M'mbuyomu, malo opondera aja anali ofala pang'onopang'ono ndipo malo ena osungirako mitengo kuyambira ku Hungary mpaka ku Irtysh, komabe, mothandizidwa ndi malo olima osagwirizana, adasowa pena pena paliponse, osangokhala kumadera osadalipo. Pakadali pano, malo ake akuphatikizidwa ndi malo angapo opezeka zigawo za Kharkov ndi Lugansk ku Ukraine, kumwera kwa Russia ndi pakati Volga, mapiri a dera la Volga, ndi Southern Urals ku Northern Kazakhstan. Baiboak ndi nzika zachilengedwe zopangidwa ndi udzu wosakaniza ndi udzu. Pankhani yolima nsanja, malo osakhalitsa amapita ku dothi lomwe lili pafupi kwambiri, kapena, ku zovuta kwambiri, "zosokoneza": malo obisika, malo otsetsereka osakhazikika, zipata, zigwa, mitsinje, malo odyetserako ziweto, ngakhale misewu yamsewu. Madera oyenera kukhalamo tsopano ndi gawo laling'ono la malo olimapo. Kukhala pa zokolola za tirigu ndi ndiwo zamasamba sikungachititse kuti iye akhale ndi moyo wabwino, m'malo ngati amenewo baibak imangokhala mwadala komanso kwakanthawi.
Zosiyanitsa
Bayibak Marmota bobak ndi mmodzi mwa oimira banja lalikulu la gologolo: kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi 50-70 cm, kulemera kwa amuna kumafika pa 10 kg. Thupi la baibak ndi lolemera, ndi miyendo yayifupi, yolimba yokhala ndi zibwano zazikulu, ndipo mutu wake ndi waukulu, wosalala, wokhala pakhosi lalifupi. Itha kusiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi marmondi ena ndi mchira wamfupi (osaposa 15 cm) ndi mtundu wachikasu wachikaso.
Habitat, moyo ndi machitidwe
Baybaks amakhala m'midzi yayikulu yosatha, kukonza mizinga yazolinga zosiyanasiyana komanso zovuta nyumba. Zimbudzi zawo zakanthawi ndizochepa, zazifupi, zokhala ndi khomo limodzi, lopanda chipinda chocheperamo, momwemo marimu amabisala pangozi, nthawi zina kugona usiku. Pali mabowo okwana 10 pamiyala yomwe ili mkati mwa chakudya. Zingwe zosakhazikika ndizovuta kwambiri, zimakhala nyengo yachisanu ndi chilimwe. Zovala za Chilimwe (ana) zimayimira dongosolo lovuta kuyenda, limalumikizidwa pamtunda ndi malo angapo (mpaka 6-15). Kuchokera pagawo lalikulu la dzenjelo, pamakhala mitsuko yambiri kapena mikango yakufa, pomwe mbalamezi zimakonza zimbudzi. Pakuya kwa 2-3 m, pali chipinda chocheperako chofikira mpaka 0,5-0.8 m³, pomwe chimbudzicho chimakoka udzu wouma ndi mizu. Mizere yozizira (yozizira) imatha kupangidwira mosavuta, koma zipinda zodyeramo momwemo ndizakuya kwambiri, m'malo osatentha kwambiri a dothi - mpaka 5-7 mamita kuchokera pansi. Kutalika konse kwa malembawo ndi zomangira zokhala ndi burrow yokhazikika kumafika mpaka 57-63. M'malo mwake ovuta, pali zipinda zingapo zazikulu, ndipo malembawo amapezeka pansi angapo. Pakaboweka mzere wokhazikika, mpaka ma dothi pafupifupi mamilimita 12 amaponyedwa pamtunda, ndikupanga mulu wa mululu. Nthawi zambiri, marmot amadziwika kwambiri motsutsana ndi maziko a steppe chernozem mu mtundu wowala, nthaka ndi yowuma, yokhala ndi nayitrogeni ndi michere yazinthu zam'mimba. Kutalika kwa phirili kumafika masentimita 40-100 ndi mainchesi 3 mpaka 8-10. Pamphepete mwa mozungulira pafupi ndi bowo lomwe kuli anthu kuli malo oponderezedwa kuchokera komwe ma marmles amayang'anitsitsa malo ozungulira. Zina zonse za marmot zimaphimbidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi zomera, zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomera zozungulira: chowawa, chinangwa, ndi kermek zimamera pano. M'malo okhala ndi marmoti ambiri omwe ali ndi marmots, mpaka 10% ya pansi ndi yokutidwa ndi marmots, ndichifukwa chake malo ali ndi mawonekedwe achilendo a wavy.
Kodi mbalamezi zimadya chiyani?
Mbawala yotchedwa steppe marmot imadya zakudya zabwino komanso zowoneka bwino, ndipo mbewu zomwe imakonda kwambiri ndizopisa zakutchire, udzu wa tirigu, chicory, clover ndi munda womangiriridwa. Mumagulu osiyanasiyana a chaka, amakonda magawo osiyanasiyana a mbewu. Chifukwa chake, kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, ma groundhogs amadyedwa makamaka ndi ma rhizomes ophatikizidwa ndi mababu, nthawi yotentha - mphukira zazing'ono zazitsamba ndi zitsamba, komanso maluwa. Mu theka lachiwiri la chilimwe, mbewu za stepep zikatentha, maakiaki amayenda kutali kuchoka kumakolo awo kukafunafuna malo onyowa ndi udzu wowuma. Zipatso zakupsa ndi mbewu m'mimba zawo sizikumbidwa, kumwaza limodzi ndi zitosi. Masana nyambo, baibak imadya 1 mpaka 5 kg ya mbewu. Pamba lotsegula limadyanso chakudya cha nyama - dzombe, mbewa, mbozi, nyerere pupae, nthawi zambiri zimadya ndi udzu. Sitolo yozizira sipanga masheya nthawi yachisanu. Nthawi zambiri samamwa madzi, amakhala ndi chinyezi chomera zam'mera, kapena mame am'mawa.
Kuzizira kozizira "kumagona ngati phulusa"
Pakutha kwa chilimwe, marmondi amadziunjikira mafuta 800 80000 g, omwe mpaka 20-25% ya kulemera kwawo. Pamapeto pa Ogasiti - Seputembala, nyama zimasonkhana muming'alu yachisanu m'magulu a anthu 2-5 mpaka 20-24. Amakhomera pamakomo onse matanthwe okhala ndi ndowe zosakanikirana ndi ndowe, nthaka ndi miyala ndikugwa mozama, komwe kumatenga miyezi 6-8. Kutentha kwa mpweya m'timayimbidwe tating'onoting'ono tating'ono ngakhale mu chisanu chachikulu sikugwera pansi pa 0 ° C. Panthawi yozizira, mayendedwe a marm amakhala ngati akuwuma: kutentha kwa thupi kumatsika kuchoka pa 36-38 mpaka 4,6-7.6 ° C, kupuma kumatsika mpaka pamapumidwe a 2-3 pamphindi m'malo mwa 20-30 yofanana, komanso kugunda kwa mtima mpaka 3-15 kumenya pamphindi m'malo mwa 88-140. M'nyengo yozizira, marmondi samadyetsa ndipo pafupifupi sasuntha, alipo chifukwa chosungidwa ndi mafuta ochulukirapo. Komabe, popeza mphamvu zamagetsi panthawi ya hibernation ndi yotsika, kumapeto kwa masika, nkhuni nthawi zambiri zimadzuka bwino, zimakhala ndi mafuta 100-200 g.
Steppe groundhog machitidwe omwe ali pachiwopsezo
Maluwa amatuluka hibernation kumapeto kwa February - koyambirira kwa Marichi. Kukhala ndi kunenepa pang'ono, ayamba kukonza kapena kukumba mabowo atsopano oteteza, pambuyo pake - kukonza ndikulitsa mabowo okhalamo. Ntchito zawo zimayamba kutuluka kwa dzuwa, nyama zikagalamuka ndikupita kukadyetsa. Pamwamba pa tsambalo, amatha kulumikizana (poimba mzati) ndi kumveketsa (kuyimbira foni, chizindikiro cha ngozi) kulumikizana. Nthawi zambiri pansi pamakhola awiri pamagulu a alonda pomwe ena amadya. Kutchetchera kwa tchire sikumapangika pang'ono kuposa maonedwe, kotero chizindikiro chachikulu cha ngozi sicholira kwambiri ngati kungoyang'ana kwa chiboliboli chikuyandikira kubowo. Poona izi, ma marm ena amathamangiranso kumabowo, ngakhale pakalibe kufuula. Masana, baibaks nthawi zambiri amapumula m'makola, ndipo pofika madzulo amapitanso kukadyetsa. Pamwamba pa dziko lapansi amatha maola 12-16. Mbalamezi zimasunthasuntha, nthawi zina zimayima ndi kuzizira m'malo mwake. Kuthawa kuthamangitsa, amathamanga mwachangu kwambiri, mpaka 12-15 km / h pamagawo apamwamba, ndikuyesera kubisala mdzenje wapafupi.
Kuswana
Mu Marichi - Epulo, nyengo yakukhwima imayamba. Mimba mwa iwo kumatenga masiku 30-35, mu ana nthawi zambiri 3-6 ana. Ma marmanda obadwa kumene ali amaliseche ndi akhungu, kutalika kwa 9 cm ndi 3040 g kulemera (uku ndi pafupifupi 1% ya kulemera kwa amayi). Maso awo amatseguka patsiku la 23 zokha. Panthawi yoyembekezera komanso yoyamwitsa, yamphongo imasamukira kudzenje lina. Yaikazi imadyetsa mkaka mpaka masiku 50, ngakhale ali ndi zaka 40, kumapeto kwa Meyi ndi kuchiyambiyambi kwa Juni, marmots amayamba kudya udzu. M'mbuyomu, anthu amakhulupirira kuti mabanja a marmot amapanga makolo ndi ana awiri a ana obadwa ndi nyengo. Koma kuwona nyama zolembedwa kuti kwawonetsa kuti ana ena azaka zakubadwa amasiya mabanja awo ndikukakhazikika m'mabanja ena ngati ana osabereka, ndipo makolo awo, amalandila ana achilendo. Surchati amakhalabe ndi makolo awo mpaka nthawi yotsatira chilimwe, pambuyo pake amadzimanga okha. Koma amacheza nthawi yachisanu pamodzi ndi makolo awo. Mbalame zazing'ono zazikazi zimatha kutha zaka zitatu zokha.
Kodi amakhala kuti?
Panali gawo lalikulu m'magawo ali pamwambawa, koma kulima kwatsopano, kusaka mosalekeza kunapeza baibak wathu wokondedwa ndikuchepetsa chiwerengerocho.
Tsopano ikupezeka kumpoto kwa Kazakhstan, imakhala m'malo abwino kwambiri kuyambira ku Urals kupita ku Irtysh yotchuka, yakhala ikuchitika mpaka kalekale m'mphepete mwa Don.
Kodi baibak amakhala bwanji?
Amagona choposa theka la chaka, nthawi yonse yomwe amakonzekera hibernation yomwe ikubwera. Kodi akutani? Gulu la nyama limapanga dongosolo lovuta kulimata. Chinyama chanzeru bwanji chomwe chimapanga nyumba yozizira komanso yodzipatula chilimwe.
Amagwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri, amapanga nyumba, yomwe kutalika kwake imafikira kuposa mamitala khumi ndi awiri, ikutulutsa malo ambiri. Mtundu wa malo owonera umapangidwa pafupi ndi bowo kuti muwonetsetse malo oyandikana nawo.
Zingwe zikakonzeka, kekeyo amayamba kukonza thupi kuti lizikhala nthawi yayitali, kuti azidya kwambiri kuti ayambe kudutsira mafuta.
Chimachitika ndi chiani baibak ikagona? Njira zonse mthupi zimayima. Kuchulukitsa kwa nyama, kugunda kwa mtima, ndi kutentha kwa thupi kumachepetsedwa kotero kuti baibak imakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi moyo chifukwa cha mafuta m'thupi.
Nthawi yakukhwima imayamba kasupe. Nyama zakufa pang'ono zimakhala zachikondi. Ng'ombe zimawoneka mwachangu. Yaikazi imakhala ndi mwezi umodzi wokha kuti ibereke magalamu makumi anayi a osathandiza komanso akhungu la baybachat.
Kwa masiku makumi anai, ana aamuna amadya mkaka wa amayi wokha, ndiye kuti amayamba kuyamwa zitsamba ndikukonzekera moyo wodziyimira pawokha.
Mafotokozedwe ambiri
Marmot ndiye penti wamkulu kwambiri. Imafika mpaka 60 cm. Kulemera kwa amuna akuluakulu kwambiri nthawi yozizira isanafike 8 kg. Marmo amakhala nthawi yayitali m'miyoyo yawo.
Zimbudzi za ku Marmot zimapezeka makamaka pamalo otsetsereka a mitsinje yopondapo. Ndipo nthawi zambiri amawoneka kuchokera kutali kumtunda wa dothi - marmots. Burrows ndizoyambira mamita 2 mpaka 4, ndi mfundo zingapo.
Nyengo yachisanu isanayambe, marmondi amadzisonkhanitsa mpaka kilogalamu yamafuta. Ndipo pang'onopang'ono konzekerani hibernation. Amalembera udzu wouma ndi chipinda chogona nthawi yomweyo. Tsekani zonse zomwe zatulukamo kuchokera kubowo ndipo banja lonselo likupita kokabisala.
Palinso zosankha zosavuta za burrows, zakanthawi, ndikuyika kamodzi. Amabisalira zoopsa zawo. Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa chimodzi mwa mabowo awa.
Sindikadaganiza kuti linali dzenje, ndikadapanda kuwona nkhuni zitatu zobisamo.
Ku European Russia, mbalame zotchedwa steppe marmot, zomwe ndi nzika zaku Europe, zimakhala. Malo omwe amakhala ndi mapiri ndi nkhalangoyi.
Mawotchi amathandiza kwambiri masana. Kutuluka kwa dzuwa, amakwera pamwamba. Amadyetsa, kukonza ndi kukumba ngalawo zatsopano. Pazochita zamasana, pansi kapena zingapo zoyambira kuchokera koloni zimayang'ana zozungulira. Ndipo zikafika pangozi, amaponya chizimba chamuluzi ndikuthawira kudzenje. Kuwona chikuwombera, wina aliyense amathawira m'mabowo.
Zimasaka marmabu - baibaks, kupatula anthu, nkhandwe ndi agalu osokera.
Marmo amadya zakudya zamasamba. Chapakatikati, mababu ndi ma rhizomes a mbewu amapita kukadya. Udzuwo ukamakula, mbande ndi udzu wamafuta ambiri zimadyedwa. Amakonda clover, mbewu monga chimanga. Masana, nyama imodzi imatha kudya mpaka 1.5 makilogalamu a zakudya zosiyanasiyana. Samapanga masheya nthawi yachisanu.
Marmo amakhala m'malire. Makolonu amapangidwa ndi mabanja. Banja nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi makolo ndi achinyamata, ana a zaka ziwiri zapitazi. Banja lililonse limakhala ndi gawo lawolo lomwe limadyamo ndipo sililola kuti anthu akunja azichita. Pazaka zitatu, mbalame za m'mimba zimafika paunyamata ndipo zimachoka.
Chapakatikati, nyengo yakukhwima imayamba. M'mwezi wa Meyi, marmoti ang'onoang'ono 4-6 amawonekera. Pafupifupi masiku 40 amamwetsedwa kokha mkaka wa m'mawere. Ana akukula mwachangu. Pakatha mwezi umodzi amatha kuwoneka pamtunda.
Groundhog Hunt
Marmot ali ndi ubweya wabwino, nyama yodalirika, komanso mafuta ofunikira. Chifukwa chake, iye ndiwokongoletsa mlenje wokongola mtsogolo muno.
Nthawi zambiri, zilolezo za migodi za pansi zimaperekedwa mwezi wa Julayi-Ogasiti.
Malangizo amaloleza kutentha, ndipo nyengo yoipa samasiyapo bowo. Chifukwa chake, amawasaka m'mawa kwambiri kapena mochedwa.
Kutali ndi marm muyenera kupeza pogona. M'mawa kwambiri, dzuwa lisanatuluke, muyenera kubisala ndikudikira. Ndikofunikira kudikira mpaka baibak atuluka mu dzenje. Muyenera kuwombera pokhapokha atachokapo. Nyama yophedwa imatha kugwera mdzenje, koma singatulutsenso m'dzenjemo.
Zida zofunikira kusaka ndizoyenerera bwino kukhala ndi mfuti, komanso bwino ndi mawonekedwe okongola. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti yaying'ono. Muyenera kuwombera motsimikiza. Nyama yovulazidwa imapita kudzenje ndikufa.
Koma ndi zida zoyenda bwino, kusaka ndikovuta kwina. Poterepa, ndikofunikira kubisala pamtunda wamamita 50 kuchokera pa marmot. Kapenanso pewani pafupi ndi ziweto zanu. Makatoni ayenera kusankhidwa ndi kachigawo kuyambira 00 mpaka 0000.
Kodi makeke amawoneka bwanji?
Kunja, baibak ndi yayikulu kwambiri - imasiyanitsidwa ndi thunthu lakumaso lokhala ndi miyendo yayifupi ndi zibwano pamiyendo yake. Nthawi zina, kulemera kwa nthaka kumafika mpaka 10 kg.
Kutalika kwa mtambo ndi 55-70 masentimita, ndipo mchirawo ndi 12-15 masentimita. Mutu wokhala ndi mutu wambiri umawoneka wawokulirapo mogwirizana ndi thupi.
Chovala chake chofewa komanso chachifupi ndichopyera chikasu ndi mchenga. Komabe, malekezero a tsitsi latsalalo ndi lakuda, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nsana wa nthaka ukhale wowoneka kuti utakutidwa ndi zingwe zakuda kapena zakuda. -Kofiyira kokhapakhokhako kumapeto kwenikweni kwa phokoso. Maso ali ndi malire ndi zakuda, pafupi ndi zakuda. Mtundu womwewo ndi ubweya pamwamba pamitu ya nyama.
Pakutha kwa chilimwe, osoka amakhala makamaka amphaka ndi chubby.
Pamwamba, thupi la baibak ndi lopepuka kuposa gawo lotsika, ndipo nsonga ya mchirayo ndi yakuda. M'nyengo yotentha, makenthengawo amatha.
Khalidwe la Bayibak
Mbalame za mtundu wa steppe zimakhala m'mizere yozama yolowamo. Nyumba zawo zimakhala ndi maulendo angapo komanso dongosolo losunthika, kutalika kwake komwe nthawi zina kumafikira mamita angapo. Pansi pa chipinda chodyeracho mumakhala udzu wouma ndipo umapangidwa mozama osachepera 2 metres. Chifukwa cha nthaka yotsogola, phiri lomwe limakhala ndi kutalika kwa 0,5 - mita imodzi limapangidwa pamwamba pa dzenje - nyama nthawi zambiri zimawagwiritsa ntchito ngati "malo owonera".
Kuzizira kwa nyengo yozizira kumayamba mu Seputembara ndipo kumatenga miyezi 6-8. Asanalowe mu nyanjayo, mbirazi zimasinthiratu udzu ndi kuphimba malowo ndi nthaka ndi miyala. Pofika pano, ambiri akuyenda kale pafupifupi kilogalamu imodzi yamafuta. M'nyengo yozizira, chisa sichimazizira kuposa degrees Celsius. Kutetemera kumatha mpaka Marichi.
Pakachitika ngozi, nyamayo imayamba kuimba mokuwa kwambiri.
Popeza adachita phokoso, nyamazo zimadzidyetsa ndikuyamba kukumba ziboti zatsopano. Kudyetsa ndodo ndikosangalatsa kwambiri kuwonera. Pomwe abale awo amadya, pansi chimodzi kapena ziwiri zimayang'ana zozungulira, zikuyimirira miyendo yawo yakumbuyo. Pakabuka zoopsa, amachenjeza abalewo ndikubisalira dzenje. Baiboaki imafika mothamanga pafupifupi 15 km / h ndikusuntha pang'ono.
Zomwe zimadya baibak
Baibak amadya pamitengo. Zakudya zake zimaphatikizapo oats zakutchire, clover, mphukira zazing'ono, chimanga ndi zitsamba. Koma mbewu nthawi zambiri siziphatikizidwa pamndandandawu, kotero kuti makoswewo siowopsa kwa anthu.
Bayibak ndi nyama yachilengedwe.
Patsiku, nyamayo imatha kudya mpaka kilogalamu imodzi ya chakudya. Nthawi yomweyo, pafupifupi samamwa madzi, popeza amakhala wokhutira ndi chinyezi chopezeka muzomera. Nthawi zina baibaki amadya tizilombo pamodzi ndi udzu. Sizachilendo kuti makoko awa azikhala nthawi yachisanu.
Adani a baibak
Adani akuluakulu a baibak ndi mbalame zamadyedwe, Korsaks ndi mimbulu. Chifukwa cha ubweya wofunda ndi wothandiza, munthu amawagwiritsanso ntchito.
Ku Mongolia, nyama zomwe zimakhala ndi nyama yambiri ya kalori zimadyedwa konse, ndipo mankhwala achikhalidwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta awo ngati mankhwala. Mafuta a Bayibaka amatha kuchiritsa ngakhale zovuta kupuma zomwe mankhwalawo sangathe kupirira.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Kufotokozera ndi moyo
Kapangidwe ka steppeg ndi kambiri. Ali ndi thupi lakuthwa pamiyendo yolimba yokhala ndi zibwano zazikulu. Mutu ulinso waukulu, wosanja mawonekedwe. Mbirazi zimasiyana ndi marmot ena ndi mchira waufupi - 13-18 cm kutalika ndi kuwala kwa mchenga wa monophonic. Kumbuyo kwake, kumakhala ndi matanda amdima kumutu kwake. Makutu ndi akuda pang'ono.
Kukhetsa kumachitika ndi baibacs kamodzi pachaka. Zimayamba mu Meyi ndipo mu nyama zakale zimatha kupitilira mpaka mwezi wa Ogasiti kapenanso Seputembala.
Mbirazi zimakhala m'mphepete mwa mapiri ndipo zimakonda malo okhala ndi chinyezi komanso masamba obiriwira.M'mbuyomu, baibak inali ponseponse mu Asia ndi Europe, koma kufunafuna ndi kulima malo ambiri kudachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi. Pakadali pano, groundhog ikhoza kupezeka ku Northern Kazakhstan kuchokera ku Mtsinje wa Ural kupita ku Irtysh komanso ku Russia pamayiko omwe sanapezeke ku Middle Volga, Southern Urals ndi Don.
Bungwe la Bayibaki silimadyetsa mbeu zobzalidwa zokha, zimakonda chisanu, chocory, tirigu, oats wamtchire ndi munda womangiriridwa. Zina mwa zakudya zawo ndi tizilombo - dzombe, mbozi, pupae wa nyerere ndi ma mollusks. Nthawi zambiri, baibak imadya nyama yamtunduwu, kumeza ndi udzu.
Tsiku lofika pamalo opondera limayamba kutuluka kwa dzuwa. Chapakatikati, atatuluka hibernation, nyama zotopa zimadyetsa pafupifupi tsiku lonse. Pakuyamba kwa chilimwe, maboma awo akuwonjezeredwa kwambiri. M'mawa amapita kukadyetsa, ndikudikirira kutentha kwa masana mu mink. Pofika madzulo, pitani kokadyetsanso.
Nthawi zambiri, oyang'anira awiri amagwira ntchito podyetsa. Pakakhala zoopsa, pansi pamakhala mawu okuluwika - kumakuwa. Komabe, makutu awo samakulitsa pang'ono kuposa masomphenya, nthawi zambiri chizindikiro chachikulu sichimamveka, koma wachibale akuthamangira kudzenje. Ngakhale ikutha pang'onopang'ono, kuthawa, baibak imatha kuthamanga kwambiri mpaka 10-15 km / h.
Nyamazo zimakhala m'mizere yayikulu, iliyonse yomwe imakhala ndi machitidwe ake. Zingwe zazing'ono komanso zosaya pansi zimakhala ngati pangozi pangozi. Ndiwofikira masiku osachepera 1-2 mita. Zimbudzi zokhazikika zomwe marmoti zimakhalamo ndizovuta kwambiri. Amagawidwa nthawi yachisanu ndi chilimwe. Bowo la chilimwe limakhala ndi njira zingapo zopumira komanso zovuta kuzungulira mobisa. Pakuya kwa mamita 2-3 pali chipinda cha ana pomwe pansi pake amakokamo udzu wouma. Pakhoza kukhala makamera angapo oterowo. Pafupi ndi panjira yakumapeto kuli malekezero ake. Poyeretsa, pansi mabowo amataya zinyalala ndi zitosi pamenepo, kukonza zimbudzi. Mizere yozizira imakhala yosavuta, koma zipinda zodyeramo momwemo ndizakuya kwambiri, m'litali mwake. Nthawi zambiri pamtunda wa mamita 5-7.
Kutalika konse kwa mabowo onse kumatha kufikira mamitala angapo. Mabwinja akhala akugwira ntchito zaka zambiri kukonza nyumba yawo, pomwe malo ambiri amaponyedwa pansi. Zotsatira zake, phiri lokwera mpaka 100 cm ndi 10 mita mulifupi limapangidwa pafupi ndi khomo la dzenje. Mtunda wonsewu umatithandizanso kudziwa za m'derali. Ndipo zomera zomwe zikumera pamenepo ndizosiyana ndi maluwa ozungulira. Nthawi zambiri nyongolotsi, tirigu ndi kermek zimamera m'mphepete mwa marm.
Miyezi iwiri mpaka itatu musanadye, baibak imayamba kudya kwambiri, kuwonjeza kulemera kwake. Kumapeto kwa chilimwe, amayenda magalamu 800 mpaka 1200 a mafuta. Pokonzekera hibernation, baibaki sachepera pang'ono kutuluka m'dzenjemo, amakokera udzu mkati mwake. Pamapeto pa Ogasiti - mu Seputembala, amasonkhana m'magulu m'magulu ndipo amatulutsa timiyala ndi miyala, nthaka ndi zinyalala. Hibernation imatha miyezi 6-8. Pakadali pano, njira zonse mthupi la nyama zimayandikira kwambiri. Mlingo wa kupuma, palpitations umachepetsedwa, kutentha kwa thupi kumatsikira mpaka 5-7 ° C. Zonsezi zimakuthandizani kuti muchepetse ndalama zamagetsi ndikukhala ndi ntchito zofunika chifukwa cha mafuta ochulukirapo.
Chapakatikati, nyengo yamphongo imayamba m'mphepete mwa marm. Mimba yaimayi imatenga pafupifupi mwezi, pambuyo pake ana 3-6 amabadwa. Ndiwamaliseche, akhungu komanso osathandizidwa kwathunthu, ndipo kulemera kwawo ndi magalamu 30 mpaka 40 okha kutalika kwa masentimita 9-11. Maso a baybachat amangotseguka patsiku la 23. Pakadutsa masiku 50, anawo amamwetsedwa mkaka wa amayi, ngakhale ali ndi zaka 40 atayamba kudya udzu. Kutha kwa Bayibak kumachitika mchaka chachitatu cha moyo.
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Bayibak, kapena Babak, kapena wamba (steppe) groundhog (Chilatini cha Marmota bobak) - makoswe amtundu wakale wam'madzi, wokhala pamatanthwe a namwali a mdera la Volga. Dzina lachi Russia - "steppe groundhog", dzina lachi Latin - "Marmota bobak" ndi dzina lachi Ngerezi - "Bobak marmot" adachokera ku Turkic - "baibak" - "groundhog". Baibak ndi amodzi mwa agologolo akuluakulu: kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi 50-70 cm, unyinji wa amuna omwe adadwala wafika 10 kg. Thupi limakhala losalala, miyendo ndiyifupi, koma ndi zala zazitali zokhala ndi zikhadabo zolimba - chida chokumba mabowo. Pafupifupi, pafupifupi khosi losawoneka bwino limakhala mutu waching'ono, wosalala pang'ono wokhala ndi maso akulu ndi ma auricles pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku ubweya. Mchira wosaposa theka kutalika kwa thupi. Ubweya ndi wandiweyani, wowonda, makamaka pansi. Mtundu wazithunzi zonse zautoto nthawi zambiri umakhala wonyezimira, wopanda mawanga ndi mikwingwirima pansi, koma mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi "kapu" yakuda pamitu yawo. Komanso ndi nyama yamtengo wapatali kwambiri; khungu la nyama izi limatsata mawonekedwe a ubweya wokwera bwino, chifukwa chake likufunidwa kwambiri.
Itha kusiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi marmondi ena ndi mchira wamfupi (osaposa 15 cm) ndi mtundu wachikasu wachikaso. Chifukwa chakumapeto kwa tsitsi lakunja, kumbuyo kwake kudakutidwa ndi nsapato zakuda kapena zakuda, kuterera kumbuyo kwa mutu komanso kumutu. Maseke ndi ofiira opepuka, amtundu wakuda kapena wamtambo wakuda pansi pamaso. Mimba imakhala yakuda komanso yowoneka bwino kuposa mbali, kumapeto kwa mchirayo ndi kofiirira. Pali maluwa a albino. Kumiza mu baibaks kamodzi pachaka, kumayamba mu Meyi ndikutha (m'mayendedwe akale) kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, nthawi zina kukokera mpaka Seputembara.
Monga agologolo pansi, zimbalangondo ndi nyama zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizingathe kukwera mitengo. Pamalo pankakhala udzu wambiri wokhala ndi udzu ndi mitengo yopingasa. Pankhani yolima nsanja, malo osakhalitsa amapita ku dothi lomwe lili pafupi kwambiri, kapena, ku zovuta kwambiri, "zosokoneza": malo obisika, malo otsetsereka osakhazikika, zipata, zigwa, mitsinje, malo odyetserako ziweto, ngakhale misewu yamsewu. Madera oyenera kukhalamo tsopano ndi gawo laling'ono la malo olimapo. Kukhala pa zokolola za tirigu ndi ndiwo zamasamba sikungachititse kuti iye akhale ndi moyo wabwino, m'malo ngati amenewo baibak imangokhala mwadala komanso kwakanthawi. Kwa nthawi yayitali imachedwetsedwa pazomera zosatha. Kudyetsa pang'ono komanso kuyandikira kwa munthu sizimukhudza.
Baiboaki amadya zakudya zamasamba. Zomera zomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi oats zakutchire (Avena sativa), tirigu (Agropyrum cristatum), chicory (Cichorium intybus), clover (Trifolium repens) ndi munda bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), masamba ndi mbewu sizowonongeka. Chakudya chamnyengo chokha ndichokonda m'malo osiyanasiyana a mbewu. Chifukwa chake, kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, ma groundhogs amadyedwa makamaka ndi ma rhizomes ophatikizidwa ndi mababu, nthawi yotentha - mphukira zazing'ono zazitsamba ndi zitsamba, komanso maluwa. Mu theka lachiwiri la chilimwe, mbewu za stepep zikatentha, maakiaki amayenda kutali kuchoka kumakolo awo kukafunafuna malo onyowa ndi udzu wowuma. Zipatso zakupsa ndi mbewu m'mimba zawo sizikumbidwa, kumwaza limodzi ndi zitosi. Masana nyambo, baibak imadya 1 mpaka 5 kg ya mbewu. Nthawi zambiri samamwa madzi, amakhala wokhutira ndi chinyezi chamafuta, kapena mame am'mawa. Amadya nyama - dzombe, mbewa, mbozi, nyerere pupae, nthawi zambiri zimadya ndi udzu. Sitolo yozizira sipanga masheya nthawi yachisanu.
Kumiza mu baibaks kamodzi pachaka, kumayamba mu Meyi ndikutha (m'mayendedwe akale) kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, nthawi zina kukokera mpaka Seputembara.
M'nyengo yotentha, marmondi amagwira masana, nyengo zoyipa zokha zimawachititsa kukhala m'malo obisalamo mobisa. Msipuwo umadyera pang'onopang'ono kuchoka pachitsamba chimodzi kupita ku china, kukokera m'mimba pansi, ndikugwedeza mchira wake pansi ndikutsika. Izi ndizodziwika bwino kwa gologolo aliyense wapadziko lapansi ndipo zikutanthauza kuti nyamayo imakhala yokhala tcheru nthawi zonse. Nthawi ndi nthawi, pansi ndikuyimilira, kuyimirira "mzati" ndikuyang'ana mozungulira. Chizolowezi chotere ndichopezeka m'mwazi wa nyama kotero kuti ngakhale mbalame yam'madzi yanjala, ikamadya, imakweza mutu ndikuyang'ana uku ndi uku. Zonse zikakhala bata komanso osati kutentha kwambiri, mbalame za m'madzi zimakonda kuwalitsa dzuwa. Nyamayo imangokhala pamadzi, imagwera pamimba pake, imatambasulira, ikakweza maso ake, imangoyang'ana mutu wake.
Ma Marmot amadziwitsa za kuopsa, makamaka kwa chilombo chachikulu, chokhala ndi mawu omveka amtundu wofanana ndi "hag-hag". Nayi imodzi mwa zitseko za msipu zofuulira kukunena, kuwona mnzakeyo ndi mchira atakweza nthawi yomweyo ena onse ndipo aliyense amathamangira kumabowo. Ngati nthaka ikhumudwitsidwa kutali ndi pobisalira, imadzilimbitsa pansi ndikubisala chete - mutha kuyandikira kwa iye. Ndipo pokhapokha nyama ikazindikira kuti yapezeka, imasweka ndikuthawa mchira wake utakwezedwa. Koma nyanjazo sizimalowa mumabowo mwachangu, koma zimayimitsidwa ndi "mzati" pamamapu, ndikuwopseza mchira wawo kuti muwone momwe zilili.
Ngakhale chiwonetsero chovuta, baibak imathamanga mwachangu, sizovuta kuthana nazo. Nyama yomwe yakufikirayo imakhala pamiyendo yake yakumbuyo kuyang'ana mdani, ikung'ung'udza modukizadukiza, ndikudula mano, ndikutsamira ndodo yotambasulidwa ndi womata.
Ngati mugwira marmot m'masiku oyamba achoke mdzenje, imamuzolowera ndipo imakhala yolemba bwino. Komabe, nthawi yoyamba yozizira, nyamayi imakhalanso yamtchire.
Baybaks amakhala m'midzi yayikulu yosatha, kukonza mizinga yazolinga zosiyanasiyana komanso zovuta nyumba. Zotchinga (zakanthawi) zotchinga zazing'ono, zazifupi, zokhala ndi khomo limodzi, lopanda chipinda chocheperamo, momwemo mabisiketi amabisala pangozi, nthawi zina kugona usiku. Pali mabowo okwana 10 pamiyala yomwe ili mkati mwa chakudya. Zingwe zosakhazikika ndizovuta kwambiri, zimakhala nyengo yachisanu ndi chilimwe. Zovala za Chilimwe (ana) zimayimira dongosolo lovuta; limalumikizidwa pamtunda ndi malo angapo (mpaka 6-15). Kuchokera pagawo lalikulu la dzenjelo, pamakhala mitsuko yambiri kapena mikango yakufa, pomwe mbalamezi zimakonza zimbudzi. Pakuya kwa 2-3 m, pali chipinda chocheperako chofikira mpaka 0,5-0.8 m³, pomwe chimbudzicho chimakoka udzu wouma ndi mizu. Mizere yozizira (yozizira) imatha kupangidwira mosavuta, koma zipinda zodyeramo momwemo zimakhazikika mozama, m'malo osatentha kwambiri a dothi - mpaka 5-7 mamita kuchokera pansi. Pali malo obisika achilimwe-nyengo yachisanu. Kutalika konse kwa malembawo ndi mipiringidzo ya burongo yokhazikika kumafika mpaka 57-63 m.Makola ovuta, mumakhala zipinda zingapo zazikulu, ndipo malembawo amapezeka pansi angapo. Pakaboweka mzere wokhazikika, mpaka ma dothi pafupifupi mamilimita 12 amaponyedwa pamtunda, ndikupanga mulu wa mululu.
M'banja limodzi loterolo, nyama zimagawana ngalawa, ndikuyika gawo limodzi (mpaka 2,5 ha) ndikumayang'anitsana maso ndi maso - mluzu wawo wofuula umamveka bwino pafupi ndi nyanjayo.
Baikoes amatuluka hibernation kumapeto kwa February - koyambirira kwa Marichi. Kukhala ndi kunenepa pang'ono, ayamba kukonza kapena kukumba mabowo atsopano oteteza, pambuyo pake - kukonza ndikulitsa mabowo okhalamo. Ntchitoyi imayamba kutuluka kwa dzuwa, nyama zikagalamuka ndikupita kukadyetsa. Pamwamba pa tsambalo, amatha kulumikizana (poimba mzati) ndi kumveketsa (kuyimbira foni, chizindikiro cha ngozi) kulumikizana. Nthawi zambiri pansi pamakhola awiri pamagulu a alonda pomwe ena amadya.
Kutha kwa msambo kumachitika pa zaka 3 zokha, mwa munthu payekha wazaka 4. Marmo otha kubala ana ali ndi zaka 2 ndiosowa. Marmo kubereka mpaka 6-10 zaka. Kuyenda pamakwalala kumayambika nthawi yozizira itadzuka ndikuwonekera kumtunda mu Marichi - Epulo, m'malo omwe kubisala kuli kwotalikirapo, nyamazo zimakwatirana ngakhale nthawi yachisanu. Ndipo akazi ena, ngati mafuta omwe atsalira pambuyo pa dzinja amalola, kubereka ngakhale mawonekedwe oyamba asanatuluke. Mimba kumatenga masiku 30- 35, nthawi zambiri mu ana 3-6 ana. Ma marmanda obadwa kumene ali amaliseche ndi akhungu, kutalika kwa 9 cm ndi 3040 g kulemera (uku ndi pafupifupi 1% ya kulemera kwa amayi). Maso awo amatseguka patsiku la 23 zokha. Panthawi yoyembekezera komanso yoyamwitsa, yamphongo imasamukira kudzenje lina. Yaikazi imadyetsa mkaka mpaka masiku 50, ngakhale ali ndi zaka 40, kumapeto kwa Meyi ndi kuchiyambiyambi kwa Juni, marmots amayamba kudya udzu. Zomera zimamera msanga, ndipo zimatha mwezi umodzi. Amasewera kwambiri, mosasamala pamadzipanda, koma patatha masiku 2-3 maluso onse aulonda a akulu amakula - nthawi ndi nthawi amakhala "mzere", kugwedeza mchira wawo, kuyimba muluzi pachiwopsezo. Marmo amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi zaka zitatu.
M'mbuyomu, anthu amakhulupirira kuti mabanja a marmot amapanga makolo ndi ana awiri a ana obadwa ndi nyengo. Koma kuwona nyama zolembedwa kuti kwawonetsa kuti ana ena azaka zakubadwa amasiya mabanja awo ndikukakhazikika m'mabanja ena ngati ana osabereka, ndipo makolo awo, amalandila ana achilendo. Surchati amakhalabe ndi makolo awo mpaka nthawi yotsatira chilimwe, pambuyo pake amadzimanga okha. Koma amacheza nthawi yachisanu pamodzi ndi makolo awo. Nthawi zambiri, mbalamezi zimakhala mwamtendere, ndipo sizimangomenya nkhondo ndi kuthamangitsa nyama zachilendo.
Pakutha kwa chilimwe, nguluwe imadzunjikira mafuta 800 80000 g, omwe amapanga 20 - 25% ya kulemera kwake. Nyama zocheperako zimasiya mabowo, zimakonzanso zisa, kukokera udzu wouma mwa iwo. Pamapeto pa Ogasiti - Seputembala (osapitirira tsiku la 20) ma marmard amasonkhana mozizira mozungulira mumagulu a 2-5 mpaka 20-24. Amakoka zolowera m dzenje ndi mitsuko yamagalimoto osakanikirana ndi ndowe, nthaka ndi miyala ndikugwa mozama kwambiri, komwe kumatha miyezi 6-8. Kutentha kwa mpweya mu dzenje, ngakhale ozizira kwambiri, sikugwa pansi 0 ° C. Panthawi yopumira, matendawa amayenda pang'ono kuzizira: kutentha kwa thupi kumatsika kuchoka pa 36-38 mpaka 4,6-7.6 ° C, kupuma kumatsika mpaka kupumira kwa mphindi 2-3 m'malo mwa 20 20, ndipo kugunda kwamtima kumafika pa 3-15 kumenya pamphindi m'malo mwa 88-140. M'nyengo yozizira, marmondi samadyetsa ndipo pafupifupi sasuntha, alipo chifukwa chosungidwa ndi mafuta ochulukirapo. Komabe, popeza kuti mphamvu zamagetsi nthawi ya hibernation ndi yotsika, nthawi zambiri m'mmapu mumasamba mumadzuka bwino, muli mafuta 100-200 g.
Baibak, kutengera nthawi yozizira komanso nthawi yotentha, imagona kuyambira miyezi 6 mpaka 8. Ndizosangalatsa kuti amapita kumalo obisala ngakhale pakachitika masoka achilengedwe - mwachitsanzo, moto utatha kuwononga udzu wonse. Anthu onse m'banjamo amagona mdzenje limodzi nthawi yozizira, nthawi zina mpaka ma marmoti osungidwa mpaka 10-15 amasonkhanitsidwa m'chipinda chodyeramo, chifukwa boma labwino limapangidwa. Mu chisa, matenthedwe amlengalenga ndi 5-7 °, kutentha kwa thupi kwa nyama kumangokweza pang'ono.
Chowombera pali adani ochepa pakadali pano, makamaka agalu osokera ndi nkhandwe. Chifukwa cha kuukira kwawo, ndikugwa, marmoti opitilira 3 samakonda kukhalamo. Amasakidwa ndi mimbulu ndi mbalame za nyama, komanso ma badger, ferors, Korsaks. Koma mdani wake wamkulu ndi munthu. Chifukwa cholima mapondedwe ndi kusaka unyinji chifukwa cha ubweya wammawa, m'masiku apitawa, akukhala gawo lonselo ndi nkhalango zoterera, adasowa m'malo ambiri. Tsopano, chifukwa cha zochitika zapadera, baibak yakumananso.