Mmbulu wamunthu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Maned Wolf ku Cologne Zoo, Germany | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gulu la asayansi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Chinsinsi: | Pamtunda |
Subfamily: | Mimbulu |
Onani: | Mmbulu wamunthu |
zaka miliyoni | Era | F-d | Era |
---|---|---|---|
Th | TO ndi th n za s za th | ||
2,58 | |||
5,333 | Pliocene | N e za g e n | |
23,03 | Miocene | ||
33,9 | Oligocene | P ndi l e za g e n | |
56,0 | Eocene | ||
66,0 | Paleocene | ||
251,9 | Mesozoic |
Mmbulu wamunthu kapena guara , aguarachay (lat. Chrysocyon brachyurus) - nyama yolusa ya banja la canine. Woimira yekhayo wamtunduwu Chrysocyon. Omasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki, dzina lake lachi Latin limatanthawuza "galu wa golide wamfupi."
Mawonekedwe
Membala wamkulu kwambiri pabanja la canine ku South America, nkhandwe yamphamvu ili ndi mawonekedwe apadera. M'malo mwake, imawoneka ngati nkhandwe yayikulu pamiyendo yayitali, yopyapyala kuposa nkhandwe. Thupi lake ndi lalifupi kwambiri (125-130 cm). Miyendo ndi yokwera kwambiri (kutalika kufota 74-87 cm). Mmbulu wamamuna wolemera makilogalamu 20-23. Kusawerengeka kwa physique kumalimbikitsidwanso ndi makutu okwera ndi lalifupi (28-45 cm), komanso phokoso lalitali: kutalika kwa chigaza chake ndi masentimita 21 mpaka 24. Matupi ataliitali a nkhandwe yayitali, mwachiwonekere, ndikusintha kwachilendo kwa malo okhala - zigwa za udzu - zimathandiza mmbulu kuti uwunikire zozungulira, zikuyenda muudzu wamtali. Ndizachilendo kuti ana agalu aamuna amphongo amabadwa ali ndi miyendo yaying'ono. Kuchulukitsa kwa kutalika kwa miyendo kumachitika chifukwa cha kukula kwa mwendo wotsika ndi ma metatarsus (onjezani), mimbulu yokhala ndi manthayo sangatchulidwe othamanga.
Mawonekedwe a tsitsi la nkhandweyi ndiwokwera komanso wofewa. Mtundu wamba ndi wofiira chikasu, chibwano ndi kutha kwa mchira wake ndi wopepuka. Kuyambira korona mpaka pakati pa msana pali chingwe chakuda. Miyendo yakuda. Pali malo amdima pankhope. Chovala pamphepete mwa nape komanso kumtunda kwa khosi ndizotalikirapo (mpaka 13 cm) ndipo ndichopyapyala ndikupanga chingwe chomwe chimayimirira kumapeto ndikuwoneka mochulukitsa kukula kwa chiweto chikagwidwa ndi mantha kapena kukwiya.
Kufalitsa
Mmbulu wamphongo umagawidwa kumpoto kuchokera pakamwa pa Mtsinje wa Parnaiba (kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Brazil) kupita kummawa kwa Bolivia, kum'mwera gawoli limaphatikizapo Paraguay ndi dziko la Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). M'mbuyomu, idapezekanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Peru, ku Uruguay komanso kumpoto kwa Argentina (mpaka 30 ° S), koma m'malo awa, mwachiwonekere, adatha.
Mmbulu wamphongo umakhala m'mphepete momera patchire. Itha kupezeka m'malo otentha komanso kumapeto kwa nkhalango za Mato Grosso, m'misasa ya ku Brazil, pamapiri a kumpoto kwa Paraguay komanso m'malo otentha a Gran Chaco. Miyendo yayitali imamupangitsa kuti azitha kuyenda mosavuta pakati paudzu utali komanso kuchokera kutali kuti awone nyama. M'mapiri kapena m'nkhalango zamvula, sizimachitika. Sichosowa konsekonse.
Moyo ndi Zopatsa Thanzi
Akalulu amamuna amatsogolera nthawi yamadzulo komanso nthawi yamadzulo - masana nthawi zambiri amapuma pakati pa masamba obiriwira, nthawi zina amayenda mtunda wautali. Amuna ndi otakataka kuposa akazi. Maziko a mimbulu yokhala ndi mimbulu ndi banja lokwatirana, lomwe limakhala kunyumba imodzi (pafupifupi 27 km²), koma palokha lodziyimira palokha. Wamphongo ndi wamkazi akupuma, akusaka ndikuyenda payokha. Malire a malowa amatetezedwa kwa amuna osochera ndipo amadziwika ndi mkodzo ndi ndowe zomwe zasiyidwa m'malo ena. Paukapolo, ubale pakati pa wamphongo ndi wamkazi wayandikira - amadyetsa ndi kugona limodzi (amuna omwe ali mu ukapolo akuwonetsa kusamalira ana, kuteteza ndi kudyetsa ana amphongo). Komanso, amuna omwe ali mu ukapolo amakhazikitsa ubale wapakati.
Pazakudya za nkhandwe yam'madzi, chakudya cha nyama ndi chomera chimapezeka pafupifupi zofanana. Amakonda kudya nyama zazing'ono: makoswe (agouti, Pak, tuco-tuco), akalulu, armadillos. Zimadyanso mbalame ndi mazira, zinzake, zinkhanira ndi tizilombo, zimadya nthochi, mbewa komanso chomera cha mtundu wa nightshade Solanum lycocarpum. Zotsirizazo, zikuwoneka kuti, zimathandiza mimbulu kuti ichotse milu yazitali za mbozi (Dioctophyme renale), yomwe imafalikira mu impso. Zimadyanso mizu ndi ma tuber a mbewu zosiyanasiyana. Ngati nkhandwe yamphongo ikagwera nkhuku, nthawi zina imatha kunyamula mwana wankhosa kapena nkhumba. Mimbulu yomwe ili ndi manambala simamenya anthu.
Akalulu amphongo amphongo amapanga mawu awa: kukuwa kwakukuru, komwe kumatha kumveka dzuwa litalowa, phokoso lalitali, lomwe mimbulu, yolekanitsidwa kutalikirana kwambiri, imalankhulana, komanso kubuula komwe kumayendetsa othira nawo nkhondo.
Kuswana
Mimbulu yoyenda imakhala yodontha. Njira yobereka sinaphunzire pang'ono. Kukhazikika kwa nyengo yakukhwima mwachionekere kumayendetsedwa ndi kujambulidwa - muukapolo, mimbulu yamphongo yokhala ndi amuna mu Okutobala - Okutobala ku Northern Hemisphere komanso mu Ogasiti - Okutobala ku South America. Estrus zachikazi zimachitika kamodzi pachaka ndipo zimatenga masiku 1 mpaka 4.
Mimba, monga zambiri zamadzimadzi, imatha masiku 62-66. Yaikazi imakonza pobisalira zomera zomwe zimamera. Pali ana agalu 1-5 zinyalala, okwera - 7. Ana agalu akabadwa amalemera 340-430 g ndipo amakula msanga. Maso awo amatseguka tsiku la 9, ndipo pa sabata la 4 amayamba kudya chakudya choyatsidwa ndi amayi awo. Mtundu wawo umakhala wakuda bii, koma pazaka 10 masabata 10 amasintha kukhala ofiira. Kuchepa kwa akazi kumatenga mpaka milungu 15. Pafupifupi abambo amatenga nawo mbali polera ana mwathupi mwathupi.
Akalulu amphongo amphongo amafika chaka chatha, amakhala mu ukapolo mpaka zaka 12-15.
Udindo wa anthu
Kuchulukana kwa nkhandwe yayikulu ndikochepa, maphunziro omwe adachitika mu 1964-1967 ku Brazil, malo a 650,000 km² adawonetsa kuti nyama imodzi idapezeka pamtunda pafupifupi 300 km². Malo a Maned Wolf mu Red Book lapadziko lonse "ali pachiwopsezo", kutanthauza kuti "akuwopsezedwa".
M'madera ena, nkhandwe yamphamvu nthawi zina imagwirira nkhosa. Mavuto omwe amayambitsidwa ndi ochepa. Kudula mitengo mwachilungamo kumakhala ndi phindu pamtunduwu, chifukwa kumachulukitsa malo omwe kuli malo okhala. Komabe, pamunda wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndiulimi, mimbulu yokhala ndi amuna siimapezeka. Amatetezanso matenda, makamaka matenda a parvovirus (distemper).
Chiyambi
Ngakhale kufanana ndi nkhandwe, nkhandwe yolusa si m'bale wawo wapamtima. Makamaka, iye alibe. Chibale chake ndi banja Dusike (Falkland fox) inalinso yopikisana. Zikuwoneka kuti, ndi mtundu wamtundu womwe udapulumuka ndikutha kwazinthu zazikuluzikulu zaku South America kumapeto kwa Pleistocene.
Kufotokozera kwa Maned Wolf
Chidani ichi chimakhala ndi miyendo yocheperako. Zazitali komanso zopyapyala. Mutha kunena "chifashoni." Koma, ngakhale kutalika kwa miyendo yawo, ankhandwe sapatsidwa mphamvu yothamanga.
Titha kunena kuti miyendo yayitali sinapatsidwe kwa iye kukongola, koma kupulumuka mwachilengedwe. Koma, kumbali ina, nkhandwe, chifukwa cha miyendo yake yayitali, imawona zonse kuchokera kutali, kuli kuti nyama, ndipo komwe ngozi ikuyembekezera mawonekedwe a munthu.
Miyendo ya nkhandwe - ichi ndichinthu chake chosangalatsa kwambiri ndipo, wina anganene, mphatso yochokera kumwamba. Makamaka, ndizokhudza nkhandwe iyi kuti mwambi "Wolf udyetsa mapazi". Indedi, chifukwa cha iwo, mmbulu umawona zonse.
Tsitsi la mdani wake ndi lofewa. Kupukutira kwake ndi khosi lake ndizitali, monga ngati kunja chizindikiro cha nkhandwe. Chifuwa ndi lathyathyathya, mchira waufupi, makutu ali chilili. Chovalacho ndi chodera komanso chofewa.
Pacithunzi-thunzi, nkhandwe yaimuna
Ndipo mtundu wake ndi wofiirira. Mapeto a chin ndi mchira wake ndi opepuka. Miyendo yawo ndi yakuda. Kuzungulira khosi, chovalacho chimakhala chachitali kuposa thupi. Ngati nkhandwe ikuchita mantha kapena kuyesa kuwopsa, ndiye kuti tsitsili likutha.
Chifukwa chake dzinalo "Mmbulu wamunthu". Wotsogola uyu ali ndi mano 42, monga banja la canine. Mawu a chilombo ichi ndi osiyanasiyana, amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi momwe zinthu ziliri. Mimbulu imalankhulanso mokweza, mokweza komanso lalitali, kuthamangitsa ndi kuwawopseza omwe akutsutsana nawo ndi gonthi amene ali ogontha kwambiri, ndipo dzuwa likamalowa amangokhalira kulira.
Kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi masentimita 125. Mchira uli pafupifupi masentimita 28 - 32. Kulemera kwa chilombo ichi kumafika pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 22. Nthawi zambiri mimbulu yozungulira imakhala pafupifupi zaka 13 - 15. Kutalika kwambiri ndi zaka 17. Matenda monga distemper ndiofala pakati pa nyama (ndizofala pakati pazomera).
Makhalidwe a Maned Wolf
Akalulu amamuna, monga abale awo onse, nthawi zambiri amakhala asanakwane. Amasaka makamaka usiku. Masana, amapuma. Ndizovuta kudziwa, popeza ali pafupi kuphedwa ndipo amawopa kudziwonetsa pamaso pa munthu. Pangakhale zochitika zina zapadera.
Kusaka kumatenga nthawi yayitali - wolusa amakhala m'malo obisalirako, kuyembekezera nyama yake ndipo amasankha mphindi yabwino kwambiri kuti aukire. Makutu akulu bwino amamuthandiza kumva nyama, ngakhale itakhala yotani, kaya ndi udzu kapena wamtali, miyendo italiitali izigwira ntchito yawo, kuwonetsa nkhandwe.
Nyamayi yomwe ili ndi chiwongola dzanja chake imagogoda pansi, ngati kuti ndiwopseza, kenako imagwira. Pafupifupi nthawi zonse, amakwaniritsa cholingacho, osapatsa mwayi wopezerezedwayo moyo.
Akazi ndi amuna mu chilengedwe amakhala kumalo amodzi, koma amasaka ndi kugona mosiyana wina ndi mnzake. Koma, nyama zikakhala mu ukapolo, zimalera ana limodzi.
Amuna amateteza gawo lawo, nkhandwe imayikiratu malo obisalamo. Nyama izi, mwachilengedwe, ndizabwino kwambiri wina ndi mnzake. Nthawi zambiri, nthawi zina nyama zomwe zimadyera zachilengedwe sizingachitike.
Mimbulu, makamaka, ndizosungulumwa ndipo sizikhala mumtundu. Palibe mdani pakati pa mimbulu pakati pa nyama. Koma munthu ndiye mdani wamkulu wa zilombozi. Anthu amafafaniza nyama izi chifukwa choti nthawi zambiri zimabwera alendo omwe amapita kukacheza.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Zoyang'anira zimadyera makamaka nyama zazing'ono (mbalame, nkhono, tizilombo, mazira), kumeza chakudya ndipo osafuna kuthekera konse, chifukwa zimakhala ndi nsagwada zopanda mphamvu kuti zizidyetsa nyama zazikulu.
Nsagwada sanapangidwe kuti athyole ndi kuphwanya mafupa olimba, akulu. Komanso, sasintha pakudya nkhuku, potero zimapangitsa munthu kuti adziyanjanitse.
Inde, milandu ngati imeneyi sikachitika kawirikawiri, koma zimachitika. Chosangalatsa chachikulu, samazunza anthu, palibe ngakhale kamodzi komweko komwe kakujambulidwa.
Mmbulu ulinso wabwino kwa munthu. Kuphatikiza pa nyama, nyama izi zimadya zakudya zam'mera, zimakonda nthochi. Komanso mimbulu imakonda kudya chipatso ngati nkhandwe.
Wolfberry amaonedwa kuti ndi woopsa kwambiri, koma amathandiza wolusa kuti athetse majeremusi ambiri omwe amakhala mthupi lake. Koma, kwambiri chidwikuti pakukolola zipatso, monga sitiroberi, sitiroberi ndi zina zofananira, nyama zomwe zimadya zitha kuphatikizaponso zakudya zawo.
Kodi nkhandwe yaikazi ili kuti?
Chithunzi: Animal Maned Wolf
Mimbulu yolusa ikhoza kupezeka ku South America, m'chigawo cha Mato Gosu, Northern Paraguay, m'chigawo chapakati komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Brazil, Bolivia chakum'mawa. Inayamba kufalikira ku Argentina. Mmbulu wamphongo umakonda nyengo. M'mapiri, mimbulu yamtunduwu sikhala.
Malo akuluakulu omwe chilombocho chimakhala kapena kupezeka:
- Madondo
- Malo okhala ndi udzu wautali kapena tchire
- Pampas,
- Malo ochepera
- Kunja kwa madambo omwe ali ndi udzu.
Kodi nkhandwe yamphongo imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kodi nkhandwe yamkuwa ili bwanji?
Panjira yodya chakudya, nkhandwe yamphamvu ndiyosadukiza. Mawu oti "omnivorous" amatanthauza "kudya zakudya zamitundu mitundu." Kuchokera pamenepa titha kunena kuti nyama zokhala ndi mtundu uwu wazakudya sizingodya zokha zokha komanso nyama zomwe zimachokera, komanso zovunda (zotsala za nyama kapena zomera). Izi zili ndi zabwino zake, chifukwa nyama zotere sizikuyenera kufa ndi njala, chifukwa zimatha kupeza chakudya pamalo alionse.
Zomwe zimadyedwa ndi nkhandwe ndi chakudya cha zonse nyama komanso chomera. Nthawi zambiri, izi ndi nyama zazing'ono, monga akangaude, nkhono, tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, mahatchi, makoswe, mbalame ndi mazira awo, armadillos, makoswe. Nthawi zina amatha kuukira ziweto (mwanawankhosa, nkhuku, nkhumba). Sipanakhalepo milandu yokhudza anthu. Komanso, amasangalala ndi zipatso zosiyanasiyana zokoma, nthochi, mizu kapena ma tubers a mbewu, guava, chakudya chomera, masamba. Nthochi ndi chipatso chomwe amakonda. Amatha kudya nthochi zopitilira 1.5 kg za nthochi imodzi tsiku limodzi!
Ngati pali mtsinje pafupi, nkhandwe imatha kugwira nsomba zingapo, zoyambanso. Sakonda kugawana chakudya. Carrion, mosiyana ndi ma omnivores ena, nkhandwe yolusa siyidyetsa. Chofunikira pa chakudya mu nkhandwe ya munthu ndi chomera chimodzi cha mtundu wa nightshade, womwe umathandiza kuwononga nyongolotsi yam'mimba m'matumbo a chinyama, chomwe chimadziwika kuti mulu. Amadziwika kuti mphutsi zachikulirezi zimatha kufika mamita awiri m'litali. Ndi nyama zowopsa pamoyo.
Musanagwire nyama, nkhandweyo imayiyendetsa pakona, kapena kugunda matako kenako ndikuigunda mwadzidzidzi. Nthawi zambiri, ngati amakhala pafupi ndi minda, amaba chakudya. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti minofu yake ya kamwa sinakhazikike bwino, nthawi zambiri amameza nyama yonse. Kuchokera pamenepa titha kunena kuti chifukwa chiyani nkhandwe yamphongo simadyera nyama yayikulu.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Khalidwe la nkhandwe yolumikizana silidziwika bwino ndi asayansi. Koma zina mwa mfundozi ndi zolondola. Pakuwona anthu azinji, nkhandwe ndi cinyama cakuipa kakamwe. Koma kwenikweni, izi sizowona nthawi zonse. Khalidwe la nkhandwe yamphongo ndi wodekha, woyenera, wosamala. Samenya anthu, koma amayesetsa m'njira iliyonse kuti asakodze. Khalidwe la nkhandwe limatsata mawonekedwe a nkhandwe - machenjerero, chinyengo. Izi zimawonekera kwambiri pamene nkhandwe imaba kwa alimi awo.
Ndipo chinthu china chofunikira kwambiri ndicho kukhulupirika. Mmbulu pamoyo wake wonse amakhala ndi mkazi m'modzi yekha. Komanso, amakonda kudzilamulira. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndikuti iwo sakhala m'matumba, chifukwa chifuniro ndi choyambirira. Chilombocho chikakwiya kapena chawakwiya, mng'ombe pafupi ndi khosi wake umatha. Amapatsa nyamayo chilombo chowopsa.
Njira yamoyo ya mimbulu yam'manja ndiyosangalatsa - masana akagona, kupumula, kuyala dzuwa, kusewera, ndikupita kokasaka madzulo kapena usiku. Amakhala okha, osati m'matumba. Zochita za abambo ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa zachikazi.
Akazi ndi amuna amasaka kapena kupumula payokha. Mu nthawi yakukonzekera okha pomwe amakhala nthawi yayitali limodzi. Akalulu amamuna nthawi zambiri amalankhula pogwiritsa ntchito mawu ena.
Nawa ochepa a iwo:
- Kubowola pakhosi - kumatanthauza kulowa kwa dzuwa,
- Kulira kwambiri - kulumikizana wina ndi mnzake pamitunda yayitali,
- Wopusa osayankhula - kuwononga adani
- Chidule - chenjezo
- Kulira kumodzi ndikulumikizana pamitunda yochepa.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mimbulu Ya Maned
Monga taonera pamwambapa, mimbulu yomwe ili ndi amuna imakhala ndi mkazi m'modzi amoyo wawo wonse, mosiyana ndi nyama zina. Awiriwa amakhala mdera lalikulu pafupifupi 30, lomwe silingafikirane ndi ena. Kuti awone gawo lawo, amayikapo chizindikiro ndi mkodzo wawo kapena zigawo zing'onozing'ono za ndowe m'malo ena. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo, mimbulu yokhayo yomwe imamvetsetsa fungo ili. Munthu sangamvetse izi m'moyo wake.
Mu chaka chimodzi, mimbulu yamuna yamphongo imafika msinkhu wokwanira, koma m'zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu amaonedwa kukhala okonzeka kukhazikitsa banja lawo. Nthawi yakukhwima, kuswana kumagwa pakati pa yophukira, kuyamba kwa dzinja. Estrus yachikazi imatha kuyambira pa Epulo mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Juni, ndipo mimba imatenga miyezi iwiri (masiku 63).Nthawi zambiri, ana awiri mpaka asanu ndi mmodzi amabadwa (otchedwa mimbulu yatsopano).
Ana obadwa kumene a nkhandwe obadwa kumene amakhala obadwa ochepa kwambiri, okhala ndi kulemera pafupifupi 200 - 400 magalamu. Matupi awo amakhala ndi khungu lakuda, kapena la imvi komanso mchira wocheperako. M'masiku asanu ndi anayi oyamba sangathe kuwona chilichonse. Pakatha mwezi, makutu awo ali pafupi kupanga, mawonekedwe akhungu lofiirira limawonekera limodzi ndi chikhoto chakunja, mano amatuluka. Pafupifupi zaka zitatu, mayi amadyetsa ana ake mkaka, ndi chakudya chofewa, chomwe amayamba kutafuna kenako kumatulira.
Mmbulu ndi mmbulu waikazi onse akulera ana awo. Wamphongo amathandiza mayi polera ndi kusamalira banja. Amalandira chakudya, kuthamangitsa adani kwa ana, kuwaphunzitsa malamulo achilengedwe ndikuchita nawo masewera osiyanasiyana.
Adani Achilengedwe Achilengedwe
Asayansi sakanatha kudziwa adani enieni a nkhandwe yomwe ili ndi chibadwa chenicheni. Mwinanso alibe, chifukwa ndi ochezeka ndipo amayesetsa kuti asawakodze. Koma ali ndi chidaliro chonse kuti mdani wake wamkulu ndi munthu komanso ntchito zake zoyipa. Nthawi yomweyo, anthu safuna ubweya kapena nyama ya nyama iyi, zifukwa zake ndizakuya. Nayi ena a iwo:
- Alimi amapha nkhandwe chifukwa choti amaba zifuyo zawo,
- Anthu ena a ku Africa kuno amagwiritsa ntchito khungu ndi maso ake ngati chisonyezero cha mankhwala,
- Kuwongolera,
- Kuperewera kwa chakudya, kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi, matenda,
- Anthu amadula mitengo, amaipitsa madzi ndi mpweya, amachotsa zigawo zawo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Maned Wolf kuchokera ku Red Book
Kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe kukuchuluka masiku ano. Malinga ndi akatswiri, palibe akulu opitilira zikwi khumi omwe amakhalabe padziko lonse lapansi. Ku Brazil kuli anthu ochulukirapo 2000. Mkhalidwe wa nkhandwe yayikulu umalembedwa mu International Red Book ngati "mtundu womwe uli pangozi yotha". Ngakhale zaka mazana awiri zapitazo, inali nkhandwe yotchuka m'malo a Uruguay.
Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti mimbulu yamunthu yomwe ili ndi matenda monga mliri ndipo ina siyanso yovuta kwambiri. Ndiwonso omwe akuwopseza moyo wa nyama izi.
Chitetezo cha nkhandwe yolusa
Chithunzi: Wolf Guara
Ku Brazil ndi ku Argentina, kukhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kusaka nkhandwe yolusa. Ngakhale anthu ambiri akupitiliza kuwononga moyo wake. Mu 1978, asayansi adayamba kufufuza, kuti amvetsetse ngati zili zotheka kuletsa kutha kwa nyama.
Komanso magulu omenyera ufulu wamiyoyo ya nyama m'njira zonse zotheka kuthandiza nyama: kudyetsa, kuchitira. Mmbulu wamunthu umatha kuwoneka m'malo osungira nyama, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale m'nyumba za anthu. Modabwitsa, amatha kuwonongeranso. Apa ndiye wotetezeka, komabe, nyama iliyonse izikhala bwino. Komanso, mimbulu imakonda kuyima pawokha. Zingakhale zabwino kwambiri moyo mimbulu yaimuna sikunakhale pachiwopsezo.
Mwachidule, ndikufuna kutsindika kuti tiyenera kusamalira zachilengedwe zakutchire. Nyama zambiri zimasowa ndendende chifukwa cha zochitika zoopsa zomwe anthu amachita. Mosazengereza, amawononga malo awo, kupha, kuipitsa madzi. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kulemekeza kwambiri abale athu achichepere ndipo osasokoneza m'miyoyo yawo, apo ayi dziko lonse lapansi lifa. Nthawi zonse muyenera kukumbukira kuti m'chilengedwe, zonse zimalumikizidwa, osati zokhazokha nkhandwe yazikulu, koma ngakhale miyala iliyonse ili ndi tanthauzo lake.
Habitat
Mmbulu wamunthu amakhala makamaka kumwera kwa America. Imapezeka kwambiri mdera lomwe limayambira kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Brazil ndikufika kum'mawa kwa Bolivia. Chapakati pa Brazil, zidawoneka m'malo olanda mitengo. Chilombo chosowa ichi chitha kuwonekeranso ku Paraguay komanso ku Brazil ku Rio Grande do Sul.
Mu ma pampas aku Argentina, osungidwa pang'ono. Kwa moyo wonse, nkhandwe yamadzi imasankha zigwa zobzalidwapo udzu wamtali ndi zitsamba. Amakhala momasuka m'madambo, komwe amakhala m'malire kapena m'mphepete.
Imatha kukhazikika mchithaphwi, koma imakhala pafupi ndi m'mphepete, pomwe pali zomera zambiri, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono komanso tating'onoting'ono. Sakonda kutentha ndi nyengo yamvula, nyengo yabwino yokwanira kwa iye ndi yotentha. Samakhala m'mapiri, m'miyala yamiyala, m'miyala yamchenga komanso m'nkhalango zowirira.
Utali wamoyo
M'malo otetezedwa ndi malo osungirako nyama, nkhandwe yamphongo imakhala zaka 12-15, zachilengedwe mpaka zaka 17, koma kumeneko sizikhala choncho mpaka pano. Nyama zimafera m'manja mwa ozembetsa, zimagwera pansi pa matayala agalimoto, zimafa ndi matenda a parvovirus (mliri). Madera ochulukirapo amagawidwa ndi boma la dzikolo pazosowa zaulimi, kulanda nyama malo awo achilengedwe. Pakukakamizidwa kusamuka, sianthu onse omwe amapulumuka.
Mimbulu yamunthu sipha chifukwa cha nyama kapena zikopa. Alimi amawawombera chifukwa amawawona ngati chiwopsezo ku ziweto ndi nkhuku. Osaka amasangalala ndi njira yokhayo yothamangitsira masewera.
Ndipo gawo lodziwika la anthu amderalo limakhulupirira nthano yakale, yomwe imati maso a chilombo chachilendo, mchira wake ndi mafupa ake ali ndi mphamvu zamatsenga. Chifukwa chake, nyamayi imagwidwa kuti ipange talismans pambuyo pake.
Kuthengo, mimbulu yolusa ilibe mdani. Adani awo akuluakulu ndi munthu ndi matenda. Zilombo zomwe zimayambitsa matenda zimatengedwera ndi matenda komanso kuwukira, anthu okhawo amphamvu kwambiri ndi omwe amatha kuthana ndi matenda awa, ofooka samapulumuka. Masiku ano padziko lapansi pali anthu opitilira 13,000, omwe pafupifupi 2000 omwe amadyera masanawa amakhala ku Brazil.
Ku Uruguay ndi Peru, nyama zosowa kwambiri zasowa. Maned Wolf mu Buku Lofiyira adalembedwa ngati mitundu yowopsezedwa. Ku Argentina ndi Brazil, iye amatetezedwa ndi malamulo, kumusaka ndikuloledwa.
Mu 1978, World Wildlife Fund idayamba kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane za chilombo chapadera kuti chitha kuteteza zachilengedwe zamtunduwu ndikuchulukitsa anthu padziko lapansi.
Mitundu yosamalira mitundu
Mmbulu wamphongo ndi wocheperako ponse ponse, mitunduyi imalembedwa pa Mndandanda Wofiyira wa IUCN, ndizotheka kuti posachedwa mitunduyi itha kulowa m'magulu omwe ali pangozi - IUCN (NT). Mimbulu yolusa imaphatikizidwanso m'ndandanda wazamoyo zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - CITES II.
Onani ndi mamuna
Mmbulu wamphongo suopsa kwa anthu, koma popeza nyamayi nthawi zina imanyamula nkhuku, imatha kuukira mwanawankhosa kapena nkhumba, anthu amautsata. Cholinga chachikulu cha kuchepa kwa mimbulu ndikuchepetsa, ndipo nthawi zina kutsekeka kwachilengedwe. Pakadali pano, pafupifupi savannah yoyenera kwambiri kuti ikhale ndi moyo wa mimbulu yolimidwa idakulidwa ndikubzala mbewu zosiyanasiyana. Nyama zimakakamizidwa kulowa m'minda yolimidwa komwe zimatha kupeza chakudya, koma palibe malo abata aberekako ndi kulera ana, ndipo misonkhano ndi anthu ndizosapeweka.
Maumoyo & Bungwe Lachitukuko
Akalulu amamuna amakhala ndi moyo wamadzulo komanso nthawi yamadzulo, masana nthawi zambiri amapuma pakati pa masamba obiriwira, nthawi zina amayenda mtunda waufupi. Amuna ndi otakataka kuposa akazi.
Maziko a mimbulu yokhala ndi mimbulu ndi banja lokwatirana, lomwe limakhala kunyumba imodzi (pafupifupi 27 km²), koma palokha lodziyimira palokha. Wamphongo ndi wamkazi akupuma, akusaka ndikuyenda payokha. Malire a malowa amatetezedwa kwa amuna osochera ndipo amadziwika ndi mkodzo ndi ndowe zomwe zasiyidwa m'malo ena.
Muukapolo, ubale pakati pa wamwamuna ndi wamkazi wayandikira, amadyetsa ndi kugona limodzi. Amuna omwe amakhala m'malo otetezekawa amakhazikitsa ubale wolowa m'malo.
Moyo wa predator
Akalulu amamuna amakonda kukhala okha. Mutha kukumana ndi nyama zingapo panthawi yakukhwima. Mammamu amatsogolera moyo wogwira ntchito kwambiri madzulo komanso mumdima. Masana, nyamazo zimapuma m'nkhalangozi, kapena m'malo obisalamo okha. Pakusaka usiku, mimbulu imayendanso mdera lawo. Mumdima, ndikuthokoza makutu ake akuluakulu kuti gitala imatha kumva kuyandikira kwa ngozi kapena nyama. Mimbulu yokhala ndi miyendo itha kuimirira ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo kuti iwone bwino mtunda.
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Akazi sagwira ntchito ngati amuna. Mothandizidwa ndi mawu apadera, amatha kuthamangitsa adani mdera lawo kapena kuchenjeza mnzawo za kuopsa. Zikuwoneka kuti magogo ndi ozizira kwa anthu. Mpaka pano, palibe zachiwawa zomwe zachitika pa anthu zomwe zidanenedwapo.
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Wolf
Mimbulu imadyanso nyama, komabe, imadyanso zakudya zam'mera. Chakudyacho chimaphatikizapo akalulu, makoswe ang'onoang'ono, tizilombo tambiri, nsomba, ma bollus, repitili, mbalame ndi mazira. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti ma guars sakhala osaka aluso kwambiri, chifukwa sangathe kuthamanga chifukwa chathanzi (mapapu awo ali ndi voliyumu yaying'ono). Kukula kofowoka kwa chibwano kumalepheretsa chiweto kuukira nyama yayikulu. Nthawi yankhondoyi itatha, anthu ena amatha kubwera pagulu laling'ono ndikusaka pamodzi.
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Monga chakudya cham'mera, mimbulu imagwiritsa ntchito tubers zam'mera ndi mizu, guava, nthochi.
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