Akavalo amatengedwa kuti ndi nyama zapakhomo, zomwe chifukwa cha izi zimakonda kuchita manyazi, zosalamulirika komanso zosakonzekera.
Zachidziwikire, malingaliro awa alibe chifukwa, koma ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa kuti akavalo ali ndi luntha lodabwitsa, malingaliro opambana komanso ochita mwachangu.
Clever Hans, wotchuka padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha "kuyankhula"
Izi zidatsimikiziridwa zaka zana zapitazo ndi mwiniwake wa kavalo waku Germany komanso Karl Krall.
Kutchuka kwake monga mphunzitsi wamkulu wa akavalo kunayamba chifukwa chakuti adagula malole a Orlov otchedwa Hans. Kavalo uyu anali kudziwika kale, chifukwa ndi mwini wake wakale adatha kuyendayenda pafupifupi Germany, amapeza mbiri ngati "wasayansi wa kavalo" ndi dzina laulemu "Smart Hans". Akavalo adawonetsa luso lodziwikiratu.
Mulimonsemo, adadziwa kuwerengera m'maganizo mwake, chifukwa atafunsidwa zovuta zamasamu mu mawonekedwe achilendo, amatha kuwumba yankho lolondola pa bolodi.
Komabe, atolankhaniyi atagonjetsedwa kotheratu ndipo a Wilhelm von Osten, yemwe anali ndi kavalo panthawiyo, sanathe kupirira ziwopsezozo, adazisamutsa K. Krall. Kuphatikiza pahatchi iyi, Karl adatenganso mahatchi awiri achi Arabia - Muhammad ndi Tsarif ndi pony yotchedwa Hansik. Sanali ochepa mahatchi: pambali pawo, anali ndi ng'ombe ya njovu Ngati ndi kavalo wakhungu kwambiri, dzina lake Berto. Izi zinali zofunikira kuti Karl Krall apeze zolemba zokwanira zowonetsera kuti njira zake zophunzitsira sizinali zolozeka kwa kavalo mmodzi wamtsogolo.
Hans ndi mphunzitsi wake, Krall.
Wolemba buku la Nobel, M. Meterlink adalemba zambiri za kuyesa kwa Kraal, ndipo adamupatsa mutu wonse m'buku lake "Mlendo Wosadziwika". Nthawi ina Karl Kraal adayitanitsa Meterlink kuti adzamuchezere, kuti azitha kuwona kuchokera ku zomwe adakumana nazo luso la ziweto zake.
Komanso mwiniwake wakale wa Clever Hans, Karl adakhazikika pa maphunziro ake powomba ziboda pa bolodi la mayankho pamavuto a masamu. Komabe, Karl samangokhala ndi mavuto a masamu. Ngati m'maphunziro a masamu kuchuluka kwa ziboda zogundana zimagwirizana ndi nambala imodzi kapena ina, ndiye pamaphunziro a kulemba ndi kuwerenga, kalata imodzi kapena ina imafanananso ndi mikwingwirima inayake. Zowona, ziyenera kudziwika kuti Karl sanagwiritse ntchito zilembo zodziwika bwino pophunzitsa: pachifukwa ichi adapanga zilembo zapadera za akavalo.
Izi mwina zikuwoneka kuti ndi zotsogola, koma Karl amadziwa zomwe anali kuchita ndipo mahatchiwo amazidziwa bwino kwambiri. Ndipo kuti omvera amvetsetse zomwe hatchi "imagogoda", adapatsidwa njira zowerengera zilembozi.
Maphunziro aukadaulo wa Karl Krall amadziwika kwambiri.
Komabe, tibwerera ku M. Meterlinka. Choyamba, adamuuza iye kavalo wotchedwa Muhammad. Karl ananena kuti kavalo "alembe" dzina la Meterlink, atalitchulapo kale kangapo. Akavalo sanamvere pang'ono, kenako adapanga nkhonya zingapo kumanja kwake kenako kumanzere, komwe zilembo zopangidwa ndi Krall zimagwirizana ndi zilembo "M". Pambuyo pa izi, kavalo adasinthana ndikudina zilembo za ADRLINSH, potero kuwonetsa momwe dzina la wolemba limawonekera poyimira mahatchi.
Kutha kwa masamu kunawonetsedwa ndi Pony wamafuta yemwe watchulidwa kale uja. Meterlink atanena kuti a Hansik agawe mazana anayi mphambu makumi anayi ndi zisanu kuti akhale asanu ndi awiri, ndiye kuti Hansik sanazengereze kwakanthawi kuti azigunda kumenya atatu ndi ziboda zake zisanu ndi kumanzere kumanzere, zomwe zikufanana ndi chiwerengero cha makumi asanu ndi limodzi ndi zitatu. Mahatchi atalimbikitsidwa, a Hansik anasintha "ndikusintha" chithunzi, ndikusintha 63 kukhala 36, kenako ndikuchita zomwezi. Atagundana ndi ziwerengero, adakhutira. Ndipo poti panalibe lingaliro labodza, Meterlink adamufunsa manambala.
Pakapita kanthawi, Karl adapezeka ali ndi mlandu wokana kuchita ziwalo zina.
Zinadziwika kwambiri kuti Karl Krall sanakhudze mahatchi pa chiwonetserochi, sanawapatse chizindikiro ndipo sananene mawu. M'mawu akuti, palibe chomwe chimawonetsa lingaliro. Zowona, Karl adawoneratu kukayikira kuchokera kwa otsutsa, kotero adaphunzitsanso Berto, kavalo wakhungu kwathunthu. Karl adamuphunzitsa masamu pogwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa pambali pake.
Njira zophunzitsira za Krall zinali zachifundo kwambiri. Izi sizitchedwa kuphunzitsa. Analankhula ndi akavalo mofewa kwambiri, akumasamala kwambiri kavalo wakhungu.
Kupambana kwakukulu kwa izi ndikuti mahatchi adatha kulankhula ndi mbuye wawo. Mwachitsanzo, asanaphunzire kamodzi, a Tsarif adalemba mawu otsatirawa: "Mkwati Albert adamenya Hansik." Phunziro lina, anakana kuyankha, popeza anali atagunda kale "mwendo ukupweteka." Koma njovu Kama sanaphunzitse. Karl, komabe, adalongosola izi osati chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa nzeru za njovu, koma ndi unyamata wake.
Zachidziwikire, zotsatira za ntchito za Krall, adapeza pomwepo kuti afotokozere "wamatsenga" uyu yemwe adalimbikira kutsimikizira kuti akavalo apanga nzeru. Changu kwambiri anali katswiri wazamisala O. Pfungst, yemwe anali atatha kale kumulavulira pa O O O Oenen. Malinga ndi zomwe m'mbuyomu adanena, mwiniwake wa Smart Hans adamupatsa zikumbumtima zosayankha yankho lolondola.
Mwa njira ya Krall, akupitilizabe kuphunzitsa masiku ano.
Koma Karl Krall anali mtedza wolimba ndipo adavomera mikangano iliyonse. Pfungst adaloledwa kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi akavalo ndipo adaloledwa kufunsa mafunso akavalo, ndikuwasiyanitsa ndi eni ake mothandizidwa ndi chinsalu, hood komanso chofunda. Koma zotsatira zake sizinatchulidwepo: mahatchiwo anayankhidwa molondola. Adapereka mayankho olakwika pamaso pa mwini wakeyo nthawi zambiri kuposa pamaso pake.
Chifukwa chake, umboni wa luntha mu akavalo udali wosavomerezeka, womwe sunangowononga mbiri ya Karl Krall, komanso unawonjezera. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, maunikidwe asayansi aku Germany monga E. Haeckel, G. Ziegler ndi V.F. Oswald ndi katswiri wazamoyo wa ku Russia N. Koltsov adazindikira kufunika kwa sayansi kwa ntchito ya Krall. Ndipo G. Ziegler adamuphunzitsa galu wake moipa kuposa Krall yamahatchi ake.
Zingaoneke kuti zinthu zikuwayendera bwino. Koma panali anthu omwe samatha kukhululuka akavalo kukhalapo kwa nzeru, ndipo mwini - kulimba mtima kwa kuganiza.
Ngakhale kuti asayansi otsogola adatsimikizira zoyesayesa za Karl Krall, gulu la otsogolera odziwika osangalatsa, oyenda pamahatchi, ophunzitsa, akatswiri azamaphunziro, komanso ena nthawi zambiri sakukhudzana ndi sayansi, motsogozedwa ndi omwe adanenedwa ndi Pfungst, chifukwa cholephera kutsutsa zotsatira za ntchito ya Krall, adafikira " "Chikalatachi" chimati ntchito ya Krall siyingavulaze zoopsychology, yomwe imalongosola zochita za nyama zokhazokha komanso zikhalidwe. Inde, mpingo udalowa nawo pa nkhaniyi, yomwe idakwiya chifukwa cha "mwano" wa Krall, yemwe adayimilira ngati "chifanizo ndi chifanizo cha Mulungu" ng'ombe zopanda mzimu, zomwe zidalibe ufulu wamoyo chifukwa abambo a tchalitchi adasankha.
Zionetserozi zitatumizidwa kwa akuluakulu, mbiri ya Karl idagwa. Adazindikiridwa ngati charlatan pamaziko a signature a 1000 a anthu osadziwika komanso ngakhale atapembedzedwa ndi asayansi otchuka.
Ndipo posachedwa Nkhondo Yadziko Yoyamba idayamba. Mahatchiwo anapemphedwa kuti azisamalira okwera pamahatchi. Ndipo ngakhale nkhondo itatha Karl Kral adafunafuna akavalo ake, sanapambane. Onsewa anafa kuphedwa kopanda tanthauzo koyambitsidwa ndi "kukhala ndi moyo" "m'chifanizo ndi mawonekedwe a Mulungu."
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“Ayi” ndi “ngakhale” sizinthu zazikulu kwambiri
Zojambula ndi Natalia Bush
Wolemba ndakatulo wa ana Olga Vysotskaya ali ndi ndakatulo "Yosangalatsa Gramari":
Osati ndi ngakhalenso - tili ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono.
Tiyenera kubwereza.
Ndipo musakhale aulesi
NDIPO ngakhalenso ola limodzi ayi kutaya!
M'malo mwake, zowonadi, pali zambiri tinthu tina. Amatanthauzira mawonekedwe amatanthauzidwe amawu, mawu ndi ziganizo, ndipo pamakhala mithunzi yambiri yolankhula.
- INE NDINE ayi mochedwa.
— Kodi inu ayi mochedwa?
- INE NDINE ngakhale osachedwa.
— Kodi zilidi osachedwa?
- Osachedwa!
— Ayi simunachedwe!
- INE NDINE ayi mochedwa angatero, ngati sakanafuna Mvula ikubwera.
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timasintha ("ayi", "pokhapokha", "ngakhale", "kwenikweni", "konse" ndi zina), koma kukambirana kwenikweni kumapezeka! Mitengo imatchedwa "semantic" chifukwa imawonetsa masinthidwe amomwe amasiyana, momwe amamvera komanso malingaliro a wokamba nkhani. Koma tikambirana zofanana kwambiri poyang'ana koyamba kagawo ka "ngakhale" ndi "ngakhale".
Chifukwa chiyani chilankhulo cha Chirasha chinafunika ma cell awiri nthawi imodzi? Ali ngati abale amapasa. Koma mapasa ofanana amatha kukhala ndi chikhalidwe chosiyana.
Ndi tinthu "te", zonse ndi zosavuta - amakana mawu omwe amayimira kumbuyo kwake:
osati tambala, koma nkhuku,
osati loyera koma lakuda
osati khwangwala, koma kuthina,
osati padenga, koma pamtunda wa nkhuku.
Koma kodi “kachilombo” kamapanga chiyani? Alinso ndi ntchito yambiri:
Tiyeni tiwone mawu omwe a Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky analemba akuti: “Kodi ngakhalenso Iwo adati, koma galamala imaphunzitsa ayi china chilichonse monga kumanja kugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo, i.e. molondola lankhulani, werengani ndi kulemba chilankhulo chimodzi kapena china. Phunziro ndi cholinga chake - kulondola, ndi ngakhalenso Nanga ndi chiyani chomwe amasamala. "
"Ayi" pazochitika zonse ziwiri, monga momwe zikuyembekezeredwa, zimalimbikitsa kukanidwa: kuphatikiza "osasamala zomwe akunena", komanso kuphatikiza kwina "zopanda pake". Mwa njira, pachiwiri, "ngakhale" si tinthu, koma gawo la cholakwika "cholakwika", chomwe chili pachiwonetsero chazomwe zili nawo. Pano pali kukangana kwachirendo motere: "Palibe", "Palibe", "Palibe", "Palibe", "Palibe", "popanda kanthu". Koma mawu oti "sichoncho kuposa momwe" angakayikire. Chifukwa chiyani palibe "ayi" osati "ayi"?
Zomwe zidapangidwazo "palibe wina (wina) kupatula" ndipo "palibe china (china) koma", momwe matchulidwe "ndani" ndi "chani" amatha kuyimirira osalunjika popanda ma prevo komanso ma prevo ("palibe wina, monga "," china koma "," palibe wina "," palibe china ", etc.), ndizosavuta kusokoneza mayankho omwe amaphatikizapo matchulidwe" palibe "ndi" palibe "(Nawonso, amatha kuyimirira m'malo osiyanasiyana, onse popanda chidziwitso komanso kuphatikizira). Kodi kupewa izi? Tiyeni tiyerekeze magulu awiriawiri:
"Zinali palibe winangati bwenzi langa lakale. " - "Palibe wina mzanga, sindikudziwa izi, "
"Ndi kanthu koma cholakwika chosavuta. " - "Palibe koma chisangalalo, sichimamupangitsa kuti alakwe, "
"Adakumana popanda wina aliyense ndi mfumukazi. " - "Palibe wina koma Mfumukazi, sakuvomera kukumana, "
"Anavomera kanthu koma "Purezidenti." - "Palibe koma Purezidenti, sangavomereze. ”
Tanthauzo la ziganizozi ndi zofanana kwambiri, koma palinso kusiyana kwakukulu: sentensi yoyamba pa liwulo lililonse limangonena kena kake, kuloza munthu winawake, sentensi yachiwiriyo ndi yolakwika, imapatula onse kupatula munthu m'modzi, potero ndikulimbitsa mawuwo.
Kuchokera pazitsanzozi, lamulo losavuta likhoza kudulidwa: ngati chiganizo ndi mgwirizano "monga", Kenako timalemba tinthu"ayi"Ngati mgwirizano ukugwiritsidwa ntchito (kapena ukunenedwa)"Komanso"- muyenera dzina loti"palibe"kapena"palibe". Chizindikiro chimodzi chimodzi: ngati mawu oti "palibe wina koma"Itha kusintha mawu oti"chimodzimodzi", Kenako muyenera kulemba tinthu"ayi". Tiyeni tionenso zitsanzo zathu:
"Zinali (palibe wina koma) chimodzimodzi mzanga wakale "," Izi chimodzimodzi cholakwika "," Adakumana chimodzimodzi ndi mfumukazi, "" Anavomera chimodzimodzi kwa purezidenti ”- zonse ndizomveka ndipo ndizomveka pano. Tanthauzo silinasinthe.
Ndipo ngati tiyesa kupanga zina m'malo mwake ndi zomangidwa ndi tinthu "ngakhalenso»?
«Ndendende mzanga sakanadziwa izi, "Izi ndendende sizingamuyipitse mbiri, "Ndendende samavomera kukumana ndi mfumukazi ","Ndendende angavomereze kukhala purezidenti ”... Monga mukuwonera, m'malingaliro awa tanthauzo limasinthidwa. Kapena mutha kuwonjezera "ndendende", monga Belinsky adanenera m'mawu ake: ". galamala chimodzimodzi amaphunzitsa palibe chinamonga kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera chilankhulo. "
Ukadaulo Wapano: