo ambiri obisika - malo othawirako,
- Bzalani mitengo yokhala ndi masamba olimba,
- kudikirira kuyikira mazira.
![](http://img.thinkfirsttahoe.org/img/imag-2020/3021/riba-iglobryux-polnaya-5CDBF.jpg)
Choyamba, anthu mwamphamvu amakomerana: kuyenda m'mabwalo pansi, kuluma mnzake patsaya. Kenako yaikazi imayikira mazira 300 pamiyala yosalala, yomwe yamphongo imanyowetsa. Kenako, mkaziyo amayenera kutengedwa kuchokera pamalo owala, ndipo mbewuyo ndiyosiyidwa ndi bambo. Pangozi yoyamba, amateteza mazira, kutupa ngati mpira.
Pambuyo pamasiku 6-8
Ngakhale zovuta zokulira, nsomba za banja la pufferfish zimakhalabe zokometsetsa za asodzi am'madzi chifukwa cha zinthu zachilendo, maukosi owopsa. Komabe, sikuti nthawi zambiri muyenera kubweretsa pufferfish kudziko la mpira wotupa, chifukwa izi zidzafupikitsa moyo wa chiweto.
Pufferfish yamadzi oyera
Mitundu yambiri imakhala m'madzi am'nyanja kapena brackish, koma ena amatha kukhala m'madzi atsopano. Pafupifupi mitundu 35 ya moyo wawo imakhala m'madzi abwino. Mitundu yamadzi abwinoyi imapezeka kumadera otentha a South America (Colomesus asellus), Africa (mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya Tetraodon), ndi Southeast Asia (Auriglobus, Carinotetraodon, Dichotomyctere, Leiodon, ndi Pao).
Mwa iwo omwe akukhala m'madzi oyera, awa makamaka akuyimira mtundu wa pufferfish (Tetraodon): fahak (T. fahaka- - amakhala ku Nile, Niger, Lake Chad, MBU (T. mbu) - malo otsika ndi apakati a Mtsinje wa Congo, mitundu ina isanu ndi iwiri ya pufferfish yamadzi oyera imakhala m'madzi a West Indies ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa South America, kuphatikiza ndi Amazon. Nsomba zambiri zam'madzi zatsopano zam'madzi zakhala chakudya cham'madzi kwambiri.
Vutoli
Mitundu yambiri ya banja la pufferfish ndi poyizoni. Poizoni amapezeka pakhungu, peritoneum ndi zina zamkati mwa nsomba - chiwindi, matumbo, gonads, caviar. Choopsa kwambiri mwa izo ndi tetrodotoxin, womwe ndi poizoni wamphamvu kwambiri wamanjenje. Ngati ilowa m'matumbo am'mimba, imabweretsa kupweteka kwambiri, kukhumudwa ndipo nthawi zambiri imabweretsa imfa.
Mafotokozedwe oyamba azizindikiro za poizoni wa tetrodotoxin adaperekedwa m'dongosolo lake ndi woyendetsa ndege wachingelezi James Cook. Anzathu a ku New Caledonia adadyetsa nsomba zophika za Cook komanso akatswiri awiri azachilengedwe monga gawo la ulendo wake:
“Ndi chiwindi ndi mkaka zokha zomwe zidadyedwa patebulopo, zomwe ine ndi Forster tidakhudza. Pafupifupi pafupifupi atatu kapena anayi m'mawa tinamva kufooka kosaneneka m'mbali zonse za miyendo, limodzi ndi kumva kuti mikono ndi miyendo yathu, itazimiririka kuzizira, nthawi yomweyo idagwa pamoto. "Ndimamva kale chilichonse ndipo sindinathenso kuyeza kulemera kwa matupiwo: kapu yamadzi yokhala ndi lita imodzi ndi cholembera zimawoneka ngati zolemera m'dzanja langa."
Asayansi amakono apeza kuti nsomba zinali zamtunduwu Pleuranacanthus seleratus banja la mano a puffer.
Matenda a nsomba
Palibe zovuta zaumoyo m'chilengedwe chokhwima m'madzi chokhala ndi magawo oyenerera amadzi. Matenda amatenga zinthu zikafika poipa. Kuphatikiza apo, chakudya chomwe chilibe zida zolimba chimatha kukulitsa "mulomo", womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala pansi pamagobolomo. Kuti mumve zambiri pazizindikiro ndi chithandizo, onani gawo la Aquarium Fish Diseases.