Zikuwoneka kwa munthu yemwe adayamba kupeza m'nkhalango yaku South America pafupi kwambiri amamva kubangula kwa mkango kapena nyama yayikulu komanso yoopsa. Ndipo nthawi zambiri amadabwa kwambiri akamva kuti phokoso loopsali silimapangidwa ndi mdani wamkulu, koma ndi nyani wochepa kwambiri wotentha. Waitanidwa, polemekeza mfuwu wake wofuula, wofuula.
Howler si nyama zowopsa konse. M'malo mwake, ndi nyani wamtendere. Kuwona cholengedwa ichi, wina amangodabwa kuti bwanji akuyenera kufalitsa kulira kokulira kumeneku.
Ma Habitat, mitundu ya kubangula
Howler (Aloautta) - oimira banja la anyani amisala yokhala ndi unyolo (capuchins). Ali ndi kufalikira kwina kulikonse poyerekeza ndi nyani wina wa New World. Yapezeka kuchokera kumwera kwa Mexico kupita kumpoto kwa Argentina. Pokhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitengo, mitengo yamangati, nkhono zamtchire. Amakhala pamtunda wamamita 2500 pamwamba pa nyanja. Mumakonda mitengo yam'munsi komanso yapakati m'nkhalangomo.
M'mabanja mwawo, akulira ndi nyani wamkulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwa matupi awo kutengera ndi mitunduyo kumasiyanasiyana masentimita 45 mpaka 63, misa imatha kufika mpaka 9 kg. Chovala cha anyaniwa ndicitali, utoto umasiyana kuchokera kufiira mpaka wakuda.
Mchirawo ndi wautali kuposa thupi. Mwambiri, mchira umagwira gawo lofunikira kwambiri: mbewa imagwiritsa ntchito ngati dzanja lowonjezera (iye amaigwira ndi nthambi, amagwira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndi zina). Imakhala yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yolimba kwakuti munthu wofuula amatha kuluka mfundo ndi nsonga ya mchira wake ndi kudzimangirira mozungulira nthawi yayitali.
Pazonse, pali mitundu 6 ya mtundu wa Aloautta.
1) Central American Howler (Alouatta pigra)
Zimapezeka pa Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico), ku Guatemala, Belize.
Mitundu yambiri. Chovalacho ndichabwino, chakuda.
2) Colombian Howler (Alouatta coibensis)
Amakhala ku Central America.
Amavala chovala chofiirira mpaka chakuda, chokongoletsera chagolide kumbuyo, m'mbali mwa thupi
3) Howard Howard (Alouatta seniculus)
Amapezeka kuchokera kumpoto kwa Colombia kupita ku Central Bolivia.
Chovala ndi chofiirira lalanje, m'mimba ndichopepuka, ndevu zake ndi zakuda.
4) Wofuula wokhala ndi zida zofunikira (Alouatta belzebul)
Amakhala kumwera kwa Amazonia kuyambira ku Mtsinje wa Madeira kupita kugombe la Atlantic.
Mtundu wa chovalachi umachokera ku bulawuni wakuda mpaka wakuda, matako ndi nsonga ya mchira wake ndi ofiira.
5) Brown Howler (Alouatta guariba)
Pamakhala gombe la Atlantic ku Brazil.
Chovalacho ndi chakuda, chofiirira kapena chofiyira chakuda, chachikazi ndichopepuka kuposa chachimuna.
6) Black Howler (Alouatta caraya)
Imapezeka kumwera kwa Brazil, ku Bolivia ndi Argentina.
Amuna ndi akuda kwathunthu, akazi ndi abulauni.
Zakudya
Gawo lalikulu la chakudya cha howler ndi masamba. Mitengo yotentha imakutidwa ndi masamba owuma chaka chonse, motero alibe zovuta kupeza chakudya.
Ndi masamba ochulukirapo otere, munthu akhoza kudabwa kuti bwanji mitundu ina ya anyani sanadye masamba. Inde, anyani ambiri otentha samadya masamba ochuluka ngati kukalipa, ndipo ena samawadyako konse.
Koma masamba ali ndi vuto lalikulu - ali otsika kalori. Kuti achulukitse mphamvu zawo, ochita phokoso ayenera kusankha bwino. Amangoyang'ana timapepala tating'onoting'ono, timene timapezanso mphamvu.
Masamba akulira okha amatha milungu ingapo, koma ngati nkotheka, amadya zipatso ndi maluwa.
A Howler amayenera kutsatira boma lokhazikika lopulumutsa mphamvu, lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi zakudya zawo zopatsa mphamvu. Samataya mphamvu zawo pachabe: kwa nthawi yoposa theka la nthawi masana, nyama zimagona kapena zimangopuma, ndikugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yotsalayi pachakudya.
A Howler amawonetsa kugawanika kwa ntchito pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Udindo wa amuna ndi kuteteza gulu la nkhosazo kwa abambo komanso kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa abale. Ndi mfuwu wawo wofuula komanso wankhondo, amapempha ufulu wa mitengo yazipatso mkati mwa gulu. Akazi, pakadali pano, ali odzipereka kwathunthu kusamalira ana.
Chifukwa chiyani akubangula?
Kulira kwa anyaniwa ndi komwe kumamveka kwambiri pakati pa nyama. Amatha kumveka kwa 1.6 km. Charles Darwin adatsimikiza kuti m'magulu am'magazi, wamwamuna yemwe amalira kwambiri, motero amawonetsa mphamvu zake ndikukopa chidwi chachikulu cha akazi. Kuganiza kumeneku kwatsimikiziridwa kuti kuli mitundu ina ya achule, koma ponena za owombeza, pali umboni wochepa kwambiri wotsimikizira izi.
Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, gulu la anthu akulira ndi kulira kwawo limati ali ndi ufulu mitengo ya zipatso. Lingaliro ili likuwoneka kuti ndiowona, koma chisinthiko chamakedzedwe a growl chimafunanso kuti apitirize kuphunzira. Zaka zaposachedwa, maphunziro apakati ku Central ndi South America adachitika pang'onopang'ono pa moyo waomwe olira amayankha mafunso awa.
Anthu akufuula mofuula ngati kuti akumenya nkhondo, kuwombera mphepete mwa khosi lotukulidwa m'makosi awo. Chiwopsezo cha laryngeal mwa amuna ndi chachikulu kwambiri kuposa zazikazi. Phokoso lomwe limapangidwa ndi amuna amitundu yosiyanasiyana limadalira kukula kwa cartilage. Mbawala yamphongo yamphongo imakhala ndi mawu akulu akulu am'mimbamo kuposa kubangula kwa Colombia. Kulira kwa woyamba kufanana ndi kubula kwakuya, pamene kwachiwiri kufanana ndi kubangula.
Amuna onse a m'gulu lankhosa amayambira 'kuyimba' kwanyimbo, amuna amphongo ena amayankha. Madera omwe abusa ambiri amakhala akudzaza ndi gawo la ziweto zina. Amuna akamalira m'mawa, komanso nthawi iliyonse pamene gululo limasamukira kudera latsopano, pamenepo amauza anzawo zakomwe akupezekera ku ziweto zapafupi.
Patadyereratu magulu awiri akakumana, din yosayerekezeka imakwera. Anthu onse, makamaka amuna akuluakulu, amayamba kubangula, kudumpha, kuthamanga, ndipo nthawi zina amamenya. Akazi ochokera ku ziweto zonse amathamangira ndipo nthawi zina amatayika kunkhalango. Zikuwoneka kuti pofuna kupewa nsapato zosafunikira pakati pa zoweta, amphongo amafuula.
Abalalawo ali ndi utsogoleri pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana. Zimakhazikitsidwa pa mikhalidwe yomenyera komanso mgwirizano wa amuna akuluakulu. Kumvetsera kubangula kwa abulu a ng'ombe yamphamvu, wofooka amatha kupewa kukangana ndi iye ndikupulumutsa mphamvu. Koma gulu lolimba nthawi yomweyo limapindula, chifukwa mamembala ake sayenera kuteteza mitengo yazipatso.
Chifukwa chake, cholinga cha kubangula ndikuthandiza anyani kugwiritsa ntchito malo awo momwe angathere komanso osavutika ndi chakudya.
Mawonekedwe a nyani wambiri komanso malo okhala
Nyani kulira mofuula - imodzi mwa anyani akuluakulu kwambiri ku Brazil. Adalandira dzina lake kuchokera pamtima kufuulazomwe zimamveka kwa makilomita ambiri kuzungulira. Kutengera malo, chovalacho chitha kukhala chofiyira, chopepuka kapena chakuda, chakuda.
Palibe tsitsi pa muzzle, nsagwada ndi yotakata, yotambalala pang'ono. Zomwe zimapangidwazo zimakhala ndi ma fangala okondweretsa, amakupatsani mwayi kuti mupeze coconuts ndikumwa mkaka kapena madzi.
Gawo lam'munsi la muzzle limapangidwa ndi ndevu zabwino. Ulusi uliwonse umakhala ndi zikhadabo zisanu. Kutha kwa mchira kumaduka chifukwa kumakhala kugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi; makulidwe ndi mawonekedwe ake amapezeka kutalika konse.
Dziko lakwawo limatengedwa kuti ndi Central ndi South America. Nyaniyo imakhala m'nkhalango zowirira. Amakonda kukumana ndi nkhalangozi. Iye ndi mtundu wabwino kwambiri ndipo mchira wake umasunthika.
Kwambiri amakonda kukhala pa nthambi ndikumasewera mokweza. Pamenepo, zimapangitsa kuti womverayo achite mantha, ndikupatsa abalewo chizindikiro chogawa chawo.
Mitundu yambiri kulira monkey - ndi Central American (amakhala kumpoto kwa South America ndi Mexico) ndi ofiira (Guiana ndi Venezuela). Kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira 40 mpaka 70 cm, mchirawo umakhala ndi kutalika kwa 50-75 masentimita, kulemera pafupifupi 10 kg.
Chovala chakuda chonyezimira thupi lonse. Utoto ukhoza kukhala wofiyira, nthawi zina umasanduka wakuda. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ndevu, zomwe amakonda kuzimenya, ngati kuti akuganiza. Akazi ndi ocheperako pang'ono kwa amuna.
Zapadera kulira kwa nyani chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa matumba ammero. Amatola malovu ndi mpweya, zikavuta, zimasakanikirana, ndipo pakumveka kubangula kumabowola. China chake monga opanga zachilengedwe.
Kufuna kudziwa chilichonse
Kodi mukudziwa kuti mbewa yolusa kwambiri ndi yodabwitsa kwambiri? Woimira Colombia ndi woimba mokweza nyama izi kangapo konse adawopseza agonjetsi. Inde, inde, monga momwe mungaganizire - wofuula adatchulira dzina chifukwa. Nyamayi ndi yotchuka chifukwa cha kubangula kwanthawi yayitali. Wofuula nthawi zambiri amapanga phokoso m'mawa ndi masana. Kulira kumayambitsidwa ndi amuna, ndipo akazi nthawi zambiri amatenga chilakolako cha amuna akulira.
A Howler ndiomwe akuyimira kwambiri gulu la nyani-wamisala, yemwe amatchedwa capuchins. Ntchito zazikulu m'moyo zimachitika m'njira ziwiri: kudyetsa ndi kubangula. Usiku, anyaniwa amagona. Zowona, nthawi zina amabangula m'maloto. Lipoti la nyama zosangalatsa izi likuyenera kumveka.
Howler (lat.Aloautta) - mtundu wa nyani wokhala ndi mphuno za banja la Arachnids (Atelidae). Amakhala m'nkhalango zamvula zam'mapiri ndi ku South America, ndipo amakhala makamaka pamitengo. A Howler amakhala m'magulu a mabanja a anthu 15-18. Zakudya wamba masamba, zipatso, ndi masamba. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi ginger Howler (Venezuela ndi Guiana) ndi howler Central ((Mexico ndi zigawo kumpoto kwa South America).
Zimalowa, pafupi ndi maso a anthu, ngati kuti kulowa mkati mwakuya kwa moyo. Zikuwoneka kuti nyamayo imamvetsetsa wophatikizira popanda mawu amodzi. Ndiwofunikira kukonza nyumba, koma amakhala opumira ndipo nthawi zambiri amangomva chisoni. Ndikwabwino ngati nyani wambiri amakhala mu paketi yodzaza, osakhala m'khola.
Nyani akhungu ndi amodzi mwa anyani akuluakulu kwambiri ku Brazil. Ili ndi dzina lake kuchokera ku kufuula kochokera pansi pamtima komwe kumatha kumveka kwa makilomita ambiri kuzungulira. Kutengera ndi malo okhala, malaya amatha kukhala ofiira, opepuka kapena a bulauni, akuda.
Palibe tsitsi pa muzzle, nsagwada ndi yotakata, yotambalala pang'ono. Zomwe zimapangidwazo zimakhala ndi ma fangala okondweretsa, amakupatsani mwayi kuti mupeze coconuts ndikumwa mkaka kapena madzi. Gawo lam'munsi la muzzle limapangidwa ndi ndevu zabwino. Ulusi uliwonse umakhala ndi zikhadabo zisanu. Kutha kwa mchira kumaduka chifukwa kumakhala kugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi; makulidwe ndi mawonekedwe ake amapezeka kutalika konse.
Kulira kwa bulu wamphongo kumachitika chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa maapozi am'mero. Amatola malovu ndi mpweya, zikavuta, zimasakanikirana, ndipo pakumveka kubangula kumabowola. China chake monga opanga zachilengedwe.
Nyani akulira ndi nyama yachilengedwe, mwachilengedwe, nthawi yamadzulo. Zovuta zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku ndiulendo woyendera gawo, ndipo mokwanira mungathe kudya zokoma. Usiku amagona mokwanira, koma amuna ena samasiya kukuwa usiku. Nyani zimakhala m'mabanja okhala, kuyambira anthu 15 mpaka 17.
Mu gululi nthawi zonse mumakhala wamwamuna mmodzi wamkulu ndi womuyang'anira, ali ndi akazi angapo omwe ali nawo. Dona mwiniyo amakudziwitsani za kukonzekera kugonana. Ngati wamwamuna wamkulu sanakonzekere, amasinthana ndi womuthandiza. Ndikubangula komwe amuna akulira akuwonetsa kuti ndi gawo lawo. Komabe, palibe gawo lomveka bwino, nthawi zambiri kumachitika nkhondo pakati pa mitu ya magulu. Pa nkhondo zosasiyanazi, amuna ambiri amafa. Ndewu nthawi zina kumachitika chifukwa choti wamkazi amakopa chidwi cha wamwamuna kuchokera pagulu loyandikana. Nkhondo ndizolimba, ndipo wopambana nthawi zonse amalipira wolakwirayo.
Chaposachedwa, asayansi adafalitsa zotsatira za kafukufuku wam'mero wamakutu. Amati fupa la hyoid limagwira ntchito ngati lingwe. Kukula kwake kuli kwakukulu. Asayansi adatinso kulumikizana kwamphamvu pakati pa kuchuluka kwa phokoso ndi kukula kwa mitundu yamitunduyi. Ngati chiweto chikugunda kwa nthawi yayitali, ndiye izi zimangolankhula zopanda luso lapadera, ngati yamphongo. Ndipo ndi kubangula kosalekeza, amadzayimbiranso nthawi yayitali.
Amuna a inveterate amafika pafupifupi mita kutalika. Mchira wawo ndi wofanana. Ili ndi mawonekedwe osazolowereka: kumunsi kwa mchira mkati kumakhala chiwembu chopanda ubweya wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi zisa pakhungu. Chifukwa cha iwo, nyani wolira amayenda ndi mchira wawo, ngati kuti ndi mkono wowonjezera. Mothandizidwa ndi izi, iwo amagwira ndikukutula zipatsozo, masamba, pang'onopang'ono komanso mosamala "kuyang'ana" wachibaleyo, kutsanulira makanda. Mchira wake ndi wolimba kwambiri kotero kuti umatha kuchirikiza kulemera kwa thupi la nyama ikalendewera pansi. M'malo am'munsi ndi kumtunda kwa owula omwe ali ndi zala khumi zosuntha khumi ndi misomali yosalala.
Mukayang'ana anyani akulira, choyambirira, mumalabadira mutu ndi nkhope yopanda tsitsi komanso ndevu. Mtengo wokulirapo wa laryngeal ndiwofunikanso. "Zovala" zawo zimawoneka ngati wakuda, wabulawuni, wofiirira, wofiirira ngati mkuwa. Makungu akulu ndi zibwano zamphamvu zikuwonekera patsogolo, zimapangitsa munthuyo kukhala wowopsa.
Chakudya chachikulu cha mbewa wolira chimakhala chokometsera mitengo, maluwa, zipatso, zipatso, masamba ndi mphukira. Nthawi zina mutha kuwona momwe choduliracho chimadzaza ndi kamwa yake.
Mwakutero, amayesa kusokoneza chiphe chakupha cha mbewu zina. Maminolo a dothi amatenga zinthu zapoizoni ndipo, popanda kuvulaza, amachotsedwa m'thupi. Popeza anyaniwa ndi azungu, ndipo chakudya chomera sichipereka mphamvu zambiri, sayenda mtunda wautali. Mphamvu zonse zimakondedwa ndi makonsati tsiku lililonse. Mutha kuwona momwe anyani amapangira timabowo ting'onoting'ono mumtengo ndikuyamwa msuzi, wokhala ndi zinthu zambiri (michere), mavitamini ndi zinthu zina.
Akakhwima, wamkazi amakhala moyo wodzipatula, amayesetsa kudziteteza momwe angathere. Ali ndi mwana wosabadwa masiku 190, kawirikawiri kulibe mapasa. Mwana akangobadwa kumene, mwana amamatira chikhotho cha mayi wakeyo ndikukhalamo. Mwana wokhwima sathamangira kuti asiya kholo ndipo atha kutsagana naye kuyambira miyezi 18 mpaka 24. Wamkazi amadyetsa mwana mkaka wa m'mawere, ndiye mayi wabwino kwambiri - wosamalira komanso womvetsera. Mwana akachokapo kwa nthawi yochepa, ndiye kuti kholo limamumvera nthawi zonse. Mwanayo akatha kutha, mayi amakhala wankhanza kuti amuthamangitse. Kuwona sikusangalatsa, popeza nyani ndi amene amangoyesetsa kubwerera, umatha kuwona misozi. Nthawi zambiri anyamata anyani akhungu amangochotsedwa pagulu lawo kuti asagoneke. Ndipo sizachilendo kuti ana amafa pomenya ndewu.
Oyimba mtima akuwonetsa kuchirikiza ndi chikondi chawo pomenya mchira wawo wautali. Amagwiritsa ntchito chibwenzi komanso amasamalira mwana wamanyazi. Maonekedwe osangalatsa ndi mndandanda wa anyani amitundu yambiri akulira, ndi pakamwa potseka, ndikupereka konsati yam'mawa.
Habitat
Mtundu wa anyaniwa umapezeka m'nkhalango zachilengedwe za ku Central ndi Latin America. Amakhala m'matanthwe akulu. Nthawi zambiri amatha kuwoneka pamitengo yayitali. Kupatula apo, pali pomwepo kuti chakudya chochuluka kwambiri monga masamba, masamba abwino okongola, maluwa, mbewu, zomwe ndi maziko a zakudya zawo.
Zokhudza a Howler
Tsiku lililonse, dzuwa litangotuluka, gulu la anthu pafupifupi 40 limapita ku "konsatiyo" - nsonga za mitengo yayikulu. Choyamba, anyani akulira modekha ndi mosakhazikika. Amagwira zolimba miyendo kumbuyo, ndipo mchira umakulungika mwamphamvu kuzungulira nthambi yokhazikika. Pambuyo pa chizindikiritso china, "amisala" - amuna okalamba amayamba kufuula pamwamba pa mapapu awo. Uwu ndi mtundu wa luso lankhondo, pamene aliyense wa iwo, akumenya pakhosi pake, akubangula, mosamala komanso mozama kuyang'ana abale. Pakapita kanthawi, anyani wamba ambiri, akufuula "oyimba", amaphatikizika mu kwayala yamabingu. Amasilira kwa mphindi zitatu mpaka zinayi mosamva komanso mwamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti mawuwo amafalikira kwa ma kilomita. Kenako "kuyimba" kumatha, pofika pamwamba kwambiri. Pali chete kwakanthawi, komwe nyani akudya, kusonkhanitsa mphamvu zawo kuti abangule kwatsopano.
Madzulo, gulu la capuchins limapita kunkhalango nkhomaliro. Ndipo madzulo, kulira kwawo kumabwerezanso kozungulira. Apaulendo omwe ankawona ndikumva mawu akulira, akufotokozera "konsati" yawo m'makalata awo, nthawi zonse ankadzifunsa mafunso: chifukwa chiyani nyama zimafuula mokweza ndipo cholinga cha makonsati awo a m'mawa ndi madzulo ndi chiyani. Funso loyamba lidayankhidwa atangophunzira momwe akulira. Ndipo likukhalira kuti ma sary lapales awo amagwira ntchito ngati othandizira. Chifukwa chake, mawu omwe amapangidwa ndi oimira banja lino amachulukitsidwa nthawi zambiri, amakhala akulu komanso amphamvu. Koma pokhudzana ndi kulira kwa anthu awa, malingaliro angapo adapangidwa. Loyamba ndi kuopseza mdani yemwe akutha. Lachiwiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito madera omwe amakhala momwemo, ngati mtundu wa "woyimba" wowonera. Zikuwoneka kuti mumafuna chidwi ndi uthenga wonena za anthu osangalatsawa koma omwe sanaphunzirepo kwathunthu a MaCapuchins.
Red howler, kapena red Howler (lat.Alouatta seniculus) - imodzi mwa mitundu ya anyani otambalala (Platyrrhini).
Anthu abwinobwino, onga anyani ena ambiri, atengera chikhalidwe. Oimira mtunduwu amaphatikizidwa m'magulu a anthu asanu mpaka makumi awiri. Mutu wa gululi ndi wamwamuna wachikulire. Amuna enanso okhwima amatinso udindo wa mtsogoleri wagulu, chifukwa chake kukangana kumakhalanso pakati pa amuna.
Mafiyira ofiira ndi nyama yosasenda. Amakwera mitengo pang'onopang'ono ndipo pakati pawo, amatalika pafupifupi 400 metre patsiku. Yogwira ntchito makamaka m'mawa ndi masana. Usiku amagona mumitengo. Kutalika kwamphongo ndi 85-100 cm; kutalika kwa akazi ndi masentimita 74-89. Amuna amalemera 6.5 mpaka 8 kg, zazikazi ndizocheperako, kulemera kwawo kumachokera ku 4.5 mpaka 6.4 kg.
Chakudyacho chimaphatikizapo mtedza, masamba a mitengo, mbewu zosiyanasiyana, zipatso ndi maluwa. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta Howler tomwe timasinthidwa bwino kuti tidye zakudya: ndizokwanira, zimakhala ndi mabakiteriya apadera omwe amathandizira kugaya chakudya cholimba. Wofukizira wofiira alibe nthawi yanji yobereketsa, abwenzi nthawi zambiri amasintha. Mimba imatenga masiku 186-194. Nthawi zonse pamakhala mita imodzi. Amayi amadyetsa mwana kuyambira miyezi 18 mpaka 24.
Amuna okhwima ndi atsogoleri a gululi. Amatha kupanga magulu atsopano kapena kuyesa kugunda amuna otsogolera. Zaka za kutha msinkhu zimachokera ku 3.5 mpaka 4 zaka. Asayansi ena adafufuza mpaka 9 mayendedwe ofiira ofiira: Alouatta seniculus seniculus, A. s. arctoidea, A. s. stramineus, A. s. macconnelli, A. s. insulanus, A. s. amazonica, A. s. juara, A. s. puruensis ndi A. s. sara. Ambiri aiwo amadziwika kuti amafanana ndi mitundu ina. Zambiri zolemba A. s. stramineus panobe.
Kufuula kofiyira ndikofala kuyambira Colombia kupita ku Amazon komanso kuchokera ku Ecuador kupita ku Central Bolivia. Udindo wa kutetezedwa - - zomwe zimapangitsa nkhawa yocheperako (Chichewa Chachikulu).
Central American howler (lat.Alouatta pigra) - choyambirira kuchokera ku banja la arachnids. Imapezeka m'nkhalango zamvula za Belize, Guatemala ndi Mexico.
Apakati ku Central America ndi wamkulu kwambiri wamtundu waomwe asilira komanso amodzi mwa anyani akulu kwambiri a Dziko Latsopano. Amuna amtunduwu ndi anyani akuluakulu kwambiri ku Central America. Kulemera kwa amuna kumakhala pafupifupi makilogalamu 11.4; kulemera kwa akazi kumakhala pafupifupi 6.4 kg. Kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira 521 mpaka 639 mm. Kutalika kwa mchira kumayambira 590 mpaka 690 mm. Chovala ndichitali, chakuda. Mtundu wogonera. Chovala cha akhanda atsopano ndi chofiirira; Amuna akulu kuposa miyezi inayi amakhala ndi khungu loyera.
Morphologically ndinazolowera kubzala zakudya. Ma molars amakhala ndi kudula kwakukulu, kuthandiza nyama izi kutafuna masamba. Amunawa amakhala ndi fupa lalikulupo, lomwe limatulutsa mawu akulira, omwe amadziwikanso kwa nthumwi zawo.
Nyama za mitengo yamasana. Pangani magulu ang'onoang'ono, momwe mmodzi wamwamuna kapena awiri wamkulu, kuchuluka kwa akazi kwa chiwerengero cha abambo kuli pafupifupi 1.3. Gululi, nthawi zambiri kuyambira anthu awiri mpaka 16, kuphatikiza nyama zazing'ono. Gawo la gululi limachokera ku mahekitala atatu mpaka 25. Kuchulukana kwa anthu kumatha kupitilira 250 pa km2 aliwonse.
Pazakudya, masamba ndi zipatso zambiri, zomwe zimakwaniritsa maluwa ndi mbewu.
Akazi amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi zaka 4, amuna pambuyo pake, ali ndi zaka 6-8. Akafika paunyamata, amuna nthawi zambiri amachoka m'gulululi, akazi amakhala. Chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 20.
Bungwe la International Union for Conservation of Natural lakhazikitsa mtundu wa "Kutayika" pangozi, popeza, malinga ndi kafukufuku wa 2008, chiwerengero cha anthu chatsika ndi 60% pazaka 30 (mibadwo itatu). Zomwe zimawopseza kwambiri mitunduyi ndikuwonongeka kwa malo, kusaka ndi malonda osaloledwa.
Palibe zovulaza kuchokera ku nyama izi kwa anthu. Koma phindu ndikuti anthu amderali amadya nyama yofuula. Zimadziwikanso kuti mbewazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito sayansi. Nyama masiku ano zatsala pang'ono kutha. Wofuula walembedwa mu CITES Convention ngati woyamba omwe ziwerengero zawo zikuchepa kwambiri. Chimodzi mwamavuto omwe amakhudza izi ndi matenda enaake omwe amayamba chifukwa cha ntchentche yodutsa pakhosi.
Khalidwe ndi moyo wa nyani wolira
Nyani kulira mofuula mwachilengedwe nyama yodekha, yogwira ntchito nthawi yamadzulo. Zovuta zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku ndiulendo woyendera gawo, ndipo mokwanira mungathe kudya zokoma. Usiku amagona mokwanira, koma amuna ena samasiya kukuwa usiku. Nyani zimakhala m'mabanja okhala, kuyambira anthu 15 mpaka 17.
Amuna a Howler nyani amakhala ndi ndevu
Mu gululi nthawi zonse mumakhala wamwamuna mmodzi wamkulu ndi womuyang'anira, ali ndi akazi angapo omwe ali nawo. Dona mwiniyo amakudziwitsani za kukonzekera kugonana. Ngati wamwamuna wamkulu sanakonzekere, amasinthana ndi womuthandiza.
Ndiye kubangula kwa amuna abwangwani onetsetsani kuti ili ndi gawo lawo. Komabe, palibe gawo lomveka bwino, nthawi zambiri kumachitika nkhondo pakati pa mitu ya magulu. Pa nkhondo zosasiyanazi, amuna ambiri amafa.
Ndewu nthawi zina kumachitika chifukwa choti wamkazi amakopa chidwi cha wamwamuna kuchokera pagulu loyandikana. Nkhondo ndizolimba, ndipo wopambana nthawi zonse amalipira wolakwirayo.
Posachedwa asayansi adafalitsa zomwe zofufuza zapakhosi zapezeka kubuula. Amati fupa la hyoid limagwira ntchito ngati lingwe. Kukula kwake kuli kwakukulu.
Asayansi adatinso kulumikizana kwamphamvu pakati pa kuchuluka kwa phokoso ndi kukula kwa mitundu yamitunduyi. Ngati chiweto chikugunda kwa nthawi yayitali, ndiye izi zimangolankhula zopanda luso lapadera, ngati yamphongo. Ndipo ndi kubangula kosalekeza, amadzayimbiranso nthawi yayitali.
Chakudya cha nyani
Chakudya chachikulu kulira monkey - imakhala yobiriwira mitengo, maluwa, zipatso, zipatso, masamba ndi mphukira. Nthawi zina mutha kuwona momwe choduliracho chimadzaza ndi kamwa yake.
Mwakutero, amayesa kusokoneza chiphe chakupha cha mbewu zina. Maminolo a dothi amatenga zinthu zapoizoni ndipo, popanda kuvulaza, amachotsedwa m'thupi. Popeza anyaniwa ndi azungu, ndipo chakudya chomera sichipereka mphamvu zambiri, sayenda mtunda wautali.
Mphamvu zonse zimakondedwa ndi makonsati tsiku lililonse. Mutha kuwona momwe anyani amapangira timabowo ting'onoting'ono mumtengo ndikuyamwa msuzi, wokhala ndi zinthu zambiri (michere), mavitamini ndi zinthu zina.
Kubalanso ndi moyo wa nyani wakuwa
Akakhwima, wamkazi amakhala moyo wodzipatula, amayesetsa kudziteteza momwe angathere. Ali ndi mwana wosabadwa masiku 190, kawirikawiri kulibe mapasa.
Chithunzithunzi ndi khungubwi
Mwana akangobadwa kumene, mwana amamatira chikhotho cha mayi wakeyo ndikukhalamo. Mwana wokhwima sathamangira kuti asiya kholo ndipo atha kutsagana naye kuyambira miyezi 18 mpaka 24.
Wamkazi amadyetsa mwana mkaka wa m'mawere, ndiye mayi wabwino kwambiri - wosamalira komanso womvetsera. Mwana akachokapo kwa nthawi yochepa, ndiye kuti kholo limamumvera nthawi zonse.
Mwanayo akatha kutha, mayi amakhala wankhanza kuti amuthamangitse. Kuwona sikusangalatsa, popeza nyani ndi amene amangoyesetsa kubwerera, umatha kuwona misozi.
Nthawi zambiri anyamata achichepere kulira monkey Amangochotsedwa pagulu lawolo kuti pasakhale wachiwerewere. Ndipo sizachilendo kuti ana amafa pomenya ndewu.
Kutalika kwa nthawi yayitali mu vivo kumatha zaka 15 mpaka 20. Muukapolo, panali zochitika pamene oyambawo amakhala mpaka khumi ndi atatu. Aliyense chithunzi cha bulu wammbuyo chimakopa ndi maginito ake. Ndiko mawonekedwe anzeru pafupifupi aanthu. Maonekedwe a nkhope, mayendedwe, mayankho amawu ndi mawu - izi zokha zikangotsimikizira kuti ndi abale athu akutali.
Oyimba mtima akuwonetsa kuchirikiza ndi chikondi chawo pomenya mchira wawo wautali. Amagwiritsa ntchito chibwenzi komanso amasamalira mwana wamanyazi. Mawonekedwe osangalatsa - awa ali mzere atakhala utoto wamitundu yambiri akulira abodza, khomo lotseguka, ndikupereka konsati ya m'mawa.
Zizindikiro zakunja za kubangula
Amuna a ginger Howler ali ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 49-72, kulemera - 5.2 - 7.0 kilogalamu, zazikazi 46-57 cm kutalika ndi kulemera kwa 4.1 - 5.0 kg. Mchirawo ndi wautali - 51-73 masentimita, kunsi kwa maliseche ndi wachitatu wamaliseche, umagwira ntchito yodabwitsa.
Mtundu wa chovalacho ndi wofiirira kapena wamtambo. Ubweya wake ndi wautali komanso wofewa, ngati silika. Khosi ndilokulimba. Chizindikiro sichikhala ndi ubweya, koma m'mphepete ndi chikhoto. Nkhope ya mphuno imakwezedwa. Nsagwada yam'munsi imangopita kutsogolo, yokonzedwa kuti ipere chakudya chomera.
Nsagwada zopangidwa, zida zowonjezera za larynx ndi hyoid zimathandizira pakugwira ntchito kwa resonator. Zingwe zokulirapo komanso zapamwamba kwambiri zimalola munthu wokhala ndi tsitsi lofiira kuti alankhulenso mofuula, kubuula, kubuula ndi kuwuwa. Ma molars apamwamba ndi akuthwa, ofunikira pakupera bwino kwa nthambi ndi masamba.
Tiziwalo tating'ono timene timakhala tambiri, timabowo tating'ono tomwe timakhala ndi ma enzyme omwe timaphwanya masamba a masamba, zimathandizira kugaya m'mimba ndi matumbo. Matumbo ali pafupi 1/3 ya thupi.
Chakudya cha Red Howler
Howard wofiyira amadya masamba, zipatso zosapsa, mbewa, makungwa, mtedza, maluwa. Chakudyacho chimaphatikizapo mitundu 195 yazomera kuchokera mabanja 47. Chakudya choterocho sichiri chamafuta kwambiri, chifukwa zimakhala ndi fiber yambiri, motero thupi limalandira mphamvu zochepa.
Red howler amadyanso tizilombo ndi mphutsi zake, nthawi zina zimagwira nyama zazing'ono.
Mabakiteriya amakhala m'mizimba mwa zakudya zomwe zimapangidwira, amathandiza kuyamwa chakudya chomera chophatikizika ndi cellulose.
Nthawi zina nyani kwa nthawi yayitali amangodya masamba, koma matupi awo samapeza kuchepa kwa zinthu zina ndi michere. Red howler imafalitsa mbewu 95% ya mitundu yazomera munyengo yamvula.
Zomwe zimachitika pa mayendedwe ofiira
Anthu akhungu ofiira - okhala m'tchire ndipo amakhala moyo wawo wonse pamitengo. Amakonda kukhala pakatikati pa gawo lam'mwamba, ngakhale atakhala m'malo onse a nkhalango yamvula, ndipo amatha kupitanso pansi kuti athetse mtunda wawung'ono pakati pa mitengo pansi.
Anthu akhungu ofiira amagona kwa maola 15, 70% ya nthawi yonse akugona pam mitengo ikuluikulu. Kutacha, anyani amalira mokweza, motero amalankhulana ndi masukulu ena, kudziwa komwe kuli abale ena ndi kuchuluka kwawo.
Gululi nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi anthu osakwana 10, otsogozedwa ndi bambo wodziwa zambiri.
Nthawi yomweyo, mikangano imangokhalira kusungidwa mtsogoleri. Chifukwa chake, anyamata achichepere amachoka pagululi kuti atenge nkhosa zawo. Nthawi zina achinyamata ochita phokoso amayesera kupaka paketi, pomwe amawononga ochita mpikisano - anyamata ena. Zachidziwikire, zazikazi zimawateteza, koma ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a ana omwe amapulumuka.
Ma Howler ofiira akugwira ntchito m'mawa ndi madzulo. Zimayenda limodzi ndi nthambi mothandizidwa ndi miyendo ndi mchira, kuzigwiritsa ntchito bwino komanso kukoka nthambi ndi zipatso. Mvula, anthu ofiira obiriwira amakhala osasunthika pamitengo, kudikirira kuti mvula ithe.
Kubala ginger howler
Red howler kubereka chaka chonse. Vapors amapangidwira nyengo isanayambe kubereka. Yaikazi imayesa kukopa amuna ndi mayendedwe achilendo a chiuno, yaimphongo, yokonzekera kukhwima, amayankha kuyimbako. Amabereka mwana mmodzi wa miyezi isanu ndi iwiri, pambuyo pa kuwonekera kwa kulemera kwake ndi magalamu 263 okha. Pambuyo pobadwa, amamatira chovala cha amayi ake ndikusunthira limodzi, ndikugwera kumtsuko.
Kudyetsa mkaka kumatha kudutsa zaka 1.5 - 2. Pazaka chimodzi, mwana wabulung'ono amatha kugwirira nthambi zake kumchira. Akazi ena opanda ana nthawi zambiri amakulira. Pakatikati pa kubadwa kwapachaka ndi miyezi 16,6, ngati kambuyo wamwalira, wamkazi amabereka wachiwiri. Akazi achichepere amatha kubereka ana azaka 5, amuna pambuyo pake, mpaka zaka 7. Mwachilengedwe, anthu ofiira amakhala zaka pafupifupi 15, ali mu ukapolo motalika - zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu.
Nthawi zonse pamakhala mita imodzi. Amayi amatha kumudyetsa mpaka zaka 2.
Kusungidwa kwa nkhwangwa ya ginger
Red Howler ndi mtundu wamba wa anyani. Munkhalango za Brazil, ndizambiri, koma m'malo ena kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kumatsika chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwa malo. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama zimagwidwa kuti zigulitsidwe ndikuwombera nyama. Udindo wamatenda a ginger ndi mtundu wocheperako kwambiri.
Onani: Alouatta seniculus Linnaeus = Ginger [Red] Howler
Mitundu: Alouatta seniculus Linnaeus = Ginger [Red] Howler
Mbawala yofiyira, nyani yofiyira: Alouatta seniculus Linnaeus, 1766 - amakhala kumpoto kwa South America kuchokera Colombia kupita ku Venezuela. Red Howler adalembetsa ku Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guyana, Peru, Suriname ndi Venezuela.
Izi ndi nyama zazikulu kwambiri pakati pa anyani aku America, kukula kwa galu wamkulu. Nkhope zamaliseche, zokhala m'mphepete ndi ubweya, zokhala ndi zopumira komanso mphuno zokwezedwa. Ma Howler ofiira amakhala ndi khosi lamphamvu komanso nsagwada zotsikira, zomwe zimawapatsa mawonekedwe owopsa komanso mawonekedwe osasangalatsa.
Mafala ofiira ali ndi mkanjo wautali. Amuna ndi akazi amakhala ndi mchira wautali, womata, womwe umakutidwa ndi ubweya wakuda kupatula kunja kwa gawo lachitatu labwinobwino, lomwe mulibe kanthu. Izi ndizolowera kugwira nthambi za mchira.
Ophwanyanso ofiira omwe amakhala ndi maowala okumbika okhala ndi ma scallops, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kupera mphukira, tiziwalo tambiri tambiri tating'ono timathandizira kupukusa chakudya ndikugwetsa tannins zomwe ndi gawo la mbewu zimafalikira chakudya chisanafike m'mimba ndi m'matumbo.
Mtundu wa chovalachi ndi wofiyira kapena wamtambo, ngakhale kuti mthunzi wake umasintha pang'ono ndi ukalamba.
Masoka ofiira amadziwika ndi dimorphism pakugonana. Kutalika kwa mutu ndi thupi la akazi ndi 46-57 cm, amuna ndi 49-72 cm, kutalika kwam mchira (49-75 cm). Pafupifupi, kulemera kwa thupi la Howler ndi 4.5-6,5 kg, molingana ndi magawo ena kumasiyana kuchokera ku 5700-7400 g, pomwe kulemera kwa amuna ndi akazi ndi 6.690 g ndi 5.210 g, motsatana.
Mbawala yofiira imakhala m'nkhalango zobiriwira nthawi zonse.
Adani: Chiwombankhanga cha chiwombankhanga chimasaka osati achinyamata okha, komanso achikulire ofiira. Pali chowonera pomwe hule lidaukira mwana wamwamuna wamkulu, ndikugwira ndi zikhadabo zake ndikuwanyamula pafupifupi mamilimita 30 kudutsa mlengalenga. Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti, chiwombankhanga cha harpy chimalemera mochepera kuposa amuna akuluakulu.
Achinyamata ambiri amafa ndi amuna achilendo omwe amalowa m'mabanja. Ndipo ngakhale amayi amayesetsa kuteteza ana awo, ndi 25 peresenti yokha yokha yomwe imapulumuka bwino. Mwana wakhanda ndiye amene amayambitsa kufa kwa ana mwa maphokoso ofiira.
Zikuwoneka kuti nyama izi zimakhala mu ukapolo kufikira zaka 25, zachilengedwe - zochepa. Nyama imodzi yobadwa mwachilengedwe idalipobe zaka 22.8 ali mndende.
Ofuula ofiira - otchuka chifukwa cha "koloni yawo yoyambirira": kubangula kwamakutu komwe kumatha kumveka pamtunda wa makilomita 5. Kufuula kowopsa kumeneku, kochitidwa makamaka ndi amuna a gululi, magulu ena onse abodzala opusa kwambiri amawayankha. Chifukwa chake, gawo limodzi limatha kudziwitsa ena za momwe limapangidwira komanso malo enieni, zomwe amapewa kutsutsana mwamphamvu chifukwa cha zokhumudwitsa komanso kuwongolera pazachuma.Kuphatikiza apo, kuyimbaku kumadziwikitsa ndi kuwerengera nyama zokhazokha zamtundu wa anzawo.
Makungu ofiira makamaka amadyera obiriwira, amadya masamba aang'ono ndi mphukira komanso zipatso. Masamba amakhala ndi michere yochepa, koma matumbo a kambukuwa ali ndi magawo awiri momwe mabakiteriya omwe amafukula cellulose amakhala. M'mimba mumakhala gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a thupi. Nsagwada yamphamvu yam'munsi imathandizanso kutafuna masamba. Howler amatha kudya masamba amodzi kwa milungu ingapo, osadwala chifukwa chosowa michere kapena zinthu zina.
Akalabu ofiira amakonzanso chakudya cham'mimba mwa chakudya chawo, kusankha makamaka mphukira zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala zopatsa thanzi kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, amadya mtedza, zipatso zokoma, ndi maluwa akapezeka. Nyama zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimadyedwa ngati agwidwa ndi nyani. Zakudya izi ndizofunikira zowonjezera pakudya kwa nyani, zomwe 40% zimawombera.
Olimbirira amakhala pafupifupi amoyo wawo wonse kumapeto kwa nkhalango yamvula, kumene amadya masamba, maluwa, ndi zipatso. Chifukwa chokhala ndi zochepa zopatsa mphamvu zomwe zimadyedwa, anthu owoneka ofiira amakakamizika kupulumutsa mphamvu zawo poyenda pang'onopang'ono kudutsa m'nkhalango, kumangokwana pafupifupi 400 m patsiku. Wamphongo wamkulu amafunafuna chakudya chamgulu lomwe lili korona wamtchire.
Nyani amagwira ntchito kwambiri m'mawa ndi madzulo, akupumula pakati pausiku ndi usiku, akugona mumitengo. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwawo komanso kuzengereza, amatha kugona maola 15 patsiku.
Mtunduwu umagwiritsa ntchito mchira wake posunthira komanso kuthandizira, koma makamaka podyetsa, kukoka nthambi ndi chithandizo.
Ophwanyanso ofiira amakhala ndi phokoso kwakanthawi kanyengo kwamvula nthawi yamvula yotentha. Poyankha mvula yambiri, imalira ikadafikabe, ndipo mvula ikangolowa, imangokhala chilili osagwa mvula.
Kutacha, m'bandakucha aliyense, womwe amakhala pamtunda wa mamita 20 pamwamba pa nthaka, amachita masewera olimbitsa thupi osachepera mphindi 15, kusunthidwa ndikupuma, ndikumvetsera kuyimba kwa magulu oyandikana ndi oyimba mtima.
Amuna achichepere amakhala kunja kwa gulu akafika msinkhu. Popeza adakula, akufunafuna gulu latsopano kuti alowe naye. Kutsatira mtundu wina watsopano, wamwamuna nthawi zambiri amapha ana onse am'mbuyomu, wamwamuna wamkulu, yemwe adatenga malo osungirako, kuti awononge nthawi, osayang'ana ana a nyani wina, koma akubereka.
A Howler amakhala m'magulu a mabanja a 540, omwe m'modzi yekha, ochepera awiri - amuna akulu.
Atafika paunyamata, amuna achichepere amachotsedwa pagulu la banja ndipo amakakamizidwa kuti ayang'ane gulu latsopanoli. Mnyamatayo akavomerezedwa, amayamba kuwononga ana ang'onoang'ono, osakambirana ndi ana ena aliwonse, kupatula ake. Amayi amateteza ana, koma pankhani iyi, pambuyo pa nkhanza zamphongo, palibe oposa 25% a ana onse omwe amakhalabe ndi moyo. Pambuyo pobadwa, ng'ombeyo imasamalidwa ndi akazi angapo, makamaka akazi omwe alibe mwana amasamalira iye. Amuna kulolera ana awo, amalola ana kuti azikwawa limodzi ndi iwo.
Monga mitundu ina ya zikwangwani, zimaswana chaka chonse. Komabe, malinga ndi zomwe ananena ku Venezuela, ana sakhala obadwa nthawi yamvula kuyambira Meyi mpaka Julayi. Zozungulira za estral zimabwerezedwa masiku onse 16 mpaka 20, ndipo zazimadzi zimakhalabe ndi matendawa kwa masiku 2-4.
Pambuyo pobadwa, akhanda nthawi zambiri amakhala chidwi cha akazi angapo omwe amapanga gulu. Nthawi zambiri, awa ndi akazi opanda ana awo, ndipo chibadwa chawo chimakopa ana awa. Akazi amakhala ochezeka kwambiri kwa makanda. Nthawi zambiri nthawi zina amalola kuti mwana azikawawa.
Khalidwe la matigari ofuwula ndi chinthu chinanso chosangalatsa pakuchita kwawo. Amuna ndi akazi amapanga banja lokwatirana, wokhala ndi zibwenzi zachilendo kwambiri, ngakhale ubale uliwonse usanayambe. Mabungwewa akangopangidwa, zopempha zogonana komanso kuvutitsidwa zimayamba. Ngakhale kunyengerera kumatha kuchitidwa ndi amuna ndi akazi, nthawi zambiri wamkazi amakhala wozunza. Kuyesera kukopa wamwamuna, wamkazi amabwera kwa iye ndikuyenda momasuka ndi m'chiuno chake. Yaimuna nthawi zambiri imamuyankha mofananamo, koma ngati sakusunthasuntha, wamkazi amangoyesa wamwamuna wina.
Mpikisano wopusa wogonana nthawi zambiri umawonedwa pakati pa amuna, mamembala a gululi, omwe amakhala achichepere okhwima okhwima, amakumana ndi amuna omwe amakhala mgulu la akazi (osakanizika) pofuna kukhala membala. Amuna omwe achotsedwa m'magulu omwe anabadwira, tsopano, atatha kutha msinkhu, ayenera kulowa gulu lina kuti akwaniritse zazikazi. Akachita bwino, nthawi zambiri, amawononga akhanda omwe atsala m'gulululi kuchokera kwa abambo oyambawo, ndi cholinga chongosiya ana awo okha.
Mimba: masiku 140-190. Mwana m'modzi amabadwa, koma nthawi zambiri mapasa amadziwika. Kulemera kwa makanda pakubadwa ndi g 263. Makanda osabereka alibe thandizo lililonse ndipo amasamalidwa ndi amayi awo, akumamatirira mwamphamvu ubweya wake pamimba pake. Popita nthawi, atakula pang'ono, amasunthira kumbuyo kwa amayi ake, ndikuphatikiza mchira wake kumunsi kwa mchira wa amayi ake, momwemonso amayenda ndi gulu kudutsa m'nkhalango.
Makanda obadwa kumene amakhala chidwi cha akazi ena, makamaka omwe alibe ana awo. Akazi nthawi zambiri amagwira mwana ndi mapewa ndi manja awo, ndikulimbikitsa zochita zawo ngati mwana akufuna kukwera pa iwo.
Pofika zaka zodziwika bwino amatha kudziwa kuthamangitsa nthambi ndi mchira wawo, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo amayi sakhala ndi nkhawa yayikulu kuti atetezeke. Ana achichepere amadutsa amayi awo kwa pafupifupi chaka chimodzi ndikupitiliza kudya mkaka wa m'mawere kwa miyezi 18 mpaka 24. Akazi amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi zaka 5, amuna amuna 7. Chifukwa chake, akazi amatenga zaka zingapo kale kuposa amuna.
Wofiyira ofiira ndiwodziwika kwambiri pamitundu yonse yatsopano ya Dziko Latsopano ndipo alibe chilichonse choteteza. Akadali ochulukirapo komanso ochulukirapo ku Brazil, koma m'malo ena asowa, mwina chifukwa chakuwonongeka kwawo.
Kodi mukudziwa kuti mbewa yolusa kwambiri ndi yodabwitsa kwambiri? Woimira Colombia ndi woimba mokweza nyama izi kangapo konse adawopseza agonjetsi. Inde, inde, monga momwe mungaganizire - wofuula adatchulira dzina chifukwa. Nyamayi ndi yotchuka chifukwa cha kubangula kwanthawi yayitali. Wofuula nthawi zambiri amapanga phokoso m'mawa ndi masana. Kulira kumayambitsidwa ndi amuna, ndipo akazi nthawi zambiri amatenga chilakolako cha amuna akulira.
A Howler ndiomwe akuyimira kwambiri gulu la nyani-wamisala, yemwe amatchedwa capuchins. Ntchito zazikulu m'moyo zimachitika m'njira ziwiri: kudyetsa ndi kubangula. Usiku, anyaniwa amagona. Zowona, nthawi zina amabangula m'maloto. Lipoti la nyama zosangalatsa izi likuyenera kumveka.
Howler (lat.Aloautta) - mtundu wa nyani wokhala ndi mphuno za banja la Arachnids (Atelidae). Amakhala m'nkhalango zamvula zam'mapiri ndi ku South America, ndipo amakhala makamaka pamitengo. A Howler amakhala m'magulu a mabanja a anthu 15-18. Zakudya wamba masamba, zipatso, ndi masamba. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi ginger Howler (Venezuela ndi Guiana) ndi howler Central ((Mexico ndi zigawo kumpoto kwa South America).
Zimalowa, pafupi ndi maso a anthu, ngati kuti kulowa mkati mwakuya kwa moyo. Zikuwoneka kuti nyamayo imamvetsetsa wophatikizira popanda mawu amodzi. Ndiwofunikira kukonza nyumba, koma amakhala opumira ndipo nthawi zambiri amangomva chisoni. Ndikwabwino ngati nyani wambiri amakhala mu paketi yodzaza, osakhala m'khola.
Nyani akhungu ndi amodzi mwa anyani akuluakulu kwambiri ku Brazil. Ili ndi dzina lake kuchokera ku kufuula kochokera pansi pamtima komwe kumatha kumveka kwa makilomita ambiri kuzungulira. Kutengera ndi malo okhala, malaya amatha kukhala ofiira, opepuka kapena a bulauni, akuda.
Palibe tsitsi pa muzzle, nsagwada ndi yotakata, yotambalala pang'ono. Zomwe zimapangidwazo zimakhala ndi ma fangala okondweretsa, amakupatsani mwayi kuti mupeze coconuts ndikumwa mkaka kapena madzi. Gawo lam'munsi la muzzle limapangidwa ndi ndevu zabwino. Ulusi uliwonse umakhala ndi zikhadabo zisanu. Kutha kwa mchira kumaduka chifukwa kumakhala kugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi; makulidwe ndi mawonekedwe ake amapezeka kutalika konse.
Kulira kwa bulu wamphongo kumachitika chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa maapozi am'mero. Amatola malovu ndi mpweya, zikavuta, zimasakanikirana, ndipo pakumveka kubangula kumabowola. China chake monga opanga zachilengedwe.
Nyani akulira ndi nyama yachilengedwe, mwachilengedwe, nthawi yamadzulo. Zovuta zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku ndiulendo woyendera gawo, ndipo mokwanira mungathe kudya zokoma. Usiku amagona mokwanira, koma amuna ena samasiya kukuwa usiku. Nyani zimakhala m'mabanja okhala, kuyambira anthu 15 mpaka 17.
Mu gululi nthawi zonse mumakhala wamwamuna mmodzi wamkulu ndi womuyang'anira, ali ndi akazi angapo omwe ali nawo. Dona mwiniyo amakudziwitsani za kukonzekera kugonana. Ngati wamwamuna wamkulu sanakonzekere, amasinthana ndi womuthandiza. Ndikubangula komwe amuna akulira akuwonetsa kuti ndi gawo lawo. Komabe, palibe gawo lomveka bwino, nthawi zambiri kumachitika nkhondo pakati pa mitu ya magulu. Pa nkhondo zosasiyanazi, amuna ambiri amafa. Ndewu nthawi zina kumachitika chifukwa choti wamkazi amakopa chidwi cha wamwamuna kuchokera pagulu loyandikana. Nkhondo ndizolimba, ndipo wopambana nthawi zonse amalipira wolakwirayo.
Chaposachedwa, asayansi adafalitsa zotsatira za kafukufuku wam'mero wamakutu. Amati fupa la hyoid limagwira ntchito ngati lingwe. Kukula kwake kuli kwakukulu. Asayansi adatinso kulumikizana kwamphamvu pakati pa kuchuluka kwa phokoso ndi kukula kwa mitundu yamitunduyi. Ngati chiweto chikugunda kwa nthawi yayitali, ndiye izi zimangolankhula zopanda luso lapadera, ngati yamphongo. Ndipo ndi kubangula kosalekeza, amadzayimbiranso nthawi yayitali.
Amuna a inveterate amafika pafupifupi mita kutalika. Mchira wawo ndi wofanana. Ili ndi mawonekedwe osazolowereka: kumunsi kwa mchira mkati kumakhala chiwembu chopanda ubweya wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi zisa pakhungu. Chifukwa cha iwo, nyani wolira amayenda ndi mchira wawo, ngati kuti ndi mkono wowonjezera. Mothandizidwa ndi izi, iwo amagwira ndikukutula zipatsozo, masamba, pang'onopang'ono komanso mosamala "kuyang'ana" wachibaleyo, kutsanulira makanda. Mchira wake ndi wolimba kwambiri kotero kuti umatha kuchirikiza kulemera kwa thupi la nyama ikalendewera pansi. M'malo am'munsi ndi kumtunda kwa owula omwe ali ndi zala khumi zosuntha khumi ndi misomali yosalala.
Mukayang'ana anyani akulira, choyambirira, mumalabadira mutu ndi nkhope yopanda tsitsi komanso ndevu. Mtengo wokulirapo wa laryngeal ndiwofunikanso. "Zovala" zawo zimawoneka ngati wakuda, wabulawuni, wofiirira, wofiirira ngati mkuwa. Makungu akulu ndi zibwano zamphamvu zikuwonekera patsogolo, zimapangitsa munthuyo kukhala wowopsa.
Chakudya chachikulu cha mbewa wolira chimakhala chokometsera mitengo, maluwa, zipatso, zipatso, masamba ndi mphukira. Nthawi zina mutha kuwona momwe choduliracho chimadzaza ndi kamwa yake.
Mwakutero, amayesa kusokoneza chiphe chakupha cha mbewu zina. Maminolo a dothi amatenga zinthu zapoizoni ndipo, popanda kuvulaza, amachotsedwa m'thupi. Popeza anyaniwa ndi azungu, ndipo chakudya chomera sichipereka mphamvu zambiri, sayenda mtunda wautali. Mphamvu zonse zimakondedwa ndi makonsati tsiku lililonse. Mutha kuwona momwe anyani amapangira timabowo ting'onoting'ono mumtengo ndikuyamwa msuzi, wokhala ndi zinthu zambiri (michere), mavitamini ndi zinthu zina.
Akakhwima, wamkazi amakhala moyo wodzipatula, amayesetsa kudziteteza momwe angathere. Ali ndi mwana wosabadwa masiku 190, kawirikawiri kulibe mapasa. Mwana akangobadwa kumene, mwana amamatira chikhotho cha mayi wakeyo ndikukhalamo. Mwana wokhwima sathamangira kuti asiya kholo ndipo atha kutsagana naye kuyambira miyezi 18 mpaka 24. Wamkazi amadyetsa mwana mkaka wa m'mawere, ndiye mayi wabwino kwambiri - wosamalira komanso womvetsera. Mwana akachokapo kwa nthawi yochepa, ndiye kuti kholo limamumvera nthawi zonse. Mwanayo akatha kutha, mayi amakhala wankhanza kuti amuthamangitse. Kuwona sikusangalatsa, popeza nyani ndi amene amangoyesetsa kubwerera, umatha kuwona misozi. Nthawi zambiri anyamata anyani akhungu amangochotsedwa pagulu lawo kuti asagoneke. Ndipo sizachilendo kuti ana amafa pomenya ndewu.
Oyimba mtima akuwonetsa kuchirikiza ndi chikondi chawo pomenya mchira wawo wautali. Amagwiritsa ntchito chibwenzi komanso amasamalira mwana wamanyazi. Maonekedwe osangalatsa ndi mndandanda wa anyani amitundu yambiri akulira, ndi pakamwa potseka, ndikupereka konsati yam'mawa.
Habitat
Mtundu wa anyaniwa umapezeka m'nkhalango zachilengedwe za ku Central ndi Latin America. Amakhala m'matanthwe akulu. Nthawi zambiri amatha kuwoneka pamitengo yayitali. Kupatula apo, pali pomwepo kuti chakudya chochuluka kwambiri monga masamba, masamba abwino okongola, maluwa, mbewu, zomwe ndi maziko a zakudya zawo.
Zokhudza a Howler
Tsiku lililonse, dzuwa litangotuluka, gulu la anthu pafupifupi 40 limapita ku "konsatiyo" - nsonga za mitengo yayikulu. Choyamba, anyani akulira modekha ndi mosakhazikika. Amagwira zolimba miyendo kumbuyo, ndipo mchira umakulungika mwamphamvu kuzungulira nthambi yokhazikika. Pambuyo pa chizindikiritso china, "amisala" - amuna okalamba amayamba kufuula pamwamba pa mapapu awo. Uwu ndi mtundu wa luso lankhondo, pamene aliyense wa iwo, akumenya pakhosi pake, akubangula, mosamala komanso mozama kuyang'ana abale. Pakapita kanthawi, anyani wamba ambiri, akufuula "oyimba", amaphatikizika mu kwayala yamabingu. Amasilira kwa mphindi zitatu mpaka zinayi mosamva komanso mwamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti mawuwo amafalikira kwa ma kilomita. Kenako "kuyimba" kumatha, pofika pamwamba kwambiri. Pali chete kwakanthawi, komwe nyani akudya, kusonkhanitsa mphamvu zawo kuti abangule kwatsopano.
Madzulo, gulu la capuchins limapita kunkhalango nkhomaliro. Ndipo madzulo, kulira kwawo kumabwerezanso kozungulira. Apaulendo omwe ankawona ndikumva mawu akulira, akufotokozera "konsati" yawo m'makalata awo, nthawi zonse ankadzifunsa mafunso: chifukwa chiyani nyama zimafuula mokweza ndipo cholinga cha makonsati awo a m'mawa ndi madzulo ndi chiyani. Funso loyamba lidayankhidwa atangophunzira momwe akulira. Ndipo likukhalira kuti ma sary lapales awo amagwira ntchito ngati othandizira. Chifukwa chake, mawu omwe amapangidwa ndi oimira banja lino amachulukitsidwa nthawi zambiri, amakhala akulu komanso amphamvu. Koma pokhudzana ndi kulira kwa anthu awa, malingaliro angapo adapangidwa. Loyamba ndi kuopseza mdani yemwe akutha. Lachiwiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito madera omwe amakhala momwemo, ngati mtundu wa "woyimba" wowonera. Zikuwoneka kuti mumafuna chidwi ndi uthenga wonena za anthu osangalatsawa koma omwe sanaphunzirepo kwathunthu a MaCapuchins.
Red howler, kapena red Howler (lat.Alouatta seniculus) - imodzi mwa mitundu ya anyani otambalala (Platyrrhini).
Anthu abwinobwino, onga anyani ena ambiri, atengera chikhalidwe. Oimira mtunduwu amaphatikizidwa m'magulu a anthu asanu mpaka makumi awiri. Mutu wa gululi ndi wamwamuna wachikulire. Amuna enanso okhwima amatinso udindo wa mtsogoleri wagulu, chifukwa chake kukangana kumakhalanso pakati pa amuna.
Mafiyira ofiira ndi nyama yosasenda. Amakwera mitengo pang'onopang'ono ndipo pakati pawo, amatalika pafupifupi 400 metre patsiku. Yogwira ntchito makamaka m'mawa ndi masana. Usiku amagona mumitengo. Kutalika kwamphongo ndi 85-100 cm; kutalika kwa akazi ndi masentimita 74-89. Amuna amalemera 6.5 mpaka 8 kg, zazikazi ndizocheperako, kulemera kwawo kumachokera ku 4.5 mpaka 6.4 kg.
Chakudyacho chimaphatikizapo mtedza, masamba a mitengo, mbewu zosiyanasiyana, zipatso ndi maluwa.Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta Howler tomwe timasinthidwa bwino kuti tidye zakudya: ndizokwanira, zimakhala ndi mabakiteriya apadera omwe amathandizira kugaya chakudya cholimba. Wofukizira wofiira alibe nthawi yanji yobereketsa, abwenzi nthawi zambiri amasintha. Mimba imatenga masiku 186-194. Nthawi zonse pamakhala mita imodzi. Amayi amadyetsa mwana kuyambira miyezi 18 mpaka 24.
Amuna okhwima ndi atsogoleri a gululi. Amatha kupanga magulu atsopano kapena kuyesa kugunda amuna otsogolera. Zaka za kutha msinkhu zimachokera ku 3.5 mpaka 4 zaka. Asayansi ena adafufuza mpaka 9 mayendedwe ofiira ofiira: Alouatta seniculus seniculus, A. s. arctoidea, A. s. stramineus, A. s. macconnelli, A. s. insulanus, A. s. amazonica, A. s. juara, A. s. puruensis ndi A. s. sara. Ambiri aiwo amadziwika kuti amafanana ndi mitundu ina. Zambiri zolemba A. s. stramineus panobe.
Kufuula kofiyira ndikofala kuyambira Colombia kupita ku Amazon komanso kuchokera ku Ecuador kupita ku Central Bolivia. Udindo wa kutetezedwa - - zomwe zimapangitsa nkhawa yocheperako (Chichewa Chachikulu).
Central American howler (lat.Alouatta pigra) - choyambirira kuchokera ku banja la arachnids. Imapezeka m'nkhalango zamvula za Belize, Guatemala ndi Mexico.
Apakati ku Central America ndi wamkulu kwambiri wamtundu waomwe asilira komanso amodzi mwa anyani akulu kwambiri a Dziko Latsopano. Amuna amtunduwu ndi anyani akuluakulu kwambiri ku Central America. Kulemera kwa amuna kumakhala pafupifupi makilogalamu 11.4; kulemera kwa akazi kumakhala pafupifupi 6.4 kg. Kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira 521 mpaka 639 mm. Kutalika kwa mchira kumayambira 590 mpaka 690 mm. Chovala ndichitali, chakuda. Mtundu wogonera. Chovala cha akhanda atsopano ndi chofiirira; Amuna akulu kuposa miyezi inayi amakhala ndi khungu loyera.
Morphologically ndinazolowera kubzala zakudya. Ma molars amakhala ndi kudula kwakukulu, kuthandiza nyama izi kutafuna masamba. Amunawa amakhala ndi fupa lalikulupo, lomwe limatulutsa mawu akulira, omwe amadziwikanso kwa nthumwi zawo.
Nyama za mitengo yamasana. Pangani magulu ang'onoang'ono, momwe mmodzi wamwamuna kapena awiri wamkulu, kuchuluka kwa akazi kwa chiwerengero cha abambo kuli pafupifupi 1.3. Gululi, nthawi zambiri kuyambira anthu awiri mpaka 16, kuphatikiza nyama zazing'ono. Gawo la gululi limachokera ku mahekitala atatu mpaka 25. Kuchulukana kwa anthu kumatha kupitilira 250 pa km2 aliwonse.
Pazakudya, masamba ndi zipatso zambiri, zomwe zimakwaniritsa maluwa ndi mbewu.
Akazi amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi zaka 4, amuna pambuyo pake, ali ndi zaka 6-8. Akafika paunyamata, amuna nthawi zambiri amachoka m'gulululi, akazi amakhala. Chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 20.
Maonekedwe a wofuula
Thupi la nyani ndi lalikulu kwambiri: mwa amuna kutalika kwa thupi kumafika masentimita 63, ndipo mwa akazi - 46-60 masentimita. Mchirawo ukugwira bwino komanso mwamphamvu, umakhala ndi kutalika kwa 60-70 cm mwaimuna, komanso 55-66 cm mwa akazi. Amuna kulemera kwa 5-10 makilogalamu ndi akazi 3- makilogalamu. Mphuno zapafupi ndi mano akuluakulu makumi atatu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi zimapatsa chilombo chinyama. Khwangwala waku Colombian nthawi zambiri amakhala wakuda bii, mbali zonse ziwiri za thupi, ngati chovala, amakula tsitsi lofiirira lalitali.
Pamapeto pa mchira wogwira pali chingwe cholumikizira tsitsi, chomwe nyani amagwiritsa ntchito kunyamula chakudya. Kwa amuna akuluakulu, mtundu wa scrotum umasintha kuchoka pa wakuda kukhala woyera. Amuna amakhala ndi ndevu zazitali, zomwe zimawasiyanitsa ndi zazikazi. Madera opanda tsitsi amayimiridwa ndi makutu, nkhope, manja ndi miyendo.
A Howler ndi amodzi mwa anyani osavulaza kwambiri kwa anthu. Samaopa anthu okha. Osati kawirikawiri, nthawi zambiri amatsika pamitengo yayitali.
Komwe wobangula kwambiri amakhala
Kukhazikika komwe oyimba awa amakhala kutchire kwamitunda yosiyanasiyana. Madera otsika ndi mapiri amakhalanso chimodzimodzi. Posachedwa, kusamuka kwakukulu kwa anyani kupita kuminda ya khofi kwalembedwa, kumwera chakumwera kwa Mexico.
Kapangidwe kazinthu kameneka kamapatsa chidwi ndi luso la mawu. Komanso, izi zimakhudza maonekedwe a primate.
Kodi wofuula amadya chiyani?
Zakudya za nyama izi ndizosiyanasiyana: kuyambira ndi maluwa ndikumaliza ndi njoka zazikulu. Amakondanso zinyama, mbalame, ndi tizilombo. Munthawi ya mvula, akulira sakubala zipatso. Patsikuli, nyamayi imatha kudya masamba angapo, mphukira zachomera ndi zipatso. M'mimba mwawo munapangidwa m'njira yoti cellulose iyende bwino komanso mwachangu. Chifukwa cha izi, nyamayi imatha kudya kwa masabata okha masamba ndi maluwa, pomwe thupi silikhala ndi zinthu zina zotsata.
Phokoso limayambitsa moyo
Monga momwe mukudziwira, anthu akulira ndiwogwira masana. Amakhala nthawi yawo yambiri pamitengo. Tchuthi, mbewa imakhala mpaka 75% ya nthawi yake. Otsala nthawi yayitali akhala akudya. M'nyengo zowuma, nyama zimasinthana ndikusamuka. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa magwero azakudya. Mchira umawathandiza kuyenda komanso kudutsa pakati pamitengoyi, amagwira chakudya. Amakhala m'magulu kapena mabanja, samanga zisa, amakonda kukhala mwachindunji panthambi za kumtunda kwa tier. Sakonda kupita kudziko lapansi, amawopa kusambira.
Kuwona anthu akulira padziko lapansi ndi mawonekedwe osowa kwambiri.
Kufalikira kwa Howler
Milomo ya akazi ikayamba kufiyira, amphongo amadziwa kuti yafika nthawi yoti aberekane. Matenga amapezeka pakati pa nthawi imeneyi. Wamkazi amakopa mwamuna wake ndi kuvina mosangalatsa. Yaikazi imabereka mwana wamwamuna mmodzi, yomwe imalemera 400-500 g. Mwanawowo amakhala ndi utoto wonyezimira wagolide, womwe posachedwa umakhala mumdima. Kufikira miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, mwana satenga gawo limodzi ndi amayi ake ndipo pofika chaka chomwe amatenga njira zoyimira payekha.
Achichepere ang'onoang'ono amaphunzira zovuta zovuta kukwera mitengo.
Ubwino ndi kuvulaza anthu
Palibe zovulaza kuchokera ku nyama izi kwa anthu. Koma phindu ndikuti anthu amderali amadya nyama yofuula. Zimadziwikanso kuti mbewazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito sayansi.
Nyama masiku ano zatsala pang'ono kutha. Wofuula walembedwa mu CITES Convention ngati woyamba omwe ziwerengero zawo zikuchepa kwambiri. Chimodzi mwamavuto omwe amakhudza izi ndi matenda enaake omwe amayamba chifukwa cha ntchentche yodutsa pakhosi.
Zosavuta.
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