Belobrovik ndi wa banja la thrush. Amakhala mtundu womwe umasowa kumpoto kwa Asia ndi Europe. Ichi ndi dera lalikulu kuchokera ku Iceland kupita kummawa kudzera ku Scandinavia, kumpoto kwa Poland, Belarus, mayiko a Baltic, kumpoto kwa Russia mpaka ku Chukotka. Zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, nthumwi za mitunduyi zidayamba kukhala kumpoto kwa Ukraine komanso kumwera kwa Greenland. Autumn ndi nthawi yosamuka. Mbalame zimawulukira kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Asia, kumadzulo, pakati komanso kumwera kwa Europe. Malo osunthira amafika 6.5-7,000 km. Mtunduwu uli ndi mitundu iwiri.
Mawonekedwe
Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 20-25 cm. Mapiko ndi 33 cm cm.C kulemera kumafikira 50-75 g. Mankhwalawo amakhala a bulauni kumbuyo, mbali yakumbuyo ya thupi ndi yoyera ndi mawanga a bulauni. Chizindikiro chachikulu ndi nthenga zofiira m'mphepete. Nthenga zokutira zamapiko zimakhala ndi mtundu womwewo. Chikopa choyera, choterera chimadutsa m'maso. Adapatsa dzinali dzina. Amuna ndi akazi ndi ofanana, koma amuna amuna ambiri amakhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya zipatso. Kuphatikiza apo, amuna amafalitsa nyimbo zazifupi, ndikuimba likhweru pothawa.
Kuswana
Redbrow imaponya chisa mu coniferous, birch nkhalango ndi tundra. Ntchito yomanga ya ntchentche imayamba kumapeto kwa Epulo. Nthawi zina mbalame zimakhazikika kale zisa zopangidwa kale. Nthawi zambiri chisa chimakhala pansi pamtchire. Nthawi zambiri, zisa zimapangidwa pamitengo. Mu clutch pali mazira anayi mpaka 6. Pafupifupi pali mazira 7 kapena 3. Incubation imatenga masiku 12-13.
Ngati nyengo ili yabwino, ndiye kuti nthawi yakuswana ikhoza kukhala ndodo ziwiri. Nthawi yachiwiri yolimba idafika pamene anapiye a ana oyamba achoka atachoka pachisa. Amadzitukumula kwa masiku 12-15, kusiya chisa ndikukhala pansi. Anapiyewo ndiwosavuta kwambiri ndipo kwa milungu iwiriyo amayang'aniridwa ndi makolo awo. Amakhala ndi luso louluka, koma poyamba amawulukira mumlengalenga pangozi yokha. M'mwezi wachiwiri wa moyo amakhala odziimira pawokha. Kusamuka kwanyengo kumayambira kumapeto kwa Seputembala, kumayambiriro kwa Okutobala.
Kukhala Ndi Khalidwe Labwino
Mbalame izi zimalekerera nyengo yozizira bwino. M'madera akumpoto, amatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Whitebrower amakonda kukhala ndi moyo wopendekera m'nkhalango zosaya komanso zotumphukira. Amakonda malo owala ndi tchire tchire komanso dziwe. Amayesa kupewa pine wakuda ndi nkhalango zowirira. Amayenda pansi pamasitepe komanso podumphadumpha. Chakudyacho chimakhala ndi chakudya chamasamba komanso nyama. Izi ndi tizilombo komanso nyongolotsi zazaka pachaka chonse, ndipo m'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira, zipatso, makamaka phulusa lamapiri ndi hawthorn, zimawonjezeranso.
Malo osungira
Dera lonse la mbalamezi limakhala pafupifupi mamilimita 10 miliyoni. km Pafupifupi 40 miliyoni omwe akuyimira mitunduyi amakhala kudera lino ku Europe kokha. Chiwerengerochi chikufika miliyoni 150. Koma, ngakhale kuli kuchuluka kotere, zikopa zakuda zimatha kukhala pachiwopsezo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pazaka 10 zilizonse chiwerengero chawo chimachepetsedwa ndi 30%. Imfa zazikulu zimayambitsidwa osati ndikuwonongeka kwachilengedwe, komanso nyengo yozizira komanso nyengo yachilimwe, yozizira, yomwe imakhudza kubala.
Mbawala yosagwa ndi chisanu: zowona ndi zithunzi
Mbalame yokhala ndi mbewa yoyimirira ndiyoyimira tinthu tating'onoting'ono kwambiri, timatalika masentimita 22, kulemera pafupifupi 60. Anthu amtcha mbalameyi ndi tchire loyera, burashi wakuda kapena mtundu wa mtedza. Mbalameyi imasiyana ndi mtundu wanthawi zonse wotchuka osati kukula kwake kochepa, komanso mtundu.
Kumbuyo kuli maula akuda a maolivi, chifuwa chake ndichopepuka ndi malo amdima. Mafinya ndi mapiko a mapikowo ndi a lalanje wakuda, ndipo chifukwa cha kuwalako ndikuwoneka pamwamba pake. Akazi ndi omveka bwino kuposa amuna.
Walnut Thrush
Mbalamezi zimakhala chisa komanso malo okhala kumpoto kwa Europe ndi Asia, komanso ku Himalaya, nthawi yozizira zimasamukira kumwera kumadera aku Africa.
Belobrovik (Turdus iliacus).
Malinga ndikuwona kwa akatswiri azachipatala, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, ma brow-bers amadziwika kuti ndi mbalame zosowa kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, samapezeka ku paki. Koma, nthawi ina, mbalamezo zidayamba kuchulukana mosayembekezereka komanso mwachangu, ndipo posakhalitsa zidayamba kuchuluka m'malo opanda phokoso.
Moyo wamakhalidwe
Belobroviki osawopa kuzizira. Mbidzi zakuda izi zimawuluka kale, ndipo pambuyo pake zonse zimawulukira kutali ndi malo okhala zisa. Monga lamulo, kuyamba kwa unyinji wa zisa kumakhala kumapeto kwa Epulo ndipo kumatha mu Meyi.
Mtengowu umakonda kupezeka m'mapaki am'mizinda, nkhalango zazing'ono, malo owala, odzala ndi udzu ndi zitsamba, pafupi ndi dziwe. Simupeza mbalamezi mumtambo wakuda kapena wa pine. Komabe, omwenso amatha kutengera zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Mbalame zokhala ndi mbalame zokhala ndi malo omwe zimakhala mosavuta, zimatha kukhazikika koyambirira, pambuyo pake, ndikupanga timagulu tating'ono, kenako abale ena onse "amakoka", ndipo achibwibwi amauluka kupita kumalo omwe amawakonda monga mabanja athunthu.
Zisa zokhala zofiira m'matumba a udzu, kutali ndi maso osafunikira.
Luso la masewera achitetezo
Mphamvu yakuimba kwa anyamata achichepere imawonekera ali ndi zaka ziwiri ndi theka, ngakhale ndizovuta kuitcha mawu, mawu onse osokosera ndi chiyambi chabe cha mtsogolo.
Belobroviki amakonda kuyimba nthawi yakuswana.
Malo okhala mbalame
Komwe kumakhala nyama zonyanjayi ndi Kumpoto kwa Europe ndi Asia, koma nthawi yozizira imatha kuwuluka ku Africa. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 ku Russia kunayamba kuonekera.
Kukondera kofiyira kaso sikawoneka kawiri m'malo amdima, nkhalango zazikulu sizili zake. Mbalameyi imakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, m'nkhalango zazing'ono, mapaki, malo okhala ndi tchire ndi udzu.
Izi ndi mbalame zolimbana ndi chisanu: zimawuluka kale kuposa mbalame zina zonse ndipo kenako zimawulukira kutali ndi malo odyera (zitha kuwoneka ku Russia kumapeto kwa Marichi).
Red-brows imawuluka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono mu Seputembara-Okutobala, komabe, mbalame zina zimangokhala nthawi yayitali. Chomwe chimapangitsa izi ndi kukhalapo kwa mbewu zambiri zamizeremizere. Kukhalapo kwa chakudya kungathandize mbalame kuzizira m'malo ano. Izi zikachitika, zimayandikana ndi iye komanso gwero la chakudya.
Kunyalanyaza kwa omwe amabadwa nako kofiyira kumawathandiza kuti azolowere chilengedwe: amakhala ndi malo okhala zatsopano, amakhalapo okha, pambuyo pake abale awo ena amaphatikizanso nawo.
Zitha kukhala zisagulu lamagulu akuluakulu ndikuphatikizana ndi mitundu ina yamtambo. Zisa zawo zitha kupezeka pansi pamtunda pa mitengo yaying'ono, tchire ndi stump. Nyumbayi imakhala ndi nthambi zouma zomwe zinamangidwa limodzi.
Pakulankhulana wina ndi mnzake, amachenjeza abale awo za kuopsa kapena kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Gulu lankhondo loyera, ngati abale ake ambiri, silitaya chisa chake popanda nkhondo. Pakakhala vuto la adani, mbalame zakuda zimasonkhana m'gulululi ndikuwatsogolera, ndikupangitsa mdani kuthawa.
Kodi Belobrovik amadya chiyani?
Chakudya cha nyama zofiirira sizosiyana kwambiri ndi chakudya cha nthumwi za mbalame zina. Munthawi yabwino, amadya nyongolotsi, nkhono, ma arthropod ang'ono, etc.
M'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yoyera, Nereis (nyongolotsi), amphipods, amagwiritsa ntchito maboti ang'onoang'ono apanyanja. Nthawi yonse, chakudya chawo chimakhala ndi zipatso, monga ma buliberries, lingonberry, chitumbuwa cha mbalame, crowberry.
Amadyetsa ana awo mwapadera. Ngati mbalame zina zimadyetsa anapiye aliwonse payokha, mu bulown, nyongolosi zingapo zomwe zimabweretsedweramo mulomo zimagawidwa mwachindunji pachisa.
Kupanga zisa kumayambira mu Epulo, ndipo patatha sabata ambiri mazira oyamba amayikidwa (zidutswa 3-4). Munthawi imeneyi, abulamu amakhala osamala kwambiri: amayesa kubisa chisa chawo kuti chisawonongeke.
Pakupita milungu iwiri chibadwire, anapiye amayamba kutuluka m'chisa ndikuyenda pansi. Ali ndi ntchito zambiri, ndipo ngakhale sakudziwa kuuluka kwake, amatha kuyenda mtunda wawutali kuchoka pachisa. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti anawo sanatayike, chifukwa makolo osamala sawasiyira mphindi ndikuwonetsa njira zosunthira.
Pambuyo pake, anapiyewo amatha kudziwa luso la kuuluka, koma mbalamezi sizimangochitika mwangozi. Akapolo oyamba atachoka, wamkazi amatha kukhalabe ndi ndodo.
Mbalame zonse za banja lotchuka ndizanzeru ndipo zimaphunzira mwachangu. Atakumana ndi zovuta zilizonse, Belobrovik sadzagwiranso ndodo yomweyo.
Kodi mbalameyi imatha kuyimba?
Ngakhale kuyimba kwa mbalame zakuda tingayerekezeredwe ndi ma trilling a nightingale, ofiira ofiira ndi amodzi mwa malo omaliza mumtunduwu. Nyimbo yawo imakhala ndi magawo awiri osiyanasiyana.
Gawo loyamba limafanana ndi mzungu ndipo limaposa ngakhale utoto wa nyimbo, koma lachiwiri limatha kumveka pokhapokha kuchokera kwa woimbayo: ndilocheperako ndipo limakhala ngati lonyentchera.
Belobroviks amatha kusungidwa mu ukapolo, koma ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kumvetsera ndikuwona zolengedwa zokongola zachilengedwe, makamaka chifukwa mbalameyi yalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira la mayiko ambiri.