Takulandirani patsamba 404! Muli pano chifukwa mudalowa adilesi ya tsamba lomwe kulibenso kapena komwe kwasunthidwa ku adilesi ina.
Tsamba lomwe mwapempha mwina lisunthidwa kapena kuchotsedwa. Ndizothekanso kuti mwapanga typo yaying'ono mukalowa adilesi - izi zimachitika ngakhale nafe, kotero fufuzani mosamala.
Chonde gwiritsani ntchito njira yosakira kapena yosakira kuti mupeze zambiri zomwe mukufuna. Ngati muli ndi mafunso, lembani kwa oyang'anira.
Nepali Kalao
Nepalese kalao amakhala ku India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, China, Vietnam, Laos, Tibet. Ku Nepal, mbalamezi zimawonedwa kuti zitha kuyambira 1846, ku Thailand kuchuluka kwawo kwatsika kwambiri, ndipo ku Vietnam atsala pang'ono kutha.
A ku Nepalese kalao ndi mbalame zaku Asia. Kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira 90 mpaka 120 sentimita. Ndowe izi zimakhala ndi mulomo wawukulu wokhota wopindika, koma lipenga lomwe lili kumtunda silokulirapo.
Mverani mawu a Nepali kalao
Mutu ndi khosi la amuna ndi zofiirira, mulomo ndiwachikasu, msana ndi wakuda, mchira wake ndi woyera ndi wakuda, pali mikwingwirima yakuda yakuda pamilomo, ndipo kuzungulira maso pali mphete yabuluu yopanda utoto. Mwa akazi, khosi, mutu ndi thupi lotsika limakhala lofiirira kapena lakuda, ndipo mphete yozungulira maso imakhala yotuwa. Maso a akazi ndi amuna ndi ofiira.
Achichepere amafanana ndi amuna achikulire, koma milomo yawo si yayikulu kwambiri komanso yopanda mikwingwirima yakuda pamwamba.
Mbalame za ku Nepalese za ku Nepalese zimakhala m'malo otentha osakanikirana ndi mvula. Zitha kupezekanso m'malo okhala mapiri pamtunda wa mamita 1000-1800. Amakhala ndi moyo wosasangalatsa wamasiku. Nthawi zambiri Nepalese kalao amakhala pamitengo, kubisala masamba owala. Amasungidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu 11-18.
Nepali kalao (Aceros nipalensis).
Zakudya za mbalame zamtchire izi zimadalira zakudya zam'mera ndi zipatso. Amakonda mapeyala, nutmeg, masamba ndi mphukira zamitengo. Ndipo nthawi yakukhwima, Nepalese kalao amakhala omnivores, amadya nyama zapambuyo, tizilombo, nkhanu, olengedwa, mbalame zakuthambo ndi mbalame zina. Adani aku Nepalese kalao ndi pandas ndi cunyas.
Nthawi yobereketsa mbalame za ku Nepalese imatenga masiku 117 mpaka 126. Nthawi yakukhwima imatenga mwezi wa Marichi mpaka Juni. Amamanga zisa m'maenje a mitengo ikuluikulu yokhala. Tizilombo titha kukhala pamtunda wa mamita 6 mpaka 33 kuchokera pansi. Yaikazi imatseka khomo la dzenje ndi masamba osakanikirana, utomoni, ndi dothi, ndikusiyapo gawo laling'ono lomwe lamunayo limapereka chakudya kwa chachikazi ndi anapiye. Mukumangidwa kumeneku, wamkazi amakhala miyezi inayi.
Anthu akumaloko amasaka kalao chifukwa cha nyama yawo yokoma. Kuchokera pamilomo ya kalao amapanga zikumbutso zosiyanasiyana. Izi ndi mbalame zopindulitsa zomwe zimathandizira kufalitsa mbewu za zomera ndi zipatso zomwe zimadya.
Posachedwa, kuchuluka kwa Nepalese kalao kwachepa kwambiri ndipo tsopano chiwerengero cha anthu amtunduwu ndi mbalame zosakwana 10,000.
Mpaka pano, kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya zinthu kwatsika kwambiri. Palibenso anthu opitilira 10,000 miliyoni a ku Nepalese kalao okhala zachilengedwe. Kuyambira 2004, mitunduyi yaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wazinyama zotetezedwa. Choopseza chachikulu cha kuchuluka kwa mbalame za chipembere, chikugwirizana ndi kuwonongedwa kwa malo omwe amakhala: anthu amalima nthaka, amadula nkhalango ndi kusaka mbalame mwachangu.
Sulawes kalao
Ma nyanga a Sulawesian amakhala ku Indonesia: pachilumba cha Lembekh, Sulawesi, Muna, Bud ndi zilumba za Togean.
Sulawesky kalao ali ndi mulomo wawutali, womwe umawerama pansi. Kunja kwa mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana kuli pamunsi pa mulomo. M'mphepete mwa mulomo mulibe mawonekedwe osagwirizana, nsonga ya mulomo ndi yakuthwa. Izi ndi mbalame zambiri zomwe zimalemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 2.5. Khosi limakhala lolimba kwambiri, palibe nthenga m'munsi mwa mmero. Mutu ndi wokulirapo, miyendo ndiyifupi, mchira ndi wautali, mapiko ndiotalikirapo, ozungulira mawonekedwe.
Zachikazi ndizofanana ndi amuna, koma ndizochepa kwambiri ndipo zimakulirakulira m'munsi mwa mulomo.
Mtundu waukulu wa thupi ndi wakuda, mchirawo ndi woyera. Khosi ndi mutu zimakhala zonona. Akazi, nape ndi wakuda, pomwe amuna ndi otuwa. Mlomo wake ndi wachikasu ndi mikwaso ya lalanje. Wamphongo amakhala ndi mulomo wofiirira pamlomo, ndipo wamkazi amakhala ndi chikaso. Kukula kumeneku kumayamba kukula mu mbalame za rhinoceros pa miyezi 10 mpaka 13. Khungu lozungulira maso ndi lotuwa, pali ma eyeliseli amdima m'maso, ndipo matope amtambo ndi amdima. Zovala zazikazi zimakhala zofiirira, ndipo zazimuna zimakhala zofiirira. Ziwawa ndi zibwano zakuda.
Sulaweski kalao (Aceros cassidix).
Achinyamata ali ndi khungu lofanana ndi akulu, koma alibe milomo pamilomo yawo. Amphongo, mamuna amasungunuka nthawi yamvula, ndipo zazikazi zimayamba kusungunuka mazira.
Sulawesian kalao amakhala m'malo otentha kumene nkhalango zobiriwira zimamera. Sizimakwera pamwamba pamtunda wamtunda wa 1000 pamwamba pa nyanja. Mumakonda kukhala pafupi ndi mitengo yayikulu ya zipatso. Calao - osati mbalame zaku mtunda. Amakhala awiriawiri, koma nthawi zambiri gulu lalikulu limapezeka, momwe mumatha kukhala anthu 120.
Nthawi zambiri, mbalame za ndende za ku Sulawesian zimathera pamitengo. Amakhala moyo wokhazikika.
Yendani mtunda waufupi. Pamauluka, mbalame zimachita phokoso lalikulu ndi mapiko ake akuluakulu ozungulira, phokosoli likufanana ndi kulira kwa sitima. Amafuula mokweza, mawu awa ali ngati kubangula kwamphamvu, kumveka kumtunda wamtunda wa 2 km.
Mverani mawu a Sulawes kalao
Zakudya za Sulaweski kalao zimakhala ndi 85% ya nkhuyu, zomwe zimakula mchaka chonsechi momwe mbalamezi zimakhalira. Chakudya chotsalacho chimakhala ndi zipatso ndi tizilombo zosiyanasiyana. Kalao pafupifupi samamwa madzi, chifukwa amadya chakudya chonyowa. Adani a mbalame za ku Sulawesian ndizosambira, zomwe zimadyera anapiye.
Sulawesian kalao amasuntha modutsa pamtunda, akumanjenjemera.
Nyengo yakubereketsa ya Sulawesian kalao imagwera kumayambiriro kwa mvula - Juni-Julayi. Zisa za mbalame zimatha kukhala pafupi wina ndi mnzake, nthawi zambiri pafupifupi magulu 10 oswana amapezeka pa 1 kilomita imodzi. Nthawi zambiri, zisa zimapangidwa m'maenje, koma ngati mulibe chilengedwe, ndiye kuti kalao imatha kuponyedwa mumtengo ndi mulomo wolimba ndi mawondo.
Yaikazi imatseka khomo kulowa mkatimo kuchokera mkati ndi dothi, dothi ndi zitosi, ikungotsala ndi bowo laling'ono lomwe lamphongo lizimuphikira chakudya. Wamphongo amayenera kudyetsa mkazi ndi ana ake kangapo patsiku. Mu clutch mumakhala mazira awiri mpaka 6, koma nthawi zambiri 2-3. Makulitsidwe kumatenga masiku 35.
Yaikazi imatuluka ndi zisa kuchokera pachisa, kugogoda panja ndi mulomo wolimba. Pakadali pano, mkaziyo amayamba kudyetsa ana ndi wamwamuna. Makolo amadyetsa ana kwa masiku pafupifupi 100, kenako achinyamata amadzilamulira okha.
Sulawes Kalao ndi gawo ku Indonesia, lomwe limagawidwa m'nkhalango zotentha nthawi zonse.
Nthawi zina nkhusu zimayambitsa gawo lopuma, lomwe limakhala kumbuyo kwa mutu komanso pansi pa chifuwa, akukhulupirira kuti umu ndi momwe amazizira m'malo oterera. Ndipo asayansi ena amati makanda amachita izi kuti ndizosavuta kuzikoka, kudziteteza mwanjira iyi kwa adani awo akuluakulu - civet.
Ziphuphu za ku Sulawesian zimathandizira kufesa mbewu za mitengo, chifukwa mbewuzo zimasungidwa bwino mu zinyalala zawo.
Mbalamezi zili mu Buku Lofiyira Lapadziko Lonse, koma ali ndi mayina a nyama zosasamala kwenikweni. Chiwerengero cha eni ndende za ku Sulawesian sichikudziwika. Sulawesian kalao kumwera kwa chilumba cha Sulawesi adalengezedwa kukhala mbalame ya boma mu 1993.
Pali mitundu iwiri ya Sulawesian kalao: Aceros cassidix brevirostris, omwe amakhala pachilumba cha Buton ndi Muna ndi Aceros cassidix cassidix, omwe amakhala ku Sulawesi, Lembekh ndi zilumba za Togean.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Mawu
Mbalame za Rhinoceros zimakhala zaphokoso kwambiri, pafupifupi mitundu yonse yomwe zimakonda kubwereza, makamaka nthawi yakusamba, kulira kokhazikika kwa ogontha kapena kulira kwamitundu iwiri. Imatha kumveka nthawi ndi nthawi mbalame zikuuluka, kapena zikagwidwa. Mbalame ikavulala kapena igwidwa, imapumira mosatentha, moopsa. Izi zimatha kumveka ngakhale kwa kilomita.
Malo okhala ndi malo okhala
Mapiri okhala ndi nyanga amapezeka m'malo otentha kwambiri a Africa, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Arinsan Peninsula, ku Southeast Asia, kuzilumba za Pacific ndi Indian Ocean. Zabwino m'maenje achilengedwe. Nthawi zonse amakhala m'malo opanda nkhalango, nthawi yayitali ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali pamitengo, kupatula makwangwala okhala ndi nyanga, omwe amakhala m'malo otseguka ndi zitsamba zazifupi. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imakhala, monga lamulo, zosiyana zachilengedwe zachilengedwe, zomwe zimaloleza kuti mbalame za Rhinceros zizikhala m'madera omwewo.
Zimpira zamtundu wa mbalame zimakhala.
Moyo
Zowombera nyanga ndizobisalira komanso nthawi yomweyo mbalame zaphokoso. Sapezeka kumadera omwe amalimidwa ndi munthu, amakonda nkhalango zachimayi. Mitundu yaying'ono nthawi zambiri imawuluka m'matumba a mbalame 10-20, makamaka nthawi yozizira, pomwe mitundu ikuluikulu imawuluka awiriawiri. Zimawuluka kwambiri (kutalika kwambiri kuposa mitengo yayitali kwambiri) yokhala ndi makosi otambasulira kutsogolo ndipo mitu yawo imakhazikika pansi. Pouluka, nthawi zambiri amawomba mapiko awo, ndikupanga phokoso laphokoso.
Mu nyengo yakukhwima, mitundu yonse imapanga mitundu iwiri. Zisa za mbalame zimakhazikitsidwa m'maenje a mitengo, mwachitsanzo, dipterocarpus (lat. Dipterocarpus ) ndi syzygium (lat. Syzygium ) Mbalame za Rhinoceros sizitha kudzipangira zokha mwa mitengo, chifukwa chake ziyenera kuyang'ana kukula koyenera. Kupezeka kwa malo ochezera ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zowonjezera pakukwera kwa anthu.
Wamphongo kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yakukhwima akuyamba kufufuza malo abwino. Pakangopezeka dzenje, amauza mkaziyo kuti ayang'ane chisa cham'tsogolo. Ngati wamkazi akhutitsidwa ndi malo a chisa, matani amapezeka pafupi. Zitachitika izi, zazikazi zimatchinga pakhomo lolowera mkatimo, pogwiritsa ntchito dongo, mtengo wowola, chakudya chowirira ndi zinthu zina zomwe zamphongo zimabweretsa. Nthawi zambiri njirayi imatenga masiku atatu mpaka asanu ndi awiri. Kudzera pabowo laling'ono, lamphongo limapatsa chakudya kwaikazi, komanso anapiyewo akamaswa.
Njira zoterezi zimateteza chachikazi ndi anapiye kwa adani, komanso zimapatsanso zovuta zazimayi pakusamalira chisa ndikuchisunga. Amayi ena amathetsa mavuto okhala mwaukhondo pang'onopang'ono kudzera mwa dzenje kapena kutaya zinyalala zonyansa. Akazi amtundu wina samachita izi ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito zofunda zambiri kuti amwe ndowe ndi zinyalala zakugwa.
Mitundu iwiri kuchokera ku mtundu wa akhwangwala wokhala ndi nyanga mu chitsa kapena m'maenje a baobabs - chisa sichinamangidwe, ndipo chachikazi chimachoka chisa tsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa chodzisamalira.
Pakukhazikika mazira, nkhanu zachikazi zimachitika, chifukwa nthenga zonse zimasinthidwa nthawi imodzi. Nthawi imeneyi, mkazi amalephera kuuluka.
Mitundu yambiri ya mbalame za Rhinceros - ngakhale zomwe zimadyetsa zoweta - zimasunga zibwenzi chaka chonse. Ngakhale kuti yamphongo imasamalira zazikazi ndi zokhazokha pakakhala chisa, nthawi zambiri amuna amphongo amatha kuyang'aniridwa pafupi ndi zisa: izi, mwachitsanzo, zimayang'aniridwa mumizu yokhala ndi zala zazifupi komanso zazitali. Nthawi zambiri, othandizira amakhala amuna achichepere amsinkhu umodzi, koma amuna achikulire amathanso kutenga mbaliyi.
Mitundu yayikulu ya mbalame imayikira mazira 1-2, ang'ono - mpaka 8. Kukwatikira kumayamba kuchokera dzira loyamba, kotero kuti anapiyewo samaberekana nthawi imodzi, koma m'modzi. Izi mosavutikira zimatsogolera ku mfundo yoti anapiye onse mu chisa ndi akulu akulu. Ana amphaka ali amaliseche komanso akhungu. Nthenga zimayamba kukula patatha masiku angapo, khungu la anapiye limayamba kuda. Kuchuluka kwa anapiye opulumuka kumadalira kuchuluka kwa akazi amphongo ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 23 mpaka 46. Mumitundu yayikulu, nthawi yomwe makulitsidwe nthawi zambiri imatenga nthawi yayitali. Mtundu wofananira wa malumikizidwe umawonedwanso mu nthawi yakudyetsa anapiye (mpaka atakutidwa ndi maula ndipo sangathe kuwuluka pawokha) - kuyambira masiku 42 mpaka 137, komanso pankhani yakufika pa kutha msinkhu - mitundu yaying'ono imafika pa kutha pa chaka, mitundu yayitali kukula (mpaka 0,5 makilogalamu) - zaka ziwiri, zazikulu mitundu - wazaka 3-6 zaka.
Mitundu ina ya zipembere zimabowola miyendo iwiri pachaka.
Tiyeti tating'ono tating'ono tomwe touluka timatha kupitilirapo pamitu yawo ndi milomo yaying'ono. Pafupifupi chaka chimodzi, anapiye amatenga mbalame zazikulu.
Mbalame za Rhinoceros ndizosawerengeka zomwe zimasiyana ndi zakudya - kuchokera kwathunthu zangwiro mpaka pafupifupi zokongoletsa zonse. Chakudya chimakhala ndi tizilombo, tating'onoting'ono tambiri, abuluzi, mabulangete, mitundu yonse ya zipatso, zipatso, mizu ya mbewu zina ndi mbewu. Mitundu yaying'ono makamaka amakonda tizilombo, mitundu yayikulu imadya zipatso. Mwinanso chifukwa choti zipatsozo zimayenera kutengedwa kunthambi zoonda, mitundu yayikulu ya mbalame za chipembere imakhala ndi milomo yayitali.
M'modzi mwa oimira wamkulu, Kaffir adakhazikitsa khwangwala (lat. Bucorvus leadbeateri - - mbalame zokopa. Amadyera abuluzi, achule, zinyama zazing'ono, komanso mbalame zina zazing'ono. Monteira Tok (lat. Toxus monteiri ) ilinso yosangalatsa, koma chakudya chake chimapangidwa ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Kumbali inayo, pali mitundu ya mbalame za ma bulinino, kuphatikizapo bicorn ndi Narkondamskoy kalao (Eng. Rhyticeros narcondami ), zomwe zimakhala pafupifupi zobala zipatso kwathunthu. Titha kudziwa kuti mitundu yonse ya savannah ndi mitundu yotsala ndi yopanda phindu, pomwe mitundu yazipatso ndi anthu okhala m'nkhalango. Komabe, mitundu ina ya mafunde siilephera, ngakhale kuti imakhala m'nkhalango.
Mitundu ina ndi akatswiri opapatiza - mwachitsanzo, golide-helm (lat. Ceratogymna elata ) ndi chisoti chakuda-chakachoo (lat. Ceratogymna atrata ) Idyani zipatso za kanjedza yamafuta okha.
Mitundu yocheperako pang'ono kwambiri yomwe imamwa madzi. Ambiri amakhala ndi chinyezi kuchokera ku chakudya.
Mbalame za Rhinoceros, zomwe zimadya kwambiri zipatso zamitengo yotentha, zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakugawa mbewu.
Zowombera njovu komanso mamuna
Mbalamezi zakhala zikudziwika kwa anthu kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri ndipo zimapezeka m'miyambo ndi zikhulupiriro zambiri zakale. Kale ku Roma, mbalamezi zimadziwika kuti ndi "mbalame za" ma rhinoceros. Milomo yakeitali yayitali ndi zipewa zazikulu zimakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zikopa za miyambo. Chifukwa chake, amuna a fuko la niche amavala zipewa bopa ndi zodzikongoletsera zochokera milomo ya ndowe za bomba. Poyamba, zovala zoterezi zinkangovalidwa ndi atsogoleri ndi ansembe okha, koma masiku ano amuna ambiri amazivala ngati chizindikiro chosachita mantha.
Mala Gomrai ndiye chizindikiro cha dziko la Malasya ku Sarawak, chomwe chikuwoneka ndi chida chake, chomwe mbalameyi imawonetsedwa ndi mapiko otambalala. Kwa anthu am'derali, mbalameyi ndi chizindikiro chachiyero ndi choyera. Nthawi zambiri anthu amagwiritsa ntchito mbalame ija kapena fano lake pamiyambo yachipembedzo. Mtundu wakunyumba wakuMalawi, chisoti chake chitanyamulidwa, chikuimira m'modzi mwa milungu yamphamvu kwambiri ya Dayak - mulungu wankhondo Singalang Burong (Malay. Singalang Burong), yemwe amachita nawo mbali yayikulu pamaphwando azipembedzo a Ibans, makamaka mu "chikondwerero cha mbalamezi" kapena Chimalaya. Gawai Burong). Dera lino lili ndi mitundu yambiri ya mbalame za chipembere, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "dziko la mbalame za m'mabowo." Ku Sarawak, monga m'maiko ena ku Southeast Asia, mbalame za ma buluzi ndizotetezedwa.
Mdziko la India ku Nagaland, "Phwando la Hornbill" limachitidwanso chaka chilichonse. Mbalame za kalao zam'mbuyo zopitilira apo kapena zazikulu zikuluzikulu zaku India zamtunduwu ndi mbalame yolemekezeka konsekonse. M'dziko lina la India - Arunachal Pradesh - mbalame iyi ndi chizindikiro cha boma ndipo ikuwonetsedwa pa chizindikiro chake. Sulawes kalao (lat. Aceros cassidix ) ndi chizindikiro cha dera la Indonesia ku South Sulawesi.
Mbidzi zambiri za mbalamezi ndi mbalame zazikulu za kutchire ndipo zimafuna malo akuluakulu m'nkhalango kuti zizikhala ndi mitengo yambiri yokhalamo zisa. Chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, tsogolo la mbalamezi lili pachiwopsezo. Anthu amadyera mbalame, kumazigwiritsa ntchito ngati chakudya, njira zochizira matenda ndikupanga zikumbutso: zigaza zotetemera ndi milomo. Zinyalala zazitali za ndulu zotsalira ndi chipewa (lat. Maso a Rhinoplax ) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu popanga maukonde.
Mitundu iwiri ya mbalame zambengo ikuwopsezedwa. Zowopsa ), mitundu ina iwiri - poopseza kwambiri (Eng. Pangozi ) Mitundu isanu imayesedwa osatetezeka. Zowopsa ), ndi mitundu ina 12 ili pafupi ndikuwopseza kutha (Eng. Pafupi kuwopsezedwa ).
Chithunzithunzi cha mbalame za ma rhinoceros chitha kuwoneka pa mbendera ya dziko la Burmese ku Chin, pamatampu a mayiko ambiri ku Africa ndi Asia. Pa 25 Ngwe wa kuZambia, kolona korona akuwonetsedwa (lat. Toxus alboterminatus ) Mu filimu yotsitsa "The The King King", yatsopano-yotsalira (lat. Tockus erythrorhynchus ).
Fayilo: Sitampu ya Anthracoceros Albirostris (Singapore) .jpeg | ||||
Mbendera ya Burmese Chin State | Malaya a mikono ya ku Mala Dera la Sarawak | 10 Zambia Ngwe 1972 | Brand Singapore | Zazu Hornbill kuchokera ku kanema The The King King |
Gulu komanso malo mwadongosolo
Zoyala za mpondo zimawerengedwa ngati banja m'khola la nsomba zazinkhanira. Malinga ndi gulu la Sibley-Alqvist, banja ili limaperekedwa ngati gawo lodziimira payekha Mabukum'mabanja awiri awiriwa akuwonekera Bucorvidaekumene akhwangwala ali ndi nyanga, ndipo Bucerotidaekomwe mitundu ina yonse yaziphuphu imaphatikizidwa.
Kugawidwa kwa mbalame zamtundu wa Rhino kwasintha nthawi zambiri, chifukwa chake, m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mitundu ina ya mbalame imapatsidwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Banja la obayira ndende limaphatikizapo mitundu 14 ya 14 ndi mitundu 57: