Dzina lachi Latin: | Sturnus roseus |
Gulu: | Odutsa |
Banja: | Nyenyezi |
Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe. Maonekedwe, malamulo ndi machitidwewa ndi ofanana ndi nyenyezi wamba, koma yocheperako komanso yocheperako. Wachikulireyo ndi wosiyana mosazindikira ndi mbalame zina zofanana kukula chifukwa cha mtundu wosiyanitsa ndi kukhalapo kwa crest. Kutalika kwa thupi 19-16 cm, kulemera kwa 60-90 g, mapiko a 37-42 cm.
Kufotokozera. Mu nthawi ya masika ndi chilimwe, utoto wa mbalame yakalamba umakhala wosiyanitsa - thupi la pinki kapena loyera, lakuda ndi buluu wamtambo kapena utoto wofiirira, mutu, chifuwa, mapiko, kuchuluka kwa m'chiuno ndi miyendo, mchira ndi pansi pa mchira. Kutalika kotalika, kogwera ndi khalidwe. Miyendo ndi yapinki, iris ndi yofiirira. Mlomo wake ndi wachikasu kapena wapinki wokhala ndi buluu wakuda, wamfupi komanso wowonda pang'ono kuposa nyenyezi wamba. Kugonana kwamtundu ndi kukula sikungafotokozeredwe, chachikazi ndi chodala kuposa chachimuna, chofowoka kwambiri komanso chofupikitsa. Anthu omwe ali ndi zaka zakubadwa chaka chimodzi kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yotsatirana yotsatira, amaoneka otentha kwambiri kuposa mbalame zakale. Kumbuyo kuli mchenga wakuda, pamwamba pamutu, pakhosi, mapiko ndi mchira wake ndi bulawuni wakuda, khosi limakhala lofiirira. Mithunzi yapinki siyotchulidwa pang'ono kuposa mbalame zakale.
Mbalame yaing'onoyo imakhala ndi thupi lofiirira lopanda maonekedwe okhazikika pachifuwa ndi pamimba, mapiko amdima ndi mchira wokhala ndi mbali zotumphukira. Imasiyana ndi kakang'ono wamba kamene kamayatsidwa ndi kuwala kwake, osalimba ngati mulomo, kusapezeka kwa frenum yakuda, ndi mtundu wowala, yosiyana ndi mapiko amdima ndi mchira. Pakuuluka, nyenyezi ya pinki yaying'ono imawoneka yosiyana kwambiri ndi ya nyenyezi wamba, yowala pang'ono.
Mawu. Nyimboyi ndi yotsika kwambiri kuposa nyenyezi wamba. Uku ndikumayenda kofulumira kwa nyimbo zamtundu wa twitter, creaks, kufinya ndi mawu okweza. Kuyimba ndi ma alarm - ngati nyenyezi wamba.
Kugawa, udindo. Adagawidwa kudera louma la Eurasia kuchokera kumadzulo chakumadzulo kwa Black Sea ndi Turkey kupita ku Tuva, Mongolia, ndi Pakistan. Nyengo ku India ndi Sri Lanka. Ku European Russia, nthawi zambiri imakhala yosowa, imachitika nthawi zambiri, nthawi zambiri zisa ku Lower Volga, Ciscaucasia, ndi Caspian. Mtundu wosamukasamuka wokhala ndi kusinthasintha kwamphamvu kosakanikirana ndi kusinthasintha kwa chakudya chochuluka - dzombe, limapezeka kwambiri m'matanthwe ndi zipululu, osowa kwambiri m'nkhalango-steppe. M'chilimwe, mbalame zosochera zimapezeka kumpoto kwa mitundu yayikulu, mpaka kumpoto kwa taiga. Kuyambira ntchentche yozizira yozizira mu Meyi, imawuluka mu Ogasiti.
Moyo. Gulu la ana okhala ndi pinki amakonda malo odyetserako ziweto ndi malo ena louma pafupi ndi matupi amadzi pomwe nthawi zambiri amawulukira kumalo othirira. Amadyetsa ma ma invertebrates osiyanasiyana, omwe amasonkhanitsa pansi, amasuntha limodzi ndi masitepe kapena ma phokoso achidule, nthawi zina amagwira tizilombo pa ntchentche. Zakudya zazikulu ndi mitundu yambiri ya orthoptera (dzombe, mafilimu). Gulu la chakudya limakonda kuyenda ndi gulu la zoweta. Kuyambira pakati pa chilimwe, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimadyetsa njere ndi zipatso, nthawi zina zimawononga kwambiri minda yamphesa ndi zipatso.
Mbalame ya pagulu imakhala m'malo otetezeka, nthawi zina imafikira mazana awiriawiri, m'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'makona, nyumba zomangidwa, komanso mabwinja a nyumba. Pang'ono nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'mabowo a mitengo yakale. Nthawi zambiri, magulu a magulu a dzombe amapezeka m'malo opumira dzombe. Kapangidwe ka chisa kali kotayirira. Mu clutch mazira 4-6 okhala ndi bulish, pafupifupi chipolopolo. Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 11-15, onse awiri amakumbatirana. Kuberekera chisa kumatenga milungu itatu. Ana oyenda pandege nthawi yomweyo amalumikizana pagulu lalikulu ndikupita kutali kusaka tinthu tating'onoting'ono tisanagwe.
15.03.2018
Onyamula pinki (lat. Sturnus roseus) kunja amakhala ngati khwangwala. Kuchokera pachibale chake chapafupi kwambiri, nyenyezi wamba, imasiyana mtundu wa pinki wam'munsi komanso kupezeka kwa nthenga zazitali pamutu. Mitundu yonseyi ndi ya banja la Skvortsovye (Sturnidae) kuchokera ku Passeriformes.
Osonkhana angapo amati iye ndi yekhayo woyimira gulu la Abusa. Lingaliro loyamba lotere linapangidwa ndi katswiri wazowona zachilengedwe wa ku Netherlands Konrad Jacob Temmink mu 1815.
Kufotokozera kwa nyenyezi yoyimitsa
Zowonjezera zomwe zimaphimba mutu ndi khosi zidazijambulidwa zakuda ndi utoto wazitsulo wakuda. Nthenga zakuda m'mapiko ndi mchira wake zimanyezimira ndi nthenga zofiirira. Nthenga zotsalazo zimapakidwa utoto wonyezimira wa pinki. Ana oyamwa a pinki amaphimbidwa ndi maulawidi wa bulauni. Miyendo ndi yofiirira. Mtundu wa amuna umakhala wowala kuposa wamkazi.
Mlomo wapinki wa mbalamezi ndi wakuda kwambiri kuposa mbalame wamba. Mutu wa mbalame zoyambirirazo umakongoletsedwa ndi tinthu tating'ono takuda tomwe timapangidwa ndi nthenga zazitali. Amuna amadzitukumula kwambiri kuposa akazi.
Makhalidwe a Pink Starling
Zinali choncho kuti nyenyezi yoyenda yapinki ndi mbalame ya pagulu yomwe ikuyenda m'magulu akuluakulu. Kuwona cholengedwa chokomera anthu pawekha sikungatheke. Mbalame zapadera zimasungidwa ndi magulu akuluakulu. Mbalame zimasonkhana m'mathumba ambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri mazana. Ziwetozi zimaphatikizidwa m'magulu akuluakulu, kuphatikizira makumi awiri a awiriawiri, kupatula m'badwo wachichepere.
Zinauluka posachedwa kwambiri. Amakonda kukupiza mapiko awo, ndikuuluka mofulumira. Pothawa, anthu amatsatana. Gulu la nkhosa lomwe lakwera kumwamba limawoneka ngati mtanda wopanda cholimba. Atafika, mbalamezo zimabalalika nthawi yomweyo, ndikupitilira kuthamanga ndikupanga maulendo modziwombera. Zotsatira zake, gulu lonse limayenda mbali imodzi.
Malo ogawa
Nyengo yozizira yonse, mbalame zimawuluka kukagula chakudya kumadera achipululu omwe amafalikira ku Iraq, Iran, India ndi Afghanistan. Kutentha, amasamukira kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Europe ndi mayiko a Central Asia. Khalani ku Caucasus ndi kumwera kwa Siberia.
Mawonekedwe okongoletsa
Kwa mbalame zodyera, mbalamezi zimakhala ndi malo osafunikira pafupi ndi madzi. Imayesedwa ndi mapiri, m'chipululu komanso m'chipululu. M'malo otetezekawa, osagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi adani, mbalame zimapanga zisa.
Shpak ndi m'bale wake wa pinki yemwe amakhala ndi nyenyezi, amakhala ndi zofunikira mosiyanasiyana. Ndikofunikira kwa iye kumayambiriro kasupe kupeza banja, kumanga chisa, kuyikira mazira ndi kulera ana. Achibale okhala ndi khungu la pinki sathamangira chisa. M'madera awo mumakhala chakudya chambiri. Mphutsi za dzombe ndi ziwala zimamera pakati pa chilimwe.
Zilombo Zakale
Zimamera zokhala ndi ma pinki m'miyala yamiyala ndi m'miyala, pakati pamiyala, m'miyala yomangidwa ndi ameza, ming'alu pamiyala. Pamiyala, zisa zimakhala padziko lapansi.
Chisa cha mbalame chimapangidwa kuchokera kumizeremizere yopanda zitsamba zowuma. Dothi losalala lophimba limakutidwa ndi masamba owawa, nthenga, zoponyedwa ndi mbalame za stepep. Pomaliza, zisa zimakhala zofanana ndi mbale zazing'ono zazikulu. Zisa zapamwamba zosaphimbidwa ndi udzu kapena timiyala tambiri.
Pa gawo la 25 m 2 pinki starlings amakwanitsa mpaka zisa 20. Zingwe zimadzazana moyandikana, nthawi zina zogwira khoma. Kuchokera kumbali, poyang'ana koyamba zikuwoneka kuti uku ndi mulu wachipongwe wa zinyalala. Pomanga mosasamala kotero, zomangirazo zimagwira ngati dzombe lolimba.
Mazira aimvi otuwa amapezeka mu Meyi. Mu clutch wathunthu pali mazira 4-7. Ma boti, omwe amawonekera pakatha milungu isanu mumdima wa phokoso ndi chisokonezo chokwanira, amakhala katundu wa akulu onse. Mabanja omwe ataya ana chifukwa cha zolakwa za dzombe mopanda chisoni amapulumuka chifukwa chodyetsa anapiye a anthu ena.
Anapiye okhwima sachita manyazi ndi anzawo akuluakulu. Amalandira chakudya cha mbalame iliyonse yomwe imayandikira. Mbalame zazikulupo zomwe zimakhala ndi magulu komanso chisokonezo chambiri zimagawanitsa zakudya mosasamala, kukhutitsa njala ya ana awo ndi nyama yoyandikana nayo.
Zinthu Zosaka
Mbalame zimasaka mwanjira yoyambirira. Mtambo waukulu wa mbalame, utakhala m'malo osakira, adachita kupanga mabatani. Mbalame zimayenda molowera mbali imodzi, zopirira mtunda wa masentimita 10. Pathawiyi, amatenga ziwala ndi dzombe kuchokera pamalo odulira.
Mbalame iliyonse imatengeka ndi ntchito yake kotero kuti singathe kusokoneza kusaka kwa oyandikana nawo. Munthawi yakusaka kosakanikirana, palibe nyenyezi imodzi yomwe imakhala yopanda phindu. Onse samangodyera satiety, komanso amadyetsa ana awo kumtunduwo.
Zipatso mu colony zimamera limodzi. Pakatha mwezi umodzi ndi theka achinyamata amakula kuchokera ku zisa zobisika. Amphaka akangokulira ndikusiya zisa, nyamayo imachotsedwa pamalo ake, ndikugawika m'magulu osiyana ndikuyamba kukhala moyo wosasunthika.
Moyo & Habitat
Mbalame Yofiirira odziwika bwino ku Central Asia, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Europe. Ku Russia, mbalame zimapezeka kumpoto kwa Siberia, Caucasus, ndi Crimea. Zima nthawi yozizira zimachitika kumwera kwa Europe, North America kapena India.
Mbalame zimabweranso kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachisanu, kukakhala chisanu chosungunuka m'malo ena, koma nyengo yakukhwima imayamba kumapeto kwa Epulo, pamene anapiye akukulira kale mbalame zina zamasika.
Anzake okhala ndi pinki amatha nthawi yawo yopezekera kumapiri, kumapeto kwa mapiri a Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran. Malo okhala amatha kusintha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya chokwanira. Pamenepo Kumene kuli nyenyezi ya pinkiNthawi zonse pamakhala matanthwe, miyala, magombe otsetsereka a maiwe.
Zina zokhala ndi zigawo zofunikira zimakhala ndi malo otsetsereka. Amakhala zisa pansi pamadenga a nyumba, m'miyala yamiyala, pamakhoma amakhoma, amatha kukhala mosabisalira kapena kukhazikika m'nyumba yazokhalamo mbalame. Chofunikira kuti nesting ikhale kupezeka kwa madzi oyandikana. Mbalame zakonzeka kuuluka chakudya mkati mwa 10 km.
M'madera okhala mbalame zokhazikika amafunika chakudya chochuluka, chomwe onse akuluakulu ndi ana aang'ono amafunikira. Nthawi yabwino kwambiri ndi pakati pa chilimwe, chakudya chikakhala chochuluka, chifukwa mphutsi zazomera zimakula ndikukula.
Kuuluka kwa nyenyezi kumathamanga kwambiri. Pakati pawo, mbalame nthawi zonse zimakhala pafupi, kotero kuchokera patali amawoneka ngati mtambo wakuda. Pansi, zimayendanso mwachangu, koma osasiya paketi.
Maluso a luso la Starling amadziwika bwino. Kutha kutengera mawu a mbalame zina, nyama, mluzu, nyanga zagalimoto zikugwira mosiyanasiyana. Ngati pagulu la mbalame za mbalame zokhala ndi chule, kubowola kwa mphaka kapena nkhuku kumveka, zikutanthauza kuti mbalamezo zimapita kukakhala kwa munthuyo kapena kukhala kunyumba yosungirako ndi anthu am'deralo.
Pali nthawi zina pomwe alendo ochokera kumayiko ena amasamukira ku nyumba yozizira ndipo "analankhula" ndi mawu a mbalame zotentha. Akatswiri a zamankhwala amazindikira kuti mawu ake enieni a pinki amafanana ndi khwangwala, khwangwala, chimfine, ndipo palibe nyimbo poyimba.
Mverani mawu a mbalame yofiirira
Pamenepo mumakhala kuti pinki nyenyezi?, payenera kukhala zochuluka za tizilombo, apo ayi gulu lalikulu la mbalame silidyetsa. Madera akuluakulu amafunikira chakudya chabwino, koma ngakhale ali pachiwopsezo amagwira ntchito limodzi: amafuula mokweza komanso mozungulira gulu lankhondo.
M'miyoyo ya anthu ambiri magulu am'mimba amathandizira kuti awononge tizirombo. Kubwera kwamasika kwa mbalame kumasangalatsa anthu, kusintha kusintha kwa kutentha ndi kubwezeretsanso chilengedwe. Koma kusokonekera kwa mbalame pa kukolola dzinthu, zipatso za zipatso ndi zipatso zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa minda ndi minda.
Chakudya Cha Pink Starlings
Woyala bwino wa pinki amatha kutchedwa woyenda kwambiri, wodziwika bwino komanso wongokhala. Mawu onsewa amafika pofika nthawi ya mbalame kuchokera kubanja lodzala ndi nyenyezi. Mbalame zimakakamizidwa kuyendayenda, chifukwa chakudya cha pinki chokhala ndi chakudya chimachokera pa tinthu tambiri - dzombe.
Masamba, kuthamangitsa dzombe, kumangoyendayenda. Kudya dzombe ndi kothandiza. Tizilombo zovulaza sizingokhala tokha ndi moyo. Dzombe limasunthira mumtundu waukulu. Chifukwa chake, zolengedwa zam'mimba sizongokhala zolengedwa zoweta zokha, monga mbalame zina. Ndi zolengedwa zomwe zimakhala chaka chonse m'matumba olimba.
Wachikulire kwa tsiku limafunikira 200 g ya chakudya chathunthu. Gulu la mabanja okwana 10,000 lolemedwa ndi ana limawononga pafupifupi matani 108 a dzombe pamwezi. Kudyetsa, magulu akuluakulu amakhazikika pa malo okhala omwe ali ndi dzombe ndi orthoptera ina.
Atagwira dzombe, mbalameyo imadula miyendo ndi mapiko ake, ndikugunda kachilomboka pansi ndikutsitsa mlomo wake mosasamala. Ataphwanya wopezerera mzindawo, iye akuyamba kuwameza. Ndi dzombe lochuluka, mbalame sizimadya kwambiri tizilombo tomwe timangoluma ndi kupha.
Zakudya zochepa zokhala ndi pinki zomwe zimadya zimawakakamiza kuthamangitsa tizilombo, ndikuwapatsa mwayi wokhala ndi malo omwe angakhale kuchokera ku hibernation. Biology ya mbalame imamangirizidwa ndi thanzi la dzombe ndi orthoptera ina. Mbalame zokhala ndi ma mbewa zimangowoneka komwe kuli dzombe. Ngati kulikonse sikukwanira, anyani ofiira, pofunafuna chakudya, amatha kupanga ndege zazikulu.
Komabe, si- dzombe ndi ma orthopterans si chakudya chokhacho cha ana a pinki. Amakonda kuchitira zipatso, udzu ndi mpunga. Mbalame zimatha kuwononga kwambiri m'minda ya zipatso ndi zipatso, minda yamphesa ndi minda ya mpunga. Kuphatikiza apo, nyenyezi zimadya nsikidzi, lepidoptera, akangaude ndi nyerere.
Zowopsa kapena zothandiza.
Nthawi yakupsa, oyenda nyenyeziwo amasanduka masoka enieni wamaluwa. Chifukwa chake, funso labwino limabuka ngati kuli kofunikira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma pinki okhala ndi nyenyezi, yodziwika ndi kususuka kwambiri. Kodi phindu lomwe amabweretsera kuwonongedwa kwa tizirombo pakukula kwawo likuwongolera kuwonongeka kwa mbewu m'minda?
Kuti tiyankhe funso ili, kuwerengera kosavuta kuyenera kupangidwa. Mukakhala kundende, mbalame imatha kudya tizilombo toipa 300. Danga la mabanja okwana miliyoni ndi theka mkati mwa tsiku litha zowononga pafupifupi miliyoni miliyoni.
Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame za pinki zimakhazikika m'mazamba akuluakulu pokhapokha tizirombo timaberekana. Komanso, mbalame zimadziwiratu za ngozi yomwe anthu amatha kudziwa pokhapokha zikaonekera. Popeza dzombe liziwononga chilichonse popanda kunong'oneza bondo, nyenyezi zimakhala chipulumutso chenicheni cha kututa. Kuvulala kwa mbalame poyerekeza ndi tsoka lomwe kubweretsedwa ndi dzombe limangokulira.
Kufotokozera, mawonekedwe
Mbalame ya pinki yokhala ndi nyenyezi (lat. Sturnus roseus) ndi wa banja komanso mtundu wa ana okhala ndi nyenyezi, kuphatikizapo mitundu pafupifupi khumi ndi iwiri. Kukula kwa mbalameyo ndi 19-24 cm, mapiko amawonjezeranso masentimita 12-16, kulemera mpaka 90 g.
Amuna, maula ndizowoneka bwino: mtundu wa pinki wa pastel ukupezeka pansi pa chifuwa, pamimba, mbali ndi kumbuyo. Ndipo mutu, kumtunda kwa chifuwa, mapiko ndi mchira wake ndi wakuda ndi utoto wofiirira, miyendo ndi yakuda bii. Mchenga wofewa wa nthenga zakuda zomwe zimakongoletsa mutu.
Zambiri mwa zazikazi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yopepuka ya pinki, tinthu ting'onoting'ono, ndipo m'matako nthenga zimakhala mchenga kapena bulawuni. Mtundu wa mulomo wakuda umasinthika kukhala wakuda m'chilimwe kukhala pinki yakuda - m'dzinja ndi chisanu.
Kuyambira 2010, mbalameyi idalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira ku Russia ndi Ukraine kuti izitetezere kuti isathe.
Habitat
Mbalamezi ndizofala kwambiri kumayiko a Central Asia ndi Southeast Europe. Gawo la Russia ndi maiko akale a USSR, mitundu ya nyenyezi za pinki ndi gawo lakumpoto la Siberia, Caucasus ndi Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, ndi zigawo zakumadzulo kwa Ukraine. Komabe, amawulukira nthawi yozizira ku Asia: India kapena Ceylon. Mitundu ina imasamukira kumwera kwa Europe, ina imawulukira ku North America.
Awa ndi mbalame za pagulu zomwe zimakhala ndi malo akuluakulu, omwe nthawi yachilimwe imatha kufikira anthu mazana angapo.
Kuyambira nthawi yozizira, amabwerera m'matumba akuluakulu, kukhazikika m'matumba usiku, kumamatira kwa anansi awo. Amawulukira kumadera obisalamo mu Epulo, ndikupanga magulu awiriawiri. Nthawi zina zimasochera pamagulu ndi mbalame zina zazing'ono (mpheta, akhwangwala, etc.).
Nyenyezi zimawuluka mothamanga pamagulu akuluakulu, chifukwa zimayandikana, motero zimapanga "mitambo yayikulu" m'mlengalenga, yomwe imawoneka yochititsa chidwi kwambiri (monga chithunzi cha pinki nyenyezi zouluka pamitengo).
Tsiku lililonse amapita kukadyetsa mopondera, nthawi zina amagawika m'magulu angapo. Ataona nyama, nthawi yomweyo amatsikira pansi ndi gulu lonse ndikuwukira mafunde a dzombe. Komanso, zotsalazo, zouluka pamwamba pa gululi, zimawulukira cham'mbuyo, motero "mtambo" ukamayenda ngati mafunde.
Ziwopsezo, mbalamezo zimasonkhana m'magulu akuluakulu ndikuthamangitsa adani ndi kulira kwakukulu ngati nkhondo. Amadziwika chifukwa cha mzimu wawo womenya nkhondo pamene atulutsa mbalame zina m'nyumba zokhala mbalame.
Nesting ndi kuswana
Nthawi yoweta ya pinki njuchi zimapezeka kumapiri kapena kumapiri, komwe zimatha kupeza zakudya: tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Dzira kugona ndi nestling kumachitika kuyambira Meyi mpaka Julayi, Ndi m'miyezi imeneyi pomwe kuchuluka kwa dzombe lomwe amawakonda ndilokwanira.
Mwachilengedwe, amakonza zisa pakati pa zitunda, m'miyala, m'ming'alu pakati pa miyala, m'maenje omwe amakumbidwa pathanthwe, osakonda kukhala m'malo obowola mitengo. Nthawi zambiri amakhala pansi padenga la nyumba kapena m'nyumba zopangidwira anthu.
Zisa, momwe mbalame zaku pinki zimakhalamo, zimawombedwa mothandizidwa ndi zimayambira, masamba owuma ndi nthenga za mbalame. Yaikazi imayala ma testicles a 4-7 amtundu wonyezimira, makolo onsewo amawakwatula. Pambuyo pa milungu 4-5, anapiye, opatsidwa mowolowa manja ndi dzombe ndi tizilombo tina, amayamba kuyesa kuuluka. Paphunzira kuuluka, achinyamata amagwirizana m'magulu omwe pang'onopang'ono amachoka kumalo odyera.
Ubwino ndi kuvulaza kwa pinki starlings
Kupaka nyenyezi ndi pinki kumathandiza anthu mwakuwononga tambiri tambiri pachakudya chake komanso kudyetsa anapiye. Masana, mbalame imodzi yaying'ono imatha kugwira ndikudya pafupifupi 200 zikuluzikulu komanso zazing'ono zazing'ono, kholo lililonse limagwira zomwezo kwa mbadwo wawo wocheperako.
Nthawi zambiri, ana okhala ndi nyenyezi amadya nyerere, mbozi, kafadala, makoswe, agulugufe komanso nkhono. Chosangalatsa kwambiri ndi dzombe, pomwe mbalame imadula miyendo ndi mapiko ake, kenako imagunda pansi kuti imfewetse ndikumeza. Chifukwa cha ichi amakondedwa ndi olemekezeka onse alimi ndi alimi, omwe dzombe limadya mbewu zomwe zimadya mbewu zofunikira ndi mbande.
Nthawi zambiri mbalame zimamera m'matumba mukapeza magulu a tizilombo tina, tomwe timawonongeka mpaka kachilomboka kapena nyerere komaliza. Malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale apeza, ndi omwe anapulumutsa mbewu ku Kazakhstan mu 1944-45, pomwe mapiriwo anasefukira ndi dzombe mabiliyoni ochulukitsa, omwe miyeso yolimbana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo sakanatha kulimbana nawo bwino.
Komabe, m'maiko ena, makamaka pafupi ndi nthawi yophukira mukasinthira kubzala chakudya, mbalamezi zimavulaza minda yazipatso ndi minda ya mpesa, mabulosi. Chifukwa chake, ku India, nyenyezi za pinki zimatha kuwononga ndikuwononga minda ya mpunga. Opanga mitengo amasunga masamba awo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zakunyumba: nthata zamatabwa, mapepala achitsulo, mabeseni, nthawi zambiri mawotchi amaikidwa m'minda yamphesa kuti aziwunika zomwe ana a nyenyezi amachita.
Komabe, zopindulitsa za mbalamezi pakuwonongeka kwa dzombe ndizochulukirapo kuposa kuwonongeka kwa kudya zipatso ndi mbewu.
Oyimba Nyenyezi
Monga abale ake ena, mbalame za pinki zimatsata bwino mawu: mawu a mbalame zina (akhwangwala, nkhuku kapena mpheta), kubangula kwa galu, kubala kwa chule, ndi zina zambiri. Nthawi zambiri amayesa kutsengera kulira kwa anthu, kulira kwa magalimoto ndi mawu ena apachiyambi. Mbalame zomwe zikufika ku maiko aku Asia zitha kubwereza mawu a mbalame zam'mlengalenga, ndipo iwo amene adapita kumapiri a Kazakhstan angatsanzire kulira kwa nkhosa, kuluma kwa agalu komanso ngakhale kudina kwa chikwapu.
Kungoimba kumene kwa nyenyezi sikungofanana ndi nyimbo, koma kukuwa kapena kutonthola.
Shpak - wachibale wapakatikati wa pinki
Banja lodzala ndi nyenyezi limakhala ndi mitundu 40. Ambiri mwa iwo ali ndi mlomo wowongoka, amakhala ku Asia, Africa ndi Europe. Wophunzira aliyense akhoza kuyankha ku funso lomwe ali wachibale wa pinki: iyi ndi nyenyezi wamba kapena shpak, yofalikira ku Europe ndi Russia, komanso North America, Australia ndi New Zealand.
Amasiyana ndi mbalame yapinki mumtundu wake wakuda waimvi wokhala ndi mawanga oyera ndi mlomo wachikasu, malo okhala ndi zakudya (chomera ndi nyama). Mosiyana ndi ma pink pinki, ma shpaks amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a awiriawiri. Amakhala m'nkhalango zowuma (monga thundu) pafupi ndi madzi ndi minda yaying'ono kapena mitengo yaying'ono. Nkhondo zimakhazikitsidwa m'maenje a mitengo, nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'mizinda pafupi ndi anthu m'nyumba zopangira mbalame kapena nkhunda.
Kugawa
Kutentha nyenyezi kumakhala kofala ku Southeast Europe ndi Central Asia. Imapezeka ku Romania, Ukraine, kumwera kwa Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Iran, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mongolia ndi m'chigawo cha China cha Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ku Dera la Dzungarian.
Nthawi zina zimawonedwa ku Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Montenegro, Bulgaria ndi Italy, kawirikawiri ku France ndi England. Mtunduwu umakhala m'matanthwe, malo okongola, zipululu komanso mapiri.
Dera lonse lomwe anthu amakhala m'derali malinga ndi birdLife International ndi mita pafupifupi 1.6 miliyoni. km, ndipo anthu aku Europe akuyerekezedwa anthu 180-520 miliyoni. Kuomba nthawi yachisanu kumachitika makamaka kumpoto kwa India komanso ku Sri Lanka.
Khalidwe
Mitundu yoyamwa ya pinki imakonda kudya tizilombo. Amachita zomwe amakonda ndi ziwala, cickets ndi dzombe. Nthawi zambiri amatsatira gulu la Orthoptera (Orthopera), makamaka pazaka zobala zambiri. Chifukwa chakuti mbalamezi zimadya dzombe mwachangu, alimi aku Turkey amaziona ngati mbalame zopatulika. Kugona kotere kumatenga masiku 40-50.
Ngati starlings zilibe tizilombo, ndiye kuti amatengedwa kuti adye yogwira zipatso za mabulosi ndi mphesa. Zipatso ndi zipatso zina sizimawakonda. Amafuna kupezeka madzi mwachindunji, koma nthawi zambiri pewani madambo kapena magombe. Pobisika mumapezeka mitengo, mapaki ndi zitsamba. M'nyengo yozizira, zakudya zimakula chifukwa cha mbewu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi timadzi tokongola ta maluwa.
Nyani zotchedwa pinki zimatola nyama nthawi zambiri pansi, nthawi zambiri ziwala zimakodwa mumlengalenga. Mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zosakira gulu, ndipo mizere yoyamba imayenda mwachangu kuposa mizere yakumbuyo pansi, ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi imawuluka kutsogolo ndikutsogolera gululo. Malo ogona nthawi zambiri amakhala pamtunda wa 5-10 km kuchokera kumalo odyera.
Mbalamezi zimafunafuna chakudya m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, ndipo posamukira zimasonkhana m'magulu akulu, makamaka ndege zomwe zimadutsa m'malo otsetsereka.
Ndege zimachitika masana pamtunda pafupifupi mamita 1000. Mtunda pakati pa kupuma nthawi zina umafika pa 580 km. Pakuuluka mtunda wautali chonchi, madzi am'madzi amatha kufika 88%, motero mbalame zimayambiranso kusamuka pambuyo pakupuma kwakutali.
Kufuula kwa nyenyezi zapinki ndi kochepa komanso kwamwano. Amakonda kuyimba nyimbo, pamayimbidwe awo, limodzi ndi nyimbo zosalimba, pamakhala kudina, kumayimba muluzi ndi kutsitsa mawu omwe akumveka ponseponse. Woyimba yekhayo akutambasula mapiko ake, natumphukira kununkhira ndi nthenga pa chifuwa chake.
Kuswana
Ku Central Asia, nyengo yakudyayi imayamba kuyambira pakati pa Epulo mpaka zaka khumi zoyambirira za Meyi, komanso kumwera kwa Europe kuyambira theka lachiwiri la Meyi mpaka pakati pa Juni. Oimira amtunduwu amakhala okhwima pazaka chimodzi.
Nyenyezi yapinki ili ndi chisa chake m'maenje, pamiyala yamiyala, ming'alu yamakhoma komanso pansi pa nyumba. Magawo okhala ndi ma tchire nthawi zina amatha kukhala ndi magulu angapo oswana.
Chisa chimapangidwa kuchokera ku nthambi, masamba ndi mizu. Mkati mwake, mumakhala nthenga, moss ndi tsitsi la nyama. Nthawi zambiri, nthambi za chowawa (Artemisia absinthium) ndi Ferula vulgaris (Ferula communis) zimawonjezedwamo, zomwe zimachotsa majeremusi.
Okwatirana amatha kugwiritsa ntchito chisa chomwecho kwa zaka zambiri. Yaikazi imayikira mazira atatu mpaka 6 a buluu wozungulira 25 mpaka 19-23 mm. Kusintha kumasungidwa ndi makolo onse kwa masiku 14-16. Amadyetsa anapiye oswidwa ndi tizilombo komanso mphutsi zawo. Pakupita milungu itatu, anapiye amakhala ndi mapiko, koma amakhalabebe othandizirana ndi makolo pafupifupi milungu iwiri, pang'onopang'ono amasamukira okha.
Mbalame zazing'ono zimawoneka ngati mbalame wamba (Sturnus vulgaris), koma zimasiyana nawo ndi mulomo wachikasu wachikasu ndi thupi lotsika pang'ono kuphatikiza ndi mapiko amdima.
Kufotokozera
Kutalika kwa thupi la anthu akuluakulu ndi masentimita 19 mpaka 22, mapiko ndi 37-40 cm.Ulemu wambiri ndi wamtali pafupifupi 75. Zowawa pachifuwa ndi pamimba ndizopinki, pamutu, kumbuyo kwa mutu, pakhosi, m'mapiko ndi kumbuyo kwakuda. Nthenga zam'munsi zoyera zimakhala zoyera.
M'nyengo yotentha ndi yophukira, miyendo imakhala yapinki, ndipo nthawi yozizira, yamdima kapena pafupifupi yakuda. Akazi, mapiko amakhala ndi mtundu wa brownish, ndipo amuna amatenthera. Nyangayi imayenda mpaka kumapeto ndipo imawerama pang'ono. Mbali yake ya kumtunda ndi yakuda kuposa yapansi. Maso ndi ana amaso akuda.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa pinki wokhala mu vivo ndi zaka pafupifupi 11.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyenyezi
Kuphatikiza pa spar, palinso mitundu ina yosangalatsa ya mbalame izi:
- Nyenyezi ya Amethyst, yemwe amakhala ku North Africa, ali ndi maonekedwe ofiira owoneka ngati buluu, omwe amadya tizilombo ndi zipatso.
- Nyenyezi ya Buffalo - imasiyana ndi mitundu ina yokhala ndi mtanda wolimba wamtundu wofiira ndi miyendo yolimba yomwe imamatirira pakhungu la njati, ikumatulutsa pakhungu pofunafuna chakudya.
- Swallow Starring - wokhala kumadera akumadzulo kwa India, Australia, moyo wawo ndi wofanana ndimeza.
- Nyenyezi yokhala ndi mapiko ofiira imakongoletsedwa ndi zolemba zofiira pamapiko, zimakhala ndi zazikulu (mpaka 30 cm).
- Mitundu ya mapiko akuda kapena yoyera - yomwe imakhala ku Indonesia, ili ndi thupi loyera, ndipo mapiko ndi mchira zimakongoletsedwa ndimawu akuda, khungu pafupi ndi maso limakhala chikaso chowala, limadya zipatso ndi tizilombo.
Zizindikiro zolumikizana ndi nyenyezi
Nyenyezi ndizofala kwambiri mwachilengedwe, ndipo anthu akhala akutenga miyambi yosiyanasiyana ndizizindikiro zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe chawo:
- nyenyezi idabwera - kasupe akubwera,
- mbalame zikafika msanga, kasupe atentha,
- nthawi yachisanu ikamachoka kwa nthawi yayitali, nthawi yophukira imakhala youma,
- pambuyo pongolira kwambiri kudzagwa usiku.
Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya ana oyambira nyenyezi, kuphatikiza ndi ma pinki omwe amakhala pafupi ndi munthu ali ndi mawonekedwe awoawo.
Mbalame zopatulika
Kuyambira kalekale, anthu aku Asia adalemekeza nyenyezi zaku pinki ngati mbalame zopatulika. Kupembedza kwawo, komanso miyambo ina yachipembedzo yomwe ili pakati pa mafuko aku Asia, zidamupangira iye ulemerero wa "ana akumlengalenga."
Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa dzombe, komwe m'mphepete mwa mitengo nthawi zonse limawononga zokolola zambiri kuchokera kwa alimi ndi ma nomads. Anthu sakanatha kulimbana ndi tizilombo, chifukwa panalibe mankhwala ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi. Chifukwa chake, kuwukira kwa dzombe kunathetsa madera onse okhala ndi njala ndi umphawi. Mwadzidzidzi mitambo yonse ya mbalame zokhala ndi maonekedwe akuda bii idawononga dzombe pafupifupi, ndikupulumutsa anthu.
Chifukwa chake, okhala ndi nyenyezi amalemekezedwa ngati amithenga a milungu yabwino yomwe imathandizira anthu.