PECHORKY COAL POOL - Yopezeka mkati mwa Komi ACCP ndi Nenets Autonomous Okrug waku Arkhangelsk Dera la RSFSR. Derali lili pafupifupi 90,000 km 2. Ili m'dera la permafrost m'chigawo cha tundra ndi nkhalango-tundra.

Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kukhalapo kwa malasha mu beseni zidayamba 188. Mu 1919, mlenje V. Ya. Popov adachita pemphelo loti apezeke malasha mu beseni la mtsinje wa Vorkuta. Umboni wa Geological, wotsogozedwa ndi A. A. Chernov, beseni lamadzi la Pechora lidapezeka mu 1924, migodi yamalasha kuyambira 1934. Zosungirako zonse zachilengedwe ndi matani 265 biliyoni (1986), momwe matani mabiliyoni 23,9 awunikidwa (ndalama 13.7 biliyoni) , pepala lopanda malire - matani mabiliyoni 10.2). Mu 70s. ntchito yachilengedwe idakulitsa gawo lachitetezo cha malasha a Pechora mpaka kumalire a dera la Timan-Ural ("Big Pechora"). Basin yamalaala a Pechora ili kumpoto kwenikweni kwa dera louma la Ural. Makulidwe a Permian carboniferous amana akuwonjezeka kuchokera kumadzulo mpaka kummawa molowera kutsambalo kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 7 km. Mapangidwe okhala ndi malasha amagawika (kuyambira pansi mpaka pamwamba) kupita ku malo a Vorkuta (Lekvorkutskaya ndi Intinskaya) ndi mapeyala a Pechora (Seydinskaya ndi Talbeyskaya suites). Mapangidwe a Lekvorkut amadziwika ndi Otsikira a Pansi, a Intinsky Suite ndi a Pechora Series a Upper Permian. Mu suti ya Lekvorkut, mawonekedwe a Rudnitskaya ndi Ayachyagin amadziwika.

Madipozidwe ochulukitsa amachitika ndi nyumba zazikulu (zosowa): Kosyu-Rogovskaya ndi Korotaikhinsky, komanso Verkhneadzvinsky, dera la Kara lokwana makhola. The Halmeryu, Yunyaginskoe, Vorkutinskoye, Vorgashorskoye, malo a Intinskoye amafufuzidwa kumapiko akummawa kwa Korotaikhinskaya komanso m'malo apamwamba (brachisynclines) mkati mwa kukhumudwa kwa Kosyu-Rogovskaya; zophatikiza. Chosangalatsa chachikulu pamafakitale ndi ma Mines ndi Intinsky Fform. Kupanga kwa Rudnitskaya kumakhala ndi mitundu 10 yogwira ntchito yosavuta kupanga, pafupifupi makulidwe (1,3-3,5 m) ndi woonda (0.5-1.2 m), yoyimiriridwa ndi phulusa-pakati ndi phulusa (12-18%), otsika-sulufule ( mpaka 1.0%), makala-otsika-phosphorous (mpaka 0.02%) makala ndi kuphatikiza kwakukulu. Awa ndi makala abwino kwambiri a beseni la malasha a Pechora. Mu intinsky Suite, mpaka 15 woonda komanso sing'anga makulidwe ophatikizika amapezeka, amapangidwa ndi phulusa lalitali (16-30%), wowawasa (1.5-4.0%) ndi malasha olimba. Mu mndandanda wa Pechora, makulidwe a sing'anga makulidwe, amodzi amphamvu (mpaka 30 m), kapangidwe kovuta kwambiri, makala amoto wambiri (20-40%), ovuta kutsata. Malasha oyambira beseni ndi humus, omangirira, ndipo mawonekedwe amomwe amapangidwira amayimiriridwa ndi 70-85% ya ma miccomptures a gulu lalikulu kwambiri. Kuphatikizika kwa mpesa kuchokera kwa bulauni mpaka anthracite (map). Malasha amakalasi a B ndi D predominate (50-60%), popanga malasha chachikulu chimapangidwa ndi makala a kalasi la Z. Zisonyezo zamtundu wazopanga malasha aiwisi (%): kalasi D (Dongosolo la Intinsky) - W r = 11.0, A d = 28.7, S_t d = 3.0, V daf = 39.0, O_i r = 18.1 MJ / kg, kalasi Zh (Vorkutinsky) - W r = 5.0, A d = 14.8, Si d = 0.8, V def = 32.0, O_i r = 26.7 MJ / kg.

Kutsatsa

Kugulitsa malasha kumachitika mobisa, kuya kwa chitukuko ku malo osungirako Vorkuta ndi 300-900 m, Vorgashorskoye - 180-350 m, Intinskoye - 150-600 m.Migodi ndi miyala yachilengedwe ndizovuta chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa zofunda, malo ambiri okhala ndi methane. Migodi ndi owopsa fumbi ndi gasi. Kukula kwa methaciferousness kwa seams kumapangika kumawonjezeka ndi kuya kwake kuchokera pa 4 mpaka 33 m 3 / t. Nthawi zonse kulowa kwa migodi ndi 70-800 m 3 / h, kutalika kwa madzi ndi 0.3-6.0 m 3 / t. Ntchito za migodi yamoto zimachitika ndi mabungwe opanga Vorkutaugol (migodi 13) ndi Intaugol (migodi 5) makamaka yokhala ndi nsanamira zazitali motsatira sitiraka. Kuchulukitsa kwa migodi kumachokera ku 0,5 mpaka 4.8 miliyoni matani pachaka. Kugaya matani miliyoni 30.2 miliyoni (1986). Malo opangira migodi ndi Vorkuta ndi Inta. Ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ndi Cherepovets ndi Novolipetsk zitsulo zopangira zitsulo, chomera cha ku Moscow ndi Kaliningrad coke ndi mpweya komanso mbewu za coke ku Ukraine. Mphamvu ya malasha imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati mphamvu zamafuta am'madzi komanso zosowa zapakhomo. Njira yoyendera kutumizira malasha ndi njanji ya Vorkuta-Kotlas.

Malo osungira makala

Mchenga kudutsa beseni la Pechora ndizopatsa mphamvu. M'malo amtundu wa Intinsky ndi Vorkutinsky, mabedi amoto amalaimala amayikidwa. Yunyaginskoye ndi malo a Vorgashorskoye ali olemera pokolera. Akatswiri akuyerekeza malo osungiramo beseniwa pamitengo 344,5 biliyoni yamoto. Ngati tikulankhula za mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndiye kuti mafuta ochulukirapo alipo ambiri, pali amoto amtali.

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Malasha a malo awa ali pansi mokwanira. Pafupipafupi, migodi yamchere imakhala yozama mamita 470, koma m'malo ena imapezeka pamamita 900. Mwalawo umadziwika ndi phulusa la 4-6% komanso chinyezi cha 6-11%. Amakhalanso ndi mtengo wapamwamba komanso wowopsa.

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Migodi yamwala

Mu beseni la Pechora, malasha amachimbidwa mgodi zingapo mgodi zapansi panthaka. Izi zimafuna zida zapadera. Njira yakugwiritsira ntchito mgodi imakhala yovuta ndi kutentha kochepa komanso nyengo ya permafrost. Popeza malasha amakhala mozama, pamafunika ndalama zambiri kuposa zanga zonse. Izi zikufotokozera mtengo wokwera wa zinthu.

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Mokulira, dera la Pechora likupitilirabe, ndipo migodi yamalahle ikungokulira. Kuchuluka kwa mwala komwe kumakumbidwa ndikokwanira kuthandiza dera. Malasha samakumbidwa zochuluka, chifukwa beseni lili kutali ndi mafakitole ndipo nkovuta kuchipereka kumizinda inanso. Chifukwa cha izi, kuchotsedwa kwazinthu kukugwera pang'onopang'ono chaka chilichonse.

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Kugulitsa Malasha

M'zaka zaposachedwa, pakhala pali kuchepa kwa kufunika kwa malasha kumsika wapadziko lonse ndi wamba. Mwachitsanzo, pafupifupi nyumba zonse ndi zida zina zimasinthira magetsi ndi gasi, motero sizifunikiranso malasha.

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Ponena za kugulitsa malasha, kutumiza kunja kumeneku kumangokulira, chifukwa chake, malasha omwe amapangidwa mu beseni la Pechora amatumizidwa kumadera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, panyanja komanso ndi njanji. M'nyumba, pali kufunikira kwakukulu kwa nyonga ndi kuphika malasha. Zipangizo zapamwamba kwambiri zimafunidwa ndi zomera zambiri zachitsulo. Mphamvu ya malasha imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi agro-mafakitale.

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Mkhalidwe wachilengedwe

Monga malo aliwonse opangira mafakitale, migodi yamalasha imakhudza chilengedwe. Choyamba, pali kuwonongeka kwa madzi pamtunda. Kachiwiri, kufooka kwa nthaka kumadziwika. Kuphatikiza apo, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timalowa mlengalenga. Kuti muchepetse mavuto obwera chifukwa cha migodi, pali njira zingapo zoyeretsera zomwe zikuchitika kuti zithandizire kuti chilengedwechi chisinthe. Chifukwa chake, beseni la malasha la Pechora limaphatikiza kukula kwakukulu kwa migodi, chuma komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru zinthu zachilengedwe.

Malo

Malo a dziwe sakhala opindulitsa kwambiri. Ili ku Republic of Komi ndi Nenets Autonomous Okrug (gawo la dera la Arkhangelsk). Ambiri mwa madera ake amapezeka mbali ya Arctic Circle, moyandikana ndi mapiri akumadzulo kwa Polar Urals ndi Pai Khoi. Madongosolo onse a basalo yamalasha ali m'munda wamtundu wa permafrost.

Khalidwe Ladziwe

Kutulutsa kwa malasha komwe kunayambira mu 1924, malasha oyamba adakumba mgodi mu 1934. Malo osungira makala ndi oposa matani 344 biliyoni, beseni ili ndi malo pafupifupi 90,000 km 2. Makala amitundu yosiyanasiyana - mwala umakula, pali zofiirira komanso zowopsa. Ubwino wapadera wamalo osungira malasha ndi kupezeka kwa malasha onunkhira.

• Vorkutinsky - makala amoto ndiwotchi amaperekedwa,
• Vorgashorskoye - makala amtengo wofufuza,
• Yunyaginskoe - mtundu womwewo,
• Intinsky - makala amphamvu.

Kugulitsa malasha kumachitika ndi migodi ya Vorgashorskaya, Vorkutinskaya, Komsomolskaya, Zapolyarnaya ndi Yunyaginsky. Kuzama kwa migodi kuchokera pa 150 mpaka 1100 m.

Chith. 1. Kugulitsa makala amoto mgodi, Vorkuta.

Mavuto akulu a migodi yapansi panthaka ndi okhutira kwambiri kwa methane mu seams, kapangidwe kovuta ka zigawo zopanga, kuyenda kwa mafuta amisala, kufunikira kopopera madzi nthawi zonse kuchokera kumigodi, zonsezi zimawonjezera mtengo wa malasha a Pechora.

M'malire a beseni, malo 14 okhala ndi nkhokwe zamalasha omwe ali oyenera kuwombera amafufuzidwa.

Chith. 2. mgodi wamalasha, Vorkuta.

Ogwiritsa ntchito

Malasha a Pechora amaperekedwa kumadera azachuma ku European North ndi Central.

Pazitsulo, coke amafunikira kusungunula kwazitsulo ndi chitsulo chopopera. Amaperekedwa ndi malo opanga ma coke omwe amaphatikizidwa muzinthu zopangira zitsulo. Ogula kwambiri ndi Cherepovets ndi Novolipetsk Metallurgical Combines.

Zitsulo zamagetsi zamagetsi zimagulidwa ndi mbewu zamagetsi zamagetsi, zina zimagulidwa ndi anthu pazosowa zawo.

Malasha amaperekedwa kwa ogula ndi Northern Railway.

Chith. 3. Kuyendetsa malasha.

Mavuto azachilengedwe

Mavuto azachilengedwe ndiofala pamatafa amalahle - milu yambiri, kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kuchokera kufumbi lamakala m'malo ena ndi malo pomwe malasha amatayilidwa m'sitima, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi abwino popanga malasha.

Ndi makono a migodi ndi kukonza mbewu, zambiri zoyipa zimatha kuchepetsedwa kapena kuchotsedwa, kupatula kupanga milu. M'madera a ku Arctic, kubwezeretsanso mapiri ochita kupanga kuchokera ku miyala yanthaka ndikosatheka.

Tinapfundzanji?

Tidaphunzirako komwe dera la Pechora beseni, ndi michere yanji yomwe imakumbidwa pamenepo. Kuchokera pamachitidwe a beseni la Pechora, taphunzira njira zamigodi, mavuto omwe amapezeka ndi njira yakufikira pansi panthaka. Pechora malasha ndi chofunikira ndi mabizinesi ku gawo la ku Europe, komwe amapita ndi njanji. Kufotokozera kwa mavuto azachilengedwe komanso kuthekera kothana nawo.

Mbiri yachitukuko

Kupezeka kwa beseni la malasha a Pechora kunanenedweratu ndi A. A. Chernov. M'chilimwe cha 1930, atakwera Mtsinje wa Vorkuta, katswiri wofufuza za nthaka G. A. Chernov adapeza makala amoto, otentha kwambiri. Migodi yakhala ikuchitika kuyambira 1931.

Mu 1970, Minister of Geology A. V. Sidorenko adapatsa a G. A. Chernov dipuloma ndi baji "Wotulutsa amana". Mu 2007, Vladimir V. Putin adasaina lamulo pakulipira G. A. Chernov the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, digiri ya 4.

Mabizinesi amigodi yama makala ndi ophatikizira amaphatikizidwa ku Vorkutaugol.

Makhalidwe a Dziwe

Ili ndi mitundu iwiri ya malasha: coking ndi anthracite. Ili kumpoto kwachuma, gawo lina lili kunja kwa Arctic Circle. Malo osungira makala ndi pafupifupi 344,5 biliyoni, malo osambira ali pafupifupi 90,000 km². Kukula kwa zigawo kuli mpaka 1.5 metres. Maulendo amayendera njanji zonse zakumpoto. Zopanga ndizovuta: mayendedwe a sag, bend, break. Zotsatira zake, mtengo wa malasha ndiwokwera.

Masheya

Kuchuluka kwa malo osungirako malasha kumakhala kwakukulu mu Intinsky (malasha amoto), Vorkutinsky (kokota ndi malasha amoto), Vorgashorskoye ndi Yunyaginsky (kochi wamalau). Kuchulukitsidwa kwa amalawi kumalemera. Kukula kwa malo okhala mabwawa a Pechora kwachitika kuyambira 1930.

Pofika mchaka cha 2014, malo osungira chilengedwe ndi okwana matani 344,5 biliyoni, malo osungirako mabungwe A, B, C m'mabizinesi amigodi omwe alipo kale akufika matani 810 miliyoni, malo osungirako mafuta (51%) ndi malasha amoto wautali (35.4%).

Pazonsezi, ndalama zotsalira zamalasha amtengo wapatali pamigodi ya Vorkuta ndi 40.3% kapena matani 326.3 miliyoni. Mwa chuma chonse, gawo la malasha a bulauni ndi 33.2%, anthracite - 0,4%, pafupifupi theka la malasha ndi la dzina la D4.

Gawo la malasha oyenera kuphika pafupifupi matani 40,7 biliyoni, malasha othandizira - matani biliyoni 300,5 (omwe anali matani 209,5 biliyoni). 51% ya mphamvu yonse ya malasha yomwe ili m'malire a Nenets National District (70% ya izi ndi zofunikira). Kuchuluka kwa malo osungidwa osungirako mafuta a Pechora basin omwe ali m'dera la Komi Republic.

Migodi yamalasha

Migodi yamalasha imachitidwa mu migodi yakuya, mobisa, makamaka ku Vorkuta.

Kukula kwa madongosolo kumachitika m'malo ovuta a permafrost, kusokonezeka kwa zofunda, ngozi yakuwombedwa ndi miyala, kuphulika kwa mpweya ndi fumbi.

Izi zofunda zikhalidwe ndizomwe zimatengera mtengo wokwanira wochotsa komanso kukonza zinthu zosaphika.

Mtengo wokwera wa malasha opezeka kuchimbudzi cha Pechora, komanso kutalikirana kwake kuchokera kumafakitale akuluakulu, kukuwononga kwambiri chitukuko cha migodi m'derali.

Kuyambira 2011, voliyumu ya kupanga ndi kukonza ku migodi ya Inta ndi Vorkuta yakhala ikutsika. Mu 2014, kugwa kwa 15% ndikuyembekezeredwanso poyerekeza ndi chaka chatha. M'migodi ya beseni pamakhala ntchito zambiri zopindulitsa - zimaposa msika wonsewo ndi 25-30%. Komabe, pali chizolowezi choti chitha kuyambira 2010 ku Int komanso kuyambira 2014 ku Vorkuta.

Misika yogulitsa

Kuyambira mu 2013, zinthu zoyipa zitha kuchitika mu msika wamalasha waku Russia, zifukwa zomwe zimagwera pakugwa kwa kufunikira kwa malasha m'misika yapadziko lonse komanso kuchepa kwa zosowa pamsika wapakhomo. Chifukwa cha kukopa kwa zigawo, ntchito zamalasha zanyumba ndi ntchito zapagulu zikugwa, kugwiritsa ntchito malasha popanga zinthu zachitsulo kumachepetsedwa, kuphatikizapo kuganizira kuyambitsidwa kwa matekinoloje atsopano opangira zitsulo.

Malasha amayendetsedwa ndi Northern Railway.

Padziko lonse lapansi

Nthawi yomweyo, kutumizidwa kwa malasha kukukulirabe kwambiri. Makamaka, mu 2013 idafika matani miliyoni miliyoni, itachuluka ndi oposa 8 miliyoni poyerekeza ndi 2012. Mwachidziwikire, poyang'ana kuchepa kwa kusowa kwa nyumba za malasha, mpikisano pakati pamakampani amalahle pamisika yogulitsa ikukula.

Russian

Misika yam'derali yophika kuphika ndi malasha amsima wa Pechora bas bas imapezeka kwambiri mchigawochi, chomwe chimaphatikizapo gawo la ku Europe la Russia ndi Urals. Kutumiza malasha kuchokera kuderali, North Railway imagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kuphika malasha kuchokera ku Pechora Coal Basin kumaperekedwa kwa mabizinesi a Severstal Group lero.

Makamaka, ku Cherepovets Metallological Plant, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novolipetsk Metallurgical Combines, Leningrad Industrial Center, ku Ural, Central and Central Black Earth Economic Regions, Nosta OJSC, Mechel OJSC, Moscow Coke ndi Gasi Chomera.

Malasha a Steam amapereka zosowa za ogula zamakampani ogulitsa maofesi ndi nyumba ndi ntchito zokomera Komi Republic ndi madera ena, zamkati ndi mapepala ndi mabizinesi amaofesi amaperekedwa ku RAO UES waku Russia, RAO Russian Railways. Kufunika kwa Northern Economic Region kwatsekeka kwathunthu, 45% kwa dera la Kumpoto-Western ndi dera la Kaliningrad, ndi 20% kwa zigawo za Volga-Vyatka ndi Central Chernozem.

Popeza kufalikira kwa misika yogulitsa malasha ku beseni la Pechora, chofunikira kwambiri ndi ntchito yowonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito malasha ku North-West Federal District.

Mawonedwe ena a dziwe

Kuti chitukuko cha nthawi yayitali chikhale chimbudzi cha Pechora komanso malo ogulitsa malasha ku Komi Republic, kukonzekera koyambirira ndikuyitanitsa kuyika kwatsopano malasha ndi kusaka zinthu zakale ndikofunikira.

Mtengo wowongolera kayendedwe kazinthu ndi kayendedwe ka malasha m'mbali mwa mayendedwe a Kuzbass-Northwest adzafunika ma ruble 230 biliyoni. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndiyokuya kwamphamvu kwa beseni la malasha la Pechora pamtengo wotengera mayendedwe a mafuta ndi kuphika kwa mafuta.

Mabizinesi amalaala a Vorkuta akuyenda mbali yolondola, kudula mitengo mwadongosolo, chifukwa pazaka zitatu zapitazi malasha awo agwera pamtengo ndi 40% pamsika.

Kuphatikizanso kwina kwamabizinesi a Komi ndikusintha kwatsopano kwa zinthu, kusungitsa chuma chamtundu wokhazikika kumakula mosalekeza, mosiyana ndi zigawo zina za Russia, ndipo mchaka cha 2013 chokha chidafika pafupifupi ma ruble 8 biliyoni.

Ndondomekozi zimaphatikizanso kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa zopanga, kuphatikiza pakupanga madongosolo atsopano. Zomwe zikulonjeza kwambiri ku Komi ndi Syryaginsky ndi Paemboyskoye - akufuna kupanga malonda amalao osowa kwambiri kumeneko, kufunikira kwake komwe kumakhala kokhazikika, osati ku Russia kokha.

Dera la zachilengedwe

Chofunikira chazinthu kuti boma lizigwira ntchito ndikutsatsa ntchito zamakampani amoto ndikuonetsetsa kuti chitetezo chake ndiyotetezeka, kuchepetsa kuvulala pantchito ndi kusintha magwiridwe antchito. Izi ndizothandiza pa bizinesi yonseyo komanso ku beseni la Pechora, popeza malasha amamuchera mgodi.

Pa gawo lachitetezo cha malasha a Pechora, malo ovuta: zotsatira zakugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje omwe achoka pakukonza, kukonza ndi kuwotcha malasha ndi:

• kuchepa kwa madzi am'madzi mu beseni,
• kuphwanya kayendedwe ka madzi akunyanja ndi pansi pamadzi, vuto lodana ndi madzi,
• kuwonongeka kwa zinyalala zachilengedwe,
• kuphwanya nthaka,
• kutsika kwa mpweya wa okosijeni ndikuwonjezereka kwa nayitrogeni ndi kaboni dayosi mlengalenga,
• mawonekedwe amagesi oyipa komanso fumbi la malasha m'mlengalenga.

Ngozi zachilengedwe zikupitilira kusefukira kwa ma migodi osagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Zochitika zomwe zimapangidwira kukhazikitsa pabwino chilengedwe

Kupititsa patsogolo zachilengedwe mderali:

• Chithandizo chamadzi chokwanira, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a hydromechanical kusefera ndi njira zonyikira.
• Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi akumwa kumachepetsedwa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito dzenje lotseguka ndi mgodi waukadaulo komanso woweta kukukula.
• Coal mine methane imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala opangira mafuta ndi mafuta, komanso popanga magetsi.

Chitetezo Kantchito ndi Thanzi

Gulu lomwe likugwira ntchito makamaka la boma la Russia limapereka malingaliro othandizira kukulitsa kuyendetsa bwino kwa kayendetsedwe ka boma pantchito yachitetezo cha mafakitale ndi chitetezo cha antchito, kukonza dongosolo la ntchito zachipatala komanso zothandiza anthu ogwira ntchito ndi anthu omwe akhudzidwa ndi ngozi komanso matenda ogwira ntchito. Mu makampani amalavulagodi am'derali, akatswiri akuwongolera ziwopsezo akukumana ndikuganizira zomwe zachitika.

Mwambiri, zakonzedwa kuti zitheke mulingo wa mayiko otukuka pakuwonetsetsa kuti chitetezo cha mafakitale chikufika chaka cha 2030, ndikusiya ukadaulo wamayendedwe amigodi wa malasha oopsa.

(Palibe mavoti pano)