Pterodactyls (lat. Pterodactyloidea, kuchokera ku Greek. "-" mapiko "ndi" chala ") - zolemba zaposachedwa zamtundu wa ma dinosaurs (ma pterosaurs) omwe amakhala mu nthawi ya Jurassic ndi Cretaceous.

Mu 1784, mafupa a cholengedwa chomwe sichimadziwika kale amapezeka ku Bavaria (Germany). Mwala womwe umasungidwa ndipo unayesedwa, ndipo unapangidwanso chojambula. Komabe, nthawi imeneyo, ofufuzawo sakanatha kupereka dzina kwa nyama yomwe yapezeka ndikuigawa.

Mu 1801, zotsalira za cholengedwacho zinabwera kwa wasayansi waku France Georges Cuvier. Adapeza kuti nyamayo idatha kuwuluka ndipo ndi ya machitidwe a ma dinosaurs ouluka. Cuvier adamupatsanso dzinalo - "pterodactyl" (dzinali limachokera kuchala chachitali chakumapazi kwa pheolin komanso membala wamkati (chikwama) chochokera kumbuyo mpaka thupi kupita kumbuyo.

Gulu lapadera kwambiri limazolowera kukhala mlengalenga. Ma pterodactyl amadziwika ndi chigaza cha kuwala kwambiri. Mano ndi ochepa. Mitsempha yam'mlomo wamkati imakhala yodutsa, popanda nthiti za khomo pachibelekeropo. Kutsogolo kumaso ndikuwombera kanayi, mapiko ndi amphamvu komanso mulifupi, zala zouluka zikukuluka. Mchira wake ndi waufupi kwambiri. Mafupa am'munsi mwendo amachepetsa.

Kukula kwa ma pterodactyl anali osiyanasiyana - kuyambira ang'onoang'ono, kukula kwa mpheta, mpaka ma pteranodons akuluakulu okhala ndi mapiko otalika mpaka mamita 15, mbalame ndi azhdarchid (quetzalcoatl, aramburgiana) wokhala ndi mapiko ofika mpaka 12 metre.

Ochepa adadya tizilombo, zazikulu - nsomba ndi nyama zina zam'madzi. Zotsalira za pterodactyl zimadziwika kuchokera ku Upper Jurassic ndi Cretaceous amana ku Western Europe, East Africa komanso ku America, Australia, komanso dera la Volga ku Russia. M'mphepete mwa Volga, zotsalira za pterodactyl zidapezeka koyamba mu 2005.

Pterodactyl wamkulu kwambiri wapezeka ku Romania m'tauni ya Sebes, County ya Alba, yomwe inali ndi mapiko 16 m.

Gululi limaphatikizapo mabanja angapo:

Istiodactylidae - banja lomwe oimira ake adakhala nthawi ya Jurassic ndi Cretaceous. Zotsatira zonse za banja ili zidapangidwa kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi - North America, Europe ndi Asia. Mu 2011, mtundu watsopano, Gwawinapterus beardi, wofotokozedwa m'banjali adafotokozedwa. Idapezeka ku Canada ku Cretaceous sediments yokhala zaka 75 miliyoni.

Pteranodontidae- Banja la ma Cretaceous pterosaurs akuluakulu omwe amakhala ku North America ndi Europe. Banja ili ndi mtundu wotsatira: Bogolubovia, Nyctosaurus, Pteranodon, Ornithostoma, Muzquizopteryx. Mitembo ya Ornithostoma, wamkulu kwambiri m'banjali, idapezeka ku UK.

Tapejaridae yodziwika kuchokera ku China ndi Brazil pa nthawi ya Cretaceous.

Azhdarchidae (dzina lachokera ku Ajdarxo (kuchokera ku Azi Dahaka wakale wa Persia), chinjoka chochokera ku nthano za ku Persia). Amadziwika makamaka kuyambira kumapeto kwa Cretaceous, ngakhale kuti ma vertebrae angapo odziwika amatchuka kuchokera ku Cretaceous (zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo). Banja ili ndi zina zazikulu kwambiri zouluka zomwe zimadziwika ndi sayansi.

Pezani Mbiri

• Fossils zoyambirira za pterodactyl zidapezeka mu 1780 mu miyala ya Zolnhofen pafupi ndi Eichstät ku Bavaria (Germany). Zosinthazi zidasinthidwa kuti zisungidwe ku Count Friedrich Ferdinand. Mu 1784, adalongosoleredwa ndi wasayansi wa ku Italy a Cosimo Alessandro Collini.

Kwa nthawi yayitali, ankakhulupirira kuti zotsalazo zomwe zimapezeka pterodactyl ndi za nyama yam'madzi yosadziwika. Katswiri wasayansi waku Germany, Johann Georgia Wagler, ananena kuti pterodactyl imagwiritsa ntchito mapiko ngati mbalame ndipo inali mgwirizano wapakati pa mbalame ndi zolengedwa.

• Mu 1800, a Johann Herman adayamba kunena kuti ma pterodactyls adagwiritsa ntchito chala chachinayi kuti azisunga khungu la mapiko ake. M'mwezi wa Marichi chaka chomwecho, adatumiza Georges Cuvier wa chilengedwe cha chilengedwe cha ku France kuti afotokozere zomwe apezazo komanso chithunzi choyambiriracho cha pterodactyl. Cuvier adagwirizana ndi zomwe a Herman adapeza, ndipo mu 1809 adasindikiza kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za zidutsalazo, ndikuwapatsa dzina loyamba lasayansi Pterodactyle (kuchokera ku mawu achi Greek "ptero" - mapiko ndi "dactyle" - chala).
• Mu 1888, katswiri wazachilengedwe ku England dzina lake Richard Lidecker anapatsa dzina la mtundu wa Pterodactylus antiquus.
• Zotsala zoposa 30 pterodactyl zasungidwa (mafupa athunthu ndi zidutswa).
• Mu 2005, zotsalira za buluzi wouluka zinapezeka m'mphepete mwa Volga ku Russia.

Mitundu ya Pterodactyls

Mpaka mu 1970, mafuta onse omwe amapezeka pterosaurs amatchedwa pterodactyls. Mu 2000, mtundu wa pterodactyls unachepetsedwa kukhala mitundu iwiri: Pterodactylus antiquus ndi Pterodactylus kochi.

Komanso, malinga ndi gulu latsopanoli, mabanja anayi aphatikizidwa ndi dongosolo la pterodactyl:

• Istiodactyls (istiodactylidae),
• Pteranodontids (pteranodontidae),
• Tapeyarides (tepijaridae),
• Azhdarchids (azhdarchidae).

Kapangidwe ka mafupa

Ma Pterodactyl anali ma pterosaurs ang'ono-achidule okhala ndi thupi laling'ono komanso mutu waukulu wachibale.

Ma Pterodactyl amadziwika ndi chigaza chautali chokhala ndi mulomo waukulu, momwe muli mano pafupifupi 90 aifupi. Mano akuluakulu anakulira kutsogolo kwa mulomo, ndipo pamene anali kulowa kwambiri mkamwa, kukula kwa mano kunachepa.

Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya pterosaurs, nsagwada za pterodactyl ndizowongoka osati zowongoka.

Pterodactyls anali ndi masomphenya akuthwa, kotero adawona bwino kuchokera kutalika kwakukulu, ndikupanga cerebellum, yomwe imayang'anira mgwirizano wa kayendedwe.

Pamutu pa dinosaur panali chingwe chophukira kufalikira pakati pa mbali zakumaso kwa kumbuyo kwa mutu. Chisa chinachita ntchito yowonetsera ndipo chinagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasewera okoka kuti akope mnzake.

Mafupa ndi chigaza cha dinosaur panali m'mitsempha ya mpweya yomwe imachepetsa mafupa.

Cervical vertebrae anali atadukiza, popanda nthiti khosi kuchirikiza khosi lalitali. Pa chifuwa chachikulu cha dinosaur panali cholembera chapamwamba. Tsamba lamapewa ndilitali komanso lopapatiza, mafupa a pelvic amapopera.

Kutsogolo kwa dinosaur ndikutali kwambiri mogwirizana ndi thupi ndipo kumatha ndi zala zinai. Membrane (nembanemba) wamphikoyo adalumikizidwa ndi lalitali kwambiri. Mapiko a pterodactyl otambasulira kufupi ndi mbali zamkati za thupi mpaka miyendo yakumbuyo. Mapiko a pterodactyl anali mamita 1.04.

Mapiko a pterodactyl adapangidwa ndi nembanemba ya minculocutaneous yomwe imathandizidwa ndi ulusi wa collagen, ndipo kunjaku ndi zitunda za keratin zofanana ndi ndodo za nthenga za mbalame kapena chala cha mileme. Chimango cholimba chimakhazikitsa mapiko ndikuchepetsa kuvala kwawo. Mapiko ake, mapiko a pterodactyls amafanana ndi miyendo yakumaso yakukhungu.

Thupi la pterodactyl lidakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi, kuteteza ku hypothermia pakuuluka, ndipo mapiko anali osalala.

Miyendo ya kumbuyo ndi yochepa komanso yopindika. Zala zake zinatha ndi zibwano. Pterodactyls anagona ngati mileme, mozondoka, zibwano zokhala ndi nthambi.

Mudadya chiyani komanso moyo wanji

Achichepere adatsogolera moyo wofanana ndi mbalame zamasiku ano, i.e. anadya tizilombo, atakhala pamitengo yamitengo, etc. Anthu akulu amadya nsomba ndi abuluzi ena ang'ono.

Monga zikuwonekeratu kuchokera pamwambapa, pterodactyl anali mbalame wamba, motero, adatsogolera moyo womwewo. Ankakhala pagulu, kuwuluka tsiku lonse kufunafuna chakudya, ndikugona usiku. Mwa njira, adagona chimodzimodzi monga amphaka, i.e. paws adangotsamira nthambi zamitengo ndikugwa pansi. Kuphatikiza pa kufanana kwina mu mpumulowo, anali ndi chinthu china chofananira - njira yochotsera (iwo amangogwa kuchokera pansi ndikufalitsa mapiko awo, apo ayi sakanakhoza kuchoka).

Zambiri zamapangidwe amthupi

Mapikowo, mosiyana ndi ma pterosaur ena ambiri, sanali wokutidwa ndi ubweya, anali ndi khungu lopanda kanthu. Mafupa anali opepuka chifukwa mafupa ndi opanda pake. Ena anali ndi mchira wawung'ono, koma ambiri analibe.

29.05.2013

Pterodactyls (lat. Pterodactyloidea) ndi amodzi mwa abuluzi okhala ndi mapiko, kapena pterosaurs (Pterosauria). Mpaka pano, mitundu yoposa 20 ya zolengedwa izi yomwe ikukhala kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Jurassic, yapezeka.

Chaching'ono kwambiri mwa izo chinali kukula kwa mpheta, ndipo chachikulu kwambiri chinafika kumapiko mpaka mamita 12. Zotsalira za zimphona zoterezi zimapezeka ku Texas (USA) ndipo zimatchedwa quetzalcoatl. Panthawi yomwe adakhalapo, expanses yaku Texas yamakono idakutidwa ndi zithaphwi ndi mitsinje yaying'ono.

Quetzalcoatli modzitchinjiriza pamwamba pawo ndikudya nsomba zomwe zidagwidwa. Pterodactyls anali ndi njira yopumira yopumulira komanso mawonekedwe owoneka bwino.

Ubongo wawo unapangidwa bwino kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ubongo wa ma dinosaurs ambiri. Ofufuza ambiri amakhulupirira kuti anali nyama za magazi ofunda.

Mitundu ya ma dinosaurs okhala ndi mapiko

Ma dinosaurs okhala ndi mapiko amakhala padziko lathu lapansi munthawi ya Mesozoic. Pterodactyls adalowetsa gulu loyambirira la ma pterosaurs - ramforinham (Rhamphorhynchus), omwe adalipo mu nthawi ya Triassic, ndipo adawachotsa kwathunthu kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Jurassic.

Makhalidwe a pterodactyls amaphatikiza mafupa opanda kanthu ndi chigaza chotseguka. Msana wawo udafupikitsidwa, ma vertebrae amchifuwa ndi m'chifuwa adagwirizika fupa limodzi. Analibe kolala, koma masamba ake anali ataliitali.

Nsagwada za pterodactyl zambiri zinali ndi mano akuthwa. Ena mwa iwo anali opanda mawonekedwe. Ankadya nsomba, tizilombo, zipatso zam'mera komanso nkhuni.

Wokonda kwambiri plankton anali pterodaustro (Pterodaustro guinazul).

Iye anali ndi mapiko otambalala pafupifupi masentimita 120 ndikuwuluka pamwamba pamadzi ndipo adatenga gawo lamadzi ndi supuni yokhala ngati mulomo, pang'ono ngati chifuwa cha khonje lamakono. Anasefa kudzera m'maso a mano ang'onoang'ono, ndikupeza pulankton waz michere.

Ziwalo zowuluka zinali zowonda kwambiri kotero kuti kuwonongeka kocheperako kunamupangitsa kuti asathe kuwuluka, kumamuweruza kuti afe ndi njala.

Wophunziridwa bwino kwambiri ndi Pterodactylus grandis. Ankakhala kudera lamakono ku Europe ndi Africa. Oimira nyama zamtunduwu amakhala m'miyala yam'nyanja, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azitha kulowa mumlengalenga mosavuta. Sanakhazikitse gulu lalikulu la nkhosa, amakhala pafupi ndi oyandikana nawo, koma wolusa aliyense amayesera kuti azisiyanasiyana ndi abale.

Pterodactyl adasunthira pansi mosasunthika, akumadalira miyendo yonse inayi, koma mlengalenga adaphimba maulendo ataliatali, akukonzekera ngati albatrosses apano. Kuuluka, adagwiritsa ntchito mafunde ofunda, omwe nthawi yake anali ambiri.

Ntchentche yachikale imatha kukupiza mapiko ake, koma molimba kwambiri komanso mwapang'onopang'ono, kotero kuyambira kwake nthawi zonse kumayamba ndi mwala wapamwamba kapena mwala. Anawulukira pamadzi, akuyang'ana nyama.

Ataona nsomba, buluziyo anathamangira komweko ndikuigwira ndi nsagwada zakuthwa. Ndi nsomba adabwerera kumtunda, komwe adadyera.

Atalimbitsa, msodziyo adabwerera kumalo osakira, popeza adadwala. Usiku, nthawi zonse ankakhazikika pamalo otsetsereka, pomwe olusa sangafike.

Kubala komanso deta yakunja

Ma Pterodactyl anali zolengedwa zachilendo. Ofufuza ambiri anazindikira kuti amapanga okwatirana, amaphatikana pamodzi ndikusamalira ana. Makanda obadwa kumene sanathe kuchita popanda thandizo la makolo ngakhale poyamba.

Mapiko a Pterodactylus grandis anali pafupifupi 2,5 m, ndipo kulemera kwake pafupifupi 3 kg. Thupi lalifupi, lowonda lidakutidwa ndi mtundu wa "ubweya", wofanana ndi ubweya wa mileme.

Chigoba chachikulu koma chopangidwa ndi mafupa olimba. Nsagwada zamkono zolimba zidakutidwa ndi mulomo wokalipa. Munali mano akulu kwambiri nsagwada.

Zolocha zamtsogolo zinasanduka mapiko ndipo zinali zazitali kwambiri kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo.

Zingwe zazing'onoting'ono zinali mikono isanu. Zala zinayi zinali ndi zikhadabo, ndipo panalibe chala pachala chaching'ono. Mchirawo unali wocheperako ndipo sunachite mbali yofunika kuthawa.

Zala zitatu zakutsogolo zinali zazing'ono ndipo zimatha ndi zikhadabo, ndipo chala chachitali kwambiri chinakhala ngati chimango cha membrane wopanga mapiko. Ndege yonyamula mapikoyo idapangidwa ndi nembanemba yachikopa. Iye anali atakulungidwa pakati pa mbali za thupi ndi kutsogolo.

Kufotokozera kwa Pterodactyl

Mawu achi Latin akuti Pterodactylus amabwerera ku mizu yachi Greek, yotanthauza "chala chamapiko": pterodactyl adalandira dzinali chifukwa chala chachinayi chamanja chakumaso, komwe mapiko ake achikopa adalumikizidwa. Pterodactyl ndi wa mtundu / gawo, lomwe ndi gawo lalikulu la ma pterosaurs, ndipo amangowona ngati pterosaur woyamba kufotokozedwa, komanso buluzi wotchulidwa kwambiri mu mbiri ya paleontology.

Maonekedwe, miyeso

Pterodactyl sinali kwenikweni ngati chokwawa, koma ngati mbalame yopepuka yokhala ndi mulomo wawukulu (ngati khosi) ndi mapiko akulu. Pterodactylus antiquus (mtundu woyamba komanso wotchuka kwambiri) sunali wamphamvu kwambiri - mapiko ake anali mita imodzi. Mitundu ina ya pterodactyls, malinga ndi akatswiri a paleontologists omwe amafufuza mabowo oposa 30 (mafupa athunthu ndi zidutswa), anali ochepa ngakhale. Mapiko a zala wamkulu anali ndi chigaza chachitali komanso chocheperako, chomwe chinali ndi nsagwada zopyapyala, komwe mano ndi ma singano amakula (ofufuza anawerenga 90).

Mano akuluakulu anali patsogolo ndipo pang'onopang'ono adayamba kuchepa kummero. Chigoba ndi nsagwada za pterodactyl (mosiyana ndi mitundu yofananira) zinali zowongoka ndipo sizinawerama. Mutu wake udakhala pamphuno yodontha, komwe kunalibe nthiti za khomo pachibelekeropo, koma adawona. Kumbuyo kwa mutu kunakongoletsedwa ndi chikopa chachikulu, chomwe chinakula pomwe pterodactyl imakula. Ngakhale zinali zazikulu, mapiko a digito adawuluka bwino - mwayi uwu adawupatsa ndi mafupa opepuka komanso osakhazikika, komwe mapiko ake ambiri adalumikizidwa.

Zofunika! Mapikowo amayimira khola lalikulu la chikopa (lofanana ndi mapiko), lokhala ndi chala chachinayi ndi mafupa a dzanja. Miyendo yakumbuyo (yokhala ndi mafupa opindika a mwendo wotsika) inali yocheperapo kutalika kwa kutsogolo, pomwe theka linagwera chala chachinayi, litavekedwa nduwira yayitali.

Zala zouluka ndikukuluka, ndipo nembanemba ya mapikowo idapangidwa ndi minofu yopyapyala, yophimbidwa ndi khungu, yothandizidwa ndi zotchingira za keratin kunja ndi ulusi wa collagen kuchokera mkati. Thupi la pterodactyl lidakutidwa ndi kuwala pang'ono ndipo limawoneka ngati lopanda kulemera (motsutsana ndi mapiko amphamvu ndi mutu waukulu). Zowona, si onse okonzanso omwe adawonetsa pterodactyl wokhala ndi thupi lopapatiza - mwachitsanzo, Johann Herman (1800) adajambula bwino kwambiri.

Malingaliro amasiyanasiyana ponena za mchira: akatswiri ena a paleont amatsimikiza kuti poyamba anali ochepa kwambiri ndipo sanachite nawo gawo lililonse, pomwe ena amalankhula za mchira wabwino kwambiri womwe umasoweka panthawi ya chisinthiko. Otsatira a chiphunzitso chachiwiri amalankhula za kufunika kwa mchira wake, womwe pterodactyl imakhazikika mumlengalenga - kuwongolera, kutsika nthawi yomweyo kapena kukwera kwambiri m'mwamba. Pakufa mchira, akatswiri a zaumoyo "amatsutsa" ubongo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mchira wake ukuchepa.

Khalidwe ndi moyo

Ma Pterodactyl amaikidwa ngati nyama zokongoletsedwa kwambiri, ndikuwonetsa kuti anali ndi moyo wanthawi zonse komanso gulu la nkhosa. Pali funso lovomerezeka ngati ma pterodactyl amatha kutsegulira mapiko awo, pomwe kukwera kwaulere sikukayikira - kayendedwe ka mpweya wa volumetric kamathandizira mosavuta mapiko otseguka a mapiko otseguka. Mwachiwonekere, mapiko a zala akudziŵa bwino kwambiri makina ouluka, omwe anali osiyana ndi mbalame zamakono. Pakuuluka, pterodactyl mwina amafanana ndi albatross, akuwulutsa mapiko ake mosavutikira, koma popewa kuyenda mwadzidzidzi.

Kuuluka nthawi yayitali kudasokonezedwa ndi kuyandama kwaulere. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti albatross alibe khosi lalitali komanso mutu waukulu, ndichifukwa chake chithunzi cha mayendedwe ake sichingafanane ndi 100% ndikuthamanga kwa pterodactyl. Mutu wina wotsutsa (wokhala ndi magulu awiri akutsutsa) ndikuti ngati pterodactyl idachotsedwa mosavuta pamalo athyathyathya. Msasa woyamba sukayikira kuti buluzi wamapiko amachoka mosavuta pansi, kuphatikizira pansi pamadzi.

Ndizosangalatsa! Otsutsa awo amati kuti ayambire pterodactyl amafunika kutalika (mwala, thanthwe kapena mtengo), pomwe adakwera ndi miyendo khumi, ndikukankha, pansi, ndikufalitsa mapiko ake, ndipo amangothamangira.

Ponseponse, mapiko ake anali okwera kwambiri pamapiri ndi mitengo, koma amayenda pang'onopang'ono komanso mopanda phokoso kumtunda: adatsekeredwa ndi mapiko opindika ndi zala zoyenda ngati chothandizira.

Kusambira kunali kwabwino kwambiri - nembanemba pamiyendo inasanduka mapepala, chifukwa chake kukhazikikako kunali kofulumira komanso koyenera. Masomphenya akuthwa adathandizira kuyendayenda mwachangu pofunafuna nyama - pterodactyl adawona komwe timalo timene timayendayenda. Mwa njira, kudali mlengalenga pomwe pterodactyls adamva kukhala otetezeka, ndichifukwa chake iwo amagona (ngati mileme) mumlengalenga: mitu pansi, mawondo akumamatirira kunthambi / yamwala.

Utali wamoyo

Popeza kuti pterodactyls anali nyama yamagazi ofunda (ndipo mwina makolo akale a mbalame zamakono), nthawi yawo yamoyo iyenera kuwerengedwa poyerekeza ndi moyo wa mbalame zamakono, zofanana ndi mitundu yomwe inatha. Pankhaniyi, munthu ayenera kudalira deta pa chiwombankhanga kapena mphutsi zokhala zaka 20 mpaka 40, ndipo nthawi zina zaka 70.

Mbiri ya malingaliro olakwika

Mu 1780, zotsalira za nyama yosadziwika zidabwezeretsa ziwonetserozi ku Count Friedrich Ferdinand, ndipo patatha zaka zinayi Cosmo-Alessandro Collini, wolemba mbiri waku France komanso mlembi wa boma wa Voltaire adafotokozeredwa kale. Collini amayang'anira dipatimenti ya mbiri yakale (Naturalienkabinett), yotsegulidwa kunyumba yachifumu ya Charles Theodore, Elector waku Bavaria. Cholengedwa chakale chimadziwika kuti ndicho cholembedwa choyambirira kwambiri cha pterodactyl (munjira yopapatiza) ndi pterosaur (mwanjira yophatikizika).

Ndizosangalatsa! Pali mafupa ena, omwe amati ndi oyambira - otchedwa "example of Pester", omwe adayikidwa mu 1779. Koma poyamba zotsalazo zidachitika chifukwa cha mitundu yomwe inatha ya crustaceans.

Collini, yemwe adayamba kufotokoza chawonetserochi kuchokera ku Naturalienkabinett, sanafune kuzindikira nyama youluka mu pterodactyl (mokana kukana kufanana ndi mileme ndi mbalame), koma adalimbikira kuti inali ya nyama zam'madzi. Chiphunzitso cha nyama zam'madzi, pterosaurs, chakhala chikuchirikizidwa kwakanthawi.

Mu 1830, nkhani ya katswiri wazowona za nyama wa ku Germany, Johann Wagler yokhudza anthu ena okalamba, inatuluka, yofanizidwa ndi chithunzi cha pterodactyl, yemwe mapiko ake adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zipilala. Wagler adapitilira ndikuphatikizira pterodactyl (pamodzi ndi ena am'madzi am'madzi) mu gulu lapadera "Gryphi", lomwe lili pakati pa zinyama ndi mbalame.

Kusuntha

Thupi la pterodactyl linali lofanana, chifukwa analibe zovuta kukhalabe bwino panthawi ya kuthawa. Zimango zamagetsi a pterodactyl ndizosiyana ndi njira zothandizira ndege. Ma Pterodactyl amapanga mapiko osalala mapiko awo m'munsi mwachidule, kenako ndikuwuluka m'mayendedwe amlengalenga (mosiyana ndi mbalame, zomwe zimayenda mwamphamvu mapiko ake). Chifukwa cha mapangidwe akewo mapikowo, ma pterosaurswa sanathe kuchoka pansi komanso pamwamba pa nyanja, adamatamira kunthambi, nakhomereredwa pansi, kenako natsegula zigoba zawo, adagwa pansi ndikufutukula mapiko awo. Ma Pterodactyls amayenda pang'onopang'ono padziko lapansi ndipo sanachedwe.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Maziko a chakudya cha pterodactyls anali nsomba. Kuuluka pamadzi, pterodactyls anagwira nsomba zikulumpha kutuluka m'madzi kapena kusambira pafupi ndi pamwamba.

Nthawi zambiri, pterodactyls amasaka nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi.
A Pterodactyls ankasaka malo osabisika komwe amatha kukonzekera kwanthawi yayitali pamwamba pa nthaka. Pterosaurs adagwira omwe adawagwera pamlomo wake pakhungu ndikuwameza.

Malo osungirako zakale omwe amatsalira a pterodactyl amaimiridwa

• American Museum of Natural History,
• Carnegie Museum of Natural History (Pennsylvania, USA),
• Dallas Museum of Science ndi Zachilengedwe,
• Burgormister Müller Museum,
• Vienna Museum of Natural History,
• Paleontological Museum. Yu. A. Orlova.

Achibale apafupi kwambiri a pterodactyls:

• anhangvera (strahera),
• kusaka mbalame
• coloborinch,
• aramburgiana,
• kachikachiyama,
• quetzalcoatl.

Maganizo a Herman

Mfundo yoti chala chachinayi cha miyendoyo imafunikira ndi pterodactyl kuti agwire membala wamapikowo, adaganiza kuti Jean Herman wasayansi yakuchipatala. Kuphatikiza apo, chakumapeto kwa 1800, anali a Jean Hermann omwe adadziwitsa Frenchor Georges Cuvier wa chilengedwe cha ku France za kukhalapo kwa zotsalira (zofotokozedwa ndi Collini), ndikudandaula kuti asitikali a Napoleon atenga kupita nawo ku Paris. Kalatayo yopita kwa Cuvier idalinso ndi tanthauzo la wolemba zolembedwazo, limodzi ndi fanizo - chojambula chakuda ndi choyera cha cholengedwa chokhala ndi mapiko ozungulira otambasuka kuyambira chala cha mphete mpaka kumapeto kwa ubweya.

Kutengera mawonekedwe a mileme, a Herman adayika nembanemba pakati pa khosi ndi dzanja, ngakhale kuti sipanakhale zidutswa za ubwamuna / ubweya womwewo. A Herman sanathe kudzifufuza payekha, koma anati nyamayo ndi nyama zomwe zinazimiririka. Mwambiri, Cuvier adagwirizana ndi kumasulira kwa chifanizo chomwe Herman adapereka, ndipo, atachepetsa kale, adasindikiza zolemba zake m'nyengo yozizira ya 1800. Zowona, mosiyana ndi Hermann, Cuvier adayesa nyama yosowa ngati kalasi yazinyama.

Ndizosangalatsa! Mu 1852, pterodactyl yamkuwa anayenera kukongoletsa dimba la mbewu ku Paris, koma ntchitoyi idazimidwa mwadzidzidzi. Zojambula za pterodactyls zidakhazikitsidwa, koma zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake (1854) osati ku France, koma ku England - ku Crystal Palace, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ku Hyde Park (London).

Amatchedwa pterodactyl

Mu 1809, anthu adadziwana ndi kufotokoza kwatsatanetsatane kwa buluzi wamapiko aku Cuvier, pomwe adapereka dzina loyambirira la sayansi Ptero-Dactyle, lochokera ku mizu yachi Greek πτερο (mapiko) ndi δάκ ezine. Nthawi yomweyo, Cuvier anawononga lingaliro la Johann Friedrich Blumenbach kuti mitunduyi ndi ya mbalame za m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mofananamo, zidapezeka kuti mafosiliwo sanagwidwe ndi gulu lankhondo laku France, koma anali ochokera kwa katswiri wazamakhalidwe wa ku Germany a Samuel Thomas Semmering. Anawunika zotsalazo mpaka atawerenga cholembedwa cha 12/31/1810, chomwe chinanena za kutha kwawo, ndipo kale mu Januware 1811, Semmering adatsimikizira Cuvier kuti zomwe adapeza zidachitikadi.

Mu 1812, Mjeremani adasindikiza nkhani yakeyomwe, pomwe adafotokoza nyamayo ngati mtundu wapakatikati pakati pa mleme ndi mbalame, ndikuupatsa dzina lake Ornithocephalus antiquus (wamutu wakale wa mbalame).

Cuvier adakana kutsutsa Semmering munkhani yotsutsa, ponena kuti zotsalazo ndizabwinobwino. Mu 1817, chachiwiri, chithunzi chaching'ono cha pterodactyl chidapezeka mu Zolnhofen amana, (chifukwa cha kufupikitsa muzzle) Zemmering yotchedwa Ornithocephalus brevirostris.

Zofunika! Zaka ziwiri izi zisanachitike, mu 1815, katswiri wazowona za nyama ku America a Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, potengera ntchito ya Georges Cuvier, adaganiza kuti agwiritse ntchito mawu akuti Pterodactylus kusankha mtundu.

Munthawi yathu, zinthu zonse zodziwika zidayambidwa mozama (pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana), ndipo zotsatira za kafukufukuzi zidasindikizidwa mu 2004. Asayansi azindikira kuti pali mtundu umodzi wa ma pterodactyls - Pterodactylus antiquus.

Habitat, malo okhala

Pterodactyls adawonekera kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Jurassic (zaka 152.1150.8 miliyoni zapitazo) ndipo adatha zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo, kale mu nthawi ya Cretaceous. Zowona, olemba mbiri amakhulupirira kuti kutha kwa Jurassic kudachitika zaka 1 miliyoni pambuyo pake (zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti dinosaur wouluka adakhala ndi moyo mu nthawi ya Jurassic.

Ndizosangalatsa! Zambiri mwa zotsalira zomwe zidapezedwa zidapezeka mumiyala yamiyala ya Zolnhofen (Germany), yochepera - pamalire a mayiko angapo aku Europe komanso kumayiko atatu (Africa, Australia ndi America).

Kafukufuku wanena kuti ma pterodactyl anali ambiri padziko lapansi.. Zidutswa za mafupa a Pterodactyl zidapezeka ngakhale ku Russia, m'mphepete mwa Volga (2005)

Zakudya za Pterodactyl

Kubwezeretsa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa pterodactyl, akatswiri a paleontologists adazindikira kuti kulibe pakati pa nyanja ndi mitsinje, yopezeka ndi nsomba ndi nyama zina zoyenera m'mimba. Chifukwa cha maso owoneka bwino, buluzi wouluka kuchokera patali anazindikira momwe masukulu a nsomba amasewera m'madzi, abuluzi ndi anyaniwawa amakamba, komwe nyama zam'madzi ndi tizilombo zazikulu zimabisala.

Choyambirira chachikulu cha pterodactyl chinali nsomba, zazing'ono komanso zazikulu, kutengera msinkhu / kukula kwa msaki yekha. Pterodactyl yemwe anali ndi ludzu adakonzekera kupita kumtunda wosungiramo ndipo adagwira wosasamala uja ndi nsagwada zake zazitali, kuchokera komwe kunali kovuta kutuluka - idagwidwa mwamphamvu ndi mano akuthwa.

Kubala ndi kubereka

Kupita ku chisa, pterodactyl, monga nyama wamba zapagulu, adapanga magulu angapo. Zoyala zimamangidwa pafupi ndi malo osungira zachilengedwe, nthawi zambiri m'matanthwe a nyanja. Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amati nyama zouluka ndi zomwe zimayambitsa kubereka, kenako kusamalira ana, zimadyetsa anapiyewo ndi nsomba, kuphunzitsanso maluso owuluka

Zikhala zosangalatsa:

Adani achilengedwe

Pterodactyls nthawi ndi nthawi amakhala ozunzidwa ndi zilombo zam'mbuyomu, zapadziko lapansi komanso zamapiko. Ena mwa iwo anali achibale a pterodactyl, ramforinha (pterosaurs wautali). Kupita pansi, ma pterodactyls (chifukwa chachedwa ndi ulesi) adayamba kugwidwa mosavuta ndi ma dinosaurs okongola. Zowopsa zake zidachokera kwa akuluakulu opanga ma dinosaurs (komanso ma dinosaurs ocheperako) komanso kuchokera ku dinardurs lizardotazovye (theropods).