Dzina lachi Latin: | Limnocryptes minimus |
Gulu: | Charadriiformes |
Banja: | Snipe |
Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe. Sangweji yaying'ono, kukula kwa nyenyezi, miyendo yochepa komanso yochepa. Zala zake ndizitali. Nthenga za mbali ya dorsal zimapangidwa mwapangidwe. Palibe kusiyana zaka ndi nyengo mu mtundu wa maula. Amuna ndi akazi sasiyanasiyana. Kutalika kwa thupi 19-18 masentimita, mapiko a 35-25 masentimita, kulemera 35-90 g.
Kufotokozera. Maonekedwe a mbali yakhungu ya mbalame yakalamba nthawi zambiri imakhala yakuda ndi zobiriwira komanso mchenga wofiirira komanso mikwingwirima iwiri yolimba. Chovala chakuda pamutu popanda chopondera cham'matanthwe, chosafanana ndi chofinya, nsidze yopepuka yachiwiri, yopatulidwa ndi chingwe chamdima wautali. Khosi limakhala loyera, khosi limakhala chakunja ndipo lakutsogolo, dera la goiter, mbali yakumbuyo ya chifuwa ndi mbali zonse za thupi zimakutidwa ndi malo oyera a bulauni komanso malire oyera a nthenga. Pakati pachifuwa ndi m'mimba mwayera. Mapikowo ndi owala koma m'lifupi. Pansi pamunsi pa mapikowo pali banga loyera, lopangidwa mosiyana ndi momwe luluwayo, nthenga za axillary zimayera. Mzere wopyapyala woyera umayenda m'mphepete mwa mapikowo, chingwe choyera chambiri pansi pake, kumapeto kwake.
Mchirawu umakhala nthenga 12 zakumaso, zooneka ngati zopindika, mchira wapakati ndiwotalikirapo kuposa zina. Nthenga zapakati pamtambo ndi zakuda zokhala ndi malire ofiira, nthenga zotsalazo zimakhala zofiirira komanso mawonekedwe ofiira. Utawaleza ndi wakuda. Mlomo wake ndi woderapo, pamtambo wakuda ndi kachikaso ka mbewe. Miyendo imakhala yobiriwira nthawi yophukira komanso nthawi yozizira, yachikasu bulauni. Mwana wankhuku yotsika kuchokera kumtunda ndi chokoleti chodzikongoletsa chakuda m'munsi mwa chimfine ndipo chili ndi kansalu kakang'ono kakang'ono m'maso kumapeto kwa zovuta kumutu, pakhosi, kumbuyo ndi kumapiko. Pakati pa chisoti cha mutu, kumbuyo kwa mutu, ndi Mzere kuchokera kumunsi kwa mulomo mpaka chisoti chachifumu ndi zakuda, ndimalangizo ofiira ndi oyera azungu. Mzere woyera umadutsa kuchokera pakamwa kupita kumaso ndipo pamwamba pake, pansi pake pamadutsa frenulum ndi chingwe chakuda, ndipo pansi pake, mpaka khutu - yoyera. Dummy ndiyimtundu wakuda, wokhala ndi mgoza ndi nsuzi zoyera za fluffs. Pansi pali buffy, ndi zakuda m'munsi mwa fluffs pakhosi. Nthambi za nthenga pamimba zimakhala ndi imvi.
Amasiyana ndi nsapato zonse zazing'ono, lalifupi, lalifupi, lalitali popanda korona, kuwala kwa mtondo wopindika kotalikirana ndi chingwe chakuda chamtali, mchira wofiirira wakuda wokhala ndi zofiirira wopanda zofiirira pamiyendo yakuda.
Mawu. Mbalame yokhala chete. Pakuchita mantha, imawuluka mwakachetechete. Pa nthawi yomwe ndege ikuuluka, yamphongo imalira kwambiri, ikumakumbukira kuwombera kwa ziboda za kavalo yemwe wagundika. Izi zikumveka pamtunda wamtunda wa 700 m nyengo yofunda. Kuphatikiza apo, pochoka pachimake, mwamunayo amatulutsa mawu osamva ngati "wack warrr, wack warrr". Kufuula kwa ma alarm pafupi ndi anapiye - kumangokhala chete.
Mkhalidwe Wogawa. Mitundu ya Euro-Asia, malo okhala malo okhala kuchokera ku Scandinavia Peninsula mpaka kukamwa kwa Mtsinje wa Kolyma. Mitunduyi imagawidwa kumpoto, mpaka kumalire a kumpoto kwa gawo wamba la tundra, pomwe malire akummwera kwa mzerewo ndizovuta kufotokoza. Gawo lakumwera kwa gawoli ndi dongosolo lodzipatula lokhala ndi madambo ambiri m'dera la taiga. Ku Russia Russia, adyo zisa adachoka kum'mwera kwa mapiri a Tver, Yaroslavl ndi Kirov mpaka kumalire a shrub tundra. Malo obiriwira nyengo yachisanu amakhala kum'mwera kwa Scandinavia, ku Denmark, Great Britain, kumwera kwa France ndi Spain, kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Africa, kumwera kwa Caspian, ku Mesopotamia, Pakistan, India ndi mayiko a Southeast Asia.
Moyo. Amakhala moyo wokhawokha, amatha kusonkhana m'malo opezeka chakudya munyengo yamvula, koma amakhala mosiyana mu "zotupa" zotere. Amawulukira ku malo okhala mu tundra ndi nkhalango-tundra koyambilira kwa Juni, mu taiga, zikuwoneka, kale. Mbuzi zokongoletsa nthawi ya kusamukira, motero nkovuta kusiyanitsa mbalame zakumalo ndi mbalame zosamukira. Amuna okongoletsa amayamba kukhwima atangofika, alibe malo otetezedwa ndipo amayenda madera pafupifupi ma kilomita angapo. Pakadali pano, zokongoletsa zake zimakwera kutalika pafupifupi 100 m, kotero ndizosavuta kuziwona ngakhale ndi ma binoculars, pambuyo pake imatsika mwadzidzidzi pansi pamsewu, ndikupanga phokoso, ndipo ikachoka pachimake, imawuluka kwambiri, ndikuyambiranso kulira "wack warrr, wack warrr».
Zomveka zonse pakalipano zimaperekedwa ndi mawu, osagwiritsa ntchito nthenga zowongolera, mosiyanasiyana ndi nkhusu. Malo okongola ndi malo achinyontho ndi malo otentha kwambiri, achithaphwi, tchire kapena tating'ono, tokhala ndi udzu wocheperako komanso wopanda udzu komanso woponderezedwa, zitsamba zazifupi, nkhalango zadzala ndi madzi. Chisa chimakonda kusanja pamwamba pa bulu lathyathyathya ozunguliridwa ndi madzi, kapena pakati pa malo oyandikana ndi oyandikana nawo, kapena pakati pa tchire louma, kapena laling'ono. Ndi dzenje losaya lomwe limazungulira ndi masamba a sedge, nthawi zambiri ndi thonje lonyowa. Mu clutch, monga lamulo, 4, ngakhale pali mazira atatu. Kapangidwe kake ka utoto wa nkhombaku kamasiyana kuchokera kumtundu wamtundu wa maolivi mpaka bulawuni wa azitona wokhala ndi kansalu kakang'ono kwambiri ka bulauni kapena kofiirira, kapena malo amtundu wotuwa.
Mazira ndi okulirapo, pafupifupi ofanana ndi njoka wamba, ngakhale kukula kwake kwa mbalameyo kumakhala kocheperako. Yachikazi yokha ndi yomwe ikukula, kutalika kwa makulitsidwe, malinga ndi olemba osiyanasiyana, ndi masiku 24- 26, pamikhalidwe yovuta, nthawi imeneyi imatha kutha mpaka masiku 30. Yaikazi imakhala pachisa mwamphamvu ndipo nthawi zonse imawuluka pansi pa mapazi ake. Zikuoneka kuti, mkazi yekha ndiye amatsogolera anapiye. Kutalika kwa chisamaliro cha ana sikunafotokozedwe, komanso zaka za kukwera kwa mbalame zazing'ono pamapiko.
Amadya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana touluka komanso madzi am'madzi oyera ndi mphutsi zake, tinthu ting'onoting'ono tating'ono ndi nyongolotsi, ndi njere ndi zipatso za mbewu (chytin, mabango, buttercups, sedges, mabulosi amtchire) zimapezeka mochuluka kwambiri mu zakudya zamtunduwu pakusamukira. Ziwumbwa zimasonkhanitsa padziko lapansi, komanso kuchokera kumtunda wa dothi lofewa, makamaka loterera.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Garshnep ndi mbalame yaying'ono ya banja la a Bekasov, ofanana ndi mpheta. Kutalika kwa mbalameyo kumatha kufika 20 cm, kulemera kwakukulu ndi 20-30 g, fanizo "lalikulupo" silidutsa 43. Kukula kochepa kwa mbalameyo kumapangitsa kukhala mpikisano wofuna kutchuka.
Zokongoletsera zimakhala pamtunda wamtunda, momwe zimayendayenda ndi miyendo yake yayifupi. Mlomo wotalikirapo, womwe umafikira kutalika kwa masentimita atatu, umaphwanya magawo onse a kapangidwe ka thupi.
Zowonjezerazo zili ndi mtundu wosasangalatsa, womwe sasintha chaka chonse. Mtunduwu pawokha umawoneka wogwirizana ndipo umasinthana ndi mikwaso yopepuka yachikasu ndi yamtambo wakuda. Pafupipafupi, kuyambira kumutu womwewo, pamakhala kamtambo wobiriwira wachikaso wogawana thupi mbali ziwiri.
Nthenga zakumutu ndi zakuda bii ndimtambo wamtundu wachikasu. Zikuwoneka kuti chipewa chayikidwa pamutu pake. Pakati pa zipilala zazikulu zopepuka zimadutsa kamdima wakuda. Zambiri zimatha ndi malire amdima. Garshnep amakonda kubweza khosi lake. Zikuwoneka kuti mutu ulibe khosi ndipo umamatirira thupi mwachindunji.
Pachifuwa ndi m'mimba mwayera. Potembenukira kumbali zam'mphepete, utoto umayamba kufota. Pafupifupi mchira wake, mtundu wake umakhala wakuda, pomwepo pamakhala utoto kale. Mchirawu umakhala nthenga 12 zowoneka bwino zomwe zimayendetsa bwino. Awiriwo ndiwakutali kwambiri ndipo ali ndi mtundu wakuda. Nthenga za bulauni zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofiira.
Mbalameyo ndi yaulesi, imawuluka pokhapokha pakufunika. Kuyenda kwa mapikowo kumafanana ndi kuuluka kwa mileme. Garnet osachita manyazi. Kulankhula kwina kulikonse kopanda mantha sikuchititsa mbalame.
Pokhala ndi ngozi yomwe ikubwera, amasanthula kwa nthawi yayitali ndikuchoka pansi pa phazi la wosaka. Pali zokwanira mlengalenga kuti zisinthe malowo. Zonsezi zimachitika chete. Garshnep ndi mbalame yakachete, ndipo mawu ake amatha kumveka pokhapokha pakubala.
Garshnep ndi mbalame yamtundu-wani ndipo alibe mitundu. M'mawonekedwe, ndizofanana ndi achibale ena ochokera ku banja lalikulu la snipe. Zofanana kwambiri zimawonedwa mu utoto wa nthenga ndi mitundu ya kubowo. Garshnepa mu chithunzi ena asokonezeka naye.
Kuphatikiza mawonekedwe ake, mbalamezi zimakhala ndi njira wamba komanso yodziwika. Oimira onsewa amakonda kubweza khosi, ngati kuti akubisa m'madzi ambiri. Zikuwoneka kuti mbalamezo zilibe, ndipo mutu umachoka pomwepo kuchokera m'thupi.
Kukhala ndi moyo
- Ndikofunika kudziwa chidwi chodabwitsa, anthu omwe amawaganizidawa amakhala m'madzi okhaokha otetemera komanso udzu. Ndi malo omwe mitengo ya zinyalala imabisala kwa zoopsa zamtundu uliwonse komanso zodya nyama. Mbalame zomwe zikuimiridwa ndi anthu osamukasamuka komanso osamuka.
- Panthawi yogula chakudya, mbalame za m'madzi zimasuntha m'malo osiyanasiyana. Nthawi yosamukira ikangoyamba, mbalame zimapita kumalo osalala komwe kumakhala bata. Ku Russian Federation, anthuwa amapezeka nthawi zambiri kumadera a Tver, Yaroslavl ndi Kirov.
- Kukhazikika kwa anthu kumasiyanasiyana kwambiri, makamaka kum'mwera. M'pofunika kudziwa kuti pamenepa, mbalame zimayesetsa kukhala zodzipatula. Omwe amawaona amakonda madera akumpoto. Ndi m'malo ngati amenewa omwe mitundu imakonda kwambiri.
- Nthawi yozizira ikangofika, mbalame zotere zimayamba kusamukira ku Spain, Mesopotamia, France ndi Africa. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti ambiri mwa anthuwa amakonda kukhalabe ku Peninsula ya Scandinavia. Nthawi zambiri anthu amakhala pakamwa pa Kolyma.
- Ndi m'dera loyimilidwa kuti kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kumakula kwambiri. Tsoka ilo, ku Japan kuli chithunzi chosiyana kotheratu. M'dziko lotuluka dzuwa, chiwerengero cha mbalame chimachepa.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
- Musaiwale kuti anthu omwe afunsidwa ndi ochepa kukula. Chifukwa chake mbalame zimadyera nyama zochepa. Zomwe zimadyedwa ndi mbalame zimaphatikizapo mitundu yonse ya mphutsi, tizilombo, ma mollusks ndi crustaceans.
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti mawu a anthu omwe afotokozedwawo amamveka patali pafupifupi theka la kilomita. Ndikofunika kunena kuti mbalame zotere zimayamba masewera a mating patsiku lamtambo komanso lachete. Maukwati amayamba kuwuluka mumlengalenga, ndikupanga mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana.
Mitundu yazinyama
Chisa cha adyo chimakhala pachotsekerapo cha Scandinavia Peninsula komanso pakamwa pa Mtsinje wa Kolyma. Kupatula apo, madera azomwe gulu la anthu lililonse limakumana ndi mapu ndi osalongosoka. Chifukwa chake, malire akum'mwera kwa malo okhala mitunduyi amakhala ndi malo okhala kwayekha.
Ku Russia, mitunduyi imakhala zisa m'malo otetezeka. Dera ili: Yaroslavl, Kirov, Tver. Kwa nyengo yozizira, mbalame ya garnet imawuluka molowera ku Denmark, kumwera kwa Scandinavia, France, Spain, kumpoto kwa Africa, mayiko akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, komanso Mesopotamia.
Pazinthu zonse za ornithological mungapeze zithunzi za mbalameyi. Palinso njira zina zakusiyanitsira ndi oimira ena. Chizindikiro choyamba ndi chete.
Zowonadi, mbalame ya garnet sakonda kuyimba kapena kutulutsa mawu, monga momwe oimira ena amachitira. Ngakhale atakumana ndi zoopsa, amawuluka modekha. Nthawi yomweyo, amuna othawa amatha kumangokhala ndi mawu osamva, osatulutsa mawu, monga kugudubuza kapena kungokhala pansi.
Khalidwe mbalame nkhanu ndi chithunzi
Kukhala chete kwa mbalame kumawonetsedwa m'njira yobisika. Ichi ndichifukwa chake, mitunduyi imawonedwa ngati yophunziridwa pang'ono. Chinthu chimodzi ndikudziwika, mbalameyi imakonda kukhala m'madambo, nyanja, yokutidwa kwambiri ndi mabango a mtsinje.
M'chilimwe, ng'ombe zam'madzi zimadya tizilombo ndi mphutsi; nthawi yozizira, zomwe zimadya ndiye mbewu yovunda.
Zokhudza kuswana
Dzira lokhazikika lomwe limakhazikitsidwa ndi mbalameyi limakhala ndi 4-5 ma PC. Nthawi imeneyi, yofikira nyengo yakukhwima, imayamba mu Okutobala ndipo imatha mu Epulo. Utoto wa adyo umawulukira nyengo yachisanu kumapeto kwa Seputembara.
Kusaka magalaji kasupe ndizoletsedwa, koma ndizotheka kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndikuyamba kugwa. Nthawi yomweyo, mbalameyo ilibe chizolowezi chodzisungira yokha ndipo imawulukira mwachindunji pansi pa mphuno ya galu wosaka.
Amatha kulekerera wolakwayo patali. Chifukwa chaichi, kuwedza sikubweretsa zovuta zilizonse, koma mumphepo yamphamvu imatha kukhala yopambana. Mwa kukoma, nyama yokongoletsa ndiyapamwamba kuposa njoka.
Pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe chinganenedwe zokhudzana ndi mbalame ya banja lanyanjayi chidalembedwa ndi nkhaniyi. Chithunzi chokwanira cha woimilirachi chitha kupezeka ndikasokoneza chithunzi chake. Garlic yomwe ili pachithunzichi imawoneka ngati mbalame yokhala pansi komanso yotentha, yomwe imasonyezedwanso mu mawonekedwe ake.
Onerani kanemayo pazomwe mawu okongoletsa amapanga.
Moyo & Habitat
Khola likhala m'malo abwinobwino malo obzalidwa udzu ndi zitsamba. Malo abwino omwe mungapeze zisa zokongoletsa ndi swampy moss. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zokhala ndi mitengo yayitali zimapezeka kumapeto kwa nkhalangoyi kapena m'malo omwe mitengo idadulidwa pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja. Pankhaniyi, zomerazi ziyenera kukhala zikuola, kuponderezedwa. Malo omwe amakonda kwambiri ndi nkhalangoyi, pomwe mitengo ikuluikulu yamadzi imasefukira ndi madzi.
Woimira izi amagwiranso ntchito kwa mitundu yosamukira. Madera omwe mungakumane ndi zokongoletsa ndi gawo lakumpoto la dziko lapansi. Pofika nthawi ya chilimwe, zimadzaza peninsula ya Scandinavia, taiga, tundra ndi nkhalango-tundra. Malo akuluakulu okhala m'chigawo cha Tver, Kirov, Yaroslavl. Nthawi zambiri amadziwika m'madera a Leningrad ndi Smolensk. Madera omwe mumakonda ndi maboma amtsinje ndi nyanja.
Chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira, wachibale wanyani amapita kumalo otentha a Western Europe, Spain, France, Central ndi South Africa, Mesopotamia Garshnep sakonda mbalame zochuluka. Pokhapokha pazokha zomwe zimatha kukhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono.
Amakhala moyo wachisangalalo, atadzuka usiku amayamba kugwira ntchito akusaka chakudya. Menyu yake ili ndi nyongolotsi, mphutsi zamtchire, maollamu. Ndi mlomo wake wautali, adyo amawachotsa panthaka. Ornithologists sanaphunzire mokwanira za zokongoletsa chifukwa cha chinsinsi chake.
Malo omwe akukondedwa ndi kukhazikika ndi m'nkhalangozi. Zokongoletsa zimakana pang'ono kwa adani kapena kwa anthu. Pokhapokha pakuwona zoopsa kwambiri zimachoka pamalo kuti ziwuluke pamwamba pa nthaka ndi mtunda womwe siutali. Nthawi yomweyo, imawuluka pang'onopang'ono, ngati kuti ikusuntha.
Zokongoletsa
Monga tanena kale, mbalameyi imakhala ndi kukula kocheperako poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya banja lawo. Kutalika kwakukulu kolemba kuyambira kumapeto kwa mlomo mpaka mchira kunali 25 cm, koma nthawi zambiri kumakhala masentimita 17 - 20. Kulemera kwa thupi kumakhalanso kochepa - mpaka 60 magalamu. Ngati titenga mapiko a phiko ngati chizindikiro cha m'lifupi, ndiye kuti titha kunena kuti m'lifupi mwa nkhokwe motalikirapo kwambiri, kutalika kwake pafupifupi masentimita 37. Ngati mungayang'ane kuchuluka kwa thupilo ndikuyerekeza ndi mbalame zina kuchokera ku snipe, zikuwonekeratu kuti mulomo sotalika motalika. Sizimapitilira masentimita 4 m'litali, ofanana ndi kutalika kwa mutu wonse. Nthenga za mchira zimakulungidwa kuti zikhale gawo, miyendo ndi yayitali koma yoluka molumikizana. Thupi limafanana ndi chowongolera, chokhala pansi, chodontha.
Pali zosiyana ndi zizindikiro zapadera mumtundu wa nthenga. Choyambirira chomwe muyenera kulabadira ndikuchepa kwa kuyimitsidwa kwa kuwala pakati pa mutu.Nayi chingwe chamdima chopitirira chomwe chimapita kumbuyo. Chipilala chapamwamba ndi choyera, chimagawidwa pakati pa chingwe chakuda - ichi ndichizindikiro kwa anthu onse. Chifuwa ndikusinthira kumimba ndikuyera, kumbuyo ndi dera pamwamba mchira ndi lakuda m'malo mwake. M'malo ena, maula akuda amaponyera utoto wa lilac. Kumbuyo, pamwamba pa mapiko, pali mikwingwirima iwiri yowala, koma siyoyera, koma perekani zobiriwira pang'ono. Nthenga zimakhala ndi kamvekedwe kofiirira komanso bulauni, mizere yoyera imatsata mapikowo. Miyendo ndi yofiirira kapena yobiriwira. Mlomo ndi wakuda, kusintha kwa mutu ndikuwonetsedwa ndi malire owala. Maso ali akuda kwathunthu, ali pakati pakatikati pamutu kutali kwambiri. Mwambiri, tinganene kuti adyo ndi mbalame yotentha kwambiri, yokongola.
Malo okhala ndi malo okhala
Sizokayikitsa kuti katswiri wazamankhwala mmodzi yekha anganene kuti adaphunzira zokongoletsa ndipo amadziwa zonse za iye. Sikuti cholengedwa chokhala ndi ubweya chobisika kwambiri, chidakwanitsabe kulowa m'buku lofiira m'madera ambiri. Chifukwa chake, ndizokayikitsa kukumana naye akungodutsa m'mphepete mwa nkhalangoyi. Koma kuwonetsetsa ndi kufufuza kwakutali kumapatsa chidwi anthu achidwi zokwanira za malo omwe mbalameyi imakhala.
Amadziwika kuti kwa moyo, wokhala ndi utoto wosankha malo onyowa, koma osati mitsinje ndi nyanja. Awa ndi malo a marshland kapena steppe pafupi ndi mars. Onetsetsani kuti muli ndi zomerazo monga udzu wakuda, mbewa, zitsamba. Kukongoletsa kumeneko kumayambitsa zisa ndi kubisala zoopsa. Kuphatikiza pa madambo, kumakhazikika m'nkhalango kapena m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, koma chinyontho chimafunikira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti payenera kukhala dziwe pafupi. Malo omwe akukhalamo sakukwera kuposa 2000 metres kuchokera kunyanja.
Mbalame ya zinyalala ndi mtundu wosamukira womwe umayendera nyengo yozizira kumayiko otentha ndi zigawo za dziko lapansi. M'nyengo yotentha, imapezeka kuchokera ku Scandinavia yomwe, ndiko kuti, kuchokera kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Europe, kumadera akum'mawa kwa Siberia, pafupi ndi Yenisei. Ku Russia, imakhala m'chigawo cha Tver, Kirov, Leningrad, Smolensk ndi Yaroslavl. Sizikupezeka kukhalapo kwina, koma sizotheka kunena chimodzimodzi pankhaniyi. Amakhala m'malo ena ku Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Japan. Kuti nthawi yozizira izikhala, mitunduyi imapita ku Western Europe, Spain, France, pakati komanso kumwera kwa Asia, Africa, ndi Mesopotamia. Mmenemo amasankha madera omwe sanali kufupi ndi gombe, komwe kuli mpweya wotentha.
Kodi mbalame imadya chiyani?
Zakudya zokongoletsa zimatsimikiziridwa ndi malo omwe zimakhazikika. Zomwe zimafunikira zimapezeka pafupi ndi malo osungira, m'nthaka yomwe madzi osefukira, ndipo simukuyenera kupita kulikonse.
Mu chakudya, zokongoletsa zimakonda nyama. Itha kukhala:
- tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.
- midges, nsikidzi.
- crustaceans, maolloll.
- akangaude.
- nyongolotsi, mphutsi, nkhono.
- kachilombo ka magazi, gulugufe.
Pofunafuna nyama, amatsitsa mlomo wake pansi pa madzi, m'matope, ndikuthira pansi kapena pamchenga, ndipo amatha kulowa pansi pamadzi.
Ngati njira ina yopezera chakudya cha nyama, chomera china, marge, bango, mahatchi, zitsamba, algae, ndi mbewu zimachita ngati nyama. Mutha kupeza zonse osasiya kutali ndi chisa. Kukhazikika sikuti kumabisa mbalamezo, komanso kumawapatsa chakudya chofikirika.
Mbalame ya adyo ndi yaulesi kwambiri, masana ikakonda kukhala malo amodzi, imangochotsedwa pongofuna chakudya. Ogwira ntchito kwambiri usiku komanso nthawi yamavuto. Zomwe zili zofunikira, sizitengera chidwi cha momwe nyama ndi anthu zilili, kufikira atayandikira mita pang'ono. Ndipokhapo pomwe munthuyo amachoka. Ndegeyo imafanana ndi kuyenda kwa chimphwe mumlengalenga. Kuyenda sikuthamanga, kupendekera, kotupa.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Popeza mbalame za zinyalala nthawi yozizira m'malo otentha, palibe chomwe chimalepheretsa kuchita masewera akukhwima. Iwo, limodzi ndi kubereka, amachokera ku theka lachiwiri la February mpaka kumapeto kwa Epulo. Monga mitundu ina ya banjali, garshnepa imayamba kupezekanso masiku ano. Mchitidwewu umachitika usiku ndi nthawi yamadzulo, limodzi ndi kuyimba mokweza, ndege zopingidwa. Wamphongo, akuwonetsa mtunda wake, amkafika pamtunda wamamita mazana awiri, pang'onopang'ono kuchoka pamalopo. Kutsika kumachitika mwachangu, koma mbalameyo sisiterera, koma imatsika moyambira. Nthawi ndi nthawi, kuwombera kotsatira kwa kuthawa kumayendetsedwa ndi mkokomo wodziwika, wokumbukira kuwombera kwa chiwombankhanga cha akavalo pamiyala. Phokoso limaphatikizidwa kukhala mndandanda ndipo limabwerezedwa katatu mpaka kutsika kumodzi. Atatsika chizindikiro pafupifupi mita 30, yamphongo imangobwereza zonsezo kuyambira pachiyambi, kapena ikakhala panthambi za mitengo. Nyimbo yokongoletsa yopindulitsa ikhoza kumveka pamtunda wautali wa mamitala 500, mwa malo aulere komanso chete.
Mtsikanayo akapanga chisankho, awiri amapangika, omwe amayenera kusankha malo omwe chisa chizikayikirako. Chisa chija chimapangidwa panthaka pomwe dzenje limatulukamo. Udzu wouma kapena wowuma wagona pansi. Kuzungulira pali sedge, kapena udzu wouma wokhala ndi tchire. Chiwerengero cha mazira mu clutch amachokera pazidutswa zitatu mpaka zisanu, zomwe ndizambiri kwa mbalame yaying'ono ngati imeneyi. Mawonekedwe a dzira ndi mawonekedwe a peyala, pamwamba pamtundu wa bulauni komanso pansi, pansi pake pali thonje. Nthawi zina kukula kwa dzira kumafikira masentimita 4, koma izi ndizosiyana, nthawi zambiri chiwerengerochi sichipitilira masentimita atatu.
Nthawi ya makulitsidwe ndi masiku 23 - 27, ndiye kuti, osakwana mwezi. Wamkazi amadana ndi mazira. Momwe anapiyewo amakulira sichidziwika. Asayansi amati akalowa kumapiko atatha milungu itatu. Kenako amayamba kudya pawokha, kufunafuna chakudya chosakhala patali ndi chisa. Wamkazi ndi wamwamuna amateteza ana, amayang'anira chitetezo. Anapiye akatembenuka pang'ono kupitirira mwezi umodzi, kulemera kwawo kwamthupi kumakhala kofanana ndi kholo.
Zoopsa ndi Adani
Adani a zinyalala atha kukhala nyama kapena mbalame iliyonse yomwe imakonda kudya nyama. Maonekedwe a thupi ndi kukula kwake sizimapangitsa kuti mtunduwu ukhale woyenera kupikisana nawo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti njira yokhayo yopulumukira ndikuwona zoopsa munthawi ndikubisala bwino. Ndi zobisika, mbalameyo ikuyenda bwino. Kukula kochepa komanso mtundu woyenera kumapangitsa kuti zisaoneke mu udzu, kuthengo. Ndikokwanira kukumba pansi ndikuwundana. Koma tawonani chisamaliro cha zovuta za mtengo wa zinyalala. Nthawi zambiri samazindikira alendo omwe akubwera, amadya kuchokera pansi pa phazi kapena pamiyendo ya alendo osawadziwa. Pakati pa olusa, nkhandwe zosaka mbalame, marten, amphaka amtchire, akhwangwala, abodza, miyala yazomera ndi ena. Mazira amagwiranso ntchito ngati nyambo ya nyama zina.
Ponena za osaka, pano mbalameyi imatetezedwa osati mwachilengedwe, komanso ndi nthambi yaboma. Pali zoletsa zambiri kwa iwo omwe akufuna kuwombera zokongoletsa. Mwachitsanzo, mu kasupe simungathe kumenya mbalame, zimangololedwa m'chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira. Koma muyenera kulingalira kuti m'malo ambiri momwe mitunduyi imapezeka, amalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira. Chifukwa chakuti anthu amalola agalu ndi osaka kuti abwere pafupi kwambiri, nthawi zambiri mpaka mamita awiri, kenako ndikungothawa, ndizosavuta kuziwombera. Onjezani kuyenda pang'onopang'ono apa. Vutolo limasinthidwa pang'ono ndi mphepo yomwe imawuluka mbali ndi thupi komanso thupi laling'ono lomwe limavuta kudutsamo.
Kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndikusintha kwachilengedwe. Ichi ndi chilala komanso kukwera kwa kutentha, chifukwa maiwewe amauma, pafupi pomwe zisa za adyo zimakhazikika. Uku ndikudula ndikukulitsa minda, malo awo ndi anthu kapena kusinthidwa kukhala minda yobzala.
Maonekedwe a adyo
Mtundu wa mbalamezi sasintha chaka chonse. Mbali yam'mwamba ya mutu, komanso dera la occipital, imakutidwa ndi nthenga zautoto wakuda wokhala ndi mabanga ofiira, kuchokera patali zikuwoneka kuti mbalameyo ivala chipewa.
Mikwingwirima yopepuka imawoneka kumbuyo.
M'mphepete mwa "chovala chamutuwu" ndikuzungulira mzere wowota, komwe kumayikidwa mzere wakuda. Mbali yakutsogolo ili ndi tint wachikasu, pakati pa mphumi pali mzere wakuda, womwe uli pafupi. Mbali yapamwamba ya khosi imapakidwa utoto wonyezimira, pakati pomwe pali madontho akuda.
Adyo amakhala ndi mtundu wokongola wowoneka bwino.
Zingwe zowala ndizowonekera bwino kumbuyo. Dera lomwe lili pamwambalo ndi lakuda ndi utoto wofiirira; kumbuyo kwakumaso kuli mthunzi womwewo. Khosi lili loyera. Madera am'mimba nawonso ndi oyera.
Mlomo wake ndi wakuda ndipo maziko ake ndi a bulauni. Matako amakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni kapena wobiriwira. Monga tanena kale, kukula kwa mbalamezi ndi kocheperako: kulemera kwa nkhokwe yokalamba kumachokera ku 34 mpaka 43 magalamu, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi ndi 10 - 12 sentimita. Mlomo wa 3 - 4 cm, womwe ndi pafupifupi 30% kutalika kwa thupi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Ngati tiyerekeza kuchuluka kwa anthu amtunduwu ndi mitundu iliyonse ya mabanja awo, timazindikira kuti mbalamezi ndizochepa kwambiri. M'malo ena, zokongoletsa zimangosowa, koma kwina anthu akufuna kuyesa mawonekedwe awo polemba mu Red Book, ndikupanga malo otetezedwa komanso malo abwino okhala. Mitunduyi yalembedwa mu Red Book of Belarus, Latvia, Estonia. Ku Russia, amasamaliranso chitetezo chake. Europe ndi gulu la padziko lonse lapansi alowa ngati buku la International Red Book.
Mbalame ya zinyalala samalekerera ukapolo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kukhazikika kwake m'khola sikungatheke. Pamenepo imasiya kuchulukana komanso kufota. Mbalame zina zimachulukitsa nthawi yakukhalapo kwawo chifukwa cha ukapolo, kumazisunga komanso kutetezeka kwathunthu. Mitundu imodzimodziyo imakonda kukhala kuthengo. Mawuwo sapitirira zaka 10, zomwe ndi zochuluka kwambiri kwa mbalame yaying'ono ngati imeneyi.
Kukoma ndi mbale za adyo
Zovala zokongoletsa zimakhala ndi zinthu zopindulitsa thupi la munthu, thanzi lake komanso ntchito. Izi ndichifukwa cha zomwe zili ndi mavitamini ofunikira, michere ndi zinthu za nyama. Monga mbalame yamtchire iliyonse, iyi imakhala ndi kukoma kwabwino, nyama yowutsa mudyo ndipo imayenda bwino ndi zosakaniza zingapo. Zimaphatikizidwa ndi zipatso zamtchire, zipatso zosiyanasiyana, nyemba, mtedza, bowa. Nyamayo imatha kukazinga, kuwotchera, kuwotchera, kuphika msuzi wabwino kwambiri pamaziko ake.
Chitsanzo cha chakudya chokoma kuchokera ku izi chophatikizika ndi mitembo yokhala ndi vinyo wofiyira. Mtembo wa mbalame ndi wocheperako, chifukwa chake muyenera kusamala mukamakonzekera kuphika. Mudzafunika ma adyo 6, zipatso za juniper ndi viburnum, batala, mchere, vinyo wofiira. Peel sifunikira kuchotsedwa kuti nyama ikhale yowutsa mudyo. Ndikokwanira kusuntha khungu ndikupukuta zamkati ndi mchere wothira zipatso. Kenako khungu limabwereranso pamalo ake, ndipo mtembowo umakutidwa ndi ulusi. Mafuta amaikidwa mu poto wowaza ndi kusungunuka. Zakudyazi za adyo zimayikidwamo ndipo zimakongoletsedwa mpaka khungu limakhala golide. Kenako amatsanulira vutolo, ndikutsukitsanso mbaleyo kwa mphindi 20 kutentha kochepa. Tumikirani limodzi ndi mpunga wopukusira ndi masamba atsopano, monga tomato wampira kapena gherkins.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Pa nyengo yakuswana, adyo amawunjikana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Zimakopa zazikazi zikuuluka, ndikupanga mawu ofanana ndi a ziboda zambiri. Nthawi yakukhwima imayamba mu February ndipo imatha mpaka Epulo. Madzulo usiku ndi usiku, yamphongo imanyamuka mpaka kufika pamtunda wa mamita mazana awiri, ndikuperekeza ndikuwuluka kwawo ndi mawu akulu, ndikupanga mawonekedwe.
Imatsika mwachangu, koma osati mwachangu, mosavomerezeka. Kuuluka, imapanga mawu achilendo owomba. Zomveka zonse zimalumikizana pamodzi. Pakuderera, kukongoletsa kumabwereza "ma trill" katatu.
Imatsikira mtunda wa mamita 30 kuchokera pansi, kenako nkukanyamukira mbali ina, kapena ikakhala panthambi za mitengo. Mawu a amuna nthawi yamkhaka ndi amphamvu kwambiri, mutha kuwamva motalikirana mpaka 500 m.
Mkazi amasankha mnzake. Pamene awiriwo apanga, mbalame zimayamba kupanga chisa. Dongosolo lake limapangidwa ngati chithaphwi, chokhala ndi malo okwera mahatchi komanso malo okhala pafupi ndi mitsinje. Zisinkhazo zokha zimayalidwa pamadzi kuti chinyezi chisapeze. Kumtunda kwa matumpwo amakumba dzenje, ndikuyika moss ndi udzu wouma pamenepo.
Yaikazi imatulutsa mazira kuyambira koyambirira kwa Juni mpaka pakati pa Julayi. Mbalame imodzi imatulutsa mazira atatu mpaka asanu, iliyonse imakhala yayitali masentimita atatu, koma nthawi zina maimidwe ena amakula mpaka 4 cm. Mawonekedwe ake a dzira amafanana ndi peyala ndi topi kumtunda komanso pansi pamdima ndi malo ofiira.
Ndi wamkazi yekha yemwe amachita nawo kuswana. Amakhala mchisa kwa masiku 23-27. Mu nyengo yoipa, nthawiyo imatha kuchuluka mpaka masiku 30. Akaswa, anapiye atatha sabata lachitatu amayesa kuchoka pachisa ndikuyang'ana zakudya. Pakatha mwezi umodzi, anapiyewa amakumana ndi makolo awo kukula.
Kukongoletsa Hunt
Chakumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, nthumwi zambiri za Bekasov zimachoka m'madambo. Mtengo wocheperako wokha ndi womwe ungasangalatse zenizeni kuyenda ndi galu wanu wokondedwa kudutsa pachithaphiko ndikukwaniritsa chidwi chaosaka masewera.
M'masamba, adyo amamva kukhala otetezeka. Sikuti mlenje aliyense amasankha kudutsa m'malo otakasaka kukafunafuna nyama. Ndipo nyamazo siziyang'ana nthawi zambiri m'madambo. Mbalame yomwe ili m'nkhalangozi kwambiri imadzipangira malo ogona ndi malo ogona kamodzi, apa ikupeza chakudya.
Garshnep sakhalauluka kwa nthawi yayitali. Zambiri zili pansi, motero amakhala pachiwopsezo cha kukasaka kwa mlenje. Kuchoka ndikufikira nthawi yomweyo, imayamba kugwiridwa mwachangu. Chosangalatsa ndi nkhuku zokoma, zomwe zimawerengedwa kuti ndizakudya zabwino.
Mbalame sizimamveka kawirikawiri ndipo ndizovuta kupeza. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yambiri mukufufuza, koma simungathe kukwanitsa. Kuti musaka bwino, ndikwabwino kudziwa kuchokera kwa anthu am'derali za kukhalapo kwa mbalame mdera linalake. Kapena pangani tsiku limodzi kapena awiri kuti muwone nthumwi zoyipa m'deralo posaka.
Kuphatikiza pa mfuti ya kusaka zokongoletsa muyenera kukhala ndi ma binoculars. Mbalameyi ndi yaying'ono, siyimachoka, ikapuma imaphatikizika ndi mawonekedwe. Mabuloguwa athandizira kuphunzira mtunda bwino ndikuzindikira zinthu zomwe adzadziwitse tsogolo lawo.
Mbalameyi ili ndi anthu ochepa. Ngakhale m'malo ena amalembedwa mu Red Book. Kukongoletsa kusaka, munthawi yamakono, ndizoletsedwa. Nthawi yosaka imayamba kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndipo imatha mpaka mbalamezo zitachoka. Ndikwabwino kusaka mumalo abata.
Pakadali pano, adyo ndizosavuta kuwona pa-off. Ndi mphepo yamphamvu, ntchitoyi imakhala yovuta kwambiri. Garnet imayenda ngati gulugufe pomwe imathawa, ndipo ikawomba kamphepo kayaziyazi imayiponya. Alenje akudziwa kuti muyenera kukopa mbalame pa ntchentche nthawi ikazizira m'mlengalenga isanayimitsidwe ndi mphepo.
Zokongoletsa
Mtundu wamtunduwu amaonedwa ngati wosowa kwambiri. Njira yobisika yamoyo wamagaraji imawapangitsa kukhala amodzi mwa mbalame zophunzitsidwa bwino kwambiri Padziko Lapansi. Amadziwika bwino malo okhalamo kuti zachilengedwe zokongoletsa zimakonda kukhala m'nthambi komanso madambo. Kutalika kwa malo awo okhala kumasiyana kuyambira 1400 mpaka 2000 metres pamwamba pa nyanja. Nthawi zina, zinyalala zimapezeka kumadzi omwe amakhala ndi udzu kwambiri, kapena m'mphepete mwa mitsinje.
Khola limakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi.
Chakudya cha mbalame zing'onozing'onozi ndi nyama zazing'ono zopanda pake, ndipo nthawi yozizira chakudya chachikulu ndi mbewu.