MaChimpanizi amadziwa bwino kuphika - samangokonda kuphika zakudya zosaphika, komanso amadziwa njira yophikirira ndipo ali okonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yake.
Ma chimpanzi omwe ali ndi kuthamanga kwachilendo amakhala ngati anthu. Zakhala zikudziwika kuti akudziwa kugwiritsa ntchito zida, koma ndani angayembekezere, mwachitsanzo, kuti anyani adzagwiritsa ntchito nthambi ngati mitengo, kusaka anyani amphaka a galago? Pafupifupi izi si kale kwambiri m'nkhani yake mu Royal Society Open Science anatero primatologists a ku Iowa State University. Ndipo palibe miyezi iwiri yapita kuchokera kusindikiza, monga Zotsatira za Royal Society B Ofufuza a Harvard amalankhula za luso lina lodabwitsa la chimpanzi - zikuwoneka kuti amadziwa bwino kuphika.
Tikamalankhula zophika, nthawi zambiri timawona moto. Komabe, kuti mugwiritse ntchito pazoyang'anira, muyenera kumvetsetsa zinthu zingapo zofunika. Choyamba, muyenera kukonda zakudya zophika kuposa zosaphika, ndipo chachiwiri, muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti pali magawo awiri a chakudya - yaiwisi komanso yophika, ndikuti kuphika ndikusintha koyamba kukhala kwachiwiri, ndipo chachitatu, muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti zopaka ziyenera kusungidwa Ndipo gonjerani komwe kukakonzedwa.
Ndizodziwika kuti chimpanzi ndi nyama zina zimakonda chakudya chophika ndi zosaphika, komanso kuyesa kwatsopano kwa Alexandra Rosati (Alexandra Rosati) ndi Felix Farneken (Felix akuchenjeza) Izi zikutsimikizidwanso. Nyani obadwa mwaufulu (akatswiri a zoyezera nyama amagwira ntchito kumalo osungira a Chimpunga ku Republic of Congo) anali okonzeka kudikirira mphindi mpaka mbatata zophika (adaphika, kopanda batala ndi zonunkhira zina).
Kenako "zida" ziwiri zinawonetsedwa kwa chimpanzi, m'modzi mwa zomwe mbatata kapena mbatata "adakonzedwa", inayo, masamba adasinthidwa. Zipangizozi zimawoneka ngati ziwiya ziwiri za kukhitchini zomwe zimayikidwapo masamba, kenako zimagwedezeka kutsogolo kwa mphuno ya chimpanzee, ndikuwonetsa kuphika, kenako ndikubwezera. Chopusitsa chinali chakuti nthawi imodzi, chidutswa chofanana chaiwisi chija chinachotsedwa mu kachitini, ndipo chachiwiri, mbale zinasanduka chinsinsi, ndipo kudzera mu lingaliro losavuta, chidutswa chokonzedwa chobisidwa mmalo mwake chaiwisi chimachotsedwa. Nyani atawona zonsezi, amayenera kuyika mbatata yawo mu "chida" china. Zinapezeka kuti chimpanzi amakonda kudya zakudya zomwe zimakonzedwa, titero, ndipo kusankha kumeneku kunalimba. (Mutha kuwonera kanemayo poyesa apa.) Komanso, anyaniwa adamvetsa kuti si zonse zomwe zinali zoyenera kuphika - mwachitsanzo, atapatsidwa nkhuni m'malo mwa mbatata zosaphika, sanayesere "kuziphika". Kuchokera pamenepa, olemba ntchitoyi adazindikira kuti nyamazo zimadziwa tanthauzo la njirayo ndipo amazindikira kuphika ngati mtundu wa kusintha.
Pomaliza, mfundo yachitatu ndiyo kuperekera chakudya kumalo akukonzekera. Pamene ofufuzawo adakonzekera kuyesera kwotsatira, sanadalire zambiri: ndikudziwika bwino kuti modziletsa paliponse pazakudya, nyama sizabwino kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale anyani odziwika bwino a anthropoid amakhala ndi chidwi choyamba pa chinthu chodalirika - kuchiyika pakamwa pawo. Pongoyambira, chimpanzee amayenera kunyamula kachakudya komwe kali 4 mita komwe kakanaphikirako. Ngakhale zimachitika kawirikawiri kuti anyani samanyamula chakudya kulikonse, ndipo adadyapo pomwepo, komabe, theka la milandu adayendabe ndi ulendowu. Komanso, anyaniwa amadikirira mphindi zochepa mpaka bambo atatulukira chida chophikira. Ndiye kuti, anyani, monga momwe zimakhalira, amatha kupanga mapulani olimbitsa thupi, ndiko kuti, kusamutsa chakudya kuchokera kumalo kupita kwina ndikudikirira mpaka chophika. Mwa chimpanzi panali awiri mwa iwo omwe nthawi zambiri ankangokhalira kusunga kwa nthawi yayitali komwe amalandila kuti awaphike pambuyo pake.
Pali lingaliro lodziwika kuti kuthekera kuphika chakudya kwalimbitsa kwambiri chisinthiko cha anthu: michere yazakudya zomwe zimapangidwira zimapangidwa mosavuta, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu zambiri zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito, kuphatikiza pakukula kwa ubongo ndi momwe magwiridwe antchito amanjenje amakhudzira. Nthawi zambiri, monga tidanenera pamwambapa, kuyambira kwa nthawi yaubweya kumayenderana ndi kuwotcha moto. Komanso, nthawi zambiri amati moto ukhoza kukhalako kwa nthawi yayitali pakati pa makolo athu akale chifukwa chongotentha nyumba komanso kutetezedwa ndi omwe amadyera masuku pamutu, ndipo anthu adaganizaganizapo asanaphike pambuyo pake. Komabe, malinga ndi Rosati ndi Warneken, amatha kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito moto pazolowera, chifukwa, monga tawonera kale, anyani ali ndi kuthekera kwanzeru komwe kumawalola kukonzekera kudya.
Pali zinthu zina ziwiri popanda kusintha pakuphika zakudya zosaphika sikukadachitika. Choyamba, makolo athu akale adasintha kuchoka ku zipatso kupita ku tubers ndi ma rhizomes a mbewu zomwe zimapinduladi ndi kuphika. Kachiwiri, masewera olimbitsa thupi amakhala othandizira pokhapokha pokhapokha pokhapokha ngati mumagwirizana, simungachite mantha kuti mnzanu amachotsa chakudya chanu. AChimpanzee, ngakhale ali ochezeka kwambiri, samaphonya mwayi woba china chilichonse, ndipo pankhani iyi, zomwe mwapeza ziyenera kudyedwa mwachangu. Kuphatikiza apo, kuphika m'nthawi zakutali kwambiri kunali kodzaza ndi chiopsezo chachikulu - munthu amangotaya chilichonse chomwe anaphika mosasamala, ndipo kunali kofunikira pano kuti ngati walephera wina adzagawana chakudya chosavomerezeka.
Gawani izi:
Boris Akimov: Poyamba, funso limodzi lopusa kwambiri. M'buku lanuKugwiraMotomukuti zovuta za momwe kuphika kumapangitsa chidwi cha anthu. Kodi zosiyana ndizowona: kuti mawonekedwe akudya mwachangu amatanthauza kuchepa kwa anthu? Kodi ichi ndiye chiyambi cha chisinthiko?
Richard Wangham: Sindikuganiza choncho. Ndikuganiza kuti mwambo wophika pamoto kapena wophika m'banjawo wakhudza kwambiri banja. M'malingaliro mwanga, tikamadya chakudya chokonzeka muzakudya kapena malo odyera kapena tikamagula zakudya zopangika ndikuwotha, zimachepetsa ubale wazachuma m'banja.
Sizikuwoneka kwa ine kuti chitukuko chikupita kolowera dzuwa - nyengo yatsopano yayamba kumene, wokhala ndi malingaliro osiyana ndi chakudya. Ndiye kuti, izi zimakhudza mwachindunji gawo la banja, osati chitukuko chonse.
B. A:Wolemba ALexander Genis nthawi ina adafanananso pakati pa chakudya chofulumira ndi chakudya cha ana: mapaketi achikuda, mumadya chakudya ndi manja anu, etc. Kuphika chakudya pamoto womwe mumalemba nthawi zambiri kumayenderana ndi kukhwima kosiyana ndi kukhanda kwa chakudya chofulumira. Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani umunthu umayambiranso ubwana ndipo umafunanso chakudya chamwana?
R. R: Ili ndi funso lakuya kwambiri. Kwa ana, chakudya chamagulu chimayenera kukhala chosavuta momwe zingathere. Timapatsa ana chakudya chowakonzera iwo, chifukwa ndichosavuta kutafuna ndikugaya. Paubwino, timakonda chakudya chomwechi, chopangidwa mwachilengedwe. Ndi zongopezeka zochepa: kupanga chakudya cha ana, muyenera kulimbikira. Koma masiku ano, luso laukadaulo limapangitsa kuti pakhale kupera chakudya m'njira zomwe sizinali zotheka zaka mazana angapo kapena makumi zapitazo. Chifukwa chake tsopano tikuwona kusintha kwatsopano, anthu amakonda chakudya chosankhidwa bwino. Koma zakuti timakonda chakudya choyenera ana sizitanthauza kuti tikusandulika ana. Kumbali ina, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti pazaka khumi zapitazi, mano a anthu akhala ochepa - ndipo ana ali ndi mano ochepa - ndipo pakamwa pathu tikukulanso ang'onoang'ono, motero zikuwoneka kuti tikukula monga ana.
B. A:Mwina izi sizowona konse, koma ndimakonda lingaliro. Kodi ndizotheka m'lingaliro ili kutanthauzira mawonekedwe a chodabwitsa cha "scammers"?
R. R: Simukutsimikiza. Komabe, tiyerekeze kuti chimpanzi ayenera kukhala pafupifupi tsiku lonse kupeza chakudya ndikudya. Inde, zimatenga pafupifupi maola asanu ndi limodzi patsiku kutafuna chakudya, komanso zimatenga nthawi kuti chakudya chikhalepo ndikupumula mukatha kudya, Ndipo omwe amasewera masewera apakompyuta sachita izi. Chifukwa chake okhawo omwe amakonza chakudya chokhazikitsidwa ndi omwe angakhale ndi mwayi wokhala mwana - ndipo izi ndizatsopano zatsopano kuchokera ku malingaliro osinthika.
B. A:Zili choncho momwe mumaphikira, osati zomwe mumadya?
R. R: Ndichoncho. Zimatengera njira yophikira kuti mupeze mphamvu zofunika. Kuchokera ku maphunziro osiyanasiyana amadziwika kuti opanga zakudya zosaphika amadwala kwambiri chifukwa chosowa mphamvu. Inde, pali anthu omwe amatha kudya zakudya zosaphika ndi kukhalabe athanzi kwambiri, koma pazinthu izi muyenera kuyesetsa kwambiri.
B. A:Momwe ndikumvera, anthu atayamba kuphika moto, adakhala gawo la gulu latsopanoli, chifukwa anali atakhala mozungulira moto ndipo amayenera kupanga mitundu yatsopano yolumikizirana - ndipo inali nthawi yomwe anthu amabadwira. Izi ndi Zow?
R. R: Inde, ndikuganiza choncho. Kupatula apo, ngati mumaphika, ndiye muyenera kuteteza ufulu wanu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati musanza ndikudya zipatso za mtengo mwachangu, palibe amene adzalandira chakudya - simudzakhala ndi nthawi. Koma mukayamba kuphika ndikusonkha chakudya pamalo amodzi, pafupi ndi moto, ndipo mukufuna nthawi yophika ndi kudya zonse, mumakhala osatetezeka - ena angatenge chakudya chanu kwa inu. Apa ndipomwe chidwi chamunthu chikuyamba kusintha, ndizosiyana kale ndi chimpanzee chikumbumtima, chifukwa simumangodya chakudya mwachangu, koma yambani kudziletsa ndipo mutha kudikirira mpaka chakudya chitakhala bwino chifukwa chophika.
Koma izi zimakupangitsani zovuta zingapo: wina akhoza kudzakhala ndi njala - tsiku lomwelo sanapeze chakudya - ndikukudya. Mwachitsanzo, azimayi amasamalira ana ndi kuwaphikira chakudya, ndipo champhongo chimatha kutenga chakudya ndikuti: "Sindikusamala kuti inu ndi ana anu mukhala ndi njala." Ndikuganiza kuti m'kuvutika uku kumapanga kulumikizana pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi. Zowonadi ndikuti bambo amadziwa: mkazi adzamudyetsa, ndipo mkazi amupatsa chakudya, chifukwa amuteteza kwa iwo omwe angatenge izi.
Zochita, m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, izi zimabweretsa kuti mayi saloledwa kudyetsa wina aliyense kupatula mwamuna wake. Ndipo ngati bambo wina akufuna kumugulira chakudya, amadandaula kwa mwamuna wake, kenako amatha kudandaula kwa abwenzi, ndipo asankha kuti winayo, mnzakeyo ayenera kumenyedwa, kunyozedwa kapena kuchotsedwa ntchito. Chifukwa chake, ndikuwoneka kuti kuphika ndiye maziko a ubale wathu.
B. A:Kodi ndizowona kuti banja lidawonekera pazifukwa zofananira ndi gulu?
R. R: Inde Banja lidawonekera pafupi ndi komweko. Ambiri akukhulupirira kuti banjali lidachokera chifukwa cha kugawanika kwa amuna ndi akazi. Monga, mzimayi adakumba mizu ndikubwera nawo kwawo, ndipo bambo amasaka nyama ndikubwera nazo, nasintha nyama yazipatso - ndipo kuchokera pagawoli banja lidatulukira. Koma zikuwoneka kuti sizili choncho. Ngati mungayang'ane mitundu ya osaka ndi osonkhanitsa padziko lonse lapansi, muwona kuti palibe pena pake. M'malo ena, bambo amapeza chakudya chonse - mwachitsanzo, ma Eskim ku Arctic, ndipo akazi satulutsa chilichonse. M'malo ena, pafupifupi zakudya zonse zimapezeka ndi akazi, ndipo amuna amabweretsa pafupifupi chilichonse - mwachitsanzo, kumpoto kwa Australia. Koma chinthu chimodzi ndi chimodzi: akazi amaphikira amuna.
Ndikuganiza kuti uku ndikofunika kuwunikira. Zikuwoneka kuti zikutanthauza kuti nthawi zambiri maubale m'mabanja amatengera zomwe mkazi amakonzekera mwamuna. Ndipo mkazi amafunikira mwamuna kuti, monga ndanenera, mwamuna ateteze mkazi ndi chakudya pamene akumuphika.
B. A:Zabwino. Ngati ntchito yophika ndiyabwino kwambiri, tinganene kuti zosintha zina zachitukuko zathu zinali zokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa njira yophika kapena momwe anthu adadyera?
R. R: Zikuwoneka kuti ine kuphika kumakhala pansi pamtima munthu atha kupanga chitukuko, chifukwa popanda kuphika ubongo wathu sukadakhala wofika kukula kwakukulu. Mwa mitundu yonse yakale, ubongo wawukulu kwambiri mwa anthu ndi chifukwa chakuti anthu ali ndi njira yochepa kwambiri yogaya chakudya. Munthawi zam'mbuyomu, momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito zida zazakudya, ndizochulukitsa ubongo. Ndipo chakudya chathu chamagetsi ndi chochepa kwambiri chifukwa timaphika. Luso lofufuza chakudya chamafuta linapezeka mwa anthu kalekale. Ndikuganiza kuti izi zinachitika pafupifupi zaka miliyoni zapitazo, ndipo kuwonekera kwa luso kumeneku kunatsogolera ku kuthekera kwina kwaumunthu.
Ndipo mu mphamvu zonsezi mawonekedwe athu ophatikizika apangidwa - chikumbumtima, chilankhulo, adza - ndipo, pomaliza, chitukuko.
B. A:Kodi mukuganiza kuti kusintha kwina komwe kwachitika mzaka zana zapitazi ndi momwe anthu amadya kapena kuphika kumatha kubweretsanso kusintha m'miyoyo ya anthu ndi mdera lawo?
R. R: Inde kumene. Tidakambirana kale izi: tsopano chakudya chochuluka chimapangidwa, ndipo chitha kupezeka mosavuta, choncho bambo safunikiranso kubwera kunyumba tsiku lililonse ndikudya ndi mkazi wake ndi ana ake - chifukwa amatha kudya mwachangu ndikudya mwachangu komweko. Tsopano pali mipata yambiri yopezera chakudya chophika madzulo - ndipo chakudya chamadzulo chimawoneka ngati chakudya chofunikira kwambiri - chifukwa chake aliyense safunikiranso kusonkhana panthawi inayake. Chifukwa chake timakhala pagulu lomwe maubale m'mabanja amakhala ofooka kwambiri: ana amadya pamaso pa TV, mkazi amadya yekha, ndipo mwamunayo amadya mumzinda - kapena mosinthanitsa, amagwira ntchito ndikudya pambuyo ntchito. Koma zonsezi zimabweretsa kugwa kwa banja lachikhalidwe. Zilibe kanthu kuti tikufuna banja lotere kapena ayi. Ili ndi vuto losiyaniratu. Mwinanso pali njira ina yabwino yolerera ana kuposa banja laukadaulo, monga zidalili zaka zana zapitazo.