Asayansi ku United States adapanga mapaketi azakudya zomanga thupi ngati mkaka komanso zachilengedwe. Zotsatirazi zidaperekedwa pa chiwonetsero ku Philadelphia. Phukusi labwino ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yamatumba apulasitiki amakono, yomwe ndi nthawi yabwino kuti muchotse. Pulasitiki imawola pang'onopang'ono, ndipo mkaka mapuloteni amkaka amapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe ndipo ndiwachilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, mapulasitikiwo amakhala ndi zakumwa zomwe zimayipitsa mpweya. Ndipo ena mwa iwo amalowa mthupi limodzi ndi zinthu, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana.
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Phukusi latsopanoli limapangidwa kuchokera ku proteinin ya protein. Kanemayo yemwe adalandira kuchokera pamenepo ali ndi mawonekedwe abwino, monga mphamvu ndi kupuma. Citrus pectin adalowetsedwa mu mawonekedwe ake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthuzo zizigwirizana ndi kutentha kwambiri komanso chinyezi chachikulu.
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Zotsatira zake, filimu ya mapuloteni amkaka mu mawonekedwe ndi tactile sensation siyosiyana kwambiri ndi pulasitiki wamba. Mwachilengedwe, zinthu zoterezi zimatha kuwola popanda kutulutsa zinthu zovulaza komanso popanda kuvulaza chilengedwe. Ngati ukadaulo ukufalikira, ndiye kuti m'tsogolo mukuwonekeratu kuti zitheka kulongedza pulasitiki ndi ma CD ena othandiza.
Zosangalatsa za WikiCell
Lingaliro lopanga ziwiya zatsopano sizatsopano. Koma ngati m'mbuyomu chinali chinthu chapadera, tsopano, mwanzeru, anthu ambiri amamvetsetsa kufunikira kwanjira yoteteza chilengedwe. Pulasitiki imawononga chilengedwe chathu, imasefukira ndikuwachotsa ma dziwe komanso nthaka yabwino, imawononga nyama zamtchire. Opanga otsogola pazinthu zonyamula anthu akufuna njira zopangira zinthu zomwe zimawola mwachilengedwe kapena zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya. Woyambitsa wamkulu m'derali ndi wasayansi wa Harvard a David Edward. Iye ndiye wolemba polojekiti kuti apange nembanemba wa chakudya WikiCell. Muli ndimadzi ndi biopolymer zopangidwa ndi zowonjezera zakudya.
Mu chidebe chotere, simungathe kusunga osati zolimba zokha, komanso zamadzimadzi. Opangawo akufuna kupanga botolo labwino. Iwo omwe amakonda mawonekedwe awa ndi bang amakonda okonda mowa. Kodi mungaganizire zomwe amafuna mabotolo okhala ndi squid kapena rye crackers?
Edward akuwopsezeranso kuti posachedwa afotokozere anthu kuti azigwiritsa ntchito makina azomangamanga kuti apange zophika, zomwe mutha kuziyika m'khitchini pafupi ndi microwave.
Edible Gelatin Jelloware
Izi makapu owala komanso onunkhira bwino onunkhira bwino adapangidwa ndi atsikana opanga New York. Adagwiritsa ntchito agar agar, yomwe imapezeka kuchokera ku algae. Ndi analogue yochokera ku mbewu ya gelatin. Kuti apange mtundu wamasewera olemera, adagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya chakudya ndikuwonjezera kukoma kwa kapangidwe kake.
Ngakhale mutapanda kudya galasi, mutha kuliponyera pabedi lamaluwa. Idzakhala feteleza wabwino kwambiri wamaluwa.
Wotsutsa nkhani yasayansi yokhudza ma biotechnologies a mafakitale, wolemba ntchito yasayansi - Kudryakova G.Kh., Kuznetsova L.S., Nagula M.N., Mikheeva N.V., Kazakova E.V.
Zipangizo zofunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi zakudya sizimaphwanya chilengedwe, zimveketsa zovuta za kugawa komanso kugawa zinthu. Ma CD okhathamira, opanda cholakwika chilichonse pokhudzana ndi chilengedwe, atha kukhala ndi zinthu zingapo zogwira ntchito komanso zofunikira chifukwa chobweretsa mavitamini, kununkhira, antioxidants, ndi zina zambiri.
Ma CD omwe angadye: chikhalidwe ndi ziyembekezo
Zinthu zofunikira kulongedza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi chakudya, zisawononge malo, zithandizireni mafunso omasulira ndi kupanga. Ma CD omwe akhoza kudya, opanda cholakwika chilichonse kuchokera kwachilengedwe, amatha kukhala ndi zinthu zingapo zogwira ntchito chifukwa cha kuyambitsa kwake mavitamini, ma aromatizer, antioxidants, ndi zina zambiri.
Makapu ochokera ku Lavazza
Mwina lingaliro lokoma kwambiri ndi kapu. Mutha kupeza kale zinthu zotere m'misika ku Germany ndi Czech Republic. Amapangidwa ndi makeke onunkhira. Kuti musunge mawonekedwe ophika mukamakonda kumwa, amaphatikizidwa ndi shuga icing kuchokera mkati.
Kapu imakometsa khofi pang'ono, ndiye kuti simukufunika kuyika shuga
Lingaliro lopanga makapu owoneka ndi mlengalenga: kumadera akumadzulo a Europe mupeza makapu a zipatso zouma, caramel ndi chokoleti, pastille ndi mabisiketi.
Zolemba pazaka yasayansi pamutu wakuti "Ma CD a edge: boma ndi ziyembekezo"
EH KUSANGALATSA NDIPONSO ZOPHUNZITSA
chikhalidwe ndi ziyembekezo
G.Kh. Kudryakova, L.S. Kuznetsova, M.N. Nagula, N.V. Mikheeva, E.V. Kazakova
Moscow State University of Applied Biotechnology
Pakadali pano, makampani opanga zakudya, amasamalidwa mwapadera popanga zinthu zatsopano zofunikira, zopanda poizoni, zobwezerezedwanso mosavuta, zimatha kuteteza chakudya moyenera kuti zisawonongedwe ndi michere, kuwonera mpweya wa mlengalenga, komanso kupewa kuyanika kwanyengo pakupanga ndi kusungirako.
Ndizodziwika kuti mafilimu ophatikizika ndi zokutira akhala akugwiritsa ntchito kwazaka zambiri kuti akhalebe abwino. Mwachitsanzo, mmbuyomo m'zaka za zana la 18, mapepala otayidwa opangidwa ndi ufa wa mpunga wothinikizidwa unakagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Japan: mutagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamuyi, ikhoza kudyedwa pa cholinga chake. Kwa nthawi yayitali, kulongedza kophika kophika kuchokera ku mtanda wopanda mawonekedwe monga makapu, mbale, makapu, mabokosi, etc. amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Kupambana kwakukulu pankhaniyi kwachitika ku Germany, komwe zinthu zambiri zowonongeka za ma polymeric zidapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zingapo zopangira: starch, gelatin, ndi celluloses zachilengedwe. Mitundu yambiri yazakudya zopangidwa ndi zakudya izi: matumba, ndowa, mbale, zikho zomwe zimatha kudyedwa ndi zakudya monga msuzi, Zakudyazi, mchere, nyama, masamba, nsomba.
Chidebe chowoneka bwino chili ndi mawonekedwe opundika, chimatha kutentha kwa MV ndipo chikhoza kukhala chamitundu yosiyanasiyana - kuyambira chaching'ono mpaka chachikulu kwambiri (450 x 270 mm). Zomwe zimapangidwira pamtunduwu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kale ndipo zimaphika kale (pamenepa, zinthu zofunika kuzinyamula zimasungunuka pakuphika ndipo zimagwira ngati chopindika).
Ndi mtengo wazakudya, mafilimu abwino ndi zokutira zimagawidwa mozungulira kukhala zoyenera komanso zosavomerezeka. Zoyambazi zimaphatikizapo mafilimu ndi zokutira zochokera kuzakudya monga mapuloteni, mafuta, chakudya, ndipo chachiwiri chimaphatikizanso zokutira zochokera mu sera, parafini, madzi osungunuka achilengedwe komanso zopangira, zotumphukira za madzi osungunuka, polyvinyl mowa, polyvinylpyrrolidone, etc.
Mukamapanga zida zamakono zodziwika bwino, zapadera
chisamaliro chimaperekedwa kwa mapuloteni a mbewu ndi nyama, osungunuka m'madzi, mowa kapena mafuta ophikira ndi mafuta: gelatin, zein, albin, kesiin, ndi zina, popeza zokutira zozikidwa pa mapuloteni opanga mafilimu zimakhala ndi zotchinga kwambiri pankhani ya mpweya wina. kuphatikiza O2 ndi CO2. Komabe, zovuta zazikulu zamakanema apuloteni ndi zokutira ndizo hygroscopicity ndi mphamvu zochepa. Chifukwa chake, kukonza makina ndi madzi kukana kwa mapuloteni ovala mapuloteni, zina zowonjezera zopanda poizoni, makamaka mapulasitiki (mono-, di- ndi oligosaccharides - shuga, fructose, madzi a shuga, uchi, polyalcohols, lipids) amaphatikizidwa ndikuwoneka bwino, ndipo mafilimu ndi zokutira adazipanga. »Mphamvu zolimbikitsira othandizira (mwachitsanzo ma asidi a chakudya, calcium chloride, tannin).
Kwa zaka zingapo, kuyesera kuti apange filimu yotsekemera yopanda madzi ya mapuloteni amkaka - casein - sizinaphule kanthu chifukwa zotuluka za casein sizinathe kupirira madzi. Komabe, wopanga zida zam'magulu a Peggy Thomasula wa ku US Agricultural Research Service (ARS) wapanga zotsekera zotulutsa mwa kutulutsa ma casein pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya woipa wambiri.
Monga maziko opangira mafilimu abwino mu malonda ogulitsa, mapuloteni a soya akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito posachedwapa. Kuti muchepetse kusokonezeka kwa mafilimu apuloteni kuchokera ku soya, amizidwa mu njira ya sodium acetate, kutsukidwa ndi madzi amchere ndi plasticizer imawonjezeredwa, yomwe imatha kukhala glycerol kapena propanediol pamafilimu oterowo. Kuvomerezeka kwa okosijeni m'mafilimu a soya ndi ochepa kwambiri ndipo akufanana ndi mafilimu a ma polima wamba, koma mpweya wambiri umakhala wokwera kwambiri, womwe umalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo.
Pofuna kuchepetsa mphamvu ya nthunzi, mafuta acids (lauric, myristic, palmitic, oleic) amayamba nawo. Chifukwa chake, kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya nthunzi munthawi imodzimodzi kumayambitsa kutsika kwakanema kwa mafilimu m'madzi. Zomwe zimapangidwira zimalimbikitsidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe
zakudya zambiri (chakudya cham'mawa, nyama, nkhuku, nsomba, ndi zina).
Ma membala am'mimba achilengedwe ndi mtsogoleri wopanda pake pakati pa ma CD omwe amapezeka mu malonda. Potengera kapangidwe ka mankhwala, mtundu uwu wa ma CD uli pafupi kwambiri ndi nyama, motero mukamagwiritsa ntchito masoseji, makina osintha omwe amachitika pang'onopang'ono nyama ndi ma casation pama tekinoloji yopanga soseji amawonekera.
Kuyesera kusunga zinthu zonse zabwino zam'mimba zamatumbo ndipo nthawi yomweyo amachotsa zofooka zawo zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale zipolopolo zochita kupanga mapuloteni. Chovala cha Collagen kapena mapuloteni chinapangidwa koyamba mu 1933 ku Germany ndi Naturin. Ma CD amtunduwu ndi omwe amayandikira kwambiri m'matumbo, chifukwa ulusi wa collagen wopezeka pakati (“kugawanika”) wa zikopa za ng'ombe ndi zomwe amapangira. Zipolopolo za Collagen zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, chinyezi chokwanira, kutanuka, komanso mayunifolomu.
Collagen "yokhala" yolumikizidwa yomwe imapangidwa kuchokera kumtundu wamphongo wapamwamba, imasiyana ndi mapuloteni wamba mu khoma lake laling'ono ndipo imadziwika ndi mawonekedwe opanikizika, kulowerera komanso kuluma.
Makanema amtundu wa "collagen" owoneka bwino opangira nyama, nyama zosuta komanso nyama zopatsa mphamvu amadziwika ndi kuwonjezeka kwa utsi pa kusuta, kuchepa kwa chinyezi pakuwotcha kutentha ndipo, chifukwa chake, kuwonjezereka kwa kukoma kwa zinthu zomalizidwa.
Popeza ndalama zopangira ma collagen okhala ndi zoperewera ndizochepa, kufufuza komwe kukuchitika kudzalowetsa mmalo ndi chomera. Njira ina ndi yotsika (yosinthidwa komanso yosasinthidwa), kanema yemwe amateteza chinthu kuti chisasungunuke. Makanema opanga mafilimu okhala ndi ma amylose okhala mumtunduwu amalimbana ndi kutentha kosachedwa kupsa ndi kutentha, komwe kumatsegulira chiyembekezo chakugwiritsira ntchito ngati zovala za nyama yozizira. Makanema odyetsa a chimanga ndi mbatata wowuma okhala ndi zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana zamagulu amagwiritsidwanso ntchito poika shuga confectionery, zipatso zamzitini (jamu), makeke, ndi zina zambiri.
KULIMA NDI MALO Щ
Makanema otsogola otsogola amapezekanso kuchokera kumayankho amadzimadzi a chimanga cha chimanga mu mowa kapena acetone; kulimba kwa mafilimu oterewa ndikofanana ndi kulimba kwa mafilimu a PVC.
Ma ethers a cellulose amaphunziridwa bwino komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani ogulitsa zakudya. Pakadali pano, amapanga mafilimu awiri osakanizika omwe ma hydrocolloid wosanjikiza amakhala ndi methyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, madzi ndi mowa, ndipo lipid wosanjikiza imakhala ndi osakaniza a ethyl cellulose, stearic ndi peitic acid, mowa ndi njuchi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zokutira zokutira, malo opanga mafilimu omwe ndi ma polima achilengedwe - polysaccharides, ndikulonjeza kwambiri. Makanema opangidwa ndi polysaccharide amateteza chakudya kuchokera ku kuwonongeka kambiri (mwakuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chinyezi) ndikupanga cholepheretsa china kulowa mu mpweya ndi zinthu zina kuchokera kunja, potero zimachepetsa njira zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa chakudya (mafuta oxidation).
Makanema ooneka bwino omwe amapangidwa ndi ma polima achilengedwe ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu, komwe kumatsimikizira kuwoneka bwino kwa thupi. Chifukwa chake, akamwetsa, zinthuzo zimadzitulutsa ndikuchotsa ma ayoni azitsulo, ma radionuclides (zinthu zowola zama radio) ndi zinthu zina zovulaza, zimagwira ngati detoxifier.
A Daniel Valero ndi ogwira nawo ntchito ku Spain University ya Miguel Hernan des adalandira gel yokhazikitsidwa ndi chomera cha Aloe Vera. Gilalayi siyikhudzanso kukoma kwa chakudya ndipo imatha kukhala yotetezeka, yachilengedwe komanso yachilengedwe.
M'makampani opanga zakudya mzaka 20 zapitazi, chidwi chachikulu chawonetsedwa pakupanga mafilimu ndi zokutira zozikidwa pa chitosan - polysaccharide yopezeka kuchokera ku nkhono za asitikali am'madzi komanso am'madzi oyera. Makanema aku Chitosan omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwamba pa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba - maapulo, malalanje, tomato, tsabola, etc., ali ndi zotchinga kwambiri. Makanema ophatikizika, osinthika, osasokoneza, mafilimu a chitosan ali ndi kusankha kosakwanira, amasewera pazosefera pamtunda wa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba ndikuwongolera kapangidwe ka mipweya pamtunda komanso makulidwe a minofu, potengera zomwe zimakhudza ntchito ndi mtundu wa kupuma, zomwe zimathandizira kukulitsa moyo wa alumali Zomera. Ntchito
Mphamvu zachilengedwe za chitosan monga mbola, zomatira, ndi filimu yakale zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokazinga ndi kusuta fodya kwa nsomba. Yankho la chitosan limachulukitsa mamasukidwe amadzimadzi, limapatsa mphamvu yolimba yosanjikiza kapena ufa panthaka.
Chosangalatsanso ndizovala zovomerezeka zochokera ku carrageenan ndi kuwonjezera kwa mowa wa polyhydric (ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, glucose, fructose, etc.) ndi madzi. Danga lophimba la casein, mapuloteni a soya, osakaniza mapuloteni a soya ndi gelatin amathanso kuyikidwa pa filimu yomalizidwa. Zinthu zomwe zimapezeka mumafilimu zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito phukusi la ufa, zopangidwa ndi chakudya chouma, mafuta, ndi zina zambiri.
Kwa zaka zopitilira 50, sodium ndi calcium alginates (ma hydrocolloids olekanitsidwa ndi nsomba zamchere zofiirira) akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito malonda. Makanema okongola otengera alginate ali ndi magwiridwe antchito komanso umisiri: amawonekera, ali ndi mawonekedwe okongola ndipo safuna kuchotsedweratu musanakonze zakudya zamafuta. Zovala zoterezi zimakhala ndi mphamvu zakuya kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makina popanga masoseji, monga masoseji, mafuta osaphika osaphika komanso masoseji osuta.
Kusintha zofunikira za soseji casing, makamaka mphamvu, ulusi wa thonje wokhala ndi kutalika kwa 1 mm ungathe kuwonjezeredwa ku alginate solution [3].
Asayansi aku America apanga filimu yatsopano yolongedza zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku zipatso ndi masamba osiyanasiyana. Chipolopolo chophatikizika chimakhala ndi zipatso kapena masamba osakanikirana ndikuphatikiza mafuta acid, ma alcohols, sera, masamba mafuta. Ma CD oterewa samangowonjezera moyo wa alumali pazinthu ndipo amawoneka okongola, komanso amakoma bwino.
Kuwonetsetsa kwakukulu masiku ano kukuperekedwa pakupanga zokutira zomwe zimatha kupanga ma kapisozi osungunuka m'madzi kapena kusungunuka pamtunda wokwezeka.
Ndikufuna makamaka kudziwa kuthekera kwa mafilimu abwino kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazomwe zimapangidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kulemera kwazakudya ndi michere, mavitamini, kufufuza zinthu, ndi zina zotere, motero, kulipirira kuchepa kwa magawo a chakudya chofunikira kwa munthu. Komanso, makanema owoneka bwino ndi zokutira
kutengera ma polima achilengedwe ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu, komwe kumatsimikizira kulimbikitsa kwazinthu zathupi. Makamaka, akamwetsa, zinthuzi zimadzikweza ndikuchotsa ma ayoni azitsulo, ma radionuclides ndi mankhwala ena oyipa, motero amakhala ngati detoxifier.
Gulu la labotale yovuta kwambiri yoteteza zachilengedwe ndi zakudya za ku Moscow State University of Applied Biotechnology ikugwira ntchito popanga zida zatsopano zonyamula. Zomwe zikuchitika pa ntchito yopanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mafilimu okongola ndi zokutira zimatengera maphunziro amachitidwe amitundu posankha zinthu (kuyenderana kwa zinthu ndi kapangidwe ka kayendedwe kazomwe zimayambitsa, zinthu za sayansi) komanso magwiritsidwe a ukadaulo popanga zinthu zofunika kulongedza zomwe zimaphatikiza ntchito yayikulu (mphamvu, mpweya wochepa, kutetezedwa kwachilengedwe, kupezeka bwino, kusungidwa kwa zinthu, kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha tizilombo, etc.). Zovala zowoneka bwino zopangidwa ndi gulu lantchito kuti zitetezere pamwamba pa thukuta lolimba nthawi yakucha ndi yosungirako zinaonetsedwa pa Bth International Specialised Exhibition "Biotechnology World 2007", yomwe inachitika ngati gawo lina la Chiwonetsero China China "Biotechnology: State and Development Pridence", ndipo adapatsidwa dipuloma ndi Mendulo ya Golide.
1. Mitundu ya Gennadios A, Weller C. L., Hanna M. A. Soy mafilimu a protein / fatty acid ndi zokutira // Ans: Int. Mafuta News, Mafuta ndi Yogwirizana. Mater. 1997. V. N. 6. RR 622, 624.
2. Yamada Kohji, Takahashi Hidekazu, Noguchi Akinori. Kupititsa patsogolo kukana kwamadzi mu mafilimu a zein omwe amapezeka komanso zophatikizira ma biodegradable chakudya ma CD .. Int. J. Chakudya Sayansi. ndi Technol. 199B. 30. Ayi. B. Rr. B99-60V.
3. Wong Dominic W. S, Gregorski Kay S, Hudson Joyce S, Pavlath Attila E. Calcium alginate mafilimu: mafuta othandizira ndi kupezeka kwa sorbate ndi ascorbate // J. Food Science .. 1996. 61. Ayi. 2. RR 337- 341.
4. McHugh T. H., Senesi E./Apple Manga: Njira yatsopano yopititsira patsogolo ndikulimbikitsa moyo wa alumali wa maapulo odulidwa mwatsopano // J. Chakudya Sayansi. 2000.6B. No. 3.Rr. 4V0-4VB.
Phukusi labwino
Zolemba zina zothandiza zamakampani akampani yopanga zakudya amawerenga m'gawo lathu Kwa katswiri, zolemba pa zosakaniza za makampani azakudya - mu gawo lathu Zosakaniza.
Mutha kukambirana za mutuwu pa mutu wakuti “Zosakaniza pakudya” pa foramu kapena kuwonjezera ndemanga. Pofuna kupewa spam, ndemanga sizimasindikizidwa nthawi yomweyo, koma atayang'aniridwa ndi woyang'anira.
Chinthu chosadziwika kuchokera ku Andrea Rugiero
Lingaliro loyambirira lakapangira mbale ndi la Andrea Rugiero wopanga: adaganiza zopanga mbale kuti zisakhale za anthu, koma za nyama. Zomwe zimapangidwazo zimaphatikizapo chakudya cha mbalame, zam'madzi zam'madzi ndi zonona. Mbale zoterezi zimatha kuponyedwa mosamala pambuyo pachithunzi - zidzatengedwa ndi mbalame ndi makoswe.
Mu nthabwala, lingaliroli lidatchedwa "chinthu chosadziwika"
Mbale zonunkhira zabwino za Andera Monjo
Kuyambira ali mwana, wopanga zithunzi waku Spain adazolowera kusamalira mkate. Ndiwo mkate womwe unamuuzira kuti apange mbale yosakanikirana ndi masamba onunkhira ndi mbewu.
Mbale zotere zimawoneka zoyambirira kwambiri, ndipo kununkhira kwa kununkhira kwa fungo labwino
Ziwiya zofunikira monga bizinesi
Popanga ziwiya zodziwika bwino mutha kupanga phindu labwino, ndipo bizinesiyo itha kuchitika kunyumba.
Mutha kupatsa malonda anu m'misika yaying'ono komanso odyera
Pano, mwachitsanzo, ndiukadaulo wosavuta wopanga magalasi osangalatsa a shuga omwe amawoneka ngati galasi:
Kamangidwe koyambirira ka tebulo la zikondwerero: ndipo palibe chifukwa chotsuka mbale
Poyamba, ma saladi ogawika amatha kuikidwa ma tartlets. Maonekedwe omwe amawoneka ndi thupi amatha kuwoneka ngati basiketi, kapu kapena envelopu yamasamba. Mumangofunika kuphika mtanda moyenera. Siyenera kusokoneza kukoma koyambirira kwa mbale.
Chisankho chabwino kwambiri pa saladi - mtanda wa rye
Njira ina ndikugwiritsa ntchito masamba monga chidebe. Biringanya wowotchera, mbatata, phwetekere kapena nkhaka - zonsezi ndizosavuta kuzisintha kukhala chikho cha zokhwasula-khwasula.
Mabasiketi azizi amawoneka apachiyambi komanso okongola. Kuti muchite izi, pakani tchizi pa grater ndikuwathira pamafuta pazokongoletsa kapena zinyalala za silicone. Pambuyo mphindi 5 mu uvuni wokhala ndi preheated, tchizi amasungunuka. Ngakhale kuti ndiofewa, mabasiketi otseguka amapangidwa kuchokera kumizeremizere.
Pambuyo kukhazikika kwa mawonekedwe, mutha kuyikamo saladi mulinso
Mutha kuchita popanda magalasi: zakumwa zamphamvu zitha kuthiridwa mu "magalasi" a nkhaka yatsopano, ndi vinyo - m'magalasi a tsabola wokoma.
Ingosungani zida zingapo zabwino, alendo akhoza kulawa
Nanga bwanji mbale zotentha? Ndipo pali zosankha zambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, pilaf imawoneka yayikulu mgolo wa mkate
Mutha kutumikiranso goulash kapena kosi ina yayikulu. Tumikirani sopo m'miphika ya dzungu kapena zukini.
Zakudya zosavuta zimakhala zosavuta. Njira yayikulu kwambiri - makapu a lalanje.
Mutha kuyikamo ayisikilimu kapena kutsanulira tiyi, wonunkhira wake
Kupatula pampikisano - ma tartlet okoma amchenga omwe amasanduka makeke. Ndipo pamapeto pake, mutha kudzipangira ndekha makapu a chokoleti kapena khofi yemweyo.
Monga mukuwonera, ziwiya zodziwika bwino ndizosavuta. Chonde okondedwa anu komanso alendo odabwitsa. Bhonasi yabwino ndikusowa kwa kufunika kosamba mbale. Kodi muli ndi maphikidwe aliwonse osangalatsa a mbale zoterezi? Gawani nafe ndemanga, izi ndizosangalatsa kwambiri!