Nyama yapakati, koma yayikulu kuposa mphoyo. Kutalika kwa thupi kuchokera kumapeto kwa chizungulire mpaka muzu wa mchala amuna kumayambira 105 mpaka 148 masentimita, kutalika kwa kufota ndi masentimita 62-84. Akaziwo ndi ocheperako (thupi kutalika kwa 100-121 masentimita, kutalika kufota 54-74 cm). Kutalika kwakukulu kwa chigaza kumayambira 215 mpaka 255 mm. Live kulemera 16-16 makilogalamu, mpaka 30-30 makilogalamu. Zolimbitsa thupi ndizopepuka, zoonda, miyendo ndizochepa thupi. Kutalika kwa oblium ndi 2-3 masentimita kuposa kutalika kwa kufota. Mutu umapereka chithunzi chowoneka ngati choukira kuposa mbawala, kutsogoloku kwa muzzle kuli kotakata ndipo kumatupa. Mlomo wapamwamba umakutidwa ndi tsitsi, kokhaza kamtambo kokhotakhota pakati pama ngodya zam'mphuno ndi m'mphepete mwa mlomo wapamwamba timasungidwa kuchokera pagalasi lamkati. Iris ndi yakuda. Makutu ndi afupiafupi, ndi 9-12 cm okha, omwe ali ndi malangizo owongoka.
Amuna okha ndi omwe ali ndi nyanga, poyerekeza ndi mbawala, nyanga zeren ndi zazifupi komanso zazifupi, kutalika kwake pakugwera sikuposa 25-31 cm.
Chotelekeracho ndi chofewa, koma chophweka kumutu kwa tsitsi. Palibe kulekanitsidwa kotsimikizika pakati pake kumtsuko ndi undercoat. Ubweya wozizira umakhala wonenepa komanso wowonda, kutalika kwa tsitsi kumbuyo kumafika masentimita 5. M'chilimwe, ubweya umakhala wosowa komanso wamfupi, nthawi zambiri pafupifupi masentimita 2-3. pamphumi ndi korona zimaphimbidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali kuposa mphuno ndi masaya. Tsitsi lalitali lalitali m'mbali mwa milomo yapamwamba, pamphuno, kutuluka ndi kuwerama pansi, kupanga mawonekedwe a masharubu ndikulimbikitsa chidwi cha kutupira kwa kutsogolo kwa muzzle. Kumbuyo kwam'mimba, kudera la kumbelekemera, malovu ndi kutuluka, tsitsi limakhala lotalika kwambiri; nthawi yotentha, khungu limawala pakati pawo. Kunja kwa mchira ndi malo ozungulira anus alibe. Tsitsi lolekanitsa kumtunda kuchokera kumunsi limakhala lofiirira, limakhala m'maso, koma pafupi ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba mphete zachikasu, nsonga zomata za tsinde ndi zofiirira. Tsitsi pamalo owala bwino ndi loyera kokwanira, komanso pamtambo wakuda wonyezimira.
Jeren
Dzeren, kapena momwe amatchulidwira, goiter antelope amatanthauza nyama zomwe zidalembedwa mu Red Book pansi pa mtundu wa mtundu womwe watsala pang'ono kutheratu kudera la Russia. Tsoka ilo, chidwi cha mafakitale amtundu wamtunduwu nthawi imodzi zidapangitsa kuti mtunduwo udatsala pang'ono kutheratu kuderali.
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Dzeren ndiung'ono, wowonda komanso wowala. Kuwala chifukwa kulemera kwake sikudutsa kilogalamu 30 ndi kutalika pafupifupi theka la mita. Amakhalanso ndi mchira - masentimita 10 okha, koma amayenda kwambiri. Miyendo ya antelopes ndiyolimba, koma nthawi yomweyo imakhala yopyapyala. Kapangidwe kameneka kamawalola kuti athe kuthana mosavuta komanso mwachangu kuthamanga mtunda wautali ndi kuthawa ngozi.
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Amuna ndi osiyana pang'ono ndi achikazi - amakhala ndi gawo laling'ono m'deralo, lomwe limatchedwa goiter, komanso nyanga. Akazi alibe nyanga. Monga woyamba, ndipo wachiwiri, mtunduwo ndi wachikasu, ndipo pafupi ndi m'mimba umakhala wopepuka, pafupifupi woyera.
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Nyanga za mbewuzo ndizochepa kwambiri - masentimita 30 okha kutalika. Pansi amakhala pafupifupi akuda, ndipo pafupi ndi pamwamba amakhala opepuka. Amapindika pang'ono. Kutalika kwa kufota sikuposa theka la mita.
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Habitat ndi moyo
Mtunduwu wa anyaniwa umawona kuti zigwa zake ndizabwino kwambiri, koma nthawi zina zimapezekanso kumapiri a mapiri. Pakadali pano, nyamayi imakhala makamaka ku gawo la Mongolia ndi China. Ndipo m'zaka zapitazi, dzeren anali m'dera la Russia ochulukitsa - amapezeka mdera la Altai, ku East Transbaikalia ndi ku Tuva. Kenako, zikwizikwi za ziweto izi zinkakhala mwakachetechete kuno. Tsopano m'malo awa, anthala imapezeka kwambiri kawirikawiri pokhapokha ndikusamuka.
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Ku Russia, mbewu monga chimanga zidasowa chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe zidachitika pazinthu zingapo. Chifukwa chake, pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, adagwidwa kwakukulu kuti akolole nyama. Izi zisanachitike, kuchepa kwa ziwerengero zawo kunayamba chifukwa chofuna kusaka, ndipo kungosangalatsa - kugwira chiwongola dzanja mgalimoto sizinali zovuta ndipo nyamayo inafa ndi zipolopolo, matayala amoto, kapena kungoti chifukwa cha mantha.
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Kukula kwa ntchito zaulimi kunathandizanso kwambiri pa izi - kulima mapondedwe kunachepetsa malo omwe panali malo osungirako zinthu zambiri ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa malo osungirako chakudya. Ponena za zinthu zachilengedwe zochepetsera kuchuluka kwa zinyama, izi ndi nyama zolusa komanso nyengo yozizira.
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Mu 1961, kusodza mbewu kunali koletsedwa konse, koma zinthu sizinachite bwino.
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Nthawi yakukhwima imayamba kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira ndipo imapita pafupifupi Januware. Pakadali pano, anyani amphaka amtunduwo amangochotsa ng'ombezo, ndipo pang'onopang'ono zazikazi zimalumikizana nawo. Chifukwa chake, "harem" amapezeka kuchokera kwa amuna amodzi ndi akazi a 5-10.
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Mimba ili ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, chifukwa chake ana amabadwa nthawi yotentha. Ana obadwa 1-2 amabadwa, amene pofika miyezi isanu ndi umodzi amakhala wamkulu.
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Khalidwe
Dzeren ndi nyama yomwe sindimakonda kusungulumwa ndipo imangokhala m'bulu, yopanga anthu mazana angapo ndi zikwi zingapo. Mwachilengedwe, zinyama zimagwira ntchito kwambiri - zimasunthira kuchoka pamalo amodzi kupita kwina.
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Amamadya kwambiri njere ndi udzu osiyanasiyana. Ponena za madzi, nthawi yotentha, chakudya chikakhala chowaphika, amatha popanda icho kwakanthawi. Amadyera m'mawa kwambiri ndi madzulo, koma masana amakonda kupuma.
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Ma Antelope amakhala ovuta makamaka nthawi yozizira, pomwe zimakhala zosatheka kupeza chakudya kuchokera pansi pa chisanu ndi ayezi. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, pakadali pano pali anthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni amtunduwu padziko lapansi, koma pafupifupi onsewa amakhala kudera la Mongolia ndi China.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera
Pali mitundu itatu ya zinyama izi kuchokera ku banja la bovids, zeren:
Amasiyana pang'ono maonekedwe ndi moyo wawo. Ku Central Asia, mitundu ya mbawala yomwe imafanana ndi nyama izi ilipobe mpaka pano. M'magawo a Upper Pliocene kudera la China, zotsalira za mitundu ya artiodactyl zinapezeka.
Dzeren adapatukana ndi mzere wamba wa anyani pafupi Pleistocene, genus Gazella asanatulukire, zomwe zikutanthauza komwe adachokera. Mitundu ina yama molekyulu ikuwonetsa kuti procapra ya genus ili pafupi ndi mtundu wa antelopes Madoqua.
Ma artiodactyls anali ofala ngakhale panthawi yamamoms, pafupifupi zaka zikwi khumi zapitazo. Amakhala kumapiri a North America, Europe ndi Asia; ndi kutentha kwanyengo, iwo adasamukira ku madera a Asia. Mphesa ndizolimba kwambiri. Amatha kudutsa malo akuluakulu kufunafuna chakudya kapena madzi.
Pomwe nyama zamtunduwu ndi zouma zopondaponda komanso zopepuka. M'dzinja, amasunthira mosavuta, amasamukira kumalo komwe amakhala. M'nyengo yozizira, nyama zimatha kulowa m'nkhalango-steppe ndi chipululu. Zimadutsa m'malo a nkhalango nthawi yozizira kwambiri, zikavuta kupeza chakudya.
Kuchotsa ndi kufalitsa mbewu
Mitundu ingapo ya mbawala za subgenus Procapra Hodgson, pakadali pano komanso m'mbiri yawo yakale, ndizogwirizana ndi gawo la Central Asia. Apa, mwachidziwikire, kholo lawo lidagawanika kuchoka pagulu lodziwika bwino ku Upper Pliocene. M'magawo am'badwo uno ku China, pamodzi ndi mbawala zazaka, zotsalira za mafomu zidapezeka zomwe zidasungidwa bwino kwambiri pa infraorbital fossa, zofanana ndi mbawala, koma womaliza amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a subgenus Procapra.
Dzeren biology ndi moyo
Kusankhidwa kwanyumba yozizira kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kupezeka kwa chakudya komanso mtundu wa kuphimba kwa chisanu. Ku Mongolia, theka loyamba la dzinja, zerens zimasungidwa mu udzu wa nthenga ndi udzu wa nthenga. Pamene malo odyetserawa akuwonongeka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa msipu ndipo chipale chofewa chikugwa, nyama zimasamukira kumadera omwe amakhala ndi chipale chofewa komanso chakudya chambiri. Zina mwa izo zimasamukira kumpoto kupita kumalire a udzu, mwachitsanzo, kupita ku mapiri a Daurian a Transbaikalia, ndipo ena, amapita kumwera kumalire a zipululu za kumwera ngakhale chipululu, kumene nyama izi sizilowa nthawi yotentha. Kufupi ndi Hailar, nyengo yotentha kwambiri, zeren zimakonda kukhala m'mizimba yokhala ndi mchenga wokwera komanso ngakhale mumitengo yamapine, kuthawa mphepo ndi mkuntho. Kuyendera kwa nyengo yozizira kudutsa m'nkhalango yowononga ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale nkhalango zimanenedwanso kuchokera kwina, koma, monga lamulo, awa ndi malo okakamiza pomwe zimavuta kuti zeren athawe kwa mdani wawo wamkulu - nkhandwe. Nthawi zina, pakakhala chipale chofewa m'mphepete, mchenga, mozungulira popewa malo ena olimbidwa, amakakamizidwa kukwera mapiri kuti adye m'malo otsetsereka ndi mphepo. Kusunthidwa pafupipafupi kwa mbewu mu kasupe, kuyambira Juni mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Julayi kuyambira ku Mongolia kupita ku Chui steppes, ndi kubwerera kumapeto kwa Black Tropic, zimachitika ku Soviet Altai.
Nthawi zina, kutalika kwa kayendedwe ka mbewu nthawi zina kumakhala kofanana ndi ma kilomita. M'madera ambiri, mayendedwe oterowo amakhala odekha komanso osavulaza, koma kusuntha kwakukulu kwa nyama izi kumadziwikanso. Andrews anali atayamba kale kusuntha masauzande ambiri a mbewu ku Mongolia. Kuyenda kwa nyengo yozizira kwa nyama kumakhala kwakukulu pazaka za jute. Mitengo yayikulu ya tirigu imakakamizidwa kuti ipange nthawi yayitali ndipo nthawi zina imasinthasintha posaka malo ndi chakudya chotsika mtengo. Munali zaka ngati izi pomwe magulu ambiri azitsamba ankawonedwa kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China komanso ku Transbaikalia.
Zakudya Zamphesa
Zomera z zitsamba zomwe zimamera m'malo mwake zimakhala chakudya cha zeren.
Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yambiri yopanda zipatso, mitundu ya chakudya imasiyanasiyana pang'onopang'ono. M'chilimwe, maziko azakudya, malinga ndikuwona ndi maphunziro azomwe zili m'mimba, amaphatikizidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njere: udzu wa nthenga, udzu wa nthenga, nguluwe. M'mimba zambiri za nyama zofunika kwambiri zinalinso zotsalira za anyezi wokhala ndi mizu yambiri. Masamba ndiye chakudya chachikulu cha zeren m'mapiri kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China. Zikuwoneka kuti, mofunitsitsa, koma pang'ono, mphutsi, hodgepodge ndi mitundu ina ya mabowo amadyedwa - nthito ndi nthangala zake, miyendo yopyapyala, caragana, barbel, tansy ndi ena. Pakati penipeni pa udzu, nthenga za nthenga ndiye chakudya chachikulu cha zeren nthawi yachisanu, koma kumpoto kwa nthawi imeneyi mitundu yambiri imatenga gawo mu chakudya cha chilombochi.
Subfamily - zenizeni
Zolemba:
1.II. Sokolov "Fauna wa USSR, Ungulates" Publishing House of the Academy of Science, Moscow, 1959.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Zinyama Zanyama
Kukula kwake ndi kofanana ndi ngwazi za ku Siberia, koma ndi thupi lalikulu kwambiri, miyendo yayifupi komanso kumbuyo. Nyamayo ili ndi miyendo yopyapyala yokhala ndi ziboda zopendekera komanso mutu waukulu. Phokoso ladzuwa limakhala lokwera komanso lonyentchera ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono - masentimita 8 mpaka 13. Kutalika kwa mchirawo ndi masentimita 10-15. Ma artiodactyls awa ali ndi maso abwino ndikuwona zoopsa kuchokera kutali, amakhalanso ndi fungo lokonzekera bwino. Kumva m'mapiri, momwe mumakhala mphepo yambiri nthawi zambiri, sikofunikira kwambiri.
Miyeso yayikulu
Amphongo omwe amafota amapita masentimita 80, ndipo mu sacrum - mpaka masentimita 83. Akazi ndi ocheperako, amakhala ndi ziwerengero zosachepera 3-4 cm. Kutalika kwa amuna amuna kuchokera pa kupukutira mpaka kumapeto kwa mchira ndi 105-150 cm, mwa akazi - 100-120 cm. Amuna amalemera pafupifupi 30-35 kg, mpaka 47 kg pofika nthawi yophukira. Mwa akazi, kulemera kwake kumachokera 23 mpaka 27 makilogalamu, mpaka 35 makilogalamu pofika nthawi yophukira.
Nyanga
Ali ndi miyezi isanu, amuna amakhala ndi zimphumi pamphumi pawo, ndipo mu Januwale mutu wawo umakongoletsedwa ndi nyanga mpaka 7 masentimita, omwe amakula moyo wonse, mpaka 20-30 cm. Maonekedwe awo amafanana ndi zeze, pakati ndi mtondo kumbuyo, ndipo mpaka pamwamba - mkati. Nyanga pamwambazi ndi yosalala, yosalala yokhala ndi tinge chikasu. Pafupi ndi tsinde, amakhala amdima ndipo amakhala ndi makulidwe amtundu kuchokera pa 20 mpaka 25 ma PC. Akazi alibe nyanga.
Goiter
Amuna amzungu wa ku Mongolia ali ndi vuto linanso - khosi lalitali komanso larynx yayikulu. Chifukwa chodumphira kutsogolo ngati kaphokoso, chimbalangondo chidapeza dzina lapakati - goiter. Pakukhwima, malo awa amuna amatuluka amtundu wakuda ndi kuwala kwamtambo.
Ubweya
M'chilimwe, artiodactyl imakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni, wamchenga kumbuyo ndi mbali. Mbali yam'munsi ya khosi, m'mimba, croup, pang'ono miyendo ndiyoyera. Mtunduwu umapita pamwamba pa mchira kumbuyo. M'nyengo yozizira, chovalacho chimakhala chopepuka, osataya mchenga wawo, ndipo kuzizira kumakhala nthawi yayitali komanso fluffier, ndichifukwa chake mawonekedwe a antelope aku Mongolia asintha. Nyama imakhala yayikulu mokulira. Mzere wautali wamtsogolo umawonekera pamphumi, korona ndi masaya. Pamwamba pamilomo yapamwamba komanso m'mbali mwa tsitsi, malekezero amagwada mkatikati, ndikupatsa chithunzi cha masharubu ndi kutupa.
Chophimbacho chimakhala chofewa kukhudza, palibe kulekanitsa bwino kwa msana ndi undercoat. Malekezero a tsitsi ndi osalala. Nyama molt kawiri pachaka - kasupe ndi yophukira. M'mwezi wa Meyi-Juni, nthawi yozizira imakhala yayitali (mpaka 5cm) ndipo tsitsi lozungulira limagwa ndikang'amba, malaya atsopano achilimwe (1.5-2,5 cm) amawonekera pansi pake. Mu Seputembele, osayanjananso ayambanso kukula ndi kutentha.
Kodi mbewu zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Dzeren Antelope
Anzeru a ku Mongolia amakhala kumapiri a China, Mongolia. Panthawi yosamuka amalowa mapiri a Altai - chigwa cha Chuy, gawo la Tuva komanso gawo lakumwera kwa Eastern Transbaikalia. Ku Russia, pakadali pano pali malo amodzi okha okhala artiodactyls awa - gawo la Daursky Reserve. Kubetan dzeren ndi kocheperako poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa wachibale wake waku Mongolia, koma ndi nyanga zazitali komanso zopyapyala. Malo okhala ku China ndi Qinghai ndi Tibet, ku India - Jamma ndi Kashmir. Mtunduwu sisonkhanitsidwa mu gulu, ndikusankha mapiri amiyala ndi miyala yamiyala kuti mukhale ndi moyo.
Dzeren Przhevalsky amakhala m'malo achilengedwe kum'maŵa kwa chipululu cha China ku Ordos, koma ambiri amakhala m'malo osungirako gombe la mchere la Kukunor ku China. M'zaka za zana la XVIII. Antelope waku Mongolia amakhala ku Transbaikalia kudera lonse lokhalamo anthu. M'nyengo yozizira, nyama zinkasamukira kumpoto kupita ku Nerchinsk, ndikulowa munthawi ya chipale chofewa, kudutsa mapiri okutidwa ndi nkhalango. Kukhala kwawo nyengo yachisanu kumaderawa kumatha kuweruzidwa ndi mayina amoyo omwe ali ndi mayina a nyama (Zeren, Zerentui, mu Buryat zeren - Zeeren).
M'zaka za zana la XIX. malo okhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya anyani ku Transbaikalia anachepa kwambiri. Izi zinathandizidwa ndi kuphedwa kwamphamvu posaka ndi kufa kwawo nyengo yachisanu. Kusamukira ku China ndi Mongolia kudapitilira mpaka zaka za m'ma 1900. Nthawi ya nkhondo, zaka makumi anayi, nyama za nyama zomwe zimagulitsidwa zimagulidwa pa zosowa za ankhondo. M'zaka makumi awiri zotsatira, kugulitsa kwaulere kwa zida zosaka ndikusaka zawonongekeratu ziweto ku Transbaikalia, Altai ndi Tuva.
Kodi chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Dzereny ku Transbaikalia
Chakudya chachikulu cha mbozi zapakhomo ndi udzu wa mitengo yopondera, m'malo omwe amakhala. Zakudya zawo zimakhala zosiyana pang'ono pakusintha kwa nyengo za chaka.
M'chilimwe, izi ndi mbewu za chimanga:
Forbs, cinquefoil, anyezi wama radicular ambiri, tansy, saltwort, chitsamba chowawa, nthano zosiyanasiyana zimadyedwa mosavuta ndi iwo. Gawo lina la zakudya limakhala mphukira za zitsamba za caragan ndi bar. M'nyengo yozizira, malingana ndi malo omwe amakhala, gawo lalikulu mu menyu wa antelope yaku Mongolia imagwera pamazira, udzu wokhala ndi nthenga kapena chowawa. Chomera chimakondedwa, ndipo nthawi yozizira chimakhalabe chopatsa thanzi kuposa mbewu zina zomwe zikupezeka, ndipo chili ndi mapuloteni ambiri.
Ngakhale kuli nyama zambiri, palibe kusokonezeka kwa udzu m'matanthwe, popeza gulu silimakhala nthawi yayitali malo amodzi. M'nyengo yotentha, imatha kubwerera kumalo ake am'mbuyomu patatha milungu iwiri, komanso nthawi yozizira - patatha miyezi ingapo kapena zaka.Munthawi imeneyi, chivundikiro cha udzu chimakhala ndi nthawi yochira. Antelopes amaluma nsonga za udzu zokha, kupangitsa kuti mbewuzo zikulire ndipo zina sizimera.
Nyama izi zimamwa pang'ono, ndikukhuta ndi chinyontho chomwe chimachokera mu udzu. Ngakhale zazikazi sizimapita kumalo othirira kwa sabata limodzi kapena awiri ndikubala. Madzi a tsiku ndi tsiku amamwa madzi ndi ma artiodactyls ndikofunikira mu kasupe ndi nthawi yophukira, pomwe kulibe chipale chofewa, ndipo zomerazi zimawuma. M'nyengo yozizira, ayezi kapena chipale chofewa chimakhala ngati chinyezi; nthawi yotentha, iyi ndi mitsinje, mitsinje, ngakhale nyanja zamchere.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Siberean Dzeren Antelope
Ntchito zapamwamba kwambiri za nyamazi masana zimagona madzulo, m'mawa kwambiri ndi theka loyamba la tsiku. Amagona masana, komanso theka lachiwiri lausiku. Zimakhala zovuta kuti ma anelope agonjetse madera otentha, kuyenda pamtunda. Pa ayezi, miyendo yawo idagawikana, pamenepo amasunthira m'magulu owondana, kuthandizana. Dzeren samapeza chakudya kuchokera pansi pa chipale chofewa, ngati kukula kwa chivundikirocho ndi zoposa 10 cm, amasamukira kumagawo ena.
Chakumapeto kwa mwezi wa June - kumayambiriro kwa Julayi, ana olemera makilogalamu 3.5-4 amawonekera m'gululo. Amadzuka atayenda ola limodzi atabadwa, koma masiku atatu oyamba agona pamithunzi ya zitsamba zazitali. Akazi amadya patali panthawiyi, kuti asakope chidwi cha olusa, koma amakhala okonzeka kuthana ndi nkhandwe kapena chiwombankhanga. Ana amadzuka pokha pakudya. Pakakhala vuto pakamodzi, ndiye kuti anawo amayamba kuthawa wowathamangitsa ndi amayi awo, kenako nkugwa ndikuyika m'manda mu udzu.
Ngakhale ana a ng'ombe amalandira mkaka wa m'mawere mpaka miyezi itatu kapena isanu, amayesa udzu pakatha sabata yoyamba. Pakadutsa masiku 10 mpaka 12, nyamazo zimachoka m'chipululumo ndi ana akhanda. M'chilimwe, ng'ombe zazikulu zokhala ndi ana okulira zimayenda mozungulira malo ochepa. Kuyenda koteroko kumalepheretsa msipu kuchepera. Pofika nyengo yozizira, gawo la anawa lidasiyanitsidwa kale ndi amayi awo, koma ena akupitiliza kukhala nawo mpaka nthawi yotsatira yobereka. Ndipo kwa nthawi yayitali amuna okhaokha sawalola kupita kunyumba zawo.
Pofika nthawi yophukira, kusamukira kukuchulukirachulukira, nyama zina zimangokhala m'malo odyetserako chilimwe, ndipo zotsalazo zimapita patsogolo pang'ono, ndikugwira malo akulu. Kusunthika kwa March kumayenda pang'onopang'ono; zoweta zimasonkhana pachaka m'malo amodzi a ng'ombe.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mongolian Dzeren
Dzeren kusunga magulu ambiri a anthu 3,000, chiwerengerochi chimakhalabe kwa milungu ingapo. Nthawi ya kubala isanakwane komanso nthawi yosamukira, ng'ombe zingapo zimagawika m'magulu akuluakulu mpaka magulu 40,000. Nthawi ndi nthawi, amagwera m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi yozizira, nthawi yobala, komanso nthawi ya masika, pakubala, koma ng'ombe imasonkhana nthawi yachisanu m'malo mwa malo.
Ziwetozi zimaphatikizidwa ndi jenda komanso zaka, koma nthawi yakusamuka, magulu azimuna okha amakhala. Mukubereka, ng'ombe zazikazi zazing'ono zazikazi zazikazi ndi zazikazi zazikazi zimawonekeranso. Munthawi yakukonzekera, anthu ammudzi amagawika m'manja, kutsogoleredwa ndi wamwamuna, pali ofunsira okha ndi gulu lina lomwe satenga nawo mbali pamasewera a mating.
Zitsamba pamalo otseguka pamakhala zinthu zabwino:
- kugwiritsa ntchito msipu,
- pa nthawi yosamuka
- pothawa adani
- kutetezedwa pakudya ndi kupumula,
- podutsa chisanu chakuya komanso ayezi.
Atsogoleri a mbewu ndi akazi achikulire, akhoza kukhala angapo. Zikakhala zowopsa, gululo limagawidwa, ndipo mtsogoleri aliyense amachotsa gawo la abale ake. Akazi amayamba kukwatiwa kwa nthawi yoyamba mchaka chimodzi ndi theka, ndipo abambo okhwima pofika zaka ziwiri ndi theka. Sikuti nthawi zonse amuna okalamba amalola achinyamata kutenga nawo mbali pamasewera aukalamba. Kugonana kwa amuna kumayamba kuwonekera theka lachiwiri la Disembala ndipo kumachitika mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Januware.
Mbewu za mitala, amuna amuna ndi akazi angapo. Oyimira mwamphamvu amatha kugwira azimayi 20-30 pagawo lawo. Masana, kuchuluka kwawo kumasiyanasiyana, ena kumamenyedwa, ena amachoka kapena adzisankhira okha.
Goel antelopes amadziwika ndi kubwerera kumalo omwewo kuti akhale ndi ng'ombe. Nthawi yoyamba yomweikazi imabereka zaka ziwiri. Mimba imatenga pafupifupi masiku 190. Nthawi yobereketsa ng'ombe imakhala yosakwana mwezi umodzi, kutalika kwake, pomwe 80% yaikazi imabadwa, imatenga sabata limodzi.
Adani Achilengedwe Achilengedwe
Chithunzi: Buku Lofiira la Dzeren
Kwa ana aang'ombe ang'onoang'ono, zoopsa zimayimiriridwa ndi Pallas, nthenga, nkhandwe, chiwombankhanga. M'nyengo yozizira, chiwombankhanga chagolide chimatha kusaka akuluakulu, koma mdani wawo wamkulu ndi nkhandwe. M'nyengo yotentha, mimbulu imakonda kuthana ndi mbozi, chifukwa nyamazo zimatha kuthamanga mosathamanga kuposa mphamvu ya adani. M'nyengo yotentha, gulu lalikulu la mbewu zamanjenje limagawika pakati, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mdani azidutsa. M'nyengo yotentha, nkhandwe ya nkhandwe imatha kukhala yodwala kapena yovulala.
Mukamabereka, mimbulu imasamaliranso ana awo ndipo samasunthira kutali ndi malovu, omwe amakhala pafupi ndi kasupe wamadzi, pomwe antelope samabwera kudzamwetsa masiku angapo. Makanda obadwa kumene amatha kukhala chakudya chambiri ngati mimbulu ikakhala pafupi ndi malo omwe ng'ombe zimabadwira. Poterepa, banja limodzi limatha kudya ana osapsa asanu tsiku lililonse.
M'dzinja ndi masika, nyama zolusa zimayang'anira malo othilira, omwe ndi ochepa kwambiri mapiri opanda chipale. Amuna atha kugwidwa m'mano a nkhandwe nthawi yopuma, mu Disembala, ndi kufooketsa anthu kumayambiriro koyambira, mu Marichi. Zoyang'anira zimagwiranso ntchito kusaka nyama mozungulira, nyama ziwiri zikafunkhira gulu, pomwe gulu lonse la nkhandwe limayembekezera chimbalangondo.
Chosangalatsa cha mitundu iyi ya artiodactyls: akawona zoopsa, amapanga mawu amtundu ndi mphuno zawo, akumawomba mpweya kudzera mwamphamvu. Mbawala zam'madzi zimanjenjemera kwambiri kuti ziziwopseza mdani ndikuwathamangitsa, ndikuthawa kokha ndi chiopsezo chenicheni pamoyo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Zabaykalsky Dzeren
Pafupifupi zikwi khumi ndi ziweto zamtundu wa Tibet zamtunduwu. Dzeren ya Przewalski ndiyosowa - pafupifupi chikwi chimodzi. Dzungu la ku Mongolia limawerengera anthu oposa 500,000, malinga ndi malipoti ena - mpaka miliyoni. Ku Transbaikalia, kutatha kwathunthu kwa mitundu iyi ya artiodactyls mu 70s ya zaka zapitazi, kubwezeretsa kwa anthu kunayamba.
Kudera la Daursky, adayamba kubereka zolengedwa izi kuyambira 1992. Mu 1994, Dauria Malo Otetezedwa adakhazikitsidwa ndi malo opitilira mahekitala 1.7 miliyoni. Pakati pa makumi asanu ndi anayi ku Central ndi Western Mongolia panali kukula kwamtunda pamsana wa goel antelope. Anayamba kubwerera kumadera akale ndikukulitsa madera osamukira ku Transbaikalia. Kuwunika kwa zomwe zapezeka kuchokera kuzomwe zimayang'anidwa kum'mawa kwa Mongolia zikuwonetsa kuti pazaka 25 zapitazi anthu kumeneko atsika kwambiri.
Zifukwa zake ndi izi:
- migodi yogwira ntchito mobisa,
- kapangidwe ka misewu m'malo osunthika a artiodactyl,
- ntchito zaulimi za anthu
- Matenda obwera chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa adani achilengedwe.
Mavuto azanyengo koyambirira kwa zikwi ziwirizi zidatsogolera kusuntha kwakukulu kwa anthambi a ku Mongolia kupita ku Russia. Ena mwa otsalawa amakhala kumapiri a Transbaikal, m'chigawo cha Torean Lakes. Tsopano malo okhala magulu m'malo awa ndiopitilira 5.5,000 m2. Chiwerengero chawo ndi pafupifupi 8,000, ndipo pakusamuka ku Mongolia amafika 70,000.
Mlonda wa Zeren
Malinga ndi zomwe akuwonetsa mu Ndandanda Yofiira ya IUCN, malo otetezedwa achizungu a ku Mongolia m'dera la Russia akuphatikizidwa m'gulu loyambirira la Red Book ngati mtundu wowopsezedwa. Komanso nyamayi imaphatikizidwa ndi Red Red of Tuva, Buryatia, Altai ndi Transbaikalia. Antelope adalimbikitsa kuti liphatikizidwe mu buku latsopano la Red Book of Russia. Ku Mongolia, nyamayi imakhala m'dera lalikulu kwambiri, motero mu IUCN Red List imakhala ndi mtundu wamtundu womwe suyambitsa nkhawa pang'ono.
Kuletsedwa kosaka nyama iyi ya artiodactyl m'dziko lathu kunatengedwa m'zaka za 30 za zana lomaliza, koma kusagwirizana ndi zomwe zidachitika kunapangitsa kuti nyamazo zithe. Kubwezeretsa kwa zeren ku Transbaikalia kunayamba ndikulimbitsa chitetezo ndi ntchito yayikulu yophunzitsa pakati pa anthu. Chifukwa cha njira zotere, zinali zotheka kusintha malingaliro a okhala m'deralo kukhala pa anyani, adasiya kuzindikira kuti ndi mlendo yemwe amachokera madera ena kwakanthawi.
Mkhalidwe wa kuchuluka kwa mbewu ku Russia umafuna chisamaliro chapadera ndikuwunikira nthawi zonse, zomwe zithandizire kuwunika kwakanthawi kusintha kwa anthu. Chifukwa cha izi, mapulogalamu apadera owunikira ndi kuwongolera zinyama apangidwa kale ndikuchita.
Toothy antelope ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yakale kwambiri ya ma artiodactyl, mpaka atawopsezedwa kuti dziko litha. Kupezeka kwa mitunduyi padziko lapansi si nkhawa, koma njere ndi mutu wa misonkhano ina yapadziko lonse ndi mgwirizano. Kupitilizabe kwa ntchito zophunzitsira kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa nyamazi m'malo omwe kale anali ku Russia.