Nsomba yapadera imeneyi, yomwe ilibe adani achilengedwe, imasangalatsa osati lupanga lakuthwa lalifupi, pomwe nsagwada yake yapamwamba imatambasulidwa. Swordfish kapena nsomba - lupanga, monga mwezi, ndi gawo limodzi lalikulu kwambiri masiku athu ano, lalitali kutalika kwa 4.5 metres (nthawi zambiri pafupi 3 mita). Cholemera kwambiri chojambulidwa ndi ma kilogalamu 650.
Koma chachikulu chake ndi kuthekera kwa kuphatikiza ziwalo zina za thupi lake, zomwe sizinthu zonse za nsomba. Zoyimira zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi chiwalo chapamwamba pamwamba pa ubongo chomwe chimatha kutenthetsa maso ndi ubongo ku kutentha pamwamba. Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa maso kumathandizira kwambiri kuthamanga kwa zinthu zoyenda, ndipo izi zimapangitsa kusaka kwa lupanga kukhala kothandiza kwambiri. Kupatula apo, nthawi zambiri amasaka m'malo opanda madzi a khwalala.
Zodabwitsa zachilengedwe
Mbedza, yomwe imatchedwanso lupanga, ili ndi dzina lasayansi.Xiphiasgladius, zomwe zikutanthauza lupanga. Dzinalo la genus "Xiphias" kuchokera ku lakale lachi Greek limamasuliridwa kuti "lupanga lalifupi, lotchulidwa mbali zonse", dzina lenileni "gladius" m'Chilatini limangotanthauza "lupanga". Izi dzina nsomba zomwe adalandira kwa Karl Linnaeus mu 1758.
M'masodzi a nsomba, nsomba zankhondo zili m'mbali mwake, zokhala "achibale akutali" a nkhalangozi, yemwenso ili ndalamayi, amagawika m'magawo ambiri. Chimodzi mwa zigawo zapamwamba kwambiri chimatchedwa Swan-mawonekedwe ndipo izi zimaphatikizapo banja la Swan-khosi kapena (lupanga) ndi woyimira m'modzi yekha wa Xiphias gladius. Mtunduwu suyenera kusokonezedwa ndi marlins, omwe ndi a banja lina la gawo ili - kuyenda m'madzi.
Maonekedwe achilendo
Momwe maonekedwe a nkhono imapereka lingaliro la kuthekera kwake pakupanga liwiro lalikulu:
- Thupi looneka ngati Torpedo, pafupifupi cylindrical, likupendekera kumtunda wa caudal.
- Nsagwada ya kumtunda ndi yayitali kwambiri komanso yosalala pang'ono kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi, ndipo mawonekedwe ake amafanana ndi lupanga, kutalika kwake kuli ngati gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutalika kwa nsomba.
- Tsinde la mchira ndi lalitali komanso lopapatiza, lopendekeka pang'ono kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi ndipo limakhala ndi keel imodzi yamphamvu mbali iliyonse.
Pa chithunzicho, nsomba, lupanga lalitali lalitali limawoneka ngati lumo lakuthwa, ndipotu ndilowongoka.
Zojambula zina:
- Mlomo wotsika komanso wamkulu wowongoka.
- Ziphuphu za ma dorsal and anal zimakhala magawo awiri omwe ali patali kwambiri.
- Ndalama yoyambirira ya dorsal ndiyokwera kwambiri komanso yaifupi (amafanana ndi makona atatu mu mawonekedwe), ili pafupi kwambiri ndi mutu, ndipo kumbuyo kumakhala kocheperako ndipo kumatengedwa kupita kumbuyo ku tsinde la caudal.
- Palinso zipsepse ziwiri za ma anal, zomwe zili kumbuyo kwake kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi dorsal yachiwiri ndipo ili pansi pake. Mawonekedwe a anal woyamba ndi ofanana ndi woyamba dorsal, koma ochepa. Ili m'mimba mwa thupi pafupi ndi mchira.
- Zipsepse zamtchire ndizitali (zamphongo) ndipo zimakhala zotsika (pafupi ndi m'mimba), pomwe zipsepse zamkati zimapezeka.
Onani chithunzi cha lupanga la nsomba kuti muwone zonse zomwe zalongosoledwa pamwambapa.
Kusintha kwa utoto ndi ukalamba
Mbali yamkati ya thupi la nkono imakhala yamdima kwambiri kuposa pamimba. Zipsepse zonse ndizakuda. Zoyerekeza zazing'ono zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa mikwingwirima yopingasa, yomwe imasowa nsomba ikamakula. Mphutsi ndi ana achinyamata ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zitsanzo zachikulire zokhala ndi zomimba, kapangidwe, ndi mawonekedwe ena omwe amasintha pang'onopang'ono:
- M'masamba oswedwa a lupanga, bulout ndi yochepa, koma kutalika kwake pafupifupi sentimita imodzi nsagwada yapamwamba imayamba kutulutsa pang'ono.
- Thupi la mwachangu limakutidwa ndi mizere yayitali yamiyala yooneka bwino, yomwe pambuyo pake imasowa. Ndipo akulu alibe mamba.
- Ana aang'ono amapanga mano a nsagwada; mu nsomba zazikulu, kulibe mano.
- Mwa ana, zipsepse ndi maina zimapitilirabe, osagawika magawo awiri.
Njira yosinthira mphutsi kukhala munthu wamkulu (metamorphosis) imachitika bwino popanda kusintha kwambiri. Pofikira kutalika kwa pafupifupi mita imodzi, nsomba za lupanga zimapeza mawonekedwe onse a akulu.
Kufalitsa
Pokhala cosmopolitan, nsomba zankhondo zimakhala paliponse m'nyanja zonse (kupatula ku Arctic): kuchokera madigiri 50-60 kumpoto kwa mtunda mpaka madigiri 35-50 kumwera kotentha. Madzi achepetsa, am'malo otentha komanso otentha amaphatikizidwa pamitundu yamitunduyi. Ndipo mukudyetsa, nthawi zina amatha kupezeka m'madzi ozizira, mwachitsanzo, kudera la Northern Norway. M'miyezi yotentha, zowerengera zimalowa munyanja: Nyanja Yakuda ngakhale Nyanja ya Azov.
Mtunduwu (Xiphias gladius) ndi woimira ena mwa nyanja yamadzi yotchedwa ichthyofauna, chifukwa chake, nsomba zauba ndi zosowa kwambiri pafupi ndi gombe. Amakhala mozama kuyambira 0 mpaka 800 metres, komabe, nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi madzi pamtunda.
Kutentha kwamadzi momwe nsomba zamkati zimapangidwira zimasiyanasiyana: kuchokera madigiri 5 mpaka 27. Makonda ndi madzi omwe amatentha madigiri 13. Pakuchepa, nsomba zamkondo zimasunthira kumalo otentha am'nyanja zam'madzi, komwe kutentha kwa kutentha sikuli kosachepera 23 madigiri.
Kusamuka ndi moyo
Swordfish imapanga mitundu iwiri yosamukira: mawonekedwe osinthika komanso osasintha kuchokera ku madzi ofunda ndi ozizira kupita kumadzi ofunda ndi otentha mosinthanitsa.
Kuyenda kwatsiku ndi tsiku: kumiza m'madzi masana kuti akuya, ndipo usiku - bwererani pafupi ndi madzi akumwa. Kusiyana kwa kutentha ndi mtundu uwu wa kusamuka nthawi zina kumakhala pafupifupi madigiri 19 mu maola angapo.
Kusamuka kwanyengo kumalumikizidwa ndi kudyetsa m'madzi okhala ndi madzi ambiri m'malo otentha a kum'mwera ndi kumpoto kwa hemispheres (izi zimachitika m'chilimwe) ndikubwerera kumadzi otentha nthawi yozizira, kumene kubereka kumachitikanso. Mtunda wazitali kwambiri wamakedzedwe afishfish ndi pafupifupi 2,500 km.
Zochita Zam'moyo komanso Zosagawika
Khalidwe la nsomba lankhondo limangokhala payekha. Awiriawiri amapangidwa kuti aberekane. Nthawi zina munthawi yakudyetsa m'madzi akulu ndi ozizira mumapangidwa zambirimbiri za anthu amtunduwu. Koma awa si masukulu, koma nsomba zomwe zimasungitsa mtunda wina pakati pawo, zikutalikirana mita 10-100 kuchokera pa mzake.
Nsomba zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zimayang'anidwa m'malo opezeka m'madzi opezeka kutali ndi madzi ofunda.
M'makhalidwe a lupanga lankhondo palinso zinthu zina zosatha kuchita. Mwachitsanzo, nsomba zikuukira mabwato, mabwato ndi mabwato. Milandu yotulutsira malupanga a nsomba izi pachimenechi ndi malo osambira kwambiri. Njira yosavuta yofotokozera izi ndi ngozi, chifukwa chomwe kuthamanga kwambiri kwa nsomba ndikulephera kusinthira mayendedwe ake. Ophunzira ena amawona kuti tanthauzo lake ndi longoyerekeza, osati lotsimikizira kuti ndi loipa. Chifukwa chake, zifukwa zenizeni zomwe zimayambitsa mikangano pakati pa armfish ndi malo osambira sizikupezeka.
Liwilo lalikulu
Kuthamanga kwa nkabvu kwambiri, mtunduwu ndi amodzi mwa nsomba zothamanga kwambiri. Buku la "Animal Life" limapereka liwiro lalikulu lofanana ndi ma kilomita 130 pa ola limodzi. Wikipedia imapatsa chiwerengerocho pang'ono - 97 km pa ola limodzi, ndikufotokozera kuti izi ndi zowerengera zomwe zimaganizira kuya kwa mphuno ya xiphoid ya lupanga lansomba m'matupi amtondo a zida zosambira.
Mukamasambira, kayendedwe ka lupanga kumachitika mokulira chifukwa cha zomwe zimapangidwa ndi tsinde la caudal limodzi ndi mtengo. Kusuntha konga thupi kumangothandiza.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Ndikokwanira kuwona momwe nsomba yopanga lupanga imawonekera, imamveka: mwa mtundu wa chakudya ndi nyama yolusa. Nsagwada yake yam'mwamba yapamwamba imagwira kuthana ndi omwe amawazunza ndikuwadula mzidutswa. Umboni wotsimikizira izi umapezeka m'mimba mwa nsomba za m'mimba mwa nsomba ndi squid wokhala ndi zovuta zavulala. Zakudya za nyama yolusa kwambiriyi imakhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya nsomba (pafupi ndi kumtunda komanso kumakhala mozama), ma cephalopod osiyanasiyana ndi ma crustaceans ena. Nthawi zina akamatsegula m'mimba mwawo, adani ena akuluakulu (mwachitsanzo, tuna) amabwera, ndipo nthawi zina - shaki.
Akuluakulu opanga nsomba alibe adani. Amatha kukhala ozunzidwa ndi owapha. Kapenanso kuukiridwa ndi makochi a shaki ndikuteteza ndi chiwembu chopha munthu ndi lupanga lako.
Swordfish ndi munthu
Mechenos ali ndi nyama yokoma, kukhala chinthu chodzigulitsa m'mafakitale oposa 30: Japan, Spain, USA, Philippines ndi ena ambiri. Nyama ya nsomba iyi ilibe mafupa ang'onoang'ono ndipo imakhala yopanda fungo la "nsomba" yodziwika bwino. Komabe, pali umboni wa kuchuluka kwa mercury munyama iyi. Izi zikugwirizana ndi Food and Drug Administration (USA). Izi ziyenera kukumbukiridwa musanaganize zophatikiza mu zakudya zanu.
Kodi nsomba zaukondo ndizowopsa kwa anthu? Nkhani yakuwukiridwa kwa asodzi pamodzi asodzi inalembedwa kamodzi kokha ku zilumba za Hawaii. Koma izi zinali zotheka pamene nsomba yosanjidwa ndi munthu idayamba kukana. Zotsatira zake, lupanga linabaya munthu pachifuwa, ndipo bala linali losagwirizana ndi moyo. Izi zidachitika mchaka cha 2015.
Mawonekedwe
Nsombayo imakhala ndi mphamvu komanso yayitali, yokhala m'miyendo yopingasa ndi kupendekera mchira. Wotchedwa "mkondo" kapena "lupanga", womwe ndi nsagwada yapamwamba yamtundu wamtambo, umapangidwa ndi mafupa amphuno ndi premaxillary, ndipo umadziwikanso ndi kuwonekera kooneka bwino panjira ya dorsoventral. Malo otsika a pakamwa osatambasulika amasiyanitsidwa ndi kusowa kwa mano pachibwano. Maso ndi akulu, ndipo nembanemba za gill sizikhala ndi chidwi ndi gill. Ma gill stamens kulibe, chifukwa chake, ma gill omwewo amayimiriridwa ndi mbale zosinthidwa zolumikizidwa mu mbale ya mesh imodzi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Dziwani kuti gawo lagalasi ndi ma snfish achichepere ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kuchokera kwa akuluakulu omwe ali pachiwonetsero cholimba ndi morphology, ndipo kusintha komwe kumachitika pang'onopang'ono maonekedwe akunja kumatsirizidwa kokha pambuyo poti nsomba yafika mita.
Madzi a ziphuphu za dorsal ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pazoyambira. Finors oyamba kwambiri amakhala ndi malo ofupikira, amayamba mwachindunji pamtunda wakumbuyo ndipo ali ndi timiyala 34 mpaka 49 ta mtundu wofewa. Ndalama yachiwiri ndi yaying'ono poyerekeza ndi yoyamba, yosunthidwa mpaka kumchira, yopangidwa ndi kuwala kwamtundu wa 3-6. Ma ray olimba samapezekanso kwathunthu mkati mwa ziphuphu za ma anal. Mphepete mwa mapini afishfish ndi mawonekedwe owumbika, pomwe zipsepere zamkati sizikupezeka. Maluso a caudal ali ndi notch yolimba komanso mawonekedwe mawonekedwe.
Kumbuyo kwa nkono ndi thupi lake lamkati limasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wakuda, koma mtunduwu pang'onopang'ono umasanduka mthunzi wonyezimira wakuda kumimba. Nembanemba pa zipsepse zonse zimakhala ndi zofiirira kapena zofiirira zakuda zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Achichepere amasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa magulu opatsirana, omwe amasowa kwathunthu mu kukula ndi nsomba. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa nsomba yayikulu ndi 4.5 m, koma nthawi zambiri sikupita mamita atatu. Kulemera kwa nsomba zam'madzi zam'madzi zoterezi kumatha kufika 600-650 kg.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Swordfish ndioyenereradi kuti ndiwosambira kwambiri komanso wachangu kwambiri kuposa onse okhala pano. Nsomba yamtundu wotere wa Oceanodromic pelagic imatha kuthamanga kwambiri mpaka 120 km / h, chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa zinthu zina kapangidwe kakepi. Chifukwa cha "lupanga" lomwe limatchedwa "lupangalo", zidziwitso zakukoka zimachepetsedwa pakuyenda kwa nsomba m'malo ozungulira pamadzi. Mwa zina, nsomba zazikuluzikulu zokhala ndi mapangidwe okongola okhala ndi thupi lopendekeka, lopanda mamba.
Swordfish, pamodzi ndi abale ake apamtima, ali ndi zotengera zamagalimoto, zomwe sizongopuma zokha, komanso zimagwira ntchito ngati injini ya hydro-jet yamoyo wapamadzi. Kupyola m'matumba otere kumayenda madzi mosalekeza, ndipo kuthamanga kwake kumayendetsedwa ndi njira yochepetsera kapena kukulira kwa gill.
Ndizosangalatsa! Swordfish imatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali, koma nyengo yofatsa imakonda kukwera pamwamba pamadzi, pomwe imasambira, kuwonetsa pabwino la dorsal. Nthawi ndi nthawi, nsomba yomwe ili ndi lupanga imadumphira m'madzi, kenako imangobwerera.
Thupi la nsomba (shafish) limakhala ndi kutentha kotentha pafupifupi 12 mpaka 15 C kuposa mphamvu yamadzi am'nyanja. Ndi gawo ili lomwe likuwonetsetsa kuti nsomba zikuyamba kukonzekera mosavuta, zomwe zimaloleza kuti zizitha kuthamanga mwadzidzidzi pokasaka kapena, ngati kuli kotheka, kuthamangitsa adani.
Habitat, malo okhala
Swordfish ndiofala m'madzi a nyanja zonse zam'madzi ndi nyanja zam'madzi, kupatula patali kwambiri. Nsomba zazikuluzikulu za seaodromic pelagic zimapezeka ku Atlantic Ocean, m'madzi a Newfoundland ndi Iceland, kumpoto ndi Pacific Seas, komanso pafupi ndi gombe la Azov ndi Black Seas. Usodzi wogwira ntchito kwa nsomba zam'madzi umachitidwa m'madzi am'nyanja za Pacific, Indian ndi Atlantic, komwe chiwerengero cha oimira banja lafishfish tsopano ndi chokwera kwambiri.
Zakudya za Swordfish
Swordfish ndi amodzi mwa omwe amadyera masuku pamutu ndipo ali ndi chakudya chochuluka mosiyanasiyana. Popeza nsomba zankhondo zonse zomwe zilipo lero ndi anthu okhala mu epi- ndi mesoperagial, zimasunthira kosunthidwa mosadukiza komanso molunjika. Swordfish imasunthira pamwamba pamadzi mpaka pakuya mamita mazana asanu ndi atatu, komanso imatha kuyenda pakati pamadzi otseguka ndi malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Ndi gawo ili lomwe limasankha kudya kwa nsomba zankhondo, zomwe zimaphatikizapo nyama zazikulu kapena zazing'ono kuchokera kumadzi oyandikira, komanso nsomba zapansi, cephalopods, ndi nsomba zazikulu za pelagic.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kusiyanitsa pakati pafishfish ndi marlin, kugwiritsa ntchito "mkondo" wawo wokha kukwapula, ndiko kugonjetsedwa kwa womenyedwayo ndi "lupanga." Amphaka ndi nsomba zimapezeka m'mimba za nsomba zopangidwa ndi lupanga, zomwe zimadulidwamo mbali zingapo kapena kuwonongeka chifukwa cha "lupanga".
Kudya kwa nsomba zingapo zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi am'mphepete mwa kum'mawa kwa Australia, nthawi ina kale, zidadziwika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa cephalopods. Mpaka pano, kapangidwe kake ka zakudya za mapanga amasiyana pakati pa anthu okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Koyamba, nsomba zimapambana, ndipo chachiwiri - cephalopods.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Zambiri pazakusintha kwa nkono ndi zochepa kwambiri komanso ndizotsutsana, zomwe zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kusiyana pakati pa anthu okhala m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Swordfish imatulukira m'magulu am'madzi otentha pamtunda wa 23 ° C ndi mchere m'magawo 33.8-37.4 ‰.
Nthawi yowerengeka ya nsomba zam'madzi mu madzi oyanjana am'madzi amadziwika chaka chonse. M'madzi a Nyanja ya Caribbean komanso ku Gulf of Mexico, nsonga zoberekera zimagwera kuyambira pa Epulo mpaka Seputembala. Mu Nyanja ya Pacific, kutuluka kumachitika mchaka ndi chilimwe.
Pelagic lupanga nsomba, ndi mainchesi mulifupi wa 1.6-1.8 mm, wowonekera kwathunthu, wokhala ndi mafuta akulu okwanira. Ziwerengero zitha kubereka ndizapamwamba kwambiri. Kutalika kwa mphutsi yolumikizira kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 0,4.Popeza njirayi imakhala yopitilira ndipo imatenga nthawi yayitali, sizimachitika mosiyanasiyana. Mphutsi zosaka zimakhala ndi thupi lopanda matupi, loti limafupikitsa pang'ono, komanso masikelo odabwitsa amwazika thupi lonse.
Ndizosangalatsa! Swordfish imabadwa ndi mutu wozungulira, koma pang'onopang'ono, m'mene ikukula ndikukula, mutu umakuthwa ndikufanana kwambiri ndi "lupanga".
Ndi kukula ndi kukula kwa nsagwada, mphutsi zimatalika, koma khalani ofanana kutalika. Njira zina zokulira zimayendera limodzi ndikutukuka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa m'nsagwada yapamwamba, chifukwa mutu wa nsomba wotere umawoneka ngati "mkondo" kapena "lupanga". Mwa anthu omwe ali ndi kutalika kwa 23 cm, pamakhala gawo limodzi lolumikizirana thupi, ndipo mulingo umodzi, ndipo masikelo amakhala m'mizere ingapo. Komanso, ana aang'ono oterewa amakhala ndi chingwe chowongolera cham'maso, ndipo mano ali pachibwano.
Mukukula kopitilira, gawo lakunja la maforsal limakulanso. Pambuyo kutalika kwa thupi la lupanga lifika 50 cm, mapangidwe omaliza a dorsal fin, olumikizidwa ndi oyamba. Makala ndi mano, komanso mzere wotsekera, zimangowonekeratu mwa anthu osakhazikika omwe afika mita yayitali. Pakadali pano, nsomba zokhala ndi lupanga zimangokhala ndi gawo lakukulidwa latsopanolo, ndipo lachiwiri limafupikitsa fisi ya dorsal ndi maini a anal, omwe amasiyana pang'onopang'ono.
Adani achilengedwe
Munthu wamkulu wa nsomba yam'madzi yotchedwa seaodromous pelagic alibe adani achilengedwe. Mbedza imatha kugwidwa ndi msodzi kapena shaki wakupha. Nsomba zodziwika bwino, kuphatikiza marlin wakuda, Atlantic bluu marlin, nsomba zam'madzi, nsomba za yellowfin ndi corifen yayikulu, nthawi zambiri zimasaka ana aang'ono ndi akhanda ang'onoang'ono akhonto.
Komabe, pafupifupi mitundu makumi asanu ya zolengedwa zokhala parasitic, zoyimiriridwa ndi ma cestode m'mimba ndi matumbo, nematode m'mimba, ma trematode pamatumbo ndi maepepododi pamwamba pa thupi la nsomba, adapezeka m'thupi la nsomba. Nthawi zambiri pamthupi la nsomba yam'madzi yotchedwa seaodromic pelagic, ma isopods ndi monogene parasitise, komanso m'malo osiyanasiyana okongola.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
M'madera ena, kuwedza kwa nsomba zankhondo zamtengo wapatali zokhala ndi maukonde apadera amaonekera. Zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazo, nsomba zam'madzi zamadzi am'madzi zidawonjezeredwa ndi bungwe la Greenpeace ku pepala lofiira la nsomba zam'madzi, zomwe zimagulitsidwa paliponse ndi malo ogulitsira, zomwe zimafotokoza za chiwopsezo chambiri chowonjeza.
Mtengo wosodza
Swordfish ndi nsomba yamtengo wapatali komanso yotchuka yasodzi m'mayiko ambiri.. Kusodza kwapadera komweko kumachitika makamaka ndi akambuku a pelagic. Nsomba zamtunduwu zimagwidwa m'maiko osachepera 30, kuphatikiza Japan ndi America, Italy ndi Spain, Canada, Korea ndi China, komanso Philippines ndi Mexico.
Mwa zina, nthumwi zooneka ngati mtundu wa nsomba zokhala ndi ray-fin, zomwe zimakhala ngati gulu lankhondo ndi banja lankhondo, ndi chida chamtengo wapatali kwambiri pakuwedza masewera akamedza kuwedza. Mitundu yoyera ya nyama yansomba, yomwe imakoma kwambiri ngati nkhumba, imatha kusuta komanso kupatsa mankhwala, komanso kuphika pamtengo wachikhalidwe.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nyama ya shafish ilibe mafupa ang'onoang'ono, imakhala yotakasika, komanso ilibe fungo labwino mu nsomba.
Nsomba zazikulu kwambiri zopangidwa ndi lupanga zimapezeka pakati pa kum'mawa ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean, komanso kumadzulo kwa Indian Ocean, m'madzi a Nyanja ya Mediterranean komanso kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Atlantic. Ambiri mwa anthuwa amagwidwa mumsodzi wa pelagic ngati kugwira. Kuchuluka kwa nsomba zomwe zodziwika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi za nsomba zamadzi am'madzi zidalembedwa zaka zinayi zapitazo, ndipo zidakwana zosakwana matani 100,000.