Zokhudza banja la scapanorinch ndipo ndi woimira wake yekhayo. Iyi ndi shaki yakuzama yakuya yokhala ndi maonekedwe achilendo, chifukwa chake imatchedwanso shaki ya goblin. Amakhala akuya kupitirira 200 metres mu madzi ofunda ndi otentha mu nyanja zitatu. Mtunduwu wakhala ukudziwa kuyambira 1897 pomwe udagwira nsomba zazikulu pafupi ndi Japan. Oimira amtunduwu adagwidwanso ku Gulf of Mexico, kum'mwera kwa Brazil, kuchokera pagombe la France, Portugal, South Africa, Mozambique, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, California, Sri Lanka.
Nthawi zambiri, nsomba za goblin zimapezeka pakuya kwa 270-960 metres. Dzino la nsomba yama cartilaginousyi linapezeka ndikuyika chingwe chamadzi pansi pa mamita 1370. Ndipo kuya kuya kolanda ndi 1300 metres. Nthawi yomweyo, nsomba zokhwima zimakhala mozama kwambiri kuposa ana. Zotsalazo zimakhala makamaka pamtunda wamadzi 100-350 metres, zimapezeka pakuya kwa mita 40. Sayansi imangodziwa mitundu ingapo ya shaki. Iwo mwina anagwidwa kapena kutsukidwa.
Kufotokozera
Phokoso ndi lalitali komanso lathyathyathya, lomwe limafanana ndi lupanga. Maso ndi ang'ono popanda zotchingira kwamkamwa. Pakamwa ndi yayikulu, ili ndi mawonekedwe a parabolic. Pali 35-52 kumtunda ndi 31-63 mizere ya m'munsi. Kutsogolo kwa nsagwayo ndi yayitali komanso yopapatiza, ndipo kumbali zazing'ono ndikufunikira kuphwanya chakudya ndi zipolopolo. Pali magawo 5 a gill slits. Thupi limakhala loonda.
Pali zipsepse zazing'ono ziwiri zamkati zozungulira, zomwe sizingagulitsidwe kwa shaki. Zipsepse zamakutu zimakhalanso zozungulira. Zipse za anal ndi pelvic ndizofunikira kwambiri kuposa zipsepse zamkati. Ndalama za caudal zimakhala ndi lobe lalitali kumtunda, ndipo zotsikirako zimakhala kuti sizinapangidwe. Khungu limakhala lotuwa, la pinki, chifukwa mitsempha ya magazi imawala kudzera mkati mwake. Ndi zaka, mawonekedwe a khungu amawonjezereka, ndipo madzi a shaki zazing'ono amakhala oyera. Pambuyo pa kufa, khungu la thupi limakhala lofiirira kapena loyera. Zipsepazo zimadziwika ndi mtundu wa buluu.
Kutalika kwa shark-brownie kumafika mamita 3-4. Mu 2000, chachikazi chinagwidwa, chomwe kutalika kwake kunali 5.4 mita. Chifukwa chake pali lingaliro kuti nthumwi zamtunduwu zimatha kukula kwambiri. Kulemera kolembetsedwa kwambiri ndi 210 kg ndi kutalika kwa 3.8 metres. Mwambiri, zazikazi ndizokulirapo kuposa zazimuna.
Kuswana
Zochuluka kwambiri ndizomwe zimadziwika pobadwa mitundu. Mwachidziwikire kuti shaki izi ndi viviparous. Mazira amakula nthawi yomwe ali ndi pakati, ndipo pakubadwa kukula kwake kumafika masentimita 80. Amuna amakhala okhwima pogonana ndi kutalika kwamamita 2.6. Kukula kwa akazi sikudziwika. Palibe deta pa kukula, kukalamba ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo.
Kukhala Ndi Khalidwe Labwino
Kapangidwe ka shark-brownie kamaonetsa moyo wopanda ntchito komanso waulesi. Minofuyo imapangidwa bwino, ndipo ziphuphu zake zimakhala zofewa komanso zazing'ono. Ndalama yayitali yakadalat imawonetsa kuthamanga kwakanthawi. Pofunda pamakhala zofewa, chifukwa chake, singagwiritsidwe ntchito kuponya nyama pansi. Masomphenya amatenga gawo laling'ono kupeza chakudya.
Chakudyacho chimakhala ndi nsomba za bony, cephalopods, crustaceans. Kudyetsa kumachitika makamaka pafupi ndi seabed. Ndikosavuta kuyitanitsa munthu yemwe ndi shaki kuti akhale wolanda. Amayendayenda m'madzi am'madzi nthawi yomweyo amayenda. Pamene nyama ili pafupi, nsagwada imapita patsogolo ndikuigwira kapena madzi akumizidwa mkamwa ndi womenyedwayo.
Malo osungira
Mtunduwu umakhala m'malo akuya kwambiri, chifukwa chake si owopsa kwa anthu. Shark-brownie ali ndi zoopsa zochepa, chifukwa sizikuimira phindu lililonse pamalonda. Zowopseza kwa iye ndi kuipitsa. Ikhozanso kugwidwa mwangozi pakagwidwa nsomba. Mu 2003, nthumwi pafupifupi 100 zamtunduwu zidagwidwa pafupi ndi Taiwan. Sanapeze tanthauzo la izi, koma akatswiri ananena kuti chomwe chinayambitsa panali chivomerezi chamadzi.
Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala
Chinsomba chodabwitsa chimadziwika ndi dzina chifukwa cha mutu wake. Kutsogolo kwake, mzere waukulu wokulirapo ndikuwomba, womwe mawonekedwe ake onse akufanana ndi mulomo kapena chinyontho. Munthuyu ndiyenso wapachiyambi chifukwa amakhala ndi khungu losafunikira - pinki.
Mtunduwu umakhalapo mu nsomba chifukwa kuwonekera kwathunthu kwa khungu lake. Kuphatikiza apo, akadali ndi ngale ya bebu. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti khungu la nsomba limakhala locheperako, koma ziwiya zonse za shaki zimawonekera kudzera mwa izo. Chifukwa chake mtundu wake wachilendo wa pinki.
Mu 1898, kwa nthawi yoyamba zidadziwika za shaki ya brownie. Inayamba kuzindikiridwa mu Nyanja Yofiira m'mphepete mwa Yordano. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, komanso pakalipano, mtundu wa anthu ukudziwa mtundu wa asodzi a 54 okha. Mwachilengedwe, kuchuluka kumeneku kumakhala kochepa kwambiri kuti athe kuphunzira chidwi ichi, mawonekedwe ake, chikhalidwe chake komanso malo omwe adachokera, komwe adachokera ndipo pakhoza kukhala mitundu.
Malinga ndi chidziwitso chokha, asayansi adapanga lingaliro. Mwachitsanzo, kwa wokhala pamadzi akuya kwambiri makulidwe ansomba ochepa, wina akhoza kunena kuti ndi wonyozeka. Pafupifupi, nsomba zimakhala zazitali mamita 2-3 ndipo zimalemera mpaka 200 kg. Pali mafotokozedwe ambiri omwe mwakumana nawo omwe ali oswedwa kwa mamitala asanu, koma malongosoledwe awa alibe umboni weniweni.
Shaki uyu amakhala mozama kwambiri. Simudzakumana naye kumapeto komwe mungathe kuwona ena oimira banja lake. Brownie shark amakhala zakuya kupitirira 200 metres, motero adaphunzira za izi sizomwe zidachitika kale kwambiri. Sipali paliponse, koma m'malo ena okha. Tidamuwona ali m'madzi a Pacific Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, mphepete mwa Japan, kudera la Australia ndi Nyanja Yofiira.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Shark ya goblin ili ndi chiwindi chachikulu kwambiri, chomwe chimapanga 25% cha kulemera kwake kokwanira. Chiwindi chachikulu chotere chimathandiza nsomba kusambira pansi pamadzi, ndiye chikhodzodzo chake chachilendo. Ntchito ina yofunikira ya chiwindi ndikuti imasunga michere yonse ya shaki. Chifukwa cha ntchito ya chiwindiyi, nsomba izi zimatha kuchita popanda kudya kwa nthawi yayitali, mpaka milungu ingapo. Nthawi yomweyo, kuyamwa kwake kumakulirakulira.
Mawonekedwe a nsomba siabwino kwambiri chifukwa chakuti amakhala nthawi zonse m'malo ozama amadzi. Koma ali ndi network yolumikizidwa bwino bwino ya sensor receptor yomwe shaki imagwiritsa ntchito pofufuza chakudya.
Ma receptor awa ali pamlomo wake wamkulu ndipo amatha kununkhiza fungo la wovulalayo mumdima wathunthu wam'madzi kwa ma mamita angapo. Shaki ili ndi mawonekedwe apadera a nsagwada ndi mano amphamvu kwambiri. Amangophika zipolopolo zolimba ndi mafupa akulu.
Nsomba sizimagwidwa nthawi zambiri ndi womenyedwayo. Amadzitungira madzi pamalo omwe shark receptor imawonetsa kupezeka kwa womenyedwa. Chifukwa chake, chakudyacho chimalowa mwachindunji mkamwa. Nsagwada yake yayikulu imatha kuwerama ndi kuwongola kunjaku. Mphamvu zotere ndizovuta kupeza kukangana, chifukwa chake ngati shaki idazindikira wozunzayo, ndikofunikira kuyithokoza.
Nsomba izi ndi maonekedwe ake onse zimadzetsa mantha ndi mantha, koma kwa munthu sizikhala zowopsa chifukwa sizipezeka choncho. Sikuti aliyense amapatsidwa mwayi wothana mtunda wopitilira 200 metres kuchokera pansi.
Habitat
Shaki yakuya kwambiri imapezeka m'madzi ozizira komanso otentha pafupifupi nyanja zonse. Komanso, kuya kwakukulu kwa kugwidwa kumafika 1300 metres. Kwenikweni, idagwidwa ndipo ikugwidwa ndikuyenda pagombe la Land of the Rising Sun (Japan), m'malo omwe ali pakati pa Boso Peninsula ndi Tosa Bay. Chifukwa chake, amaphunzira kwambiri pano.
Zitha kupezekanso m'mphepete mwa Australia, New Zealand, French Guiana, South Africa, ku Bay of Biscay, gombe la Portugal ndi Madeira komanso ku Gulf of Mexico. Malo awo amakhala ochulukirapo.
Nanga ndi chiyani chomwe chimadziwika chokhudza shaki? 5 zochititsa chidwi kwambiri
- Dzina lachilendo lotere la shaki-brownie linali chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake achilendo. Chizindikiro cha shark chimatha ndi kutuluka kwa nthawi yayitali, yofanana ndi mulomo. Ndipo shaki ya goblin imasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wake, imakhala pafupi ndi utoto wa pinki, ndipo ngakhale mitsempha yamagazi imawala kudzera pakhungu lake.
- Kuzama kwa malo ake kumachokera kumamita mazana awiri.
- Shaki woyamba woyamwa adapezeka ndipo adalanda mu 1897 pagombe la Japan. Komabe, nyamayi siyimamveka bwino. Sizikudziwika nkomwe kuti alipo anthu angati, motero sizingatheke kudziwa ngati nyamazo zikuwopsezedwa kuti zidzawonongedwa.
- Asodzi akulu kwambiri adafika pamtunda wopitilira atatu, ndipo kulemera kwawo kudafikira pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 160. Pazonse, pafupifupi milandu 50 ya asodzi ofanana amadziwika.
- Malinga ndi zotsalira za mafupa akale a shaki ya goblin, zimatsimikiziridwa kuti ili ndi chiyambi zakale (zaka zoposa mamiliyoni 80). Chilombo ichi nthawi zonse chakhala chikuzunguliridwa ndi zopeka zodabwitsa komanso nthano.
Chilichonse chokhudza zakudya
Zimadyanso nyama zomwe zimakhala mozama. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mano akumbuyo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphwanya zigamba (kapena zipolopolo) za nyama zomwe amadya.
Chifukwa cha kusunthika kwa nsagwada ya shark komanso kutuluka, ndiyothandiza kwambiri kuti agwire nyama ndi thandizo lawo. Chilombocho chimatulutsanso nsagwayo ndi kutunga madzi pakamwa pake pamodzi ndi nyama yake. Amadyanso nyamayi, nkhanu ndi nsomba zingapo zam'nyanja.
Zokhudza kuswana
Amadziwika kuti kubereka kumachitika mosiyanasiyana: mwa kuyikira mazira, kugwiritsa ntchito mazira kapena kubadwa kwamoyo.
Dzira loberekedwa ndi dzira lomwe limayikidwa dzira limatsikira kudzera mu oviduct, limadutsa mapuloteni ndi ma golf ndipo limakutidwa ndi chipolopolo chomwe chimapanga chipolopolocho, pambuyo pake dzira limayikidwa pansi.
Shaki zambiri zomwe zilipo nyumba ndi mitundu ya ovoviviparous. Amadziwika kuti dzira losauthidwa silisiira gawo lam'mbuyo la oviducts (mwanjira ina kuchokera pachiberekero) mpaka kubadwa kwa ana.
Ndipo pamapeto pake, shaki yotchedwa viviparous, yomwe mluza umapanganso muchiberekero, imakhala ndi kanthu kofanana ndi malo a mwana (placenta), omwe amathandizira kuyamwitsa mwana wosabadwa ndi magazi a amayi.
Munthawi zonsezi, makanda obadwa kumene amakhala nthawi zonse amakhala okonzekera kukhala pawokha.
Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi shaki, zabwino zake ndi ziti
Mphuno yayitali modabwitsa imakhala ngati mtundu wa shark - imathandiza kufufuza nyama komanso kuyenda mozama kwambiri, mumdima.
Shark ya goblin idayamba kufotokozedwa zaka zopitilira 100 zapitazo.
Ndi chiyani chomwe chiri chosangalatsa mwa iwo? Chiwindi cha nsomba ndichachikulu kwambiri kotero kuti chimagwira ngati chikhodzodzo (monga chambiri chambiri panyanja, makamaka shaki), ndipo chimakhala pafupifupi 25% ya kulemera konse kwa thupi. Tikuthokoza, nsomba iyi imakonda kudya.
Kupezeka kwa nyama yogulitsa shark kumamveka mothandizidwa ndi ziwalo zapadera zokhudzana ndi chidwi. Masomphenya awo ndi ofooka chifukwa cha malo awo osatha mumdima wakuda.
Kuyanjana kwa anthu
Mtengo wa shark-brownie ulibe. Nsagwada za shark zimayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi osonkhetsa.
Ali ku ukapolo, sharkie mmodzi, yemwe anagwidwa ali moyo, amakhala ku Tokyo University kwa sabata limodzi lokha.
Shaki iliyonse imakhala yowopsa kwa anthu ngati yayikulirapo masentimita 80, koma chifukwa choti ndizoperewera kwambiri ndipo imakhala pansi mwakuya (ngakhale ili ndi malo akulu), mwayi wakumana nayo mwangozi sizikupezeka.
Ngakhale mawonekedwe ake owopsa, owopsa, shaki ya goblin ndi cholengedwa chofunikira cha chilengedwe chamadzi chamdima chopanda tanthauzo, monga nyama zina zambiri zokhala mwa iwo.
Mawonekedwe
Kutalika kwamunthu wamwamuna shark-domovoy kumasiyana pakati pa 2.4-3.7 m, ndipo chachikazi - pamlingo wa 3.1-3.5 m. Shark-domovoy imakhala ndi thupi lopindika komanso ziphuphu zozungulira. Mphesa za anal ndi zam'mimba zimapangidwa bwino ndipo zimaposa kukula kwa maforsal fin. Mtengo wapamwamba wa caudal heterocercal fin umadziwika ndi chitukuko chabwino komanso mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mchira wa mbedza.
Zipsepse ndi madera owoneka bwino, m'munsi lobe kulibe. Asodzi a nsomba ku Pacific, malinga ndi asayansi ena omwe amaphunzira nsomba zam'nyanja zamchereyi, amadziwika ndi zazikulu komanso zazikulu.
Shark-domovoy amadziwika ndi kusapezeka kwa zaka zana lachitatu, pambuyo pake carinae m'chigawo cha caudal tsinde ndi precaudal notch. Mano akutsogolo a nthumwi zotere zamtundu wa scapanorinch kapena shaki ndizitali komanso zowongoka, zokhala ndi mawonekedwe osalala. Mano akumaso a shaki amatha kusinthana kwambiri ndi zipolopolo komanso kuwononga nyama mwachangu. Nthawi zina, chifukwa chosawoneka ngati nyama yakudya yam'madzi chotere, shaki ya goblin imatchedwa.
Pansi pa nkhonya ya nyama yolusa, mwachindunji pa nsagwada yapamwamba, pamakhala mphuno zazing'ono, komanso mawonekedwe owombera. Maso a scapanorinch kapena nyumba ya shark, omwe alibe kukula kwambiri, amatha kuwala kwambiri mumdima wamadzi ndikuwala kwa mawonekedwe amtchire. Komabe, malo achilendo ngati awa poyamba ndiwopezeka mwa anthu ambiri amakono okhala m'madzi. Dera lam'mimba mwa shaki ya goblin limakhala ndi mtundu wa pinki, ndipo kumbuyo kuli mithunzi yofiirira yakuda.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Dziwani kuti anthu amoyo okha ndi omwe amakhala ndi utoto wapinki, ndipo akamwalira, shaki-brownie imakhala yotuwa.
Chiwindi chimakhala chachikulu kwambiri, chimafikira gawo limodzi mwa magawo onse a thupi. Pamodzi ndi mitundu ina ya a shaki, chiwindi cha shark-brownie chimagwira ngati chikhodzodzo. Ntchito ina yothandiza kwambiri ya chiwindi ndikusunga michere yonse ya shaki.
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amtunduwu, nsomba zazikuluzikulu ndizokhoza kuchita popanda kudya kwa nthawi yayitali. Pali nthawi zina pomwe oimira genus scapanorinchs kapena shark-brownies sanadye kwa milungu ingapo. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa michere mthupi lathu la chiwindi kungasokoneze mokulira ntchito yogwira mtima wa shaki.
Moyo, machitidwe
Masiku ano, moyo wa shaki-brownie amaphunziridwa bwino kwambiri. Mu nthawi za Soviet, asodzi akuba a goblin ankapatsidwa dzina lapa-shaki kapena achinulo, popeza tanthauzo la liwu loti "goblin" kwa anthu aku Soviet silimadziwika komanso losamveka. Ataphunzira bwino za momwe thupi la nsomba limapangidwira, asayansi adazindikira kuti ndi shaki yeniyeni yomwe imatsogolera moyo wakuzama panyanja. Chomwe chimatsimikizira izi chinali mafupa a cartilaginous, komanso mawonekedwe ndi kapangidwe ka thupi, komwe sikumapatula kwathunthu komwe kumatsikira.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Mwanjira yofunikira zakale, nthumwi za mtundu wa Skapanorinhs kapena shark-domov sizikudziwika, koma zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mitundu ina ya asodzi akale.
Kusintha kwachulukidwe kwamadzi am'nyanja pang'onopang'ono kunapangitsa kusintha kwa madzi m'mbali zonse za dziko lapansi, kuphatikiza nthumwi zamitundu yomwe ili m'ndondomeko ya Lamiformiformes ndi banja la Skapanorinkh. Khalidwe la shark-domovoy yakuzama panyanja idasintha kwambiri ndipo nsomba zimayamba kuyenda pang'onopang'ono m'dera lamadzi osaya. Ndizovomerezeka kuti nyama zambiri zodya nyama zimakhala m'gulu la anthu osakwatiwa omwe samakonda kupanga magulu amtundu kapena magulu angapo ofunikira, osasamala malo omwe amakhala.
Habitat, malo okhala
Shark-brownie yoyamba yakuzama panyanja anagwidwa mu 1897. Wachikulire adagwidwa pafupi ndi gombe la Japan.Nyamayi imakonda kuya kosachepera 200-250 metres, komanso ikhoza kupezeka m'madzi am'nyanja otentha kapena ofunda. Komabe, kuzama kwakanthawi kovomerezeka komwe sikudziwika sikokwanira kupitirira 1300 metres.
Gawo lalikulu la nyumba ya shark linagwidwa pafupi ndi gombe la Japan, kudera pakati pa Bosoruen Peninsula ndi Tosa Bay yayikulu. Komanso, oimira ambiri amtundu wa ma scapanorinchs kapena nyama za shark nthawi zambiri amapezeka pafupi ndi gombe la Australia, pafupi ndi New Zealand ndi Republic of South Africa, ku French Guiana ndi Bay of Biscay, pafupi ndi gombe la Portugal ndi Madeira, komanso m'madzi a Gulf of Mexico.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Pazonse, mpaka pano, asayansi amadziwa mitundu 45 yokha ya nsomba zakuya kwambiri ngati Scapanorinch, zomwe zinagwidwa kapena kuponyedwa kumtunda.
Pakadali pano, pamaziko osawerengeka ambiri a kugwidwa kwa nsomba zamatsenga, komanso zopezeka zingapo zoimiridwa ndi mitembo ya nyama yakugombeyiyi pagombe, ndizotheka kunena ndi mwayi waukulu kuti momwe madzi onse am'nyanja, kupatula, madzi a Kumpoto Nyanja ya Arctic, nthumwi za mtundu wa Scapanorinch ndizabwino kukhalamo.
Zakudya za Shark-Brownie
Kankhono kakang'ono kwambiri kamene kamasambira nyama yake kanatulutsa zibwano zopanga bwino komanso zamphamvu, komanso kutulutsa madzi mkamwa ndi wogwirayo. Kukhazikika kwapadera pamphuno ya nyama yam'madziyi kumadziwika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa maselo amagetsi omwe amathandiza shaki kudziwa mosavuta nyama zomwe zili mumdima wandiweyani.
Sankhani moyenera zakudya zazikulu za shaki-brownie masiku ano sizingatheke. Chowonadi ndi chakuti zapamimba zomwe zimapezeka kuti sizinasungidwe sizinasungidwe. Nthawi zambiri, m'mimba mwa shaki mumakhala madzi. Chifukwa chake, asayansi adatha kudziwa bwino kokha makoma oyera bwino a zida zam'mimba.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Shark ya goblin imakhala ndi fungo labwino kwambiri, ndipo kuiona kotsika sikugwira ntchito yofunika pakufunafuna nyama.
Komabe, potengera kapangidwe ka zida zamano za oimira amitundu kapena zanyama zazifupi, asayansi akadali ndi lingaliro lokwanira. Malinga ndi kuganiza koteroko, asodzi akuya panyanja amatha kudya nyama zam'madzi zosiyanasiyana - zooplankton mpaka nsomba zazikulu. Mwinanso, nyama yomwe imadya nyama zambiri zam'madzi sichitha kudya nyama zamtundu uliwonse wamatumbi komanso zovunda, squid, octopus ndi cuttlefish. Ndi mano ake akuthyo, chilombo chimagwira nyama mochenjera, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi mano ake am'mbuyo.
Adani achilengedwe
Mwinanso, nthumwi za genus scapanorinchs kapena nyama zapakhaka zilibe adani ofunikira m'chilengedwe omwe angawononge kwambiri chiwerengero chonse cha zilombo zam'madzi zotere. Mwa zina, sizikupanga nzeru kukambirana za malonda a shaki ya goblin.
Zikhala zosangalatsa:
Ngakhale zili choncho, nsagwada za munthu wokhala m'madzi am'madzi ndizopindulitsa kwambiri ndi okhometsa ndalama ochokera kunja, motero amagulitsidwa pamtengo wokwera kwambiri. Kuperewera kwa chidziwitso ndi kusakwanitsa kudziwa bwino kuchuluka kwa asodzi omwe alipo masiku ano kwalola asayansi kudziwa za kuphatikizidwa kwa International Red Book ngati mtundu wocheperako komanso wosaphunzira bwino.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Makhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha shaki-domovoy sizinaphunziridwe bwino pakadali pano. Ndi chifukwa ichi kuti pakali pano sizikudziwika kuti mitunduyi ndi yochuluka motani, komanso kuti ili bwanji ndikuwonongeka.
Komabe, International Union for Conservation of Natural yatchulapo mitundu ingapo yayikulu komanso yofunika kwambiri kuopseza komwe asodzi akutha kuwulula. Zinthu zoyipa kwambiri zomwe zingakhudze kuchuluka kwa oimira genus scapanorinch kapena nyumba za shark ndizomwe zikuwedza nsomba komanso kuwononga chilengedwe, komanso kugwidwa kwa anthu ogwidwa.
Dera
Unawonongedwa koyamba mu 1897 kugombe la Japan. Chimakhala pamtunda wamamita 200, wopezeka m'madzi ofunda komanso otentha a nyanja zonse. Kuzama kolimba kwambiri ndi 1300 metres. Asodzi ambiri adagwidwa pagombe la Japan kudera la Tosa Bay ndi Boso Peninsula ru en. Asodzi amapezeka pagombe la Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, French Guiana, ku Bay of Biscay, mphepete mwa Madeira ndi Portugal, komanso ku Gulf of Mexico.
Kodi asayansi amadziwa chiyani zokhudza asodzi akuya panyanja?
Shaki yakuzama ndikuyimira banja lakale, komwe mtundu ndi mtundu umodzi wokha udalipobe mpaka pano. Dzina lake lasayansi ndi Mitsukurina owstoni, ndipo chifukwa cha izi, shaki iyi nthawi zina imadziwika kuti mitzecurin. Palibe zinthu zakale zamtunduwu zomwe zinapezeka, koma zotsalazo za mitundu yofananira yomwe imapezeka m'matumba omwe zaka zawo zimakhala zofanana pafupifupi 70 miliyoni zimadziwika.
Choyambirira choyambirira cha nsomba yakuzama kwambiri cha nsomba zam'nyanja chimapezeka pafupi ndi gombe la Japan (1897): chinali chachikulire. Malongosoledwe asayansi amtunduwu adapangidwa chaka chotsatira. Mpaka pano, asayansi amadziwa anthu 45 okha a Mitzecurin, ena omwe amapezeka pagombe (toyesa), ena adagwidwa munyanja (toyesa).
Biology
Biology ya shark-brownie yaphunziridwa pang'ono. Sizikudziwika ngakhale kuti mitundu yachilengedweyi ndiochuluka motani komanso ngati ili pangozi. Zimadyanso nyama zosiyanasiyana zakuzama: nsomba, zigamba, ndi ma crustaceans. Nsagwada ndi zam'manja, amatha kutuluka. Mbodzi wa shaki amasaka nyama, kukankha nsagwayo ndikutungira madzi pakamwa pamodzi ndi womenyedwayo. Kutuluka kwa mphuno kumakhala ndi maselo ambiri oonera zinthu zamagetsi ndipo kumathandiza shaki kupeza nyama mumdima wakunyanja. Chiwindi ndi chachikulu kwambiri - chimafikira 25% ya kulemera kwa thupi (monga mitundu ina ya a shaki, imachotsa chikhodzodzo). Mwina, shark-brownie ndi ovoviviparous. Mwachilengedwe, asodzi a nyumba alibe adani.
Pazinthu zakale, sizikudziwika (ngakhale zimafanana ndi asodzi akale).
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Chithunzi: Shark Goblin
Kuchokera ku banja lochita bwino lomwe la shaki za scapanorinch, mtunduwu ndiwungopulumuka. Amakhulupilira - chifukwa goblin ndi osowa kwambiri kwa akatswiri ofufuza chifukwa cha malo omwe amakhala m'madzi ndi shaki, chifukwa chake palibe amene amadziwa ngati kuya kwamadzi ndi mitundu ina ya banja ili ikubisala, kapenanso ingapo.
Shark woyamba wa goblin adagwidwa mu 1898. Chifukwa cha zachilendo za nsomba, matchulidwe ake asayansi sanapangidwe nthawi yomweyo, koma pokhapokha atafufuza mwatsatanetsatane, zomwe zidatenga pafupifupi chaka chimodzi, zidapangidwa ndi D.S. Jordan. Nsomba zoyamba kugwidwa zinali zocheperapo, kutalika kwa mita, chifukwa, poyamba, asayansi anali ndi lingaliro lolakwika za kukula kwa nyamayo.
Kufalitsa, moyo ndi kubereka
Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha asodzi a goblin (kumbukirani - akadalipo dzina lotere la nsomba zam'madzi zokhala ndi mawonekedwe achilendo) adagwidwa pafupi ndi zisumbu za Japan. Koma malo awo ndi ochulukirapo ndipo amaphimba madzi ofunda ndi otentha am'nyanja zitatuzi:
- kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa kwa Pacific: m'mphepete mwa Japan, Australia ndi New Zealand, pafupi ndi kumwera kwa California (North America),
- kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa kwa Atlantic: Guyana, Suriname, Bay of Biscay, madzi aku South, North ndi West Africa,
- Western Indian Ocean.
Shaki-brownie imakhala m'madzi akuya (pansi pa 200 mita). Kukula kwa 1300 m kuli pano kwambiri, komwe kupezeka kwa mitunduyi kunapezeka. Munali mu kuya kwa Nyanja ya India kuti chingwe cha telegraph chinatsikira pansi, pomwe kupumula kunachitika. Atakweza chingwecho kumtunda, dzino lakumaso la shark-brownie linapezedwa. Choyambitsa kuwonongeka kwa chingwe chinadziwika ndi shaki iyi, yomwe mwina mwadzidzidzi idaganiza kuluma chingwechi. Osati kawirikawiri, nsomba yakuzama iyi inkawoneka m'madzi osaya pafupi ndi gombe.
Zochepa kwambiri sizodziwika pamakhalidwe a shaki ya goblin. Asayansi amati, ndipo nthawi zambiri amavomerezeka, kuti amakhala moyo wawekha. Masamba akuluakulu kapena masukulu a nsomba zodabwitsazi sizipezeka konse.
Kanema: Goblin Shark
Adawerengedwa kuti Mitsukurina owstoni polemekeza Alan Auston ndi Pulofesa Kakechi Mitsukuri - woyamba adamugwira, ndipo wachiwiri adachita nawo kafukufuku. Ofufuza adazindikira momwe amafananira ndi shaki ya Mesozoic shark scapanorinch, ndipo kwakanthawi anakhulupirira kuti ndizomwezi.
Kenako mikangano idakhazikitsidwa, koma monga limodzi la mayina osadziwika, "skapanorinh" idakhazikitsidwa. Mitunduyi ndiyothandizadi, ndipo popeza mtundu weniweni wa scapanorinch sunakhalepo, ndizomveka kunena kuti m'baleyo wapulumuka kwambiri.
Shark ya goblin ilidi ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana: ilipo pafupifupi zaka 50 miliyoni, imakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zotere ndipo kotero ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kuwerenganso. Oimira akale kwambiri a banja la Skapanorinch amakhala munyanja pafupifupi zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo.
Kodi shark wa goblin amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: goblin shark m'madzi
Zodalirika malo okhalamo sakudziwika, titha kungoganiza za madera omwe ma skapanorinhs adagwidwa.
Malo A Goblin Shark:
- China Nyanja
- Pacific kum'mawa kwa gombe la Japan,
- Nyanja ya Tasman
- Gombe Lalikulu ku Australia,
- madzi kumwera kwa South Africa,
- Gombe la Guinea
- Wopatsa chidwi
- Bay of Biscay,
- Nyanja ya Atlantic kuchoka pagombe la Portugal.
Kwa nthawi yonseyi anthu ochepera makumi asanu adagwidwa, ndipo potengera zitsanzo zoterezi ndizosatheka kunena molondola pamalire amtunduwo.
Japan ndiye mtsogoleri pa chiwerengero cha asodzi aku goglin omwe adagwidwa - zinali munyanja ndikutsuka komwe ambiri mwa iwo adapezeka. Izi, komabe, ndizotheka makamaka chifukwa chakuti achi Japan adayamba kuwedza mozama panyanja, ndipo izi sizitanthauza kuti m'madzi awa ndi omwe mapanikopo ambiri amakhala.
Kuphatikiza apo: ndi nyanja ndi ma bays omwe adalembedwera, pomwe pagombe lotseguka mbalame zochulukitsitsa mwina zimakhala, koma kuwedza mozama mkati mwake kumachitika. Mwambiri, madzi am'nyanja zonse ndi oyenera kukhalamo - ndi nyanja ya Arctic yokha yomwe ikhoza kukhala yosiyana, komabe, ndipo ofufuza alibe chidaliro pa izi.
Woyambayo adagwiridwanso pafupi ndi gombe la Japan, m'dziko lino mitunduyi idatchedwa dzina loti goblin - ngakhale ku Russia sichidagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali. Amakonda kumutcha ma brownie - chilengedwe ichi chimadziwika kwambiri kwa anthu aku Soviet.
Chifukwa cha kutentha kwa nyanja, komwe kwakhala kukuchitika kwa nthawi yayitali, ma scapanorinhs pang'onopang'ono amasintha malo awo, kumapita. Koma kuya kuya ndikadali kofunika: shaki iyi imakonda kukhala ndi madzi osachepera 200-250 metres pamutu pake. Nthawi zina amasambira kwambiri ndikuzama - mpaka 1500 metres.
Kodi shark wa goblin amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kuzama kwa goblin shark
Zodalirika zakudyazo sizikufotokozedwa, chifukwa nsomba sizinasunge zomwe zili m'mimba: zidathiridwa zonse chifukwa chakugwa kwakanthawi pakukwera. Chifukwa chake, zimangokhala zongolingalira za zomwe zimadya.
Mapeto ake adakhazikitsidwa, mwa zina, pamapangidwe a nsagwada ndi mano a nsomba izi - monga ofufuza ati, ma scapanorinhs amatha kudya nyama zakuya zam'nyanja zosiyanasiyana zazikulu, kuyambira plankton mpaka nsomba yayikulu. Cephalopods amakhalanso m'zakudya.
Mwinanso, shark wa hoblin amadya:
- nsomba
- plankton
- squid
- octopus
- nsomba za cuttlefish
- ana ang'onoang'ono,
- otchera
- ma clams
- zovunda.
Amagwiritsa ntchito mano ake akutsogolo kugwira ndi kugwira nyama, ndipo amamukuta ndi kumbuyo. Nsagwada zimapangidwa bwino, pamene kusaka kumakankhira kutali, kugwira ndikugwira wogwirayo, ndipo nthawi yomweyo imatulutsanso madzi mkamwa.
Sathanso kugwira nyama yomwe imatha kuyenda mwachangu, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa nyanja - samangoyenda nawo ndikuyamwa ngati ang'ono, ndipo amawagwira ndi mano akulu.
Ngati mwanjira iyi sizingatheke kukhala ndi zokwanira, muyenera kuyang'ana kuti mutembole - m'mimba mwake shaki ya goblin imasinthidwa kuti ichitike. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zomwe zimasungidwa m'chiwindi zimamulola kukhala ndi moyo wautali popanda chakudya, ngati kusaka nyama sikunaphule kanthu.
Sakani nyama ndi zakudya
M'malo akuya kwambiri, komwe shaki ya goblin imakhala, imakhala yakuda kwambiri, kotero masomphenya sathandiza munthu kudziwa nyama. Pamakhala kuchuluka kwakutali kwa mphuno, maselo osakanikirana ndi ma cell amatha kugwira nsomba zomwe zimadutsa, ndikuthandizira kudziwa komwe akukhala ndipo mwanjira imeneyi zimakhala zosavuta kupeza chakudya.
Shark-brownie amadya nyanja yakuzama. Asayansi amangoganiza kuti zakudya zimayimiriridwa ndi nsomba, squid, chipolopolo ndi nkhanu. Ndizosatheka kudziwa bwinobwino zomwe asodzi awa amapeza mumdima wakunyanja. Nthawi zonse za asodzi omwe adagwera m'manja mwa asayansi kuti aphunzire anali matumbo opanda kanthu. Mwinanso, pakukweza nsomba kuchokera pakuya, madontho akukumana kwake adathandizira kuti m'mimba musachotse.
Palibe zovuta kudziwa ngati shaki ya goblin ili ndi adani m'chilengedwe chake. Asayansi amati palibe nyama zomwe zimatha kukhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa shaki yachilendoyi.
Kapangidwe kapadera ka shaki yakuzama
Kapangidwe kachilendo kamutu ka "goblin" wam'madzi izi ndi chifukwa chake dzina. Pamizere pamwamba pakamwa pali mtunda wautali womwe umatsogozedwa. Kuchokera pamwamba, bwaloli likufanana ndi tsamba lolochedwa, ndipo monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, malo ake onse ali ndi maselo amagetsi omwe amathandizira kufunafuna nyama. Pakamwa pake pamatha kukhala ngati mulomo wokhala ndi mano akuthwa.
Shark ya nyumba imatha kufika pamitundu yayitali (mpaka 4 metres), koma nthawi zambiri kutalika kwake kumakhala kwakukulu masentimita 240-350. Thupi limakhala ndi mawonekedwe a fusiform.
Zipsepse zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe atypical a shark:
- zipsepse zonse zokuzungulirani,
- dorsal - yaying'ono, komanso yolimba pamimba pamimba ndi kumat - yayikulu,
- Malamba a caudal ndi osiyana ndi ena chifukwa amangokhala ndi mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo wotsikirako sapezeka, chifukwa chake umafanana ndi mchira wa mbawala,
Asodzi a Scapanorinch (brownies) ali ndi chiwindi chachikulu kwambiri. Kulemera kwake kuli pafupifupi kotala la kulemera konse kwa nsomba.
Mtundu wosadziwika ndi khungu
Utoto womwe umasiyanitsa shaki yakuya yakuya kwa "mate mate" ena ndiwachilendo. Anthu amoyo ali ndi khungu la pinki chifukwa cha khungu lotuluka lomwe mitsempha yamagazi imawala. Zoyerekeza zakufa zimakhala zofiirira. Ndipo zipsepse za "ma marini" ochita kupusa zimakhala zonyezimira.
Maso a asodzi awa ndi ang'ono ndipo alibe zaka zana lachitatu. Amadziwika ndi kuthekera kwa kuwala ndi kuwala kwamtundu wobiriwira, womwe uyenera kukhala wowoneka bwino mumdima wamadzi.Ndi mtundu wamaso amtundu wobiriwira, amafanana ndi nsomba ina ya cartilaginous (chimera), yomwe imapezekanso kuzama kwambiri.
Nyanja goblin ndi munthu
Shark-brownie sichigwira ntchito zamtundu wa shaki. Koma nsagwada zake zapadera ndizofunika kwambiri kwa okhometsa kuzungulira padziko lonse omwe ali ofunitsitsa kuti alipire ndalama zambiri.
Pali zidziwitso kuti munthu m'modzi, atagwidwa amoyo, adasungidwa kumalo osungira nyama ku Japan (ku University of Tokyo). Ali ku ukapolo, adatha kukhala ndi masiku 7 okha.
Chifukwa chakusazindikira komanso kusatha kuwerengera zenizeni za mitunduyi, nyumba ya shaki yalembedwa mu International Red Book ngati mtundu wachilendo womwe suwamveka bwino. Palibe chidziwitso pakubereka kwa nsomba zamatumbo izi, kupatula chodabwitsa: anthu onse omwe amadziwika ndi asayansi (omwe agwidwa kapena omwe amapezeka pagombe) anali amuna.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Shark Goblin
Siphunziridwa bwino chifukwa cha njira ya moyo: limakhala m'madzi akuya, ndipo ndizovuta kufufuza malowa. Chifukwa chake, asayansi amatenga mfundo zazikuluzikulu kuchokera ku zitsanzo zochepa zomwe zinagwidwa. Nditawawerenga, adaganiza kuti ngakhale mawonekedwe ake osadziwika, uyu ndi shaki weniweni, osati chepetsa - m'mbuyomu panali malingaliro otere.
Asayansi akukhulupiriranso mtundu wamtunduwu wamtunduwu - ngakhale asodzi sanapezeke, koma ali ndi moyo, kwambiri kuti mitundu ina ya asodzi akale adatsogolera. Izi zikuwonetsedwanso ndi kapangidwe kawo, m'njira zambiri zofanana ndi zolengedwa zakale kwambiri.
Ngakhale izi sizikudziwika mosadalirika, zimawerengedwa kuti ndizopatsa nthawi - mwinanso palibe umboni kuti amapanga masango ndikuwagwira kamodzi. Sizinali zotheka kuphunzitsira za shablin shark wamoyo ngakhale atakhala kuti anakopeka - munthu yekhayo amene anapulumuka pambuyo poti wamwalirayo adamwalira sabata limodzi, ndikuletsa kuti asatenge zambiri.
Chosangalatsa: M'malo mwake, dzina losasankhidwa silinaperekedwe polemekeza ma goblin, koma zolengedwa - zolengedwa kuchokera ku nthano za ku Japan. Chomwe chimasiyanitsa ndi mphuno yayitali kwambiri, ndichifukwa chake asodzi aku Japan nthawi yomweyo adafanana. Popeza kunalibe tengu mu nthano za ku Western, adasandulika ma goblins, ndipo ku USSR mwanjira yomweyo - ma brownies.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Shark goblin, ndi shaki ya brownie
Amawaganizira kuti ndi okhawo omwe amadyera masuku pamutu mwakufanizira ndi mitundu yofananira. Nsombazi zimalumikizana pamodzi panthawi yakukhwima, zomwe zinapangidwira komanso nthawi yomwe sizinaphunzire. Amabwera kamodzi zaka zingapo zilizonse. Nthawi yonse yomwe amakhala nthawi yosaka okhala m'malo akuya, nkotheka kuti oimira ena a mitundu yawo, nawonso.
Asayansi amatha kungoganiza zokhudzana ndi kubereka, popeza mayi wapakati sanagwidwepo - komabe, izi zitha kuchitidwa motsimikiza motengera kuphunzira kwa asodzi ena, kuphatikiza azinyanja akuya. Mwinanso, ma scapanorinchas ndi ovoviviparous, mazira amakula mwachindunji m'thupi la mayi.
Amawoneka okonzekera moyo wodziyimira pawokha - ndipo nthawi yomweyo imayamba. Amayi samasamala mwachangu, samaphunzitsa ndipo sawadyetsa, koma masamba nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa chake amayenera kusaka ndikubisala kwa omwe amadyera okha - ndibwino kuti palibe ambiri aiwo popeza ali pafupi kwambiri.
Chochititsa chidwi: Kujambula patali patali patali kwambiri, ndikupatsa theka la "shaki" ya shaki, imakhala ngati ikubweretsa magetsi. Muli ndi ma Bubble aku Lorenzini, omwe amagwira ngakhale ma magetsi ofooka kwambiri, ndikupangitsa kuti azitha kudziwa zomwe zikugwira mumdima - kuphatikizapo zosasunthika.